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Surface areas and volumes of some regular composite solids

(Suitable for year 8 to 10) Surface area formulae Sphere: SA = 4r (SA: surface area)
2

Preliminary: Consider a sphere of radius 2 3 units. It is divided into a major dome and a minor dome such that the minor dome subtends an angle of 120o at the centre of the sphere. circle radius
2 3

60o

Cylinder: Two ends + curved surface TSA = 2r 2 + 2rl or = 2r ( r + l ) (TSA: total surface area) Cone: Base + curved surface TSA = r 2 + rs

The triangle in the above drawing is similar to the special 30-60-90 triangle shown below. It is enlarged by a scale factor of 3 . l r
30o

2 s r Do you know the following facts about a sphere of radius r? SA of minor dome = r 2
120 0
60o

To obtain the side lengths of the triangle, multiply each side of the special 30-60-90 triangle by 3 .
3 3 =3
30o

1 3 = 3 2 3 =2 3
60
o

Example 1 Find the area of the curved surface of the frustum of the cone. (Measurements in cm) 60o 6 r=3 6

SA of major dome = 3r 2 The above is true only when the minor dome subtends an angle of 120o at the centre of the sphere. The following examples involve the use of these two particular domes, a cylinder and a cone to form composite solids.

r=6 Area = rs (large cone) rs (small cone) = (6)(12) (3)(6) = 170cm2 Example 2 Find the surface areas of the minor dome and the major dome. (Measurements in cm) Radius = 3 Minor dome
1

120 0

Cylinder: V = r 2 l Major dome

1 3

2 Cone: V = r h

The radius of the sphere is preliminary).

2

2 3 cm

(refer to
2

h r Do you know the following facts about a sphere of radius r? Volume of minor dome
5 4 r 3 32 3 120 0
2

Area of minor dome = r =(2 3 ) = 37.7 cm 2 Area of major dome = 3r 2 = 3(2 3 ) =113.1 cm2 Example 3 Find the TSA of the composite solid formed by placing the minor dome in example 2 on top of the frustum of the cone in example 1. TSA = area of minor dome + area of frustum of cone + area of circular base = 37.7 + 170 + (6) 2 = 320.8cm2 Example 4 Find the TSA of the composite solid formed by placing a major dome discussed in example 2 on each end of a 10cm long cylinder.

Volume of major dome

27 4 3 r 32 3

The above is true only when the minor dome subtends an angle of 120o at the centre of the sphere. Example 5 Find the volume of the frustum of the cone. (Measurements in cm) 60o

6 3

3 3

TSA = 2 major domes + cylindrical curved surface = 2 113.1 + 2rl = 2 113.1 + 2 (3)(10) = 414.7cm2

r=3

r=6 The heights of the cones were obtained by the method outlined in the preliminary, using scale factors 3 and 6. Volume = large cone small cone =
1 1 (6) 2 6 3 (3) 2 3 3 = 343cm3. 3 3

Volume formulae Sphere: V = r 3

4 3

Example 6 Find the volumes of the minor dome and the major dome. (Measurements in cm) r Radius = 3
120 0
2

h = 6cm d = 6cm

Minor dome: V = cm3 Major dome: V = cm3

5 4 3 5 r = 2 3 32 3 24 27 4 3 9 r = 2 3 32 3 8

= 27.2

(2) 6

60o Cone r = 3cm 120 Major dome

= 146.9

Example 7 Find the volume of material to be cut from an appropriate cone to form the composite solid discussed in example 3. 60o (3)

Cone-shape hollow inside the cylinder Volume of material to be removed = volume of small cone volume of minor dome =
1 (3) 2 3 3 27.2 = 21.8 cm3 3

r = 3cm h = 4cm

Example 8 Find the volume of material to be cut from an appropriate cylinder to form the composite solid discussed in example 4.

3 3

10

3 3 2 3 cm 6 3

Radius of the large cylinder = Length of the large cylinder =

+10 = 20.4cm

Volume of material to be removed = Large cylinder small cylinder 2 major domes 2 = (2 3 ) ( 20.4 ) (3) 2 (10 ) 2(146.9 ) = 192.5cm3 Exercise Find the TSA and volume of each of the following three-dimensional composite solids. (1) Hemisphere Cylinder
3