Captulo 1

c 2008-2009, Tony R. Kuphaldt

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Revision history1
Version 0.1 July 2008 to September 2008 (initial development)
Version 0.2 released September 29, 2008 for Fall quarter student use (SafeCreati
ve registration
code 0810111072182)
Version 0.3 September 2008 to January 2009 (continued development)
Version 0.4 released January 11, 2009 for Winter quarter student use
1Version numbers ending in odd digits are developmental (e.g. 0.7, 1.23, 4.5), w
ith only the latest revision made
accessible to the public. Version numbers ending in even digits (e.g. 0.6, 1.0,
2.14) are considered public-release
and will be archived. Version numbers beginning with zero (e.g. 0.1, 0.2, etc.)
represent incomplete editions lacking
major chapters or topic coverage.
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ii
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Contents
Preface 3
1 Physics 7
1.1 Terms and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 8
1.2 Metric prefixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 9
1.3 Unit conversions and physical constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 10
1.3.1 Conversion formulae for temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 13
1.3.2 Conversion factors for distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 13
1.3.3 Conversion factors for volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 13
1.3.4 Conversion factors for velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 13
1.3.5 Conversion factors for mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 13
1.3.6 Conversion factors for force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 13
1.3.7 Conversion factors for area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 13
1.3.8 Conversion factors for pressure (either all gauge or all absolute) . . . .
. . . . 13
1.3.9 Conversion factors for pressure (absolute pressure units only) . . . . . .
. . . 14
1.3.10 Conversion factors for energy or work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 14

1.3.11 Conversion factors for power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . 14
1.3.12 Terrestrial constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 14
1.3.13 Properties of water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 15
1.3.14 Miscellaneous physical constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 15
1.3.15 Weight densities of common materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 16
1.4 Dimensional analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 18
1.5 The International System of Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 19
1.6 Conservation Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 20
1.7 Classical mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 20
1.7.1 Newton s Laws of Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 21
1.7.2 Work and Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 22
1.7.3 Mechanical springs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 25
1.8 Fluid mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 27
1.8.1 Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 27
1.8.2 Pascal s Principle and hydrostatic pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 31
1.8.3 Fluid density expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 36
1.8.4 Manometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 38
1.8.5 Systems of pressure measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 41
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iv CONTENTS
1.8.6 Buoyancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 43
1.8.7 Gas Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 45
1.8.8 Fluid viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 47
1.8.9 Reynolds number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 49
1.8.10 Law of Continuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 51
1.8.11 Viscous flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 53
1.8.12 Bernoulli s equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 54
1.8.13 Torricelli s equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 59
1.8.14 Flow through a venturi tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 60
2 Chemistry 65
2.1 Terms and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 66

2.2 Atomic theory and chemical symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . 67
2.3 Periodic table of the elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 72
2.4 Electronic structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 74
2.5 Formulae for common chemical compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 80
2.6 Molecular quantities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 83
2.7 Stoichiometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 84
2.7.1 Balancing chemical equations by trial-and-error . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 85
2.7.2 Balancing chemical equations using algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 87
2.8 Energy in chemical reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 89
2.9 Periodic table of the ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 93
2.10 Ions in liquid solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .