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A.P.A.C. Ltd.

Archaeological Perspectives Analysis Consultancy

ARCHAEOLOGICAL WATCHING BRIEF


WB/AONB2/09

Angidy Ironworks, Tintern. Wye Valley AONB

Dr N.Phillips 31/12/09

A.P.A.C. Ltd

Angidy Ironworks, Tintern

WB/AONB2/09

Contents

Non Technical Summary ............................................................................................................................3 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................3 2.1 Location and scope of work ..............................................................................................................4 2.2 Geology and topography ...................................................................................................................4 2.3 Archaeological and historical background ........................................................................................5 3 Aims and Objectives ..................................................................................................................................5 3.1 Watching Brief ..................................................................................................................................5 Watching Brief Methodology .....................................................................................................................5 4 Fieldwork ..........................................................................................................................................5 4.1 4.2 Recording ..........................................................................................................................................6 4.3 Finds..................................................................................................................................................6 5 Watching Brief Results ..............................................................................................................................6 Soils and ground conditions ..............................................................................................................6 5.1 5.2 Description ........................................................................................................................................7 6 Discussion and Interpretation .....................................................................................................................8 6.1 Reliability of field investigation .......................................................................................................8 6.2 Interpretation .....................................................................................................................................8 Finds ...........................................................................................................................................................8 6.3 Overall interpretation ........................................................................................................................9 7 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................................9 Bibliography and references.............................................................................................................................10

1 2

Cover photograph. The work in progress Copyright Notice: A.P.A.C. Ltd. retains copyright of this report under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988. The Ordnance Survey has granted A.P.A.C. Ltd a Copyright Licence (No. 100046577) to reproduce map information; Copyright remains otherwise with the Ordnance Survey.

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Angidy Ironworks, Tintern

WB/AONB2/09

List of Figures
Figure 01 Figure 02 Figure 03 Figure 04 Figure 05 Figure 06 Site location map Site Plan 1763 Estate Map 1821 map 1866 map 1921 map

List of Plates
Plate 01 Plate 02 Plate 03 Plate 04 Plate 05 Plate 06 Plate 07 Plate 08 Culvert outfall/resurgence Restricted conditions for spoil deposit New water level after silt removal Stream, prior to work East bank revetment wall Submerged, eastern revetment West bank revetment Curved revetment

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Angidy Ironworks, Tintern

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Non Technical Summary


On the 16th December 2009, Dr. N. Phillips of A.P.A.C. Ltd was appointed to undertake a watching brief during clearance work on a stream identified as the outfall for drainage from the Abbey Tintern Furnace Site, Tintern, Monmouthshire. The archaeological watching brief was commissioned by Wye Valley AONB, to be undertaken during the work outlined in the project design supplied by Mr.B Saunders of Furnace Cottages Tintern. The watching brief was identified by Dr. N. Phillips of A.P.A.C. Ltd as a second phase of work included in the conservation project being undertaken at the site; namely, an attempt to reinstate the drainage system from the furnace floor in order that conservation and consolidation of extant structure of the furnace site could be commenced. The work to uncover original drainage structures and their reinstatement was partially successful. Work was completed to the specification outlined in the project design and an amount of archaeological resource was uncovered and cleared. This in turn has allowed for improved drainage, however; there is a considerable amount of structure remaining to be cleared of silt and a further depth to be reached before the system can become efficient.

Introduction

In February 2005 Monmouthshire County Council; owners of The Angidy Ironworks, commissioned a Conservation Plan Brief, for both Clydach and Angidy Ironworks the purpose of which was to provide a management strategy to promote and preserve these nationally significant, heritage assets. The strategy compiled considers the site of The Angidy Ironworks as part of the wider tourism potential in this Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, (AONB). The Conservation Plan was prepared in anticipation of a bid, Over looking the Wye, to the Heritage Lottery Fund by a partnership of interested organisations led by the Wye Valley AONB Joint Advisory Committee. This seeks the enhancement and preservation of the key landscape and archaeological features of the AONB, whilst improving the visitor experience through the better interpretation and upgraded facilities. (MCC 2005, 5) The single consultative document was intended to provide: clear guidelines for testing an evaluation of material changes to the site or its structures Preparing long-term conservation programs for the site and its components. Making day to day decisions with regard to maintenance and repair. Drawing up plans to enhance the potential contribution of the site in relation to the local community, the local economy and particularly the Wye Valley AONB. (MCC 2005, 6)

In order pursue these aims a list of general conservation principles were included in the plan, (MCC 2005, 29-36).

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Angidy Ironworks, Tintern

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Unfortunately, none of the work proposed for the Angidy Ironworks site; as laid out in (MCC 2005), was possible due to the presence of standing water over the lower floor. Indeed the presence of the standing water was causing problems as far back as the 1979-81 excavations, where full excavation was impossible due to water levels, (Pickin 1982, 12 & Probert 1982, 26). In the summer of 2007, Dr N. Phillips A.P.A.C. Ltd, undertook a watching brief at the site of and adjacent to the Angidy Ironworks, Phase 1, (WB04/AONB/07. A.P.A.C. Ltd 2007). That watching brief concerned itself with excavations south of the Devauden/Tintern road designed to locate and unblock the outfall from the furnace site. This phase 1 work was partially successful in that the outfall was located but unsuccessful in that the outfall remained blocked. Furthermore, the blockage was to such an extent as to force the flow of the outfall to run above the original drainage culvert; the culvert itself having been buried in subsequent silting. The purpose of this present undertaking therefore, is an attempt to unblock the outfall by clearing the build up of silt. This would then drop the water level and encourage the outfall to flow back through the culvert ultimately improving drainage from the furnace floor.

2.1

Location and scope of work

Angidy Ironworks, SO5200, is situated south of the Angidy stream, in the steep sided Angidy valley west of Tintern, Monmouthshire, fig 01. If travelling north from Chepstow to Monmouth on the A466, the first left turn after Tintern Abbey is the lane to Llanishen which passes by the furnace site after approximately 4 kilometres. The Angidy Ironworks site is a Scheduled Monument, Cadw reference MM197. It is lozenge shaped measuring some 100m by 35m. However, excavation work undertaken during this watching brief was concentrated on land south of the Ironworks site on land bounded by the garden of Furnace Cottages and made up waste ground (Cinder Bank, DBA/TAP/08 p20 A.P.A.C. Ltd. 2008) separating the culvert from the Angidy River, fig 02. This land is at present outside of the scheduled area. The culvert itself is recorded on Ordnance Survey maps as spring NGR 514.002 and it discharges some 200m east into the Furnace pond NGR 515.002, (Saunders 2009). The scope of the work is to undertake a watching brief during operations to clear silt from the blocked culvert. The clearance will seek to reach the natural bedding of the stream surface but a restriction of 0.5m has been imposed due to the nature of the terrain and the working parameters of the mechanical digger within that terrain.

2.2

Geology and topography

The site is located on the solid geology of the Upper Old Red Sandstone, Tintern Sandstone Group with a drift deposit of Alluvium (OS 1981). The topography of the site location is a narrow steep sided, wooded valley, centred on the Angidy stream which generally falls in an easterly direction to the Wye at Tintern. The woodland, some of which is owned and managed by the Forestry Commission is a mixture of deciduous and coniferous trees. A broad fire break occurs south west of the site which opens up the aspect of the location. The site is surrounded by SSSIs and LNRs but is itself not designated

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Archaeological and historical background

As mentioned above, the site has had some archaeological investigation in relation to other works in the vicinity. There have been three archaeological episodes at the adjacent Ironworks site: An excavation centred on the leat and the wheel pit, undertaken by Parr and Tucker in 1975, (Parr & Tucker 1975 V9 .2). A second, much larger scale excavation conducted by John Pickin for Gwent County Council between 1979 and 1981. The third, an evaluation of the leat above the Angidy Furnace, Phillips EV/TAP/08. A.P.A.C. Ltd.

Further archaeological work has been undertaken in the immediate vicinity: A watching brief in the north east corner of the garden, to find and clear the drainage culvert from the furnace. Phillips WB04/AONB/07. A.P.A.C. Ltd, 2007. A desk top assessment on the archaeological resources of the Angidy Valley. Phillips. DBA/TAP/08. A.P.A.C. Ltd, 2008. A topographical and geophysical survey of the land belonging to Furnace Cottages in which the area of this watching brief was included, SC/JBT/09, 2009.

The historical background to the area is well documented in the above reports as well as in the Monmouthshire County Council 2005 Angidy Ironworks Conservation Plan. Rees provides a very detailed account of the Iron Works at Tintern with good primary sourcing, (Rees) 1968. A more easily accessible, general background can be found in The Water Powered Industries of the Lower Wye Valley, Coates 1992.

3 3.1

Aims and Objectives


Watching Brief

The aim of the watching brief was to preserve by record, within the resources available, any archaeological deposits uncovered during groundwork. The watching brief would also ensure that: in the event of archaeological resources of significance being discovered requiring treatment beyond the remit of the watching brief; then steps would be implemented to ensure that their treatment would be undertaken within the standards recommended by the IFA.

4 4.1

Watching Brief Methodology


Fieldwork

The watching brief consisted of an archaeological fieldworker being present during groundwork at the site. All groundwork was undertaken using a 0.8 tonne Kobelco SK09SR tracked mini digger fitted with a 600 mm non toothed bucket.

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Angidy Ironworks, Tintern

WB/AONB2/09

The groundwork started by tracking the digger upstream to the known culvert outfall, or more accurately described as resurgence, plate 01. The clearance was then undertaken by removing the silt from the stream bed and depositing the spoil on the bank, plate 02. A first scrape removed a good half proposed depth of soil along the stream bed which reduced the level of the water in relation to the culvert top, as expected. Using the expertise of the digger driver and the variance in sounds produced by the bucket dragging the surface; it was possible to identify differences in ground structure. When such variances happened, excavation ceased to allow the water to clear and visual examination to be made. Once the full length of the stream had been scraped, the machine was tracked back to the culvert outfall and a further amount of silt was removed to achieve the required drop in level of 500mm, plate 03. 4.2 Recording

Where possible and with due regard to health and safety issues; features uncovered, were cleaned back to provide a reasonable surface for photographic recording. Such photographs included a scale. All photographs taken have been given a unique number and listed in the archive of this report. The archive includes a contact sheet and a digital copy of all the photographs. All features were surveyed using a Topcon GPT 3007, reflector less Total Station. The raw data was initially processed in CivilCad 6, imported to Autocad 2000 and converted to Illustrator format for final presentation, fig 02. All features uncovered were given a brief description in the site log. Any observation of interesting or anomalous data was also recorded for later interpretation. 4.3 Finds

A small amount of materials were collected, comprising: two pieces of glass, five shards of stoneware, 1 shard of slipware, one shard of blue & white ceramic and a soul of a leather boot. They had no recordable context due to their retrieval method from the silts in the stream.

5 5.1

Watching Brief Results


Soils and ground conditions

Work on the site was conducted over a three day period in which the cold and snow cover could not be entirely ignored. However, the biggest problem during this undertaking was the necessity of digging in the water. Obviously, this would have made observation difficult no matter what the prevailing weather conditions were but it serves as a good reminder of the complications of excavation underwater. A further complication of this undertaking was the restricted access of the stream itself which did not allow for the spoil to be removed very far from the stream bank, fig 02. The depth at which the digger had to delve and then the height to which the digger had to reach to deposit on the bank resulted in a fairly unstable spoil heap of wet silts and gravels. This unstable mass further complicated access to the stream for recording.

A.P.A.C. Ltd 5.2

Angidy Ironworks, Tintern

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Description

The stream below the culvert appeared to have eroded a channel through the surrounding ground to a depth of <0.25m prior to clearance, Plate 04. With the exception of a single course of rough stone revetment, on the east bank some 40m downstream from the culvert, there was no reason to suppose that the stream was not a natural formation. However, as the silting was removed sections of wall became apparent on the eastern bank, plates 03 & 05. Plate 03 shows some of the 7m stretch abutting the culvert outfall on the east side of the stream, fig 02, whilst plate 05 shows a further 2m section on the same bank some 9m from the culvert outfall, fig 02. The ground above the wall is made up of dark brown/red sandy soil with both angular and rounded stone, plate 05. Occasionally, as seen in plate 06, there is a band of iron staining where the top of the wall interfaces with the bank, however, this is not continuous along the whole wall and may be indicative of differences in deposition continents i.e., different phases of deposition from more iron laden sources. A further 5m section of wall was revealed on the east bank some 14m from the culvert outfall and just north of the stream, which joins the outfall from the west. Unfortunately, this section is much lower and was still under the water at the end of the work, plate 06. The wall position is indicated by the arrows, the ranging rod records a depth at a further 0.36 m below the surface. It was whilst clearing this section that the digger had some difficulties. These were caused by a restriction in the width of the channel. The area also produced a lot of flat stone pieces; uncharacteristic to the debris produced elsewhere. In order to investigate the unusual stones being extracted, the stream was given some time to clear. Unfortunately, due to clearance activities, the overall flow from the culvert had increased causing areas of bank and possibly culvert fill to collapse into the stream keeping it fairly murky for a long period. Investigation therefore had to resort to feel and it was through this method that the eastern revetted wall was discovered. The narrowing of the channel that had caused the problem to the digger was due to the existence of both walls which, for some as yet unknown reason, narrow the channel at this point. From this vantage point, it was possible to see the west bank for the first time and to identify its almost continuous revetment, plate 07. This western revetment is continuous from the culvert outfall for some 20 along the west bank where it breaks for about 1m before continuing for a further 1m. After that, the bank becomes very indistinct; possibly buried in silt from the side spring, but then a 3.5m curved section of revetted wall is reached some 28m from the culvert, plate 08. With the exception of the stone slab fragments mentioned above, the debris removed from the stream are mainly red sandy silts with rounded gravels and some blue and green furnace slag. One area of compacted sand stone was found close to the junction with the side stream mentioned above. This material corresponds to the natural bedding planes noted in sections of the leats above the furnace site and below the Furnace Pond in evaluation trenching for EV/TAP/08 (A.P.A.C. Ltd 2008). The most notable difference; which is extreme in comparison, is to the quantity of finds present in the adjacent Phase 1 area (WB04/AONB1/07. A.P.A.C. Ltd 2007), and the almost total lack in this section. Above the culvert, (ibid) the fill; approximately 30m, contained a large amount of 19th/20th century ceramic shards and glass and was interpreted as deliberate deposition associated with the decline of the cottage buried under the road, (ibid). The area covered in this watching brief revealed few finds, in an area approximately 45m by 1.5m at an average depth of 0.5m which gives a volume of 34 m.

A.P.A.C. Ltd 6 6.1

Angidy Ironworks, Tintern

WB/AONB2/09

Discussion and Interpretation


Reliability of field investigation

The watching brief was conducted in very cold conditions in icy water in a very restricted passage. This will have had negative consequences on the accuracy of the recording. In addition, working under shallow water did not make observation very easy, with archaeological resources being identified on the spoil heap rather than in situ or by the sound of their discovery on contact with the bucket of the digger. That said; investigation of the spoil deposits and excavated sections, where possible, revealed that the remarkable paucity of finds was representative of the archaeology and not the watching brief process. 6.2

Interpretation

Prior to this work being undertaken, the visible evidence on the ground was that the remains of the covered outfall culvert from the Angidy Furnace flowed into the natural stream which then flowed to the Furnace Pond. The clearance work from this watching brief however has revealed that the path of the stream is not natural but a man made channel. It is apparent on the 1763 estate map, fig 03 that there is no stream or culvert flowing from the edge of the cottage by the road, although arguably this may reflect the cartographers interest rather than the lay of the land. The map also shows the bridge at a different angle and position but again this could be down to the cartographer. It is not until 1821 that the culvert is recorded; possibly as an open channel, fig 04. In a later Ordnance Survey map 1866 fig 05, the channel is not recorded again which my suggest that it had been covered; however, the evidence is rather suspect in this case as the map shows a completely different layout for a possible stream course which if accurate would necessitate an uphill section. By the time of the 1921, Ordnance Survey map, fig 06, the cottage is no longer recorded but a possible open stream is. If the line does indicate the stream, then the known covered section from the cottage to the culvert outfall has become lost, possibly due to blockage. The stream depicted flows south east till it joins the stream flowing from the west, whereas in the present the western stream now joins the culvert. Finds As noted above; finds retrieval was complicated by the nature of the extraction and the prevailing conditions. What was collected was retrieved from the spoil heap. These comprise of: 5 dark brown, internal glazed stoneware shards of which two were pieces of a large mixing bowl and the others smaller pots. 1 shard of blue and white, transfer print plate. 1 shard of yellow/cream slipware with dark brown slip. Glass fragments were represented by two dark green bottle shards, one base embossed Bristol and one neck from a two piece mould with an applied top. 1 leather shoe fragment Slag from the former iron processing associated with the nearby site, not retained

A.P.A.C. Ltd

Angidy Ironworks, Tintern

WB/AONB2/09

Overall interpretation 6.3 It has been shown from the archaeological resources uncovered, that the stream course was constructed to remove the outfall from the furnace floor culvert to the furnace pond. It is possible from the map evidence that its construction occurred some time between 1763 and 1821, hypothetically as a result of meeting different demands occurring from a change or increase in from iron production.
A possible cause for its construction was the need to prevent the Angidy stream from flowing to the lower level of the culvert. Although there is no survey data on the stream bottom it is noticeable that the Angidy is at a much higher than the culvert until it flows over the weir, just after the bridge. Both the Angidy and the culvert outfall then retain separate courses to the Furnace pond. The maps also suggest that by 1866 the entire length of stream may have been covered, a possibility which may be investigated by further work to examine the ground immediately above both walls. By 1921, the maps also suggest that the known length of covered culvert may well have become too blocked to function resulting in the situation prior to this work where a stream has bypassed the culvert. The work to clear the culvert has already produced a positive effect in helping to drain the furnace floor. It is believed that further clearance is necessary to complete the work; in order to best undertake the conservation planned. In order to do this, the clearance must be made from above the stream rather than in it and more preparation must be made to remove the spoil form the sides of the excavation. Such work would also provide an opportunity to investigate the revetment walls and any relationship to possible structures atop the bank. The nature of the spoil atop the banks suggest that this area was subject to a very different human presence than those associated with the higher Ironworks area. 7

Acknowledgements

I am indebted to Mr and Mrs Saunders for access to their land and their wealth of knowledge about the site. Also thanks to Mr Saunderss foresight in planning and bringing to fruition this important work, which hopefully, will prevent mistakes being made in the area in the future. Further appreciation goes to the machine operator, Tim Ball, good to see a man in control of a machine instead of the other way around. Thanks also to the AONB for their backing.

A.P.A.C. Ltd

Angidy Ironworks, Tintern

WB/AONB2/09

Bibliography and references


Aram. J., British Geological Survey 1981 Estate Map. Badminton Survey Book II, SHEET 6. 1763. England and Wales Sheet 250 Chepstow. Solid and Drift Geology 1:50 000.

Cadw. Angidy Ironworks MM197(MON) Coates, S.D., 1992. The Water Powered Industries of the Lower Wye Valley, Monmouth Borough Museums Service. Angidy Ironworks, Monmouthshire. Conservation Plan. Monmouthshire County Council (unpublished). The old wireworks and ironworks of the Angidy valley at Tintern Gwent. Journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society V9 2. Excavations at Abbey Tintern Furnace, Journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society V16. 2. Angidy Ironworks Tintern, Archaeological Watching Brief WB04/AONB1/07. A.P.A.C. Ltd. (unpublished). Proposed Hydro-Electric Project Angidy River Tintern, Archaeological Desk Based Assessment. DBA/TAP/08. A.P.A.C. Ltd. (unpublished). Proposed Pipeline Alongside The Angidy River, Tintern, Archaeological Evaluation EVTP/TAP/08. A.P.A.C. Ltd. (unpublished). Furnace Cottages, Tintern, Archaeological Topographical and Geophysical Survey SC/JBT/09. A.P.A.C. Ltd. (unpublished). Excavation of Abbey Tintern Ironworks Angidy Valley. Gwent County Council (unpublished). 1921 1:2,500 Tintern Pava Industry before the industrial Revolution Angidy Blast Furnace, Tintern. Method Statement

MCC., 2005.

Paar, H.W., & Tucker D.G., 1975.

Pickin, J., 1982.

Phillips. N., 2007.

Phillips. N., 2008.

Phillips. N., 2009.

Phillips. N., 2009.

Probert, G., 1982

Promap Ordnance Survey Maps: Rees, W., 1968 Saunders. B. D. T., 2009

A.P.A.C. Ltd, Registered Address: 36 Hatherleigh Rd, Abergavenny, Monmouthshire. NP7 7RG . 07734962919. Email: apac.philips@btinernet.com. Company Registration No 5041541. VAT Reg No 826 3628 19. www.apac.ltd.uk Director: Dr N. Phillips. D.Phil. BA (Hons). Cert Ed/FE. AIFA. AAI&S

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A.P.A.C. Ltd

Angidy Ironworks, Tintern

WB/AONB2/09

ARCHIVE COVER SHEET


PRINCETOWN, TREDEGAR
Site Name: Site Code: PRN: NPRN : SAM: Other Ref No: NGR: Site Type: Project Type: Project Officer: Project Dates: Categories Present: Location of Original Archive: Location of duplicate Archives: Number of Finds Boxes: Location of Finds: Museum Reference: Copyright: Restrictions to access: Merthyr rd WB02/PR/07 CAP Report No. 274 SO 5890 7405 Medieval Watching Brief Kevin Blockley October 2003 N/A Shropshire SMR N/A N/A N/A N/A CAP Ltd None

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Angidy Ironworks, Tintern

WB/AONB2/09

12

Angidy Ironworks, Tintern

.025Km

1mile

Fig 01: Location

A.P.A.C. Ltd

WB/AONB2/09

Angidy Ironworks, Tintern

Key
Area of watching brief
Road Bank top Bank bottom 1m contour 0.2m contour Hedges Overgrown Walls Buildings Stream E Cables

Drain depth 51.15m OD approx

Floor depth 52.21m OD

Deva

uden
TP

Car Park
56 55

dy Angid

.5
Post

54

54 53

Post

EP

TP

Post Post

TP

EP

55

EP
TP

Post

.20 .9

TP

Tinte

56

rn

Culvert top 51.194m OD


54

55
TP

51

Current silt depth 50.626m OD

.21

.23

56

Current silt depth 50.146m OD

57

SITE

Furnace Cottages Angiddy Tintern Monmouthshire. SCALE SC/JBT/09 0 5 10 20 m


STATION COORDINATES E 351366.513 E 351343.747 E 351260.337 E 351364.495 .7 E 351345.328 .8 E 351328.442
.1 .3 .5 .6

JOB No:

30

40

50

NEW SURVEY 0.65 Ha (Combined) 1.42 Ha

TITLE

Topographic Survey Composite

A.P.A.C. Ltd
36 Hatherleigh Rd, Abergavenny, Monmouthshire. NP7 7RG. Tel: 07734962919 apac.philips@btinternet.com

DRAWN BY: N Phillips DATE 30/12/09

N 200263.037 N 200273.270 N 200260.337 N 200229.697 N 200239.025 N 200274.381

Z 57.244 Z 58.958 Z 55.273 Z 60.524 Z 62.793 Z 63.746

.9 .10 .11 .20 .21 .23

E 351406.748 E 351344.080 E 351329.360 E 351406.602 E 351415.722 E 351422.947

N 200241.809 N 200195.583 N 200260.483 N 200243.709 N 200230.593 N 200212.934

Z 54.219 Z 62.652 Z 55.251 Z 54.422 Z 52.126 Z 50.534

NOTES Shaded area: adapted from John Vincent Surveys Ltd. 2007. Levels related to Ordnance Survey GPS DATUM

adapted from Phillips 2009


Fig 02: Location
A.P.A.C. Ltd WB/AONB2/09

Angidy Ironworks, Tintern from Parr & Tucker 1975 from Aram 1763 Cottage Cottage
1821

1763

Figure 03: East bank revetment wall

Figure 04: Submerged, eastern revetment

from Parr & Tucker 1975

from Ordnance Survey 1921 1:2,500

Cottage stream

1866 1921

Figure 05: West bank revetment

Figure 06: Curved revetment

A.P.A.C. WB/AONB2/09

Angidy Ironworks, Tintern DSC05930 DSC05908

Plate 01: Culvert outfall, resurgence

Plate 02: Restricted conditions for spoil heap

DSC05935

DSC05909

Plate 03: New water level after silt removal

Plate 04: Prior to work

A.P.A.C. WB/AONB2/09

Angidy Ironworks, Tintern DSC05927 DSC05928

Plate 05: East bank revetment wall

Plate 06: Submerged, eastern revetment

DSC05934

DSC05932

Plate 07: West bank revetment

Plate 08: Curved revetment

A.P.A.C. WB/AONB2/09

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