Diploma Programme

Mathematics HL and further mathematics HL formula booklet

For use during the course and in the examinations First examinations 2014

Published June 2012 International Baccalaureate Organization 2012

5048

Contents
Prior learning Core
Topic 1: Algebra Topic 2: Functions and equations Topic 3: Circular functions and trigonometry Topic 4: Vectors Topic 5: Statistics and probability Topic 6: Calculus

2 3
3 4 4 5 6 8

Options
Topic 7: Statistics and probability Further mathematics HL topic 3 Topic 8: Sets, relations and groups Further mathematics HL topic 4 Topic 9: Calculus Further mathematics HL topic 5 Topic 10: Discrete mathematics Further mathematics HL topic 6

10
10 11 11 12

Formulae for distributions

Topics 5.6, 5.7, 7.1, further mathematics HL topic 3.1 Discrete distributions Continuous distributions

13
13 13

Further mathematics
Topic 1: Linear algebra

14
14

Formulae

Prior learning
Area of a parallelogram Area of a triangle
A b h , where b is the base, h is the height

1 (b h) , where b is the base, h is the height 2 1 (a b) h , where a and b are the parallel sides, h is the height 2

Area of a trapezium

Area of a circle Circumference of a circle Volume of a pyramid

A
C

r 2 , where r is the radius

2 r , where r is the radius

V
V

1 (area of base 3

vertical height)

Volume of a cuboid Volume of a cylinder Area of the curved surface of a cylinder Volume of a sphere

l w h , where l is the length, w is the width, h is the height

r 2h , where r is the radius, h is the height

A 2 rh , where r is the radius, h is the height

4 3 r , where r is the radius 3

Volume of a cone

1 2 r h , where r is the radius, h is the height 3

( x1 x2 )2 ( y1
x1 2 x2 y1 2 y2

Distance between two points ( x1, y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) Coordinates of the midpoint of a line segment with endpoints ( x1, y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) Solutions of a quadratic equation

y2 )2

The solutions of ax2 bx c 0 are x

b2 4ac 2a

Core

Topic 1: Algebra
1.1 The nth term of an arithmetic sequence The sum of n terms of an arithmetic sequence The nth term of a geometric sequence The sum of n terms of a finite geometric sequence The sum of an infinite geometric sequence 1.2 Exponents and logarithms

un

u1 (n 1)d
n (2u1 (n 1)d ) 2
u1r n
1

Sn
un

n (u1 un ) 2

Sn

u1 (r n 1) r 1

u1 (1 r n ) , r 1 1 r

S
ax

u1 1 r
b

, r
x

1
log a b , where a 0, b 0, a 1

ax

ex ln a
x a loga x

log a a x

log b a

log c a log c b

1.3

Combinations

n r
nP r

n! r !(n r )!
n! (n r )!

Permutations

Binomial theorem

(a b)n

an

n n1 a b 1
isin )
n

n nr r a b r
rei r cis

bn

1.5 1.7

Complex numbers De Moivres theorem

a ib

r (cos

r (cos

isin )

r n (cos n

isin n ) r nein

r n cis n

Topic 2: Functions and equations

2.5 Axis of symmetry of the graph of a quadratic function Discriminant

f ( x) ax2 bx c

axis of symmetry x

b 2a

2.6

b2 4ac

Topic 3: Circular functions and trigonometry

3.1 Length of an arc Area of a sector
l r , where

is the angle measured in radians, r is the radius is the angle measured in radians, r is the

1 2 r , where 2 radius A tan

sec

3.2

Identities

sin cos
1 cos

cosec
Pythagorean identities
cos 2 1 tan 1 cot
2 2

1 sin
sin 2 sec
2

csc 2

3.3

Compound angle identities sin( A B) sin Acos B cos Asin B

cos( A B) cos Acos B sin Asin B

tan( A B ) tan A tan B 1 tan A tan B

Double angle identities

sin 2

2sin cos

cos2
tan 2

cos2
2tan 1 tan 2

sin2

2cos2

1 1 2sin2

3.7

Cosine rule

c2

a2 b2 2ab cos C ; cos C

b sin B c sin C

a2

b2 c2 2ab

Sine rule

a sin A A

Area of a triangle

1 ab sin C 2

Topic 4: Vectors
4.1 Magnitude of a vector

2 1

v2

v3 , where v

v1 v2 v3

Distance between two points ( x1, y1, z1 ) and ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) Coordinates of the midpoint of a line segment with endpoints ( x1, y1, z1 ) , ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) 4.2 Scalar product

( x1

x2 )2

( y1

y2 )2

( z1

z2 )2

x1 2

x2

y1 2

y2 z1 ,

z2 2

v w

v w cos , where

is the angle between v and w

v1 v2 , w v3 w1 w2 w3

v w v1w1 v2 w2 v3w3 , where v

Angle between two vectors 4.3 Vector equation of a line Parametric form of the equation of a line Cartesian equations of a line

cos

v1w1 v2 w2 v3 w3 v w

r = a + b

x x0
x x0 l

l, y
y y0 m

y0

m, z z0

z z0 n

4.5

Vector product
v w

v2 w3 v3 w2 v3 w1 v1w3 v1w2 v2 w1

where v

v1 v2 , w v3

w1 w2 w3

v w

v w sin , where

is the angle between v and w

Area of a triangle

1 v w where v and w form two sides of a triangle 2

4.6

Vector equation of a plane Equation of a plane (using the normal vector) Cartesian equation of a plane

r = a + b+ c
r n a n

ax by cz d

Topic 5: Statistics and probability

5.1 Population parameters Let n
k
k

fi
i 1

Mean

f i xi
i 1

Variance

2
2

f i xi
i 1

k i 1

f i xi 2 n

Standard deviation

fi xi
i 1

5.2

Probability of an event A

P( A)

n( A) n(U )

Complementary events 5.3 Combined events Mutually exclusive events

P( A) P( A ) 1
P( A P( A B) P( A) P(B) P( A B) P( A) P(B) B)

5.4

Conditional probability

P A B

P( A B) P( B)

Independent events Bayes theorem

P( A

B) P( A) P(B)
P( B)P A | B P( B)P A | B P( B )P A | B
P( Bi ) P( A Bi ) P( B1 ) P( A | B1 ) P( B2 ) P( A | B2 ) P( B3 ) P( A | B3 )
x P( X x)

P B| A

P( Bi | A)
5.5 Expected value of a E( X ) discrete random variable X Expected value of a continuous random variable X Variance Variance of a discrete random variable X Variance of a continuous random variable X 5.6 Binomial distribution Mean Variance Poisson distribution Mean Variance
E( X )

x f ( x)dx

Var( X ) E( X
Var( X ) (x

)2

E( X 2 )
x)

E(X )

)2 P( X

x 2 P( X

x)

Var( X )

(x

) 2 f ( x)dx

x 2 f ( x)dx

X ~ B(n, p)

P( X

x)

n x p (1 p)n x , x 0,1, x

,n

E( X ) np
Var( X ) np(1 p)
X ~ Po( m) P( X x) mxe m , x 0,1, 2, x!

E( X ) m

Var( X ) m
5.7 Standardized normal variable

Topic 6: Calculus
6.1 Derivative of f ( x)
y f ( x)
xn

dy dx

f ( x) lim
h 0

f ( x h) h

f ( x)

6.2

Derivative of xn Derivative of sin x Derivative of cos x Derivative of tan x Derivative of ex Derivative of ln x Derivative of sec x Derivative of csc x Derivative of cot x Derivative of a x Derivative of loga x Derivative of arcsin x

f ( x)

f ( x)

nx n

f (x) sin x f (x) cos x

f ( x) tan x

f (x) cos x f (x) sin x

f ( x) sec 2 x
f ( x) e x

f ( x) e x

f ( x) ln x

f ( x)

1 x

f (x) sec x

f (x) sec x tan x

f (x) csc x
f ( x) cot x f ( x) ax

f (x)
f ( x) f ( x)

csc x cot x
csc 2 x a x (ln a )

f ( x) loga x
f ( x) arcsin x

f ( x)

1 x ln a
1 1 x2
1 1 x2

f ( x)

Derivative of arccos x

f ( x) arccos x

f ( x)

Derivative of arctan x

f ( x) arctan x

f ( x)

1 1 x2 dy dx dy du du dx

Chain rule

g (u) , where u
dy dx
dy dx

f ( x)

Product rule

y uv

dv du v dx dx

Quotient rule

u v

du dv u dx dx v2

6.4

Standard integrals

x n dx

xn 1 C, n n 1

1 dx ln x x
sin x dx

C
cos x C

cos x dx sin x C ex dx ex C

a x dx
1 a2 x2

1 x a C ln a
dx 1 x arctan a a C

1 a
2

dx arcsin

x a

C, x

6.5

Area under a curve Volume of revolution (rotation)

A V

b a

y dx or A y 2 dx or V

b a

x dy
b a

b a

x 2 dy

6.7

Integration by parts

dv dx uv dx

du dx or u dv uv dx

v du

Options

Topic 7: Statistics and probability

Further mathematics HL topic 3 7.1 (3.1) Probability generating function for a discrete random variable X Linear combinations of two independent random variables X1, X 2 Sample statistics Mean x
x
2 Variance sn

G (t )

E (t X )
x

P( X

x )t x

7.2 (3.2)

E a1 X 1 Var a1 X 1

a2 X 2 a2 X 2

a1E X 1
2 1

a2 E X 2 a2 2 Var X 2

a Var X 1

7.3 (3.3)

f i xi
i 1

n
k

2 sn

fi ( xi n
k i 1

x )2

k i 1

f i xi 2 n

i 1

x2

Standard deviation sn

fi ( xi n

x )2

sn
Unbiased estimate of 2 population variance sn 1

k 2 sn 1

n 2 sn n 1

f i ( xi n 1

x )2

k i 1

fi xi 2

i 1

n 1

n 2 x n 1

7.5 (3.5)

Confidence intervals Mean, with known variance Mean, with unknown variance
x z

n sn
1

7.6 (3.6)

Test statistics Mean, with known variance Mean, with unknown variance
z x / n

x sn 1 / n

7.7 (3.7)

Sample product moment correlation coefficient

xi yi r
i 1 n i 1

nx y
n i 1

xi 2

nx 2

yi 2

ny2

Test statistic for H0: =0 Equation of regression line of x on y

n 2 1 r2
n

xi yi x x
i 1 n

nx y (y y) ny
2

yi
i 1

Equation of regression line of y on x

y y

xi yi
i 1 n i 1

nx y (x x ) nx 2

xi 2

Topic 8: Sets, relations and groups

Further mathematics HL topic 4 8.1 (4.1) De Morgans laws
(A (A B) B) A A B B

Topic 9: Calculus
Further mathematics HL topic 5 9.5 (5.5) Eulers method

yn 1 yn h f (xn , yn ) ; xn (step length)

e
P ( x )dx

xn h , where h is a constant

Integrating factor for y P(x) y Q(x)

9.6 (5.6)

Maclaurin series

f ( x)

f (0)

x f (0)

x2 f (0) 2! ( x a)2 f (a ) ... 2! ( x a)n ( n ) f (a ) Rn ( x ) n!

Taylor series

f ( x)

f (a) ( x a) f (a)

Taylor approximations (with error term Rn ( x) ) Lagrange form

f ( x)

f (a ) ( x a ) f (a ) ...

Rn ( x)

f ( n 1) (c) ( x a) n 1 , where c lies between a and x (n 1)!

x2 ... 2! x x3 3! x2 2! x x3 3 x2 2 x3 3 ...

Maclaurin series for special functions

ex

1 x

ln(1 x) sin x x

x5 ... 5! x4 ... 4! x5 5 ...

cos x 1 arctan x

Topic 10: Discrete mathematics

Further mathematics HL topic 6 10.7 (6.7) Eulers formula for connected planar graphs Planar, simple, connected graphs

v e f 2 , where v is the number of vertices, e is the number of edges, f is the number of faces
e 3v 6 for v 3 e 2v 4 if the graph has no triangles

Formulae for distributions

Topics 5.6, 5.7, 7.1, further mathematics HL topic 3.1

Discrete distributions
Distribution Notation Probability mass function Mean Variance

Geometric

X ~ Geo p

pq x

for x 1,2,... Negative binomial

X ~ NB r , p

1 p r p

q p2 rq p2

x 1 r x pq r 1

for x r, r 1,...

Continuous distributions
Distribution Notation Probability density function
2

Mean

Variance

Normal

X ~N

1 2

1 x 2

Further mathematics

Topic 1: Linear algebra

1.2 Determinant of a 2 2 matrix Inverse of a 2 2 matrix

a b c d

det A

ad bc

a b c d
a b d e g h c f k

A1

1 det A

d c

b , ad a

bc

Determinant of a 3 3 matrix

det A a

e h

f k

d g

f k

d g

e h