Maryam Jahanzad

KEM110702

TITLE: TENSILE TESTING OBJECTIVE: This experiment is carried out to determine mechanical properties of the specimens (mild steel, aluminum alloy, polyethylene (PE) and Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)). The mechanical properties will be obtained from the experiment, are as follow: - Engineering tensile stress. - Strain. - Yield stress. - Ultimate tensile stress. - Percentage of elongation. - Percentage of reduction in area.

INTRODUCTION: The tensile experiment is the most common mechanical test that reveals several important mechanical properties. The material to be tested is formed into a shape suitable for gripping in the testing machine, and then pulled at constant rate until it fractures. The tensile instrument elongates the specimen at a constant rate and has devices to continuously measure and record the applied load and elongation of the specimen. During the stretching of the specimen, changes occur in its physical dimensions and its mechanical properties. The ability to predict the loads that will cause a part to fail depends upon both material properties and the part geometry. This experiment involves testing to determine the relative properties. From that information (stated before) we can determine following values; Engineering tensile stress, F = force A0 = original length ( )

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Maryam Jahanzad

KEM110702

(i) Strain, L1 = length after strain L0 = original length

(ii) Yield strength, (iii)Ultimate/maximum tensile stress, (iv) Percentage of elongation = (v) Percentage of reduction of area = A0 = original area A1 = area after stress

) ( )

(a) Tensile Test for metal

d

A0 L0

A0

L1

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Maryam Jahanzad

KEM110702

For tensile load and maximum load, it can be obtained from the graph of load (N) versus elongation: (i) Mild Steel
Fm

Fp Fy

Load Elongation

Fy = Yield load (N) Fm = maximum load (N) Fp = Tensile strength (N) (ii) For aluminum alloy or any element which do not have fixed yield strength, the yield strength is obtained using the 0.2% strain offset method. This is also known as Tegasan pruf. The graph is shown below.

Fm

Fp F0.2% Load Elongation

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Maryam Jahanzad

KEM110702

(b)Tensile Test for plastic Figure shows the plastic specimen before and after deformation
A0

L0 before testing A1

L1

Graph of stress-elongation for plastics is illustrated as follow:

y b MN/m
2

E y = yield strength b = Tensile strength

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Maryam Jahanzad

KEM110702

L0

APPARATUS: Specimens: o mild steel o aluminum alloy o polyethylene (PE) o Acrylnitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) Universal testing machine marker vernier calipers ruler

PROCEDURES: (a) Tensile stress test for metals 1. The diameter, width and original length of the mild steel are measured. 2. 10 lines are marked with 10mm each part by using knife and ruler. 3. The mild steel is clamped in the machine. 4. The machine is then operated automatically.

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Maryam Jahanzad

KEM110702

5. After the mild steel is fractured, its final diameter, width and length are measured. 6. Step 1-5 is repeated using aluminum alloy 7. The way of specimen break is observed.

(b) Tensile stress test for plastics 1. The width, breadth, length of the polyethylene (PE) is measured 2. 10 lines are marked with 10mm each part by using marker and ruler. 3. The polyethylene (PE) is clamped in the machine. 4. The machine is then operated automatically. 5. After the polyethylene (PE) is fractured, its final breadth, width and length are measured. 6. Step 1-5 is repeated using Acrylnitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) 7. The way of specimen break is observed.

PRECAUTIONS: a) Reading of the diameter and length is repeated several times to get the mean. This is to reduce and minimize the parallax error. b) Make sure the specimen is not being interrupt when the load is applied on specimen. c) The specimens are clip tightly on the machine and make sure it is in the correct position in order not to affect the reading. d) Make sure the reading entered in the computer is correct. e) Read the manual on how to use the Universal testing machine before use.

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Maryam Jahanzad

KEM110702

RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS:

Specimen Reading First Reading Second Reading Mild Steel Initial diameter, D0 (mm) Final diameter, D1 (mm) Initial length, L0 (mm) Final length, L1 (mm) Aluminum alloy Initial diameter, D0 (mm) Final diameter, D1 (mm) Initial length, L0 (mm) Final length, L1 (mm) 64.65 64.40 64.60 64.55 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 6.70 6.50 6.20 6.47 9.30 9.40 9.40 9.37 81.05 79.85 81.05 80.65 60.00 60.00 60.00 60.00 5.95 6.35 5.70 6.00 9.90 9.65 Third Reading 10.00 9.85 Average

(a) Mild steel From graph, we obtained: Original area, A0 = = Load = 50.00kN Load at 0.2% strain = 26.049 kN Maximum load = 34.290 kN Fracture load = 24.290kN

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Maryam Jahanzad

KEM110702

Engineering tensile stress, = Strain, = Ultimate stress, m = =450.0 MPa Percentage of elongation = = = Final area, A1 = = =

Percentage decrease in area

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Maryam Jahanzad

KEM110702

From the data computed by computer, mild steel has: Yield strength, y/ MPa Ultimate stress/ tensile Fracture Strength, p/ MPa

strength, m/ MPa 450.0

341.848

318.70

Data transferred from the Load Displacement Graph obtained from computer: mild steel Displacement (mm) 0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 68.07 Load (kN) 0.00 27.50 28.67 27.00 30.00 31.50 32.55 33.60 33.80 33.90 34.00 33.97 0.00 Stress (MPa) 0.00 360.89 376.25 354.33 393.70 413.39 427.17 440.94 443.57 444.88 446.19 445.80 0.00 Strain 0.00 0.08 0.17 0.25 0.33 0.42 0.50 0.58 0.67 0.75 0.83 0.92 1.13

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Maryam Jahanzad

KEM110702

Graph of stress against strain

600

500

400

stress 300 (MPa)

Series1

200

100

0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

strain

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Maryam Jahanzad

KEM110702

(b) Aluminum alloy From graph, we obtained: Original area, A0 = = Engineering tensile stress, = Strain, = Ultimate stress, m = =227.68 MPa Percentage of elongation = = = Final area, A1 = = = Load = 50.00kN Load at 0.2% strain = 13.215 kN Maximum load = 15.710 kN Fracture load = 11.80 kN

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Maryam Jahanzad

KEM110702

Percentage decrease in area

From the data computed by computer, aluminum alloy has:

Yield strength, y/ MPa 195.23

Ultimate stress/ tensile strength, m/ MPa 227.68

Fracture Strength, p/ MPa 171.18

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Maryam Jahanzad

KEM110702

Data transferred from the Load Displacement Graph obtained from computer: aluminum alloy Displacement (mm) 0.00 2.50 5.00 7.50 10.00 12.50 15.00 17.50 20.00 22.50 25.00 27.50 31.43 Load (kN) 0.00 10.13 14.38 14.75 15.00 15.10 15.25 15.30 15.60 15.65 15.71 15.50 0.00 Stress (MPa) 0.00 146.81 208.41 213.77 217.39 218.84 221.01 221.74 226.09 226.81 227.68 224.64 0.00 Strain 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.63

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Maryam Jahanzad

KEM110702

Graph of strees against strain

300

250

200

stress 150 (MPa)

Series1

100

50

0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

strain

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KEM110702

(b) Tensile test for plastics

Specimen Reading First Reading Second Reading Polyethylene (PE) Initial width, W0 (mm) Final width, W1 (mm) Initial length, L0 (mm) Final length, L1 (mm) Initial thick, T0 (mm) Final thick, T1 (mm) Acrylontrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) Final width, W1 (mm) Initial length, L0 (mm) Final length, L1 (mm) Initial thick, T0 (mm) Final thick, T1 (mm) 3.20 3.15 3.20 3.18 10.31 10.20 10.20 10.24 Initial width, W0 (mm) 10.33 10.34 10.33 10.33 1.40 1.55 1.62 1.52 3.3 3.25 3.25 3.27 191.00 190.00 188.00 189.7 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 3.20 3.15 3.20 3.18 10.28 10.28 Third Reading 10.27 10.28 Average

49.80

49.80

49.80

49.80

49.70
3.30

49.90
3.25

50.00
3.25

49.87
3.3

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Maryam Jahanzad

KEM110702

Polyethylene (PE) From graph, we obtained: Original area, A0 = =3.36 Engineering tensile stress, = Strain, = Percentage of elongation = = 2.794 = Final area, A1 = = Percentage decrease in area Load = 50.00kN Load at 0.2% strain = 0.498 kN Maximum load = 0.929 kN Fracture load = 0.091 kN

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Maryam Jahanzad

KEM110702

From the data computed by computer, polyethylene has: Yield strength, y/ MPa 14.818 Ultimate stress/ tensile strength, m/ MPa 27.638 Fracture Strength, p/ MPa 2.716

Data transferred from the Load Displacement Graph obtained from computer: PE Displacement (mm) 0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 50.00 70.00 90.00 110.00 120.00 130.00 140.00 150.00 160.00
Load (kN)

Stress (MPa) 0.00 27.38 25.30 15.48 14.88 15.48 14.88 14.88 14.29 12.20 10.12 1.19 0.60

Strain 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 1.00 1.40 1.80 2.20 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00 3.20

0.00 0.92 0.85 0.52 0.50 0.52 0.50 0.50 0.48 0.41 0.34 0.04 0.02

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Maryam Jahanzad

KEM110702

Graph of Stress againts Strain

35

30

25

20

Stress (MPa)
15

10

0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

Strain

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Maryam Jahanzad

KEM110702

Acrylontrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) From graph, we obtained: Original area, A0 = =3.41 Engineering tensile stress, = Strain, = Percentage of elongation = = = Final area, A1 = = Percentage decrease in area From the data computed by computer, Acrylontrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) has: Yield strength, y/ MPa 28.475 Ultimate stress/ tensile strength, m/ MPa 28.514 Fracture Strength, p/ MPa 22.456

Load = 50.00kN Load at 0.2% strain = 0.965 kN Maximum load = 0.966 kN Fracture load = 0.761 kN

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Maryam Jahanzad

KEM110702

Data transferred from the Load Displacement Graph obtained from computer: ABS Displacement (mm) 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 3.00 9.75 Load (kN) 0.00 0.10 0.25 0.40 0.55 0.74 0.83 0.94 0.93 0.83 0.04 0.04 0.04 Stress (MPa) 0.00 2.93 7.33 11.73 16.13 21.70 24.34 27.57 27.27 24.34 1.17 1.17 1.17 Strain 0.00 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025 0.030 0.035 0.040 0.045 0.050 0.060 0.196

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Maryam Jahanzad

KEM110702

Graph of stress against strain

30

25

20

15

stress (MPa)
10

Series1

0 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25

-5

strain

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Maryam Jahanzad

KEM110702

DISCUSSION: a) Tensile test for metals Mechanical behaviour Yields stress (MPa) Ultimate (MPa) Fracture stress (MPa) % Elongation 318.70 171.18 tensile Mild Steel 341.848 strength 450.00 Aluminium alloy 195.23 227.68

1. Graph stress- strain for mild steel shown its experience a yield load. Whereas, aluminium alloy did not experience a specify yield load. And therefore, 0.2% offset method is used. 2. From the result, the value of tensile stress, fracture stress and yield load for mild steel is higher than that of aluminium alloy. This means that more force is required to elongate the mild steel. This phenomenon is caused by the composition of the carbon and iron in the mild steel which makes it harder. 3. As mild steel is an alloy that consists of carbon and iron. The atom size of carbon and iron is different. Because of different size of atom, the atom in the mild steel is packed more closely. Besides that, carbon atom (filler atom) is act as resistance for the dislocation. Therefore the sliding of the atomic layer can be minimizing. Grain size atom fills vacancy and interstitial sites so that the iron atoms cannot slide through each other easily. 4. The area under the graph stress- strain represented the energy absorb by the metal to deform. Since the area under graph for mild steel is greater than aluminium alloy, therefore mild steel can absorb more energy.

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Maryam Jahanzad

KEM110702

b) Tensile test for plastics Acrylonitrile Styrene (ABS) 28.475 28.514 Butadiene

Mechanical behaviour

Polyethylene (PE)

Yields stress (MPa) Ultimate (MPa) Fracture stress (MPa) % Elongation tensile

14.818 strength 27.638

2.716

22.456

1. From the experiment, the mechanical properties of PE and ABS can be observed. PE experiences large plastic deformation before it breaks. Whereas, ABS experience little plastic deformation before it break. This can be said that PE is more ductile than ABS.

2. From the result obtained, yields stress for ABS is higher than PE. It shows that ABS can afford a higher stress compare to PE before undergoing plastic deformations. Besides that, stress at fracture for ABS also higher than PE. Therefore, ABS is stronger, harder and stiffer compare to PE.

CONCLUSION: a) Tensile test for metal In conclusion, mild steel is stiffer, stronger, harder, more ductile and able to undergo

high stress before fracture than Aluminum alloy.

b) Tensile test for plastic Polyethylene plastic is harder, stiffer and stronger than Acrylontrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS). But Butadiene Styrene (ABS) has higher ductility than Polyethylene plastic (PE).

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Maryam Jahanzad

KEM110702

REFERENCE: 1. Rollason : Metallurgy for Engineering 2. William F.Smith & Javad Hashemi: Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering 4th Edition. 3. Materials Science and Engineering An Introduction, 6th Edition; William D. Callister, Jr. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chapter 6

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