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IET WIRING REGULATIONS

ELECTRIC SHOCK

Bird

Bat

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ELECTRIC SHOCK

ELECTRIC SHOCK
Intensity of an electric shock depends on the duration of the electric current flowing through the body and duration
NO-let-go effect Breathing difficulties

No physical damage

Heart stops

Minor electric shock

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DIRECT CONTACT
An electric shock result from contact with a conductor which forms part of a circuit and would be expected to be live.

INDIRECT CONTACT
An electric shock is received from contact with something which would not normally be expected to be live but has become so as a results of a fault.

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BASIC PROTECTION
The insulation of live parts The provision of barrier, obstacles or enclosure to prevent touching Placing out of reach

FAULT POTECTION
Protective earthing Every enclosed-conductive part should be connected to a common earth electrode via the main earthing terminal,

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POSSIBLE FAULTS
Over-current: current higher than that is intended to be present in the system Short circuit current: Occur under fault conditions and may be very high Earth fault current: Occurs when live terminal is faulted to earth

Example
L 240V N 0.1 C 5A wire A 0.1 B 50

CALCULATE Normal current in the circuit Current when B & C are short circuited due to a fault Current when there is a direct short circuit between A & C A connected to the earth will consider later

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PROTECTION AGAINST FAULTS

Fault current should be interrupted before a temperature rise cause damage to the insulation, joints etc. Devices that can be used:
Semi-enclosed fuses High breaking capacity fuses Miniature and moulded case circuit breakers (MCB and MCCB)

SELECTION CRITERIA OF THE PROTECTIVE DEVICE

Protective device .. Nominal current (In) Operating current (I2) I 2 > In Cable ... Current carrying capacity (For the smallest cable Iz) Designed current or load current (Ib)

Ib < In < Iz I2 < 1.45 x Iz

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AUTOMATIC DISCONNECTION
Earth fault loop Fuse/ MCB L N

Substation earth

Protective conductor

EARTH FAULT LOOP IMPEDANCE

Phase conductor impedance T/F leakage impedance T/F earth resistance including protective conductor Resistance of the earth Resistance of the consumers earth electrode Protective conductor impedance Fault impedance

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SEMI-ENCLOSED FUSES
Rated current (In) value of current which the fusing element can usually carry without melting Minimum fusing current (I2) minimum value of the current at which the fuse element melts Fusing factor = I2/In 2 In2 d3 ( d diameter of the fuse wire)

Over current devices

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OPERATION CRITERIA FOR A FUSE

Fusing current < Fault current Fusing current is based on operating time
0.2 sec for fuses of 32 A or less

Fault current = Nominal voltage / Earth fault loop impedance

FUSING CHARACTERISTIC

Example 1: What is the maximum allowable earth fault impedance to protect against an earth fault for equipment protected with a 15 A fuse?

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HBC FUSES
HBC fuses has quenching materials inside to quench the arc produced during the breaking process Breaking capacity --- 10 20 kA
Filling powder

Fusing element

MINIATURE CIRCUIT BREAKER (MCB)

MCB is fitted with
Magnetic coil for very fast operation under short circuit Bimetallic strip for slow operation for overload currents

10

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MINIATURE CIRCUIT BREAKER (MCB)

Magnetic coil Bi metallic strip

MINIATURE CIRCUIT BREAKER (MCB)

10
3

10

Time in sec for TMS = 1

10

10

10

-1

10

-2

10

-3

10

10 Current as a multiple of plug setting

10

11

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MOULDED CASE CIRCUIT BREAKER (MCCB)

Rating can be adjusted

PROTECTION AGAINST SHORT CIRCUIT

Fault current is very high Breaking capacity of the protective device > Fault current The fault current protection system must operates before there is damaging increase in conductor insulation temperature A2 Time to damage a cable t 2

12

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Residual current devices

RESIDUAL CURRENT CIRCUIT BREAKER (RCCB)

13

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RESIDUAL CURRENT CIRCUIT BREAKER (RCCB)

L Trip coil L N Test circuit

Fault detection coil

RESIDUAL CURRENT CIRCUIT BREAKER (RCCB)

In this case:
RA x Ir 50 V RA is the sum of the resistance of the earth electrode and their protective conductor connecting it to the exposed conductive parts Ir is the residual operating current of the RCD

14

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CONSUMER UNIT

CONSUMER UNIT
Distribution Board Supply point N
Metering

MCBs

Surge protective device

Earth Loads

15

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CONSUMER UNIT

WIRING INSTALLATION DESIGN

10 10 10 10

T 1
10

R1
T2

R2
T3

R3
T4

R4

10

Living Room

Dining Room

Kitchen

20

15

10

Room Description Living room Five 5 A plug sockets; Four 60 W lamps Dining Two 5 A plug sockets and one 13 A plug socket; Three 60 W room lamps Kitchen Two 6 kW and one 4 kW cookers; Six 13 A plug socket; A 40 W florescent lamp R1 and T1 3 kW instantaneous water heater; Two 5 A plug sockets; Two 40 W lamps R2 and T2 3 kW instantaneous water heater; Two 5 A plug sockets; Two 40 W lamps R3 and T3 3 kW thermostatically controlled water heater; Two 5 A plug sockets; Two 40 W lamps R4 and T4 3 kW thermostatically controlled water heater; Two 5 A plug sockets; Two 40 W lamps

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