Costs Study of 69-To 345-Kv Overhead Power-Transmission Systems

Costs Study of 69- to 345-Kv Overhead
Power-Transmission Systems
JOHN GRZYBOWSKI HOLM
MEMBER AIEE
Synopsis: With transmission voltages of
long and heavy trunk lines having exceeded,
in the case of the Boulder Dam line, the
popular 230-kv voltage, it appears in order
to investigate the cost of Unes at a still
higher voltage, particularly since the design
and manufacture of the 345-kv equipment
do not seem to present special difficulties.
The study undertaken endeavors to find
the economic relationship between voltage,
block of power, and distance for the trans
mission of various blocks of power over
distances up to 500 miles. The systems
studied are made stable in the transient
state by equipping them with devices which
increase their transient-stability limit. The
prices of equipment are those which were in
force immediately prior to the outbreak of
the second World War, and the costs of
various system parts, as installed on
foundations, have been obtained from the
study of numerous actual obstruction proj
ects in different parts of the country and
reduced to the 1938-39 cost level. The
system capital and annual costs are ana
lyzed. The quantities of major equipment
items in each system are given either by
number or by weight, and the costs of
major equipment groups and of items within
a group are represented on a percentage
basis. This representation permits the
estimation of the cost of a transmission
project based on cost of equipment and cop
per and steel prices other than those taken
in the study. The cost of stability improve
ment is calculated, and this expenditure
proves to be amply justified. A region de
fined by transmission distance and block of
power is outlined, for which the transmission
at 345 kv is more economical than when 230
kv are used. The curves given may be
interpolated, and transmission-cost data
may be obtained for a wide variety of sys
tems at any basic price.
A
BOUT 25 years ago when the highest
transmission voltage in this country
was approximately 160 kv, Silver analyzed
the possibilities of 220-kv power trans
mission in a paper presented to the Insti
tute.
1
Since then numerous 230-kv lines
have been built, and in one case a 287-kv
Paper 44-62, recommended by the AIEE committee
on power transmission and distribution for presenta
tion at the AIEE winter technical meeting, New
York, N. Y.. January 24-28, 1944. Manuscript
submitted November 22, 1943; made available for
printing December 17, 1943.
JOHN GRZYBOWSKI HOLM is electrical engineer of
the Boston Port of Embarkation, Boston, Mass.
To the engineers of the General Electric Company,
the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing
Company, and the General Cable Corporation, and
to several electric-public-utility, steel-construction,
and consulting engineers the author expresses
appreciation for valuable data and advice.
transmission line was constructed. In
the meantime the question of power
supply from local and distant steam-
power stations, or from distant hydro
electric stations, was quite active, and
papers on this subject were written by
Fortescue,
2
Fowle,
3
and Funk
4
in thi s
country, and by Rudenberg
5
and Vgeli
6
in Europe. In every case the authors
estimated the costs of transmission lines
of various voltages and mileages, fre
quently making liberal assumptions and
simplifications, especially in regard to line
design and system-stability requirements.
Until now, however, there has been no
generally accepted view as to the eco
nomics of transmission lines at very high
voltages, and particularly as to the rela
tionship between the voltage, the block of
power transmitted, and the transmission
distance as these affect the total cost of
the project. In view of this, and be
cause of postwar construction projects
and coming developments in the art of
power transmission (such as d-c trans
mission), it seems appropriate that a cost
study of a variety of transmission projects
be made on a more or less uniform basis,
with similar standards of requirements
applied in all cases.
The transmission systems investigated
in this paper have no specific geographic
location and are treated as a purely re
search project. All prices taken are those
prevailing in the 12-month period im
mediately preceding the second World
War. All prices of equipment are aver
ages obtained from various manufac
turers. The costs of land, structures,
substation secondary equipment, labor,
Figure 1. Capital cost of the
entire system per kilowatt trans
mitted 200
and installation on foundation were ob
tained from various public-utility com-
paries as well as from the literature.
The data thus secured were carefully ana
lyzed, weighted, and reduced to those of
the aforementioned 12-month period.
using appropriate labor indexes. Sound
public-utility practices in cost estimating
have been followed and recommendations
of the Railway and Utility Commission
ers
7
adhered to. Capital and annual
costs are kept separately for each system.
The costs of major groups within a system
are calculated as a percentage of the total
system cost, the percentage method being
applied also to major items within a par
ticular group. Since quantities of all
major equipment parts are given in even
system either by actual numbers or by
weight, any variations that may be en
countered in a particular project in the
amount of equipment or in the costs oi
particular items may be easily introduced
and the cost of the project rapidly esti
mated. Until the present time, however.
the prices of basic materialscopper and
steelchanged but little from those as
sumed in this study. And although the
details of design and the actual costs of
particular transmission projects consid
ered may vary from those arrived at in
this paper (depending to some extent on
the locality), the relationship between the
costs of particular systems will remain
basically as given. The various cases
considered permit the deterniination oi
the effect of different voltages on system
cost. The most economical block oi
power and distance of transmission can
also be determined.
System Description
The 31 power-transmission systems
studied transmit blocks of power of
50,000 to 800,000 kw (at the receiving
end) over distances of 50 to 500 miles at
sending-end voltages of 69, 138, 230, and
345 kv, at 60-cycle frequency. The
power is transmitted from hydroelectric
A
B.
C
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
500-345
250-345
250-230
250-138
150-345
150-230
150-138
75-345
K.
L
M.
N.
P.
R.
S.
75-230
75-138
75- 69
50-345
50-230
50-138
50- 69
<
9
V
or

In
o
(First figure represents trans
mission distance in miles, the
second, kilovolts of sending-
end voltage)
O 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
6

POWER TRANSMITTED MEGAWATTS
406 HolmPower-Transmission Systems
AIEE TRANSACTION**
900
800
< 700
300
200
A
l

1
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UK
1
G
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1 T^F
^
^
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.
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" " " "

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0 100 200 300 400
LENGTH OF TRANSMISSION LINE-
500
MILES
Figure 2. Capital cost of the entire system per
mile
A. 800,000-345 G. 250, 000- 138
B. 800,000-230 H. 100,000-230
C. 500,000-345 K. 100, 000- 138
0. 500,000-230 L 50, 000- 138
E. 250,000-345 M. 50, 000- 69
r". 250, 000-230
(First figure represents kilowatts transmitted;
the second, kilovolts of sending-end voltage)
plants to distant metropolitan load cen
ters. All systems have a high degree of
reliability and security of operation.
They were represented on the a-c net
work analyzer and their stability charac
teristics determined. The system tran-
ênt-stability limits are brought up to the
l'H) per cent rating which the systems
deliver fully under a double line-to-ground
lault at the sending-end bus, cleared in
lo.o cycles, with a subsequent loss of a
circuit or a section of it. All data per
taining to system layout, design, and
characteristics are given in another paper
bv
the present author.
8
The cost of the
various means applied because of the
stability requirement is fully accounted
tor.
The systems as comprised in this study
delude the sending-end substation, the
tr
ansmission line, the intermediate-con-
enser and sectionalizing substations, the
r,
ght of way, and the receiving-end sub-
' tion. The latter substation contains
synchronous condensers and the system
re
eeiving-end bus whose voltage is the
rr
imary distribution voltage of the load
^nter. The substations are of the out-
do
r type. All systems have high-
*
olt
age busses at both ends, the heavier
v
s
tems having double busses. For every
> ^tern the oil-circuit-breaker interrupting
Figure 3. Capital cost of the
transmission line per kilowatt
transmitted
Cost of the right of way is not
included in the cost of the
transmission line. For ex
planation of identification let
ters, see Figure 1
90
8 0
<
870
I
o
UJ
1=60
2
t-AO
f
3
CL 20
H
m

0
0
6
M
L
\
\
V
C
V
\
>

\
^
V
V
>
F
\

*
^
-
*
s V
*
^

?
A J

100 200
POWER
300 4 0 0 500 60 700 OO
TRANSMITTED-MEGAWATTS
capacity is calculated according to the
accepted procedure for the circuit opening
time as determined on the network ana
lyzer. All transmission lines are protected
by two ground wires, with additional
ground-wire protection of all substations.
The systems have a single continuous-
type tower-to-tower counterpoise, and the
end-substation equipment is protected by
lightning arresters. All systems have
carrier-current equipment for both com
munication and relaying, the details of
which are discussed in the appendix.
Systems transmitting 250,000 to 800,000
kw have one spare generator unit, and
one spare three-phase transformer bank
when the number of transformer banks in
the system is not over four. Where a
larger number of transformer banks are
installed, the question of spare capacity is
solved by requiring of all transformers a
25 per cent overload for two hours. Sys
tems transmitting 50,000 and 100,000 kw
have one spare single-phase transformer
unit.
Supplementary details on system equip
ment affecting the system costs are given
in Table I.
Method of Estimating System
Capital Cost
For the purpose of estimating the capi
tal cost, the system is divided into the
following six groups:
1. Equipment comparative increment cost.
2. The sending-end substation.
3. The transmission line.
4. The right of way.
5. All the intermediate-condenser and sec
tionalizing substations.
6. The receiving-end substation.
The group called ' 'equipment compara
tive increment cost" contains certain sys
tem parts not belonging to the transmis
sion line proper but which result from re
quirements imposed on the operation of
the line and consequently must be ac
counted for. Certain pairs of systems
transmitting equal blocks of power over
equal distances at different voltages have
generators of different design, because of -
the fact that the stability condition must
be met. The system operating at the
lower of the two voltages might often need
generators of lower transient reactance,
with damper windings, higher short-cir
cuit ratio, and greater inertia. The dif
ference in the cost of generators of these
two systems is one of the items included
in the "equipment comparative incre
ment? cost" group. In systems where
shunt reactors are placed on the generator
bus, the cost of these reactors, the cost of
the larger kilovolt-ampere generator
capacity required by them, the cost of the
increment in water turbines necessary to
carry the losses in these generators, the
cost of the power-house superstructure for
these generators and turbines, and the
cost of the increase in size of the sending-
substation structure needed to house the
shunt reactors are other items included in
this group. Thus the "equipment com
parative increment cost" group contains
items originating within the transmission
line but grouped separately merely for the
purpose of clarity.
The various subdivisions of the remain
ing five groups forming the system capital
cost structure are given in the appendix.
The capital cost of each group is arrived
at in the following fashion : The cost of all
equipment (material) is obtained from the
manufacturers. In cases where the cost
1944
> VOLUME 63 HolmPower-Transmission Systems 407
Table I. List of Systems nd
For Other Major Equipment
System
Identi
fication
Number
Ol e . . .
0-2...
0-3
0-4..
0-5..,
0 6
0-7..
0-8
0-9..
0-10.
0-.
0-12
0-13
0-14
0-15.
0-16
0-17
0-18
0-19.
0-20
0-22
0-23.
0-24
0-25.
0-26
0-27 a
0-28
0-29
0-30
0-31
0-32
Block of
Power Trana-
mitted to
Receiving End
(Kw)
. . . . 50.000
. . . 50.000
. . . 50.000
. . . . 50.000
50 000 .
50,000 . . .
100,000 . . .
. . . . 100,000. . .
100,000. . .
. . . . 100,000. . .
100 000 . .
. . . . 250, 000. . .
. . . . 250 000. .
250.000. . .
250,000. . .
250,000. . .
250,000. . .
250,000. . .
. . . . 500,000. . .
500,000. . .
500.000. . .
. . . .500 000. . .
500,000. . .
. . . 500 000 . .
800,000. . .
800,000. . .
800,000. . .
. . . . 800. 000. .
800.000. . .
800.000. . .
800.000. . .
Transmission
Distance
(Miles)
50
50
75
75
150
250
50
75
150
150
250
50
50
75
150
250
250
500
50
75
150
150
250
500
50
50
75
75
150
250
500
Trans
mission
Voltage
at Send
ing End
(KT)
. . . 69. . .
138. . .
138. . .
138 . .
. . . 138. . .
. 138. . .
. . . 138. . .
. 138. . .
. . . 230. . .
. . . 230. . .
. . . 1 3 8 . . .
. . . 230. . .
. . . 230. . .
230. .
. . . 230. . .
. . . 3 4 5 . . .
. . . 345. . .
. . . 230. . .
. . . 230. . .
. . . 230. . .
. . . 345. . .
. . . 345. . .
345.
. . . 230. . .
. . . 345. . .
. . . 230. . .
. . . 345. . .
. . . 345. . .
. . . 345. . .
. . . 345. . .
Number
of
Circuits
in
System
2
2
2 . .
2
2
2 . .
2
2
. . . . 2 . . .
2
2
2 . . . .
2
2 . .
2
. . . . 2 . . . .
2
3
3
. . . 3 . . . .
2
2
. 3
. . . . 3 . . . .
3
3
3 . . . .
3 . . . .
3 . . . .
4
Transformers With Intermediate
Synchronous Condensers
Number
of
Banks
1
1
4
2
4
4
. . . . 8
. .6
6
2. . .
4
4
4. . . .
Kva Per
Three-Phase
Bank
26,300 . .
89,500 . .
112,000. .
85,000. .
81,000. .
82,750
97,500 .
62,500
66,000
62,250. .
93,125
80,000. .
90,000
Voltage
(Kv)
135/ 13. 8.
225/ 16. 5.
225/ 16. 5.
337. 5/ 13. 8.
. .340and 335/ 16. 5.
337. 5/ 16. 5.
.340and 337. 5/16. 5.
337. 5/ 16. 5.
. .340 and 335/ 16. 5.
Type*
.CSC.
.HH . .
. CSC. .
.HH ..
. CSC. .
.CSC
.HH ..
.CSC.
.CSC.
.HH ..
.HH
. CSC .
.HH . .
.HH . .
.HH ..
.CSC
.HH
.HH
.HH ..
.HH ..
. CSC .
.HH ..
.HH
.HH
. CSC .
.HH ; .
.CSC .
.HH ..
.HH .
.HH
HH
Conductors
Cross
Section
(Thousand
Circular
Mils)
250
. . . . 138
350
138
250
. . . 3 0 0
212
250
400
265
265
850
316
316
400
650
505
587
316
316
700
505
505
650
750
505
800
505
505
505
900
Total
Weight
(Thousand
Pounds)
. . . 1,247 . . .
. . . 6 8 7 . 5 . . .
. . . 2,620 . .
. . . 1,031 . .
. . . 3,742 . .
. . . 7,470 . .
. . . 1,058 . .
. . . 1,871 . .
. . . 5,990 . .
. . . 3,967 . .
. . . 6.605 . .
4.240 . .
. . . 1.575 . .
. . . 2,362.5. .
. . . 5,999 . .
. . . 16,220 .
. . . 12, 600 . .
. . . 29, 230 .
. . . 2,362.5. .
. . . 3,542 . .
. . . 15,700 . .
. . . 7,560 . .
12,600 . .
. . . 48,660 .
. . . 5,615
. . . 3.780 . .
. . . 8,970 . .
. . . 5,668
...11,336
. . . 18,890
. . . 89. 700 .
Insulators,
Total Number
of Units in
System
11.200
19.800
16.700
29,800
59,600
99,300
19,800. .
29,800. .
59,600
89.200
148,600
19,800
29,800
44,700
89,200
148,600
205,300. . . .
410,700
44,700
67,000
133,900
123,300
205,300
616,000.
44,700. .
61,600
67,000
92,400
184,900. . .
308,000
821,400
Por other major equipment items, see reference 8.
For generators, their design data, and means necessary for system stability, see Tables II and VI of reference 8. For sending-end and receiving-end transformers,
see Tables II and VI of reference 8. For synchronous condensers at the receiving end of systems, see Table III of reference 8. For intermediate synchronous
condensers, see Table V of reference 8. For conductors, see Table I of reference 8. For circuit layouts, see Figure 1 of reference 8. In both papers, the same
system identification numbers are used.
of freight and delivery to site of erection
is not included, one per cent is added to
the cost of generating-plant and substa
tion equipment, and three per cent is
added to the cost of the transmission-line
equipment proper. On top of the cost of
equipment as delivered, certain percent
ages are added to cover costs of labor and
installation on foundation. These per
centages are determined from data ob
tained from the public utilities, manufac
turers' service departments, and con
struction companies, and they vary with
the type of equipment and voltage.
To the cost of equipment as installed
on foundation, two more items are added:
The indirect expenses constitute one item.
They include engineering expenses, field
supervision, miscellaneous construction
expenses, legal expenses, expenses con
tingent on engineering and financial
methods (such as taxes and insurance
during construction), and normal con
tingencies (such as injuries and damages).
To cover this item, 22.5 per cent is added.
The other item is the cost of money during
construction. This is taken at six per
cent for one-half the length of the con
struction period and is calculated on the
entire cost, including the indirect ex
penses. The construction period varies
from six months for the smaller systems
to 18 months for the larger.
A typical calculation of system capital
cost is given in the appendix.
Salient Points on the Cost of
Principal System Parts
All prices are based on a cost of copper
of lOVs cents per pound of ingot copper,
free on board New York, and on a cost of
fabricated steel of shapes involved in
structures of $102 per ton, free on board
Pittsburgh.
Standard prices are taken for water-
wheel generators of normal design, with
appropriate price increases for special
design requirements. In the few cases
where the cost of water turbines had to
be accounted for, these are of the standard
Francis type with a uniform water head
of 75 feet. The prices of power trans
formers, high-voltage oil circuit breakers,
air-break disconnectors, and lightning
arresters for voltages up to 345 kv are
given in the appendix.
Costs of copper conductors, Copper
weld ground wires, and the counterpoise
were calculated by the manufacturers
from the ingot-copper price taken in the
study. Wherever the HH-type hollow
conductors are used, their cost is taken at
a value five per cent higher than that of
concentric stranded copper conductors of
equal cross section. The prices of all
hollow cables are sometimes lower and at
other times higher than the prices of the
concentric stranded copper cables. The
somewhat higher price for the hollow
conductors, however, has been taken m
order to forestall possible objections to
taking both types of conductors at equal
prices. Had aluminum conductors been
chosen instead, the over-all economic re
suits would remain substantially the
same.
The costs of a few subdivisions of the
AI EE TRANSACTIONS
Some of Their Maj or Equipment Items
Items, See Note Below
Ground Wi re
Total
Diam- Wei ght
eter (Thousand
Ouch) Pounds )
Counterpoi se
s
/ i c- Inch Rods
(Thousand
Pounds)
Hi gh- Vol t age
Ai r-Break
Di sconnect ors
Hi gh-Vol tage Oil Circuit Breakers
Number of Three- Phas e Oil Circuit
Breakers i n Sys t e m and Thei r Dat a** Sy s t e m peres
Total
Numbe r
Hi gh- Vol t age
Li ghtni ng
Arresters
(Total Number of
Am- Three- Phas e
uni t s ) Re mar ks
Sys t e m
I dent i
fication
Numbe r
./ 180 80 2( 8) 1, 000; 6( 8) 500
V 180 80 8( 8) 750
Vs 267 119 2( 3) 1, 000; 2( 3) 500; 4( 8) 500
./ 267 119 8( 8) 750
./i 527 239 12( 8) 750
. Vi 877 398 12( 8) 750
./e 180 80 2(8) 1,500; 8( 8) 750
/s 267 119 2(8) 1,500; 8( 8) 750
.*/i 527 239 8( 4) 1, 500; 6( 8) 750
' 1,686 477. 5 14(8)2. 500
V 2, 806 796 14(8)2, 500
Vs 180 80 8( 3) 2, 500; 6( 8) 2, 500; 10( 8) 1. 500
: 576. 5 159 24( 8) 2, 500
Vi 854 239 8( 6) 2, 500; 16( 8) 2, 500
: 1,686 4 7 7 . 5 24( 8) 2, 500
1
! 2, 806 796 8( 3) 3, 500; 16( 8) 2, 500
Vi 2, 806 796 8( 3) 3, 500; 16( 8) 2, 500
/ ! 5, 591 . 1, 592 24( 8) 2, 500
865 239 42( 8) 3, 500; 8( 8) 2, 500
1,281 358 12( 6) 3, 500; 26( 8) 3, 500; 12(8)2, 500
2, 529 715 16( 6) 3, 500; 30( 8) 3, 500; 8( 8) 2, 500
1,686 477. 5 26( 8) 3, 500; 22( 8) 2. 500
2, 806 796 8( 4) 4, 000; 28( 8) 4, 000; 2( 8) 3, 000
8. 386 2, 387 58( 8) 3, 000
7i 865 239 12( 4) 6, 000; 26( 8) 6, 000; 8( 8) 4, 500; 4( 8) 3, 500.
1
i 865 239 38( 8) 6, 000; 8( 8) 4, 500; 4( 8) 3, 500
'A 1,281 358 38( 8) 5, 500; 8( 8) 4, 500; 4( 8) 3, 500
l
/t 1,281 358 12( 6) 5. 500; 26( 8) 5, 500; 8( 8) 4, 500; 4( 8) 3, 000.
vi 2, 529 715 42( 8) 5, 500; 8( 8) 4, 000; 4( 8) 3, 000
' /: 4, 209 1.194 16( 6) 5, 500; 26( 8) 5. 500; 8( 8) 4, 000; 4( 8) 3, 000.
. . . 16.
. . . 16.
. . . 16.
. . . 16.
. . . 2 4 .
. . . 2 7 .
. . . 2 0 .
. . . 2 0 .
. . . 2 8 .
. . . 2 8 .
. . . 3 1 .
. . . 24.
24.
. . . 4 8 .
. . . 4 8 .
. . . 4 8 .
. . . 5 0 .
. . . 5 0 .
. . . 52.
. . . 1 0 0 .
. . . 1 0 0 .
. . . 1 0 8 .
. . . 96 .
. . . 9 8 .
. . . 1 2 4 .
. . . 1 0 0 .
. . . 1 0 0 .
. . . 1 0 0 .
. . . 1 0 0 .
. . . 1 0 8 .
. . . 1 1 2 .
600.
600.
600.
600.
600.
600.
600.
. 4 0- l a
. 4 0-2a
.4 0-3e
.4 0-4a
. 4 0-5e
. 4 One IC a t mi d- poi nt ***. . . . 0 - 6 *
. 4 0- 7*
. 11, 181 3, 182 32( 6) 5, 000; 24( 8) 5, 000; 8( 8) 4, 000; 4 ( 8 ) 3 , 0 0 0 . . . . 148.
. 600 4 0-8a
. 600 4 0-9a
. 1, 200 4 0-lOa
. 1, 200 4 One / C a t mi d- poi nt 0 - l l a
. 600 4 0-12e
. 1, 200
. 1, 200 4 0-13a
. 1, 200 4 0-14a
. 1, 200 4 0-15a
. 1, 200 4 One IC a t mi d- poi nt 0-1
. 1,200 4 One IC a t mi d- poi nt 0-17a
. 1,200 4 Two IC equal l y s paced 0-18e
. 1. 200 6 0- 19e
. 1, 200 . . 6 0-20
. 1, 200 6 0- 22e
. 1, 200 4 0-23
. 1,200 4 One IC a t mi d- poi nt 0-24
. 1,200 6 Two IC equal l y s paced 0- 25*
. 1, 200 6 0-26
. 1, 200 6 0-27
.1,200 6 0-280
. 1, 200 6 0 29a
. 1.200 6 0-30a
. 1, 200 6 One IC a t mi d - poi nt 0- 31a
. 1,200 8 Two IC equal l y s paced 0 32a
* CSC denot es concent r i c s t r a nde d copper conduct or . H H denot es hol l ow- t ype copper conduct or , Gener al Cabl e Cor por at i on pa t e nt s .
** First figure i ndi cat es numbe r of t hr ee- phase oil ci r cui t br eaker s , second figure (i n par ent heses) i ndi cat es breaker openi ng t i me i n cycl es, thi rd figure i ndi cates
breaker i nt er r upt i ng capaci t y i n megavol t - amper es.
*** IC denot es i nt er medi at e synchr onous condenser pl aced for 100 per cent l oad.
six major groups forming the system
capital cost structure are given in Table
. These costs are determined from the
study of data obtained from public utili
ties and construction companies and from
fte literature.
9
-
12
The data are for
'terns installed or on foundation in various
parts of the country. These data were
educed to the price level of the 12-month
period preceding the war and analyzed
a
nd averaged.
Since the supporting structures are one
* the major system cost items, the de
vils on the type and number of structures
ar
d foundations, as well as their esti
mated weights, are given in Table III.
If
is assumed that the steel-construction
c
mpany will build and deliver the struc-
tUr
es, install foundations (supplying the
Squired cement), erect the structures,
ail(
3 string all conductors and ground
lres
As quoted by steel-construction
companies, this adds to the price of $102
^
er
ton of fabricated steel $70 per ton
structure weight, when erected on
âge anchor, and $95 for structures
J^cted on concrete anchors. The in-
l rect
expenses on the supporting struc-
19
H VOLUME 63
of
tures are not included twiceby the
steel-construction company and in this
studya corresponding adjustment hav
ing been made in the final structure cost.
A slight reduction in cost is also made for
structures erected on a common right of
way.
The Right of Way
The cost of the right of way is fre
quently one of the most important items
of the system capital cost. Still in
numerous studies it is entirely neglected.
A study of rights of way in various parts
of the country shows that the line may
pass through all types of territory: urban,
suburban, and rural. It is very seldom
that the line passes through one type of
territory at a uniform cost per mile of the
right of way. In the present study it is
assumed that all lines pass through urban
and rural territory, and that all right of
way is held in fee. It is assumed that the
length of the urban right of way in each
system is a function of the length of the
transmission line and the block of power
transmitted, varying from a total of four
HolmPower-Transmission Systems
miles in the shorter and lighter systems t o
18 miles in the longest and heaviest lines.
The total length of the urban right of way
need not necessarily be concentrated at
one or both ends of the line but may be
scattered in various parts of it. Under
the assumption made, the percentage
which the length of the urban right of way
constitutes of the total length of the line
decreases as the latter increases.
In the existing transmission lines all
over the country the width of the right of
way held in fee varies in comparable lines
more than in l-to-5 ratio. In determin
ing the width of the urban and of the
rural right of way in the systems under
study, the average height of the towers
and the width of the longest crossarm are
taken as guiding factors. Thus in one-
tower-line systems the width varies from
100 feet in 69-kv systems to 175 feet in
345-kv systems. Where two tow
r
er lines
are on a common right of way, the tower
center-to-center distance is taken at not
less than the average height of towers.
In such systems the width of the right of
way varies from 225 feet in some 230-kv
systems to 290 feet in some 345-kv sys-
409
N 0 I X 3 V S N V H X 3 H I V
s i u ^ s / C c u o t s s i u i s u O d j L - j a t t w j t u p n
O T *

3 M O O O M O C n * - C O f c O C J C O i * . W M M C " " " ~ " " "
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I d e n t i f i c a t i o n
N u m b e r
T o t a l L a n d A r e a ( S q u a r e F e e t )
T o t a l C o a t ( D o l l a r )
T o t a l L a n d A r e a ( S q u a r e F e e t )
T o t a l C o a t ( D o l l a r s )
S e n d i n g a n d R e c e i v i n g
S u b s t a t i o n s ( E a c h )
C o s t i n T h o u s a n d s o f D o l l a r s
I n t e r m e d i a t e - C o n d e n s e r a n d
S e c t i o n a l i z i n g S u b s t a t i o n s ( A l l )
I n t e r m e d i a t e -
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S u b s t a t i o n s ( A l l )
S e n d i n g S u b s t a t i o n
I n t e r m e d i a t e -
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R e c e i v i n g S u b s t a t i o n
I n t e r m e d i a t e - C o n d e n s e r a n d
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C o s t o f P l o w i n g C o u n t e r p o i s e
a n d A d j u s t i n g T o w e r - F o o t i n g
R e s i s t a n c e i n
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Figure 5. Cost of the entire
system per kilowatt-hour
For explanation of identifica
tion letters, see Fisure 1. Al l
costs at 50 per cent annual load
factor except as follows:
PI . 150-230 at 35 per cent
F2. 150-230 at 75 per cent
annual load factor
IOO 200 300 400 500 600 700
POWER TRANSMITTED-ME6AWATTS
800
varies from the standard width by more
than 50 per cent, it is assumed that 39
per cent of the urban right-of-way cost
and 35 per cent of the rural cost are pro
portional to its width. Under these
assumptions the cost per mile of the urban
right of way varies from $47,400 for a
strip 100 feet wide to $75,700 for the
290-foot strip. In the case of the rural
right of way the cost per mile varies
correspondingly from $1,896 to $2,925.
The width and cost of the right of way
in all systems are given in Table III.
System Capital Cost
Capital cost of the systems under study
for the system as a whole, for the trans
mission line, and for the substations is
given in Table IV. Costs are calculated
per kilowatt transmitted, per mile, and
per tower-line-mile. Cost of the six
major groups into which the capital cost
structure of the system is divided is given
also in per cent of the total system cost.
Considering all factors involved, the costs
obtained compare favorably with the
c
osts of existing systems.
The capital costs per kilowatt trans
mitted and per mile for the entire system
^d for the transmission line alone are
^presented in Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4.
It is seen from the figures that there is
^
1
economic relationship between the
m
agnitude of the block of power trans
i t e d, the transmission distance, and the
voltage.
>Vhen power is transmitted over dis
tances up to about 200 miles at voltages
U
P to and including 230 kv, the most
economical block of power is not the larg-
est
that may be transmitted over the
astern under accepted conditions of reli
ability. Transmission of a block con
siderably smaller than the largest will re
sult in a more economical solution. For
example, transmission of about 150,000
kw over 50 miles at 138 kv costs approxi
mately six dollars per kilowatt less than
if the system were to transmit 250,000
kw, and about 11 dollars less, were it
transmitting 300,000 kw. When large
blocks are to be transmitted, it is more
economical to pass to higher voltages.
For example, curves G, F, and E in
Figures 1 and 3 show that when the trans
mission distance is 150 miles, a transmis
sion voltage of 138 kv should he used with
blocks of power not exceeding ahout
225,000kw; after which a 230-kv voltage
is more economical until the transmission
of approximately 550,000 kw is reacted.
As kilowatts are further increased, a 345-
kv voltage is the most economical until
this block of power is about doubled.
That the transmission voltage should be
raised when a certain block of power is
transmitted over gradually increasing
distances, is a well-known fact Curves
D, C and F, E of Figures 2 and 4, how
ever, show at what mileages the increase
in voltage should take place for economi
cal transmission. At transmission dis
tances such as 500 miles, power cannot be
transmitted economically at a voltage
below 345 kv because of stability con
siderations. At this distance very small
blocks of power may be transmitted at
230 kv, but at an entirely prohibitive cost.
As the transmission distance increases,
the cost of the transmission line per mile
increases, because of the effect the voltage
required has on the cost of the conductors
and supporting structures. Simultane
ously, the cost of the entire system per mile
decreases, because of better utilization of
copper in the line resulting from the effect
the higher voltage has on system stability.
For the same reason the cost of the trans
mission line per kilowatt transmitted goes
down as the block of power transmitted
increases. The rate at which this cost
decreases in the short transmission lines
is much more rapid than in the longer
lines. This shows that, insofar as the
cost of the line per kilowatt is concerned,
once the voltage is properly chosen, the
transmission of large blocks of power over
long distances is not as critical as the
transmission of small blocks over short
distances. On the other hand, had the
block of power been increased to about
1,200,000 kw, the cost per kilowatt
transmitted over a distance of 800 miles
would again tend to rise, indicatirg that a
transmission voltage of 460 kv is in order,
if lower costs are to be obtained.
In every case of transmission, therefore,
where either the distance of transmission
or the magnitude of the block of power is
fixed, there is a most economical relation
ship between the block of power, the
length of the line, and the transmission
voltage.
Table IV shows that the capital cost of
Figure 6. Cost of the trans
mission line per kilowatt-hour
at 50 per cent annual load
factor
Cost of the right of way is not
included in the cost of the
transmission line. For ex
planation of identification let
ters, see Figure 1
3.0
20
16
3 24
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100 200 300 400 500 600 700
POWER TRANSMrrTED-MEGAWJTS
600
1 9
H VOLUME 63 HolmPower-Transmission Systems
413
Table V . Division of Capital Cost of the Transmission
Capital Cost of the Component
Capital Cost of the Component Parts of the Transmission
Line in Per Cent of the Capital Cost of the Line Sending Substation
a
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O- l a . . .
0 - 2 a . . .
0 - 3 a . . . .
0 - 4 a . . .
- . . .
- . . . .
0 - 7 a . . . .
0 - 8 a . . . .
0 - 9 o . . . .
0- 10e . . .
O- l l a . . .
0- 12e . . .
0- 13a. . .
0- 14a. . .
0- 15o. . .
0 1 6 a . . .
0- 17a. . .
0- 18a. . .
0- 19a. . .
O-2O0...
0- 22a. . .
0- 23a. . .
0- 24O. . .
0- 25a. . .
0- 26a. . .
0- 27a. . .
0 - 2 8 o . . .
0- 29a. . .
0- 30. . .
0- 31O. . .
0- 32a. . .
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6 . 6 . . . .
. . . . 9 . 1
. . . . 6 . 0 . . . .
. . . . 9 . 6 . . .
8 . 0 . . . .
7 . 4 . . . .
7 . 8 . . . .
. . . . 7 . 8 . . . .
5 . 7 . . . .
1 0 . 2 . . .
1 0 . 4 . . . .
3 . 2 . . . .
9 . 9 . . .
1 0 . 2 . . .
8 . 9 . . . .
6 . 3 . . .
7 . 9 . . . .
7 . 6 . . . .
9 . 0 . . . .
9 . 4 . . . .
. . . . 5 . 5 . . . .
7 . 8 . . . .
. . . . 7 . 9 . . . .
6 . 1 . . .
4 . 8 . . . .
. . . . 6 . 5
. . . . 4 . 8
6 . 8 . . . .
. . . . 6 . 9 . . .
. . . . 7 . 1 . . . .
. . . . 4 . 8 . . . .
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. . 3 2 . 2 . . .
. . . 3 8 . 4 . . .
. . . 2 9 . 0 . . .
. . . 3 9 . 6 . . .
. . . 3 6 . 6 . . .
. . . 3 7 . 5 . . .
. . . 3 5 . 5 . . .
. . . 3 6 . 2 . . .
. . . 3 9 . 4 . . .
. . . 4 0 . 0 . . .
. . . 4 0 . 5 . . .
. . . 3 3 . 3 . . .
. . . 4 0 . 8 . . .
. . . 4 1 . 3 . . .
. . . 4 6 . 2 . . .
. . . 4 2 . 1 . . .
. . . 5 0 . 8 . . .
. . . 5 0 . 2 . . .
. . . 4 0 . 9 . . .
. . . 4 1 . 3 . . .
. . . 4 1 . 8 . . .
. . . 5 0 . 5 . . .
. . . 5 0 . 7 . . .
. . . 5 0 . 1 . . .
. . . 4 2 . 2 . . .
. . . 4 9 . 6 . . .
. . . 4 2 . 9 . . .
. . . 4 9 . 9 . . .
. . . 5 0 . 3 . . .
. . . 5 0 . 5 . . .
. . . 4 8 . 6 . . .
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. . . 3 9 . 4
. . . 2 4 . 8
. . . 4 8 . 0
. . . 2 5 . 6
. . . 3 6 . 4
. . . 3 9 . 3
. . . 3 2 . 7
. . . 3 6 . 0
. . . 4 1 . 1
. . . 2 5 . 9
. . . 2 6 . 2
. . . 5 3 . 2
. . . 2 6 . 3
. . . 2 6 . 6
. . . 2 8 . 1
. . . 3 8 . 0
. . . 2 7 . 6
. . . 2 9 . 7
. . . 2 7 . 1
. . . 2 7 . 5
. . . 3 9 . 1
. . . 2 7 . 4
. . . 2 7 . 5
. . . 3 2 . 0
. . . 3 8 . 5
. . . 2 7 . 9
. . . 3 9 . 3
. . . 2 7 . 9
. . . 2 8 . 1
. . . 2 8 . 3
. . . 3 6 . 5
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. . 6 . 3 . . .
. . 7 . 0 . . .
. . 5 . 6 . . .
. . 7 . 1 . . .
. . 5 . 7 . . .
. . 5 . 2 . . .
. . 6 . 0 . . .
. . 5 . 7 . . .
. . 4 . 1 . . .
. . 1 1 . 6 . . .
. . 1 1 . 7 . . .
. . 2 . 5 . . .
. . 1 0 . 2 . . .
. . 1 0 . 2 . . .
. . 8 . 5 . . .
. . 7 . 1 . . .
. . 6 . 4 . . .
. . 6 . 0 . . .
. . 1 0 . 6 . . .
. . 1 0 . 6 . . .
. . 6 . 8 . . .
. . 6 . 5 . . .
. . 6 . 4 . . .
. . 5 . 7 . . .
. . 6 . 6 . . .
. . 6 . 7 . . .
. . 6 . 2 . . .
. . 6 . 7 . . .
. . 6 . 6 . . .
. . 6 . 6 . . .
. . 4 . 8 . . .
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. . . . 3 . 7 . . .
. . . . 7 . 2 . . .
3 . 4 . . .
7 . 5 . . .
. . . . 5 . 8 . . .
. . . 5 . 3 . . .
6 . 2 . . .
5 . 7 . . .
4 . 2 . . .
5 . 7 . . .
. . . . 5 . 7 . . .
. . . . 2 . 6 . . .
4 . 9 . . .
5 . 0 . . .
4 . 2 . . .
3 . 4 . . .
4 . 3 . . .
4 . 1 . . .
5 . 1 . . .
5 . 1 . . .
. . . . 3 . 2 . . .
4 . 4 . . .
4 . 3 . . .
. . . . 3 . 8 . . .
3 . 1 . . .
4 . 4 . . .
2 . 9 . . .
4 . 4 . . .
4 . 5 . . .
4 . 5 . . .
3 . 3 . . .
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. . . 2 . 7 . . . .
. . . 2 . 9
. . . 2 . 4 . . . .
. . . 2 . 9
. . . 2 . 4
. . . 2 . 2
. . . 2 . 4 . . . .
. . . 2 . 3
. . . 1 . 7
. . . 3 . 0 . . . .
. . . 3 . 0 . . .
. . . 1 . 0
. . . 2 . 5
. . . 2 . 6 . . .
. . . 2 . 2
. . . 1 . 8
. . . 1 . 6 . . . .
. . . 1 . 5
. . . 2 . 7
. . . 2 . 6
. . . 1 . 8 . . .
. . . 1 . 6
. . . 1 . 6
. . . 1 . 4
. . . 1 . 7 . . .
. . . 1 . 6 . . .
. . . 1 . 6
. . . 1 . 7 . . .
. . . 1 . 7 . . . .
. . . 1 . 7 . . .
. . . 1 . 2 . . .
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. . . 9 . 1
. . . 1 0 . 6
. . . 5 . 6
. . . 7 . 7 . . . .
. . . 5 . 1
. . . 3 . 1
. . . 9 . 4
. . . 6 . 3
. . . 3 . 8
. . . 3 . 6
. . . 2 . 5
. . . 4 . 2
. . . 5 . 4
. . . 4 . 1
. . . 1. 9
. . . 1. 3
. . . 1. 4
. . . 0 . 9
. . . 4 . 6
. . . 3 . 5
. . . 1. 8
. . . 1 . 8 : . . .
. . . i . e. . . .
. . . 0 . 9
. . . 3 . 1
. . . 3 . 3
. . . 2 . 3
. . . 2 . 6
. . . 1. 9
. . . 1. 3
. . . 0 . 8
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. . . 9 . 3 . . .
. . . 9 . 6 . . .
. . . 9 . 3 . . .
. . . 9 . 6 . . .
. . . 9 . 7 . . .
. . . 9 . 7 . . .
. . . 9 . 5 . . .
. . . 9 . 5 . . .
. . . 9 . 5 . . .
. . . 9 . 3 . . .
. . . 9 . 3 . . .
. . . 9 . 6 . . .
. . . 9 . 3 . . .
. . . 9 . 3 . . .
. . . 9 . 0 . . .
. . . 9 . 0 . . .
. . . 8 . 1 . . .
. . . 7 . 9 . . .
. . . 9 . 4 . . .
. . . 9 . 3 . . .
. . . 9 . 1 . . .
. . . 7 . 9 . . .
. . . 7 . 9 . . .
. . . 7 . 9 . . .
. . . 9 . 3 . . .
. . . 7 . 6 . . .
. . . 9 . 1 . . .
. . . 8 . 1 . . .
. . . 7 . 9 . . .
. . . 7 . 9 . . .
. . . 7 . 9 . . .
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. . . 3 5 . 0 . . .
. . . 3 4 . 1 . . .
. . . 3 5 . 0 . . .
. . . 3 4 . 3 . . .
. . . 3 4 . 3 . . .
. . . 3 4 . 5 . . .
. . . 3 6 . 5 . . .
. . . 3 6 . 7 . . .
. . . 3 4 . 4 . . .
. . . 3 5 . 6 . . .
. . . 3 5 . 9 . . .
. . . 3 4 . 1 . . .
. . . 3 5 . 8 . . .
. . . 3 5 . 7 . . .
. . . 3 5 . 3 . . .
. . . 3 2 . 1 . . .
. . . 3 1 . 9 . . .
. . . 3 3 . 6 . . .
. . . 3 1 . 2 . . .
. . . 3 1 . 0 . . .
. . . 3 0 . 5 . .
. . . 3 2 . 1 . .
. . . 3 0 . 6 . .
. . . 3 1 . 0 . .
. . . 2 7 . 9 . .
. . . 3 3 . 4 . .
. . . 2 9 . 2 . .
. . . 3 2 . 9 . .
. . . 3 2 . 7 . .
. . . 3 2 5 . .
. . . 3 2 3 . .
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. . . 1 9 . 1 . . .
2 5 . 0 . . .
1 9 . 0 . . .
2 4 . 3 . . .
2 4 . 7 . . .
2 4 . 6 . . .
. . . . 2 3 . 0 . . .
2 2 . 8 . . .
2 5 . 0 . . .
. . . . 3 0 . 9 . . .
3 0 . 5 . . .
2 5 . 2 . . .
. . . 3 0 . 4 . . .
3 0 . 6 . . .
2 8 . 7 . . .
3 2 . 1 . . .
4 0 . 0 . . .
. . . . 3 6 . 7 . . .
3 5 . 2 . . .
3 5 . 4 . . .
3 4 . 1 . . .
3 8 . 8 . . .
4 0 . 3 . . .
4 0 . 0 . . .
3 8 . 4 . . .
4 0 . 2 . . .
3 5 . 4 . . .
3 9 . 1 . . .
3 7 . 7 . . .
3 7 . 9 . . .
3 8 . 1 . . .
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. . . 2 7 . 1
2 3 . 4
2 7 . 2
2 3 . 4 . . . .
2 3 . 4
2 3 . 4
2 3 . 1
2 3 . 1
2 3 . 1
. . . . 1 8 . 1 . . .
. . . . 1 8 . 1 . . . .
2 3 . 2 . . . .
18. 2
. . . 1 8 . 2 . . . .
17. 5
. . . 1 7 . 6 . . .
15. 1
14. 7
18. 2
18. 2
17. 8
14. 7
. . . 1 4 . 7 . . . .
. . . 1 4 . 7 . . .
1 8 . 2 . . . .
14. 2
17. 8 .
15. 1
14. 8
. . . 1 4 . 8 . . . .
14. 8
a
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8 . 5 . . . .
. . 7 . 2 . .
. . 8 . 5 . . .
. . 7 . 2 . . . .
. . 7 . 2 . . .
. . 7 . 2 . . . .
. . 7 . 1 . . .
. . 7 . 1 . . .
. . 7 . 1 . . . .
. . 5 . 7 . . . .
. . 5 . 7 . . . .
. . 7 . 1 . .
. . 5 . 7 . .
. . 5 . 7 .
. . 5 . 5 . .
. . 5 . 5 . .
. . 4 . 6 . . .
. . 4 . 5 . . . .
. . 5 . 7 . . .
. . 5 . 7 . .
. . 5 . 6 . . . .
. . 4 . . . .
. . 4 . 5 . .
. . 4 . 5 .
. . 5 . 7 . . . .
. . 4 . 4 .
. . 5 . 6 . .
. . 4 . 6 . . .
. . 4 . 5 . -
. . 4 . 5 . . .
. . 4 . 5 . . . .
The cost of land for the substations has been omitted from the table.
of the component parts of substations.
The percentage cost of this remaining item may be determined from the given percentages
the receiving-end substations is greater
than that of the sending-end substations.
The reason for this is that the former
include synchronous condensers, and
their power transformers are more ex
pensive.
The total capital cost of some systems
is greatly influenced by the cost of various
measures applied for the increase of the
system transient-stability limit. That
this expenditure is highly justified will
now be shown in a few extreme cases.
In the system O-la the cost of stability
measures,
8
including the proportionate
share of indirect expenses and the cost of
money, is $1.20 per kilowatt of system
rating, or a total of $60,000, with a result
ing increase in the transient-stability
limit from 44,600 to 50,000 kw. Without
the application of these measures the
capital cost of the entire system per kilo
watt transmitted (44,600 kw) is $60.90,
while the expenditure of $60,000 lowered
the cost to $55.50 per kilowatt trans
mitted (50,000 kw), or 8.9 per cent. In
the system 0-6a the cost of stability
measures is $12.50 per kilowatt of system
rating, with a resulting increase in the
transient-stability limit from 42,250 to
50,000 kw. The cost per kilowatt trans
mitted is reduced from $159 to $146.70, or
7.7 per cent. In the system 0-15a the
cost of all stability measures is $6.10 per
kilowatt of system rating. This increases
the transient-stability limit from 157,500
to 250,000 kw, with a cost reduction from
$108.80 to $74.70 per kilowatt trans
mitted, or 31.3 per cent. In the system
0-18a the cost of the stability measures
exceeds that of any other system and
amounts to $72.15 per kilowatt of system
rating. This results in an increase of
system transient-stability limit from
136,300 to 250,000 kw and lowers the cost
per kilowatt transmitted from $287 to
$228.30, or 20.4 per cent. In the case of
the longest and heaviest system, 0-32a,
the cost of all stability measures is $36.40
per kilowatt of system rating, or a total of
$29,120,000. As a result of this expendi
ture the system transient-stability limit is
raised from 398,200 to 800,000 kw, and
the cost per kilowatt transmitted is
lowered from $234 to $152.80, or 34.8 per
cent.
In every case the application of various
devices increasing the transient-stability
limit results in substantial decrease of the
capital cost per kilowatt transmitted, thus
amply justifying their use. In the same
proportion the economy obtained is re
fleeted in the system annual cost. The
economy is, of course, predicated on the
premise that the additional power it is
possible to transmit can find a ready
market.
The analysis shows that the least ex
pensive of all the means applied to in
crease the transient-stability limit is the
use of high-speed circuit breakers. In the
system 0-3a, for example, where nothing
but three-cycle-opening-time circuit
breakers are used, these cost only 14 cents
per kilowatt of system rating. Their
application increases the transient-sta
bility limit from 37,000 to 50,000 kw, de
creasing the cost per kilowatt transmitted
by 25.7 per cent, or from $92.00 to $68.40.
The average cost of the intermediate
synchronous-condenser stations in the
economical systems is $17.80 per kilowatt
transmitted. This cost includes the syn
chronous condensers and their trans
formers, the required high-voltage and
low-voltage equipmentinstalled on
foundationthe proportionate cost oi
substation structures, the corresponding
indirect expenses, and the cost of money
Had series capacitors been used instead,
the cost of the intermediate-series-capaci-
AIEE TRANSACTION*
Line and Substation Into Their Component Paris
Ptrts of Substations in Per Cent of the Capital Cost of the Substation
All Intermediate-Condenser and Sectionalizing Substations Receiving Substation
Is
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2 d
a *
3 5
coo
* 2
85
S a ?
^ S
3*3 !
< ( O H C
5S
Su
32JS
11 3
. . . . 6 . 0 . . . .
. . . . 10. 7
. . . 10. 1
. . . 5 . 1 . . . .
. . . 3 . 7 . . . .
. . . . 3 . 8 . . . .
. . . 3 . 7 . . . .
. . . . 10. 1
. . . 4 . O. . . .
. . . 4. 4
-.. 8. 6. . . .
. . 4. 7
. . 5. 0. . . .
. . . 1 4 . - 1 . .
. . . 1 7 . 2 . . .
. . . 2 4 . 6 . . .
. . . 3 0 . 5 . . .
. . . 3 0 . 5 . . .
. . 3 3 . 5 . . .
. . . 2 8 . 9 . . .
. . . 2 9 . 8 . . .
. . . 2 2 . 1 . . . .
4 5 . 4 . . .
4 9 . 3
5 3 . 0 . . . .
5 6 . 7 . . . .
5 7 . 3 . . . .
5 3 . 7 . . . .
. . . . 4 8 . 5 . . . .
. . . 4 5 . 7 . . . .
. . . . 4 2 . 2 . . . .
6 3 . 6 . . .
2 0 . 6 . . .
. . . 6 5 . 5
. . . 7 1 . 7 . . . .
. . . 1 9 . 2
. . . ' . 1 . 9 . . . .
. . . 2 . 7
. . . 2 . 2
. . . 7 1 . 7
. . . 2 . 0 . . . .
. . . 1 0 . 6
. . . 7 6 . 4
. . . 1 1 . 7 . . . .
. . . 2 2 . 1
. . . . 1 6 . 3 . . .
. . . . 8 . 7 . . .
. . . 1 5 . 4 . . .
. . . 1 1 . 8 . . . .
. . . 6 . 0 . . . .
. . . 4 . 4 . . .
. . . 4 . 2 . . .
. . . 4 . 2 . . .
. . . 1 1 . 8 . . .
. . . 4 . 5 . . .
. . . 5 . 0 . . .
. . . 9 . 9 . . .
. . . 5 . 4 . . .
. . . 5 . 7 . . . .
. . . . 8 . 4 . . .
. . . . 4 . 5 . . .
. . . . 7 . 9 . . .
. . . . 6 . 2 . . . .
. . . 3 . 1 . . .
. . . 2 . 3 . . .
2 . 1
2 . 1 . . .
. . . . 6 . 2 . . .
. . . 2 . 3 . . . .
. . . . 2 . 5 . . . .
. . . . 4 . 9 . . . .
2 . 7 . . .
2 . 9 . . .
. . . . 3 . 9 . . .
4 . 7 . . .
. . . 5 . 2 . . .
. . . 5 . 5 . . .
4 . 4 . . .
4 . 1
4 . 4 . . .
. . . 6 . 3 . . .
. . . . 6 . 3 . . . .
4 . 2 . . . .
4 . 8 . . .
. . . . 5 . 4 . . .
. . . 5 . 6 . . . .
5 . 5 . . . .
. . . 5 . O . . . .
. . . 5 . 3 . . .
. . . 5 . 5 . . .
5 0
. . . 4 . 9 . . . .
5 . 1 . . . .
5 . 5 . . .
2 5 . 6 . . .
1 4 . 4 . . .
2 4 . 6 . . .
. . . . 2 6 . 5 . . .
2 7 . 8 . . .
2 5 . 5 . . .
2 3 . 9 . . .
. . . 2 3 . 6 . . .
. . . 3 2 . 4 . . .
. . . 3 1 . 7 . . .
. . . 2 3 . 5 . . .
2 9 . 3 . . .
. . . . 2 8 . 6 . . .
. . . 2 5 . 8 . . .
. . . 2 6 . 1 . . . .
. . . 3 3 . 0 . . .
. . . 3 4 . 0 . . .
. . . 2 2 . 8 . . .
. . . 3 0 . 3 . . .
. . . 3 2 . 1 . . .
20 8
. . . 2 8 . 7 . . .
. . . . 2 9 . 7 . . . .
. . . 3 1 . 5 . . .
4 2 . 0 . . .
5 9 . 9 . . .
4 4 . 9 . . .
. . . 3 9 . 8 . . .
. . . . 3 6 . 9 . . .
4 6 . 3 . . .
4 9 . 7 . . .
. . . . 4 7 . 7 . . .
. . . 2 5 . 5
2 6 . 8 . . . .
. . . 4 8 . 1 . . .
4 2 . 6 . . .
. . . 3 6 . 4 . . . .
2 1 . 5
. . . . 2 3 . 1 . . .
4 1 . 2
. . . 2 6 . 3
. . . 2 2 . 5
. . . 4 3 . 1 . . .
. . . . 3 2 . 6
2 9 . 9 . . . .
2 4 . 9 . . .
12. 8
. . . . 8. 2
. . . 1 2 . 1 . . . .
13. 3
13. 9
. . . . 1 1 . 0
10. 2
. . . 1 1 . 6 . . .
. . . 2 1 . 1
20 . 7
. . . . 1 1 . 6 . . . .
17. 9
15. 4
19. 3
. . . . 2 7 . 7
2 5 . 4
. . . 1 9 . 3
. . . 2 5 . 0
. . . 2 7 . 9 . . . .
. . . 1 9 . 5 .
. . . 2 3 . 3
. . . 2 4 . 3 . . . .
. . . 2 6 . 3
. . . 1 0 . 1 . . .
. . . 1 0 . 4 . . .
. . . 9 . 6 . . .
. . . 9 . 9 . . .
. . . 1 0 . 9 . . .
. . . 1 1 . 5 . . .
. . . 9 . 2 . . .
. . . 8 . 7
. . . 9 . 2 . . .
. . . 1 0 . 5 . . .
. . . 1 0 . 5 . . .
. . . 8 . 9 . . .
. . . 8 . 0 . . .
. . . 9 . 1 . . .
. . . 8 . 8 . . . .
. . . 8 . 6 . . .
. . . 8 . 3 . . .
. . . 8 . 3 . . . .
. . . 8 . 7 . . . .
. . . 8 . 4 . . . .
. . . 7 . 7 . . . .
. . . 8 . 0 . . . .
. . . 8 . 6 . . . ,
3 . 7 . . .
3 . 7 . . .
3 . 6 . . .
3 . 5 . . .
3 . 9 . . .
4 . 1 . . .
3 . 3 . . .
3 . 1 . . .
3 . 3 . . .
. . . . 3 . 9 . . .
. . . 3 . 8 . . .
3 . 2 . . .
3 . 0 . . .
3 . 3 . . .
. . . 3 . 2 . . .
. . . 3 . 1 . . . .
3 . 1 . . . .
. . . 3 . 5 . . .
. . . 3 . 2 . . .
. . . 3 . 1 . . . .
. . . 2 . 8 . . . .
2 . 9 . . . .
. . . 3 . 1 . . . .
. . . . 0 - 2 e
. . . 0-3a
. . . . 0 - 4 a
. . . 0 - 6 a
0-8a
0-9a
0-10a
. . . . 0 - l l a
0- 15*
0-16a
0- 17e
. . . . 0- 18a
0-22a
. . . 0- 24
. . . 0- 25a
0- 28*
, . . 0-30a
. . . 0 - 3 1 *
. . . 0- 32*
tor stations would undoubtedly be lower.
In two-circuit lines, however, the inter
mediate-capacitor station, like the inter-
niediate-synchronous-condenser station,
would contain equipment for transmis
sion-line sectionalizing. Therefore the
over-all economy obtained in the total
system cost may not be as significant per
haps as might appear at first when the use
of series capacitors is planned.
Division of System Capital Cost
Into Its Component Parts
The percentage division of the system
ca
pital cost into its six main component
Parts is given in Table IV. The table
nows that the receiving-end substation is
the largest cost item in the total cost.
*he sending-end substation and the
transmission line are next in magnitude of
COs
t. The percentage costs of the three
ma
m items vary greatly, depending on the
re
lationship between the length of the line
an
<* the block of power transmitted. The
total cost of all the intermediate-conden-
^
r
and sectionalizing substations also
institutes a large item in some systems.
fl
e percentage cost of the right of way is
a
smaller item and varies within narrower
limits.
Table V I . Annual Fi xed Charses and Annual Expenses for Mai ntenance and Operation on
System Parts, i n Per Cent of Their Capital Cost
Item
Eq u i p me n t compar at i ve
Rigl^t of wa y
I nt er medi at e- condens er
a nd sect i onal i zi ng
Taxes
(Per Cent)
. . . . 2 . 0
. . . 2 . 0
2. 0
2. 0
2. 0
. . . 2 . 0
Annual Fi xed Charges
Insurance
( Per Cent)
. . . 0 . 5
. . . 0 . 5
. . . 0 . 5
. . . 0 . 5
Depreci ati on
and
Obs ol es cence
( Per Cent)
1. 823
. . . . 1 . 8 2 3
1. 823
1. 823
1. 823
Int erest
on Mone y
Inyest ed Tot al
( Per Cent ) ( Per Cent )
. . . 6 . 0 1 0 . 3 2 3 . . .
6 . 0 1 0 . 3 2 3 . . .
6 . 0 9 . 8 2 3 . . .
. . . 6 . 0 8 . 0
6 . 0 1 0 . 3 2 3 . . .
6 . 0 1 0 . 3 2 3 . . .
Annual
Expens es
for
Mai nt enance
and Operat i on
( Per Cent )
2 . 0
2 . 0
1 3
0 . 2 5
2 . 0
2 . 0
Charges for depreciation and obsolescence calculated by the sinking-fund method, at six per cent per annum
money cost, for a 25-year life span of all system parts.
The percentage division of the capital
costs of the transmission line and of the
substations into their component parts is
given in Table V. The costs of the sup
porting structures and of the overhead
conductors form the major component
parts of the line. The percentage varia
tion of these items depends on the length
(or the voltage) and on the load of the
line. The cost of the counterpoise and of
adjusting the tower-footing resistance is
the smallest of all the items.
The costs of power transformers and
high-voltage switching and protective
equipment constitute the major items of
the sending-substation cost. Synchro
nous condensers and power transformers
occupy the first place in the subdivisions
of the cost of the receiving-end substa
tion. The cost of land, held in fee, is the
smallest of all items; it rarely exceeds
two per cent of the substation cost and
frequently is less than this figure.
The percentage division of the system
capital cost into its component parts
makes it possible to evaluate the effect of
changes in the cost of system parts or
basic materials. If the cost of any sys-
1 9
H VOLUME 63 HolmPower-Transmission Systems
415
Table VI ! . Total
Sys t em
Ident i
fication
Number
Ol a
0-2a
0-3a . . .
0-4a . . .
0-5a
0-6a . . .
0-7 a . . .
0-8a .
0-9o . . .
0-10a .
O- l l a . . .
0-12a
0- 13a. . .
0- 14a. . .
0- 15a. . .
0-16a
0-l7a...
0-18a
0- 19a. . .
0- 20a. . .
0- 22a. . .
0- 23a. . .
0- 24a. . .
0- 25a. . .
0- 26a. . .
0- 27a. . .
0- 28a. . .
0- 29a. . .
0- 30a. . .
0- 31a. . .
0-32a. .
Annual Fi xed
Charges for
Entire Sys t em
( Thousands
of Dol l ars)
2 7 7 . . . .
2 8 3 . . .
. . . . . 3 4 0 . . . .
3 2 4 . . . .
4 7 2 . . . .
7 1 9 . . . .
4 1 7 . . . .
4 7 9 . . . .
7 4 4 . . . .
8 9 0 . . . .
1, 328. . . .
1, 169. . . .
1, 347. . . .
1,449
1 , 8 7 2 . . .
3 . 9 3 6 . . . .
3 , 3 4 8 . . . .
5 , 7 0 2 . . . .
2. 661
2, 816
3, 845
4, 295
3 , 9 3 6 . . . .
4 , 5 6 2 . . . .
4 , 6 1 2 . . . .
4, 834
5, 634. . . .
7 , 3 4 6 . . . .
12, 227. . . .
Annual
Expens es for
Mai nt enance
and Operati on
for Enti re
Sys t em
( Thousands
of Dol l ars)
46
48
53
71
104
73
. . . . 81
119
142
209
213
244
258
. . . . 318
683
. . . . 562
928
493
515
674
776
733
853
852
8 9 5 . . . . .
1,014
1,299
1.982
Total Annual Ki l owat t - Hours of
Los s es i n Sys t em
At 35
Per Cent
Annual
Load
Factor
( Mi l l i ons
of Kwhrs)
. . 1 6 . 0 . . .
. . 11. 2. . .
. . 1 6 . 8 . . .
. . 1 3 . 7 . . .
. . 1 6 . 0 . . .
. . 2 2 . 0 . . .
. . 2 2 . 8 . . .
. . 2 8 . 5 . . .
. . 3 1 . 7 . . .
. . 1 9 . 8 . . .
3 9 . 0 . . .
. . 5 8 . 5 . . .
. . 4 8 . 8 . . .
. . 7 7 . 0 . . .
. . 1 6 9 . 6 . . .
. . 8 3 . 1 . . .
. . 1 5 9 . 7 . . .
. . 1 0 8 . 7 . . .
. . 1 2 8 . 3 . . .
. . 1 5 4 . 6 . . .
. . 1 2 7 . 6 . . .
. . 1 6 2 . 6 . . .
. . 1 3 4 . 8 . . .
. . 2 0 1 . 5 . . .
. . 1 4 8 . 7 . . .
. ' . 192. 1. . .
. . . 2 5 8 . 1 . . .
. . 3 2 6 . 6
At 50
Per Cent
Annual
Load
Factor
(Mi l l i ons
of Kwhrs)
2 1 . 8 . . .
. . 14 4 . . .
. . 2 2 . 8 . . .
. . 1 8 . 1 . . .
. . 2 0 . 4 . . .
. . 2 8 . 1 . . .
. . 3 0 . 3 . . .
3 8 . 1 . . .
. . 43. 2 . . .
2 5 . 9 . . .
. . 5 0 . 8 . . .
. . 74. 9. . .
. . 6 2 . 5 . . .
. . 1 0 3 . 8 . . .
. . 2 0 4 . 8 . . .
. . 1 0 8 . 3 . . .
. . 1 9 8 . 7 . . .
. . 1 4 3 . 3 . . .
. . 1 7 4 . 6 . .
. . 2 0 4 . 1 . . .
. . 1 6 8 . 2 . . .
. . 2 9 1 . 5 . . .
. . 3 2 0 . 9 . . .
. . 2 0 8 . 6 . . .
. . 1 6 8 . 8
. . 2 6 2 . 6 . . .
. . 1 9 0 . 2 . . .
. . 2 5 6 . 9 . . .
. . 3 4 0 . 8 . . .
. . 4 3 3 . 8 . . .
At 75
Pe r Cent
Annual
Load
Factor
( Mi l l i ons
of Kwhrs )
34. 4
21. 5
35. 7
27. 7
3 0 . 0
41. 1
46. 7
. . 59. 1
68. 3
. . 39. 2
. . 76. 5
1 1 0 . 9 . . .
92. 4
162. 4
281. 7
1 6 3 . 5 . . .
284. 2
218. 9
2 7 5 . 2 . . .
312. 1
257. 1
4 3 9 . 1 . . .
475. 2
3 0 8 . 8 . . .
243. 0
3 9 6 . 0 . . .
280. 6
3 9 8 . 6 . . .
5 2 2 . 1 . . .
664. 8
Annual Cost of Los s es for Ent i re Sys t em
Cost of Energy Loss Pe r Ki l owat t - Hour
At 35 Pe r Cent
Annual Load Fact or*
Cost of Cost of
Trans- Energy
mi ssi on Los s
( Mi l s Per ( Mi l s Per
Kwhr) Kwhr)
. . . 2 . 1 1 . . .
. . . 2 . 1 6 . . .
. . . 2 . 5 7 . . .
. . . 2 . 4 6 . . .
. . . 3 . 5 5 . . .
. . . 5 . 3 7 . . .
. . . 1 . 6 0 . . .
. . . 1 . 8 3 . . .
. . . 2. 82 . . .
. . 3 . 3 6 . . .
. . . 5 . 0 1 . . .
. . . 1 . 8 1 . . .
. . . 2 . 0 8 . . .
. . . 2 . 2 3 . . .
. . . 2 . 8 6 . . .
. . . 6 . 0 3 . . .
. . . 5 . 1 0 . . .
. . . 8 . 6 5 . . .
. . . 2 . 0 6 . . .
. . . 2 . 1 7 . . .
. . . 2 . 9 5 . . .
. . . 3 . 3 1 . . .
. . . 4 . 9 5 . . .
. . . 7 . 1 0 . . .
. . . 1 . 9 1 . . .
. . . 2 . 2 1 . . .
. . . 2 . 2 3 . . .
. . . 2 . 3 4 . . .
. . . 2 . 7 1 . . .
. . . 3 . 5 3 . . .
. . . 5 . 8 0 . . .
. . . 9 . 6 8 . . .
. . . 9 . 7 3 . . .
. . . 1 0 . 1 4 . . .
. . . 1 0 . 0 3 . . .
. . . 1 1 . 1 2 . . .
. . . 1 2 . 9 4 . . .
. . . 9 . 1 7 . . .
. . . 9 . 4 0 . . .
. . . 1 0 . 3 9 . . .
. . . 1 0 . 9 3 . . .
. . . 1 2 . 5 8 . . .
. . . 9 . 3 8 . . .
... . 9 . 6 5 . . .
. . . 9 . 8 0 . . .
. . . 1 0 . 4 3 . . .
. . . 1 3 . 6 0 . . .
. . . 1 2 . 6 7 . . .
. . . 1 6 . 2 2 . . .
. . . 9 . 6 3 . . .
. . . 9 . 7 4 . . .
. . . 1 0 . 5 2 . . .
. . . 1 0 . 8 8 . . .
. . . 1 2 . 5 2 . . .
. . . 1 4 . 6 7 . . .
. . . 9 . 4 8 . . .
. . . 9 . 7 8 . . .
. . . 9 . 8 0 . . .
. . . 9 . 9 1 . . .
. . . 1 0 . 2 8 . . .
1 1 . 1 0 . . .
. . . 1 3 . 3 7 . . .
At 50 Per Cent
Annual Load Factor*
Cost of Cost of
Trans- Energy
mi ssi on Loss
( Mi l s Per ( Mi l s Per
Kwhr) Kwhr)
. . . 1 . 4 7 6 . 8 4 . .
. . . 1 . 5 1 6 . 8 8 . .
. . . 1 . 8 0 7. 17 .
. . . 1. 72 7. 09. .
. . . 2 . 4 8 7. 85. .
. . . 3. 76 9 . 1 3 . .
. . . 1 . 1 2 6. 49. .
. . . 1 . 2 8 . 6 . 6 5 . .
. . . 1. 97 7. 34. .
. . . 2. 35 7 72 .
. . . 3 . 5 0 8. 87. .
. . . 1 . 2 6 6 . 6 3 . .
. . . 1. 45 6 . 8 2 . .
. . . 1 . 5 6 6 . 9 3 . .
. . . 2 . 0 0 7 . 3 7 . .
. . . 4. 22 9 . 5 9 . .
. . . 3 . 5 7 8 . 9 4 . .
. . . 6 . 0 5 11. 42. .
. . . 1 . 5 1 6 . 8 8 . .
. . . 1 . 5 2 6. 89. .
. . . 2 . 0 6 7 . 4 3 . .
. . . 2 . 3 2 7 . 6 9 . .
. . . 3. 46 8 . 8 3 . .
. . . 4. 97 10. 34. .
. . . 1. 33 6. 70. .
. . . 1. 54 6 . 9 1 . .
. . . 1. 56 6 . 9 3 . .
. . . 1 . 6 3 7 . 0 0 . .
. . . 1 . 9 0 7 . 2 7 . .
. . . 2. 47 7 . 8 4 . .
. . . 4 . 0 5 9 . 4 2 . .
A t 7 5 P
Annual Lo
Cost of
Trans
mi ssi on
( Mi l s Per
Kwhr)
. . . . 0 . 9 8 . . . .
. . . 1 . 0 1 . . . .
1. 20
1 1 5 . . .
1. 65
2. 51
0 . 7 5 . . . .
. . . . 0 . 8 6
1. 32
1. 57
2. 34
0. 84
0. 97
1. 04
. . . . 1 . 3 4 . . . .
2. 81
2. 38
4. 04
. . . . 0 . 9 6 . . . .
1. 02
1. 38
1. 55
3. 32
0 89
1. 03
1. 04
1. 09
1. 27
1. 65
. . . . 2 . 7 0 . . . .
ad Factor*
Cost of
Energy
Loss
(Mi l s Per
Kwhr)
4 . 6 2 . . .
4 . 6 5 . . .
4 . 8 4 . . .
4. 79. .
5. 29.
6. 15.
4. 39
4. 00. .
4 96. . .
5 . 2 1 . . .
5. 98. . .
4 . 4 8 . . .
4 . 6 1 . . .
4. 68. .
4 . 9 8 . . .
6 4 5 . . .
6 . 0 2 . . .
7. 68. . .
4 . 6 0 . . .
. 4. 66. .
5. 02. . .
5. 19. . .
6. 96. . .
4 . 5 3 . . .
4. 67. . .
4 . 6 8 . . .
4 . 7 3 . . .
4. 91. .
5. 29. . .
6. 34. .
* Cost of hydrogeneration is taken at 7. 57 mils per ki l owatt-hour at 35 per cent annual load factor, 5. 37 mils per ki l owatt-hour at 50 per cent annual load factor.
and 3. 64 mils per ki l owatt-hour at 75 per cent annual load factor.
tern part is changed, it is only necessary
to find from Tables IV and V the per
centage the cost of the particular part
forms of the total system cost, calculate in
per cent the change that is introduced
into the cost, and multiply it by the figure
found from the tables. The figure thus
obtained will show the resulting percent
age change in the capital cost per kilo
watt. When it is desired to estimate the
effect of changes in prices of copper or
steel, use must be made of quantities of
these materials in various system parts,
such as overhead conductors, supporting
structures, and so forth, given in Tables I
and III. The cost of a particular system
part is calculated at the new basic price of
copper or steel, and the procedure de
scribed may then be applied.
As an example, the cost of clearing
brush will be considered. From Tables
IV and V it may be found that for a
particular system the cost of clearing
brush and trimming trees represents about
3.5 per cent of the total capital cost.
Should the cost per acre of clearing brush
double, it will result in about 3.5 per cent
increase in the capital cost of the system
per kilowatt.
In the case of the right of way, for ex
ample, if in a particular system its width,
the proportion of urban and rural right of
way, and its cost per mile should charge,
the effect of the width on the cost per
mile and the total cost of the right of way
in the system may be calculated from
data given in Table III. From Tables IV
and V the total cost of the original right of
way in dollars at the old price may be
calculated, as well as the percentage this
cost forms of the total capital cost. The
ratio of the dollar costs of the new and of
the original right of way is then deter
mined and applied to the percentage
which the cost of the original right of way
forms of the total system capital cost.
The resulting percentage increase in the
capital cost per kilowatt may now be
easily estimated.
One of the most important items affect
ing the capital cost are the indirect ex
penses. It will be recalled that these are
taken care of by adding 22.5 per cent to
the cost of all system items, except the
right of way. Assume, for example, that
in a system where the cost of the right of
way constitutes ten per cent of the total
capital cost, an estimate must be made of
the effect on the cost per kilowatt of in
direct expenses amounting to 27.5 per
cent. From these figures it may be calcu
lated that this increase in the indirect
expenses will raise the cost per kilowatt
by about 3.6 per cent. The new cost per
kilowatt may then be obtained by apply
ing this percentage to the figure given in
Table IV for the particular system.
In this fashion the percentage division
of the capital cost may be made use of
when it is desired to consider costs
different from those employed in the
paper.
Similarly when system design is
changed and the amount of equipment
used is modified, the new cost may be
estimated by reference to both the equip
ment and the percentage-cost tables.
Method of Estimating System
Annual Cost
The system annual cost is taken as the
sum of the annual fixed charges and the
annual operating expenses.
The annual fixed charges cover the
following four items: taxes, insurance,
depreciation and obsolescence, and in
terest on money invested. Every one of
these items is calculated separately tor
each of the six major groups into which
the capital cost structure is divided. The
total annual fixed charges on various
system parts are given m Table VI.
AIEE TRANSACTIONS
Annual System Cost
Total Annual Cost of Energy Loss
At 35
Per Cent
Annual
Load
Factor
(Thousands
of Dollars)
109. . .
171. . .
. . . 138. . .
178. . .
. . . 286. . .
. . . 209. . .
. . . 268. . .
. . . 329. . .
. . . 216. . .
. . . 490. . .
. . . 549. . .
. . . 470. . .
. . . 544. . .
. . . 803. . .
..2,305. . .
.. .1,052. . .
. .2,589. . .
...1.046. . .
... .1,260. . .
... .1,626. . .
... .1,389. . .
... .2,800. . .
...3,670. . .
.. .1,541. . .
... .1,320. . .
.. .1,976. . .
... .1,474. . .
.. .1,974. . .
.. .2,861. . .
.. .4,367. .
At 50
Per Cent
Annual
Load
Factor
At 75
Per Cent
Annual
Load
Factor
At 35 Per Cent
Annual Load Factor
Total Cost
(Thousands (Thousands (Thousands
of Dollars)
. . . 149. . .
. . . 9 9 . . .
. . . 1 6 3 . . .
. . . 129. . .
. . . 160. . .
. . . 2 5 6 . . .
. . . 197. . .
. . . 254. . .
. . . 3 1 8 . . .
. . . 200. . .
. . . 4 5 0 . . .
. . . 497. .
. . . 426. .
. . . 5 0 6 . . .
. . . 765. .
. . . 1, 964. .
. . . 966. .
. . . 2, 269. .
. . . 985. .
. . . 1, 204. .
. . . 1, 517. .
. . . 1, 295. .
. . . 2, 574. .
. . . 3, 318. .
. . . 1, 400. .
. . . 1, 168. .
. . . 1, 820. .
. . . 1, 332. .
. . . 1, 868. .
. . . 2, 672. .
. . . 4, 087. .
of Dollars)
. . . 159. . .
. . . 100. . .
. . . 173. . .
. . . 133. . .
. . . 159. . .
. . . 254. . .
. . . 206. . .
. . . 266. . .
. . . 339. . .
. . . 20 5 . . .
. . . 45 8. . .
. . . 497. . .
. . . 42. . .
. . . 520. . .
. . . 80 8. . .
. . .1,820. . .
. . . 985 . . .
. . . 2, 184. . .
. . . 1, 008. . .
. . . 1. 281. . .
. . . 1. 5 6 7. . .
. . . 1, 334. . .
. . . 2, 614. . .
. . .3,310. . .
. . . 1, 399. . .
. . . 1, 136. . .
. . .1,855. . .
. . . 1, 339. . .
. . . 1, 960. . .
. . . 2, 764. . .
. . .4,218. .
of Dollars)
. . . 478. . .
440. . .
. . . 565. . .
. . . 5 1 5 . . .
721. . .
. . . 1,109. . .
. . . 699
. . . 8 2 9 . . .
. . . 1.192. . .
. . . 1, 248. . .
. . . 2,028. . .
. . . 1,931. . .
. . . 2.062. . .
. . . 2,252. . .
. . . 2,993. . .
. .'. 6,924. . .
. . . 4.962. . .
. . . 9,219. . .
. . . 4,199. . .
. . . 4.592. . .
. . . 6,145. . .
. . . 6,461. . .
. . . 10, 381. . .
. . . 14, 568. . .
. . . 6,210. . .
. . . 6,736. . .
. . . 7,440. . .
. . . 7, 203. . .
. . . 8,622. . .
. . . 11, 507. . .
. . . 18, 577. . .
Cost Per
Kwhr
(Mils)
. . 3. 12.
. . 2. 87.
. . 3. 69.
. . 3. 35.
. . 4. 70.
. . 7. 23.
. . 2. 28.
. . 2. 71. .
. . 3. 89.
. . 4. 07.
. . 6. 61.
. . 2. 52.
. . 2. 69.
. . 2. 94.
. . 3. 90.
. . 9. 02.
. . 6. 46.
. . 12. 04.
. . 2. 74.
. . 3. 00.
. . 4. 00.
. . 4. 22.
. . 6. 76.
. . 9. 50.
. . 2. 53.
. . 2. 75.
. . 3. 03.
. . 2. 94.
. . 3. 51.
. . 4. 68.
. . . 7. 58.
Total Annual System Cost
At 50 Per Cent
Annual Load Factor
Total Cost
(Thousands
of Dollars)
472. . .
4 3 0 . . .
558. . .
5 0 6 . . .
703. . .
1,080. . .
6 86 . . .
8 1 5 . . .
1,181. . .
1.232. . .
1,987. . .
1,879. . .
. . . . 2, 017. . .
..' . . 2,214. . .
2,955. . .
6,583. . .
. . . . 4, 876. . .
8,899. . .
4,138. . .
4,535. . .
6,036. . .
6,367. . .
10,155. . .
14,216. . .
6,069. . .
6,583 . . .
7,284. . .
7,060. . .
8,517. . .
11,318. . .
18,297 . . .
At 75 Per Cent
Annual Load Factor
Cost Per Total Cost
Kwhr (Thousands
(Mils) of Dollars)
. . . 2. 16
. . . 1. 97
. . . 2.55
. . . 2. 31
. . . 3. 21
. . . 4. 93
. .1.57
. . . 1. 86
. . . 2 . 7 0 . . . .
. . . 2. 81
. . . 4.53
. . . 1. 72
. . . 1. 85
. . . 2. 02
. . . 2. 70
. . . 6. 00
. . . 4. 45
. . . 8. 13
. . . 1. 89
. . . 2. 07
. . . 2. 75
. . . 2. 91
. . . 4 . 6 3 . . . .
. . . 6. 49
. . . 1. 73
. . . 1 . 8 8 . . . .
. . . 2. 08
. . . 2. 02
. . . 2. 43
. . . 3. 23
. . . 5. 22
482. . .
4 3 1 . . .
567. . .
510. . .
. 70 2. . .
. 1,077. . .
6 9 5 . . .
. 827. . .
. 1,202. . .
. 1,237. . .
. 1, 995. . .
. 1,879. . .
. 2,017. . .
. 2,228. . .
. 2,998. . .
. 6,439. . .
. 4,895. . .
. 8, 814. . .
. 4,161. . .
. 4,612. . .
. 6,086. . .
. 6,406. . .
.10,195. . .
. 14, 208. . .
! 6,068. . .
. 6,551. . .
. 7,319. . .
. 7,058. . .
. 8,608. . .
.11,410. . .
. . 18,428. . .
Cost Per
Kwhr
(Mils)
. . . 1 . 4 7 . . .
. . 1 . 3 1 . . .
. . . 1 . 7 3 . . .
. . 1. 55. . .
. . . 2 . 1 4 . . .
. . . 3 . 2 7 . . .
. . . 1 . 0 6 . . .
. . . 1 . 2 6 . . .
. . . 1 . 8 3 . . .
. . . 1 . 8 8 . . .
. . . 3 . 0 3 . . .
. . . 1 . 1 5 . . .
. . . 1 . 2 3 . . .
. . . 1 . 3 6 . . .
. . . 1 . 8 3 . . .
. . . 3 . 9 2 . . .
. . . 2 . 9 8 . . .
. . . 5 , 3 7 . . .
. . . 1 . 2 7 . . .
. . . 1 . 4 1 . . .
. . . 1 . 8 5 . . .
. . . 1 . 9 5 . . .
. . . 3 . 1 0 . . .
. . . 4 . 3 3 . . .
. . . 1 . 1 6 . . .
. . . 1 . 2 5 . . .
. . . 1 . 3 9 . . .
. . . 1 . 3 4 . . .
. . . 1 . 6 4 . . .
. . . 2 . 1 7 . . .
. . . 3 . 5 0 . . .
Cost of Kilowatt-Hour Energy
at
At 35
Per Cent
Annual
Load
Factor
(Mils)
. . . 10 . 6 9. .
. . . 10 . 44. .
. . . 11. 26 . .
. . . 10 . 92. .
. . . 12. 27. .
. . . 14. 80 . .
. . . 9. 85. .
. . . 1 0 . 2 8 . .
. . . 1 1 . 4 6 . .
. . . 11. 6 4. .
. . . 1 4 . 1 8 . .
. . . 10 . 0 9. .
. . . 10 . 26 . .
. . . 1 0 . 5 1 . .
. . . 11. 47. .
. . . 16 . 5 9. .
. . . 1 4 . 0 3 . .
. . . 1 9 . 6 1 . .
. . . 1 0 . 3 1 . .
. . . 10 . 5 7. .
. . . 11. 5 7. .
. . . 11. 79. .
. . . 1 4 . 3 3 . .
. . . 17. 0 7. .
. . . 10 . 10 . .
. . . 10 . 32. .
. . . 10 . 6 0 . .
. . . 1 0 . 5 1 . .
. . . 1 1 . 0 8 . .
. . . 1 2 . 2 5 . .
. . . 1 5 . 1 5 . .
Receiving End
At 50
Per Cent
Annyia]
Load
Factor
(Mils)
*. . . 7 . 5 3 . . .
. . . . 7. 34. . .
7. 92. . .
7 . 6 8 . . .
8. 5 8. . .
10. 30. . .
6 . 94. . .
7 . 2 3 . . .
8. 07. . .
8. 18. . .
9. 90 . . .
. . . . 7 . 0 9 . . .
7 . 2 2 . . .
7 . 3 9 . . .
8. 0 7. . .
11. 37. . .
9 . 8 2 . . .
13. 50. . .
7 . 2 6 . . .
7. 44. . .
8. 12. . .
8. 28. . .
10. 00. . .
11. 86. . .
7. 10 . . .
. . . . 7 . 2 5 . . .
. . . . 7 . 4 5 . . .
7 . 3 9 . . .
7. 80 . . .
8. 60. .
. . . . 1 0 . 5 9 . .
At 75
Per Cent
Annual
Load
Factor
(Mils)
. . . 5 . 1 1 . .
. . . 4 . 9 5 . . .
. . . 5 . 3 7 . . .
. . . 5 . 1 9 . . .
. . . 5 . 7 8 . . .
. . . 6 . 9 1 . . .
. . . 4 . 7 0 . . .
. . . 4 . 9 0 . . .
. . . 5 . 4 7 . . .
. . . 5 . 5 2 . . .
. . . 6 . 6 7 . . .
. . . 4 . 7 9 . . .
. . . 4 . 8 7 . . .
. . . 5 . 0 0 . . .
. . . 5 . 4 7 . . .
. . . 7 . 5 6 . . .
. . . 6 . 6 2 . . .
. . . 9 . 0 1 . . .
. . . 4 . 9 1 . . .
. . . 5 . 0 5 . . .
. . . 5 . 4 9 . . .
. . . 5 . 5 9 . . .
. . . 6 . 7 4 . . .
. . . 7 . 9 7 . . .
. . . 4 . 8 0 . . .
. . . 4 . 8 9 . . .
. . . 5 . 0 3 . . .
. . . 4 . 9 8 . . .
. . . 5. 28. . .
. . . 5 . 8 1 . . .
. . . 7 . 1 4 . .
System
Identi
fication
Number
. . 0-l o
. . 0-2e
. .0-3e
. . 0-4e
. .0-5
. . 0 6a
. .0-7a
. . 0-8a
. 0-9a
..0-10a
. . 0- l l a
. .0-12a
..0-13a
. . 0-Uo
..0-15e
..0-1
..0-17o
..0-18
..0-19o
. .0-20
..0-22
..0-23a
. .0-24
..0-25o
. .0-26a
. .0-270
. .0-280
. .0-29
. .0-30o
. .0-31O
. . 0~32o
The annual operating expenses cover
the following two items: maintenance
and operation, and cost of energy loss.
The annual expenses for maintenance and
operation are taken as a percentage of the
system capital cost, varying with each of
the six major groups forming the capital
cost, and are given in Table VI.
The cost of energy loss per kilowatt-
hour is taken equal to the sum of the cost
f generation and the cost of transmission.
The calculations are made for annual load
actors of 35, 50, and 75 per cent.
The capital cost of the hydroelectric
Power plant is taken at $200 per kilowatt
for all systems under design. The
annual fixed charges of the power plant
*re taken at 10.323 per cent, which is the
rate used for the equipment-comparative-
m
crement-cost item of the system. The
an
nual maintenance expenses are taken
at
one per cent of the capital cost per an-
nu
m, and the cost of operating labor is
ta
ên at 0.20 mil per kilowatt-hour. At
êse charges the cost of generation at 35,
}
and 75 per cent annual load factors is
c
n-espondingly 7.57, 5.37, and 3.64 mils
per kilowatt-hour.
The cost of transmission per kilowatt-
h
our, taken in determining the cost of
ene
*gy loss, is calculated at the corre-
5.0
4. 0
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
t.0
0.5
O
CHi*
M
L
%
F
K
WGE
/ /
hi
f
i IN
1 1
/
c
H
'B
/
'so
7 i
\LE
'
F
- H
2-7
^ ^

C
A

Table VI I I . Division of Annual System Cost
Into Major Component Parts at 50 Per Cent
Annual Load Factor
In Per Cent of Total Annual System Cost
0 100 200 300 400 500
LENGTH OF TRANSMISSION UNE- MI LES
Figure 7. Cost of the entire system per kilo
watt-hour at 50 per cent annual load factor,
with all costs reduced to one tower line
For explanation of identification letters, see
Figure 2
The shape of curve C is due to the fact that
the 500-mile system (0-25a) has three t ower
lines, of whi ch t wo are on a common right of
way and the thi rd on a separate. The other
systems represented by this curve have one
t ower line per right of way
System
Expenses for
Fixed Maintenance
Charges and Operation
Number (Per Cent)
0-la . .
0-2a . .
0-3e . .
0-4a . .
0-5a . .
0-6a . .
0-7a . .
0-8a . .
0-9a . .
0-10a .
0- l l a. .
0-12a..
0-13a..
0-14a..
0-15a..
0-16a..
0-17a..
0-18a..
0-19a..
0-20a..
0-22a..
0-23a..
0-24a..
0-25a..
0-26a..
0-27a..
0-28a..
0-29o..
0-30a..
0-31a..
0-32a..
. . . 58. 7
. . . 65. 7
. . . 60. 9
. . . 64. 0
. . . 67. 1
. . . 66. 6
. . . 60. 8
. . . 58. 8
. . . 63. 0
. . . 72. 3
. . . 66. 7
. . . 62. 2
. . . 66. 8
. . . 65. 5
. . . 63. 3
. . . 59. 7
. . . 68. 6
. . . 64. 0
. . . 64. 3
. . . 62. 0
. . . 63. 7
. . . 67. 4
. . . 63. 3
. . . 65. 7
. . . 64. 8
. . . 69. 2
. . . 63. 2
. . . 68. 4
. . . 66. 2
. . . 64. 9
. . . 66. 7
(Per Cent)
. . 9. 8
. . 11. 3
. . 9. 8
. . 10. 6
. . 10. 2
. . 9. 7
. 10. 7
. . 10. 1
. . 10. 1
. . 11. 4
. 10. 6
. . 11. 3
. . 12. 1
. . 11. 6
. . 10. 8
. . 10. 5
. . 11. 5
. . 10. 5
. . 11. 9
. . 11. 5
. . 11. 2
. . 1 2 . 3 . 1 . . .
. 1 1 . 3
. . 11. 0
. . 12. 1
. 1 3 . 1
. . 11. 8
. . 12. 7
. . 11. 8
. . 11. 5
. . 11. 0
Cost of
Energy
Loss
(Per Cent)
. . . 31. 5
. . . 23. 0
. . . 29. 3
. . . 25. 4
. . . 22. 7
. . . 23. 7
. . . 28. 5
. . . 31. 1
. . . 26. 9
. . . 16. 3
. . . 22. 7
. . . 26. 5
. . . 21. 1
. . . 22. 9
. . . 25. 9
. . . 2 9 . 8
. . . 19. 9
. . . 25. 5
. . . 23. 8
. . . 26. 5
. . . 25. 1
. . . . 20. 3
. . . 25. 4
. . . 23. 3
. . . 23. 1
. . . . 1 7 . 7
. . . 25. 0
. . . 1 8 . 9
. . . 22. 0
23. 6
22. 3
19
44. VOLUME 63 HolmPower-Transmission Systems 417
sponding annual loadiactor from the sum
of the annual fixed charges and annual
expenses for maintenance and operation
of the entire system.
The total annual kilowatt-hours of
losses are the sum of losses independent of
the load and those dependent on it.
With this in mind, the two groups of
losses are calculated separately for vari
ous system parts, as discussed in the
appendix. The annual kilowatt-hours of
losses dependent on the load are deter
mined for the three annual load factors
by the application of the loss factor calcu
lated for the corresponding annual load
factor.
u
*
5
It is believed that this method
gives more uniform results through
eliminating assumptions associated with
load curves, should these have been used.
The total cost of energy loss for each
system at a certain annual load factor is
calculated from the total number of
annual kilowatt-hours of losses and the
cost of energy loss per kilowatt-hour at
the corresponding annual load factor.
System Annual Cost
The total annual system cost at 35, 50,
and 75 per cent annual load factors is
given in Table VII. The cost per kilo
watt-hour of the entire system and of the
transmission line alone, at a 50 per cent
annual load factor, is represented in
Figures 5 and 6. Figure 7 gives the kilo
watt-hour cost of the entire system at a 50
per cent annual load factor with total
costs reduced to one tower line.
The shape of the kilowatt-hour cost
curves is similar to that of the capital-cost
curves because the annual fixed charges
constitute the largest part of the total
annual cost. In view of this, the same
conclusions may be drawn from the an
nual-cost curves as those drawn from the
capital-cost curves. The kilowatt-hour-
cost curves permit the estimating of the
kilowatt-hour cost for systems other
than those reported in the paper. It will
be observed that these curves have a
sharper bend when drawn for the trans
mission line alone than when plotted for
the entire system, especially with smaller
blocks of power transmitted. This is due
to the fact that the losses in the transmis
sion line form the major portion of all the
system losses and that the ratio of line
losses dependent on the load to those in
dependent of it is different from the corre
sponding ratio of losses in the entire
system.
In two pairs of systems, namely 0-la,
0-2a, and 0-28a, 0-29a, transmitting equal
blocks of power over equal distances at
different voltages, the lowest annual costs
TabU IX. Typical Calculation of Total System Capital CostSystem 0-16a
Cost of Item
as Delivered
(Material Cost)
(Dollars)
Cost of Item
Installed (on
Foundation
Where Needed)
Including
Labor Cost
(Dollars)
Group
Cost
(Dollars
1. Equipment Comparative Increment
1.1 water turbines 340,700 385,000
1.2 waterwheel generators 3,322,500 3,754,400
1.3 power-house superstructure 1,695,000
1.4 shunt reactors on generator bus 405,600 438,500
1.5 addition to structure, to house shunt reactors 72,800
6,345,700
Indirect expenses 1,427,800
Cost of money during construction 233,200 8,006,700
2. Sending Substation
2. 1 land 17,500 17,500
2.2 structures 349,300
2. 3 power transformers 1,042,000 1,241,000
2.31 resistors in transformer neutral 107,900 121,000
2.4 high-voltage switching and protective equipment
2.41 oil circuit breakers 757,600 901,000
2.42 air-break disconnectors 141,600 168,500
2.43 lightning arresters 12,800 15,250
2.44 busses and supports 155,300
2. 5 low-voltage switching, protective, and control equipment 679,000
2. 6 auxiliary substation equipment 213,600
3,861,450
Indirect expenses 868,850
Cost of money during construction 141,900 4,872,20(1
Line
3. 1 clearing brush and trimming trees 435,600
3.2 supporting structures 2,920,600
3. 3 overhead conductors 2,636,800 2,636,800
3.4 ground wires 495,400 495,400
3. 5 Insulators and hardware
3.51 insulators 222,900 222,900
3.52 hardware 12,150 12,150
3.6 counterpoise and tower-footing resistance
3.61 counterpoise 94,800 94,800
3.62 plowing counterpoise aqd arranging tower-footing
resistance 31,400
3.7 equipment for communication and relaying 75,450 89,700
6,939,350
Cost of money during construction 255,000 8,755.7*
4. Right of Way
4. 1 cost of right of way 1,960,000 1,960,000
Cost of money during construction 58,800 2,018,8(K
and the lowest capital costs occur at
different voltages. This may be the re
sult of accumulated errors, or may repre
sent those infrequent cases where the
minimum capital and annual costs do not
coincide.
Table VI gives also the cost of the kilo
watt-hour at the receiving end of the sys
tem. This is the sum of the cost of
generation, the cost of transmission as
calculated for the purpose of determining
cost of energy loss, and the cost of energy
loss.
Division of System Annual Cost
Into Its Component Parts
The division of system annual cost into
its three major component parts is given
in Table VIII for the 50 per cent annual
load factor. At 35 and 75 per cent load
factors the division of the annual cost is
very similar to that at the 50 per cent load
factor.
The fixed charges form the major part
of the total annual cost. The division of
the fixed charges into their four compo
nents is similar for all systems and is as
follows: The taxes form 20.3 per cent.
the insurance 3.4, the depreciation and
obsolescence 15.4, and the interest on
money invested 60.9 per cent.
Any changes which may take place in
the capital cost may be introduced into
the annual cost through the percentages
which the fixed charges form of the total
annual cost. Similarly, the effect of
changes which it may be desired to make
in the rate of taxes, or in other compo
nents of the fixed charges, may be readily
evaluated. For example, in the systems
under study taxes are taken at two per
cent of the capital cost, which is 20.3 per
cent of the annual fixed charges. If it
1S
assumed that in a particular system the
annual fixed charges are 60 per cent of the
total annual cost, the annual cost of
taxes amounts to about 12 per cent of the
AIEE TRANSACTIONS
Typical Calculation of Total System Capital CostSystem Q- 16a (Continued)
Cost of Item
as Delivered
(Material Cost)
(Dollars)
Cost of Item
Installed (on
Foundation
Where Needed)
Including
Labor Cost
(Dollars)
Group
Cost
(Dollars)
5.
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
Intermediate-Condenser and Sectionalizing Substations
land 2,500 2,500
structures 216,000
power transformers 1,188,000 1,415,000
synchronous condensers 2.011,900 3,621,400
high-voltage switching equipment
5.51 oil circuit breakers
low-voltage switching, protective and control equipment 252,000
auxiliary substation equipment 132,000
Indirect expenses
Cost of money during construction.
5,749,000
. 1,293,500
. 211,300 7,253,800
6. Receiving Substation
6
1
land 17,500 17,500
6 2 structures ' 349,300
fi.3 power transformers 1,408,000 1,676,000
6.4 synchronous condensers 1,296.800 2,334,200
6 5 high-voltage switching and protective equipment
6.51 oil circuit breakers 757,600 901,000
6.53 lightning arresters 12,800 15,250
6.6 low-voltage switching, protective and control equipment 582,000
6.7 auxiliary substation equipment 213,600
6,412,650
Cost of money during construction 235,700 8.091,200
Total System Capital Cost 38,998,400
System 0-16a transmits 250,000 kw over a distance of 250 miles, at a voltage of 230 kv, over two circuits on
two separate and remote rights of way.
Construction period taken at one year. Cost of money during construction taken at six per cent for one-
half construction period.
Cost of stringing overhead conductors and ground wires, cost of hanging suspension insulation and attaching
hardware (labor cost) are included in total cost of supporting structures as installed on foundation.
System 0-16a is essentially an uneconomical system, as may be seen from Table VI of reference 8, where are
outlined all the means necessary to keep the system stable in the transient state. This is reflected in the
high capital cost of the "equipment comparative increment" item.
total annual cost. Should the tax rate
double, the cost per kilowatt-hour would
increase by about 12 per cent. The per
centage method of the division of the
annual cost into its component parts may
also be used to evaluate the effect of
maintenance and operation costs, as well
as energy-loss costs, when-these differ
from those taken in the study. Even a
different cost of generation may be
mtroduced and its effect on the kilowatt-
hour cost determined.
The 345-Kv Systems
Study of the 345-kv systems as a sepa
rate group shows that the economics of
these systems is a function of both the
Dl
ock of power and the transmission
distance.
The larger t i e block of power, the
Sorter the distance at which the 345-kv
transmission voltage becomes more eco
nomical. For example, at distances under
0 0 m
i ks the block of power must be of
th
* order of 800,000 kw if 345 kv is to be
19
H VOLUME 63
the most economical voltage ; at distances
approaching 200 miles, 345 kv becomes
economical when 500,000 kw is trans
mitted; and when the transmission is
over distances exceeding 200 miles,
250,000 kw may already be transmitted at
345 kv at a cost smaller than at 230 kv.
There are several cases of transmission
of large blocks of power over long dis
tances for which no comparison between
the 345-kv and the 230-kv voltages may
be made. This is when the system is un
stable transmitting any reasonably large
block of power at 230 kv, or when stability
could be attained at a cost very much
greater than that obtainable with 345 kv.
When transmitting with 345 kv, the
cost of substations per kilowatt always
exceeds the corresponding cost at the
230-kv voltage. The economy, however,
of the 345-kv systems is due to the lower
cost per mile of the transmission line it
self, as well as to the smaller equipment
comparative increment cost. In the 345-
kv systems this item of the capital cost
structure is either very small or entirely
,333 ,667 25,000 33,300 41,667
TRANSFORMER KILOVOLT-AMPERES
Figure 8. Cost of single-phtsc power trans
formers
Sending transformer, del ta grounded wye:
A13.8/345 lev 3. 8/ 230 lev
C 13. 8/ 138 lev
Receiving transformer, grounded wye- del t a-
wye:
> 330/ 16.5/ 66 lev
E 220/ 16. 5 or 13. 8/ 33 lev
F132/16.5 or 13. 8/ 22 lev
Transformer for intermediate synchronous con
denser, grounded wye- del t a:
G 340- 335/ 16. 5 or 13.8 lev
H225/16.5 lev K 135/ 13. 8 kv
Al l transformers are oi l -i nsul ated sel f-cool ed.
The receiving-end transformers have10 per
cent l oad-rati o cont rol . Their mai n-wi ndi ng
leilovolt-amperes are used in the figure
nonexistent, because of the stability being
so much more easily attained in these
systems.
Insofar as the total weight, and hence
the total cost, of the supporting structures
for the 345-kv systems is concerned, it is
not appreciably greater than that for the
230-kv systems, when equal blocks of
power over equal distances are trans
mitted under identical conditions of de
sign and reliability.
It is entirely possible that when a 345-
kv transmission project becomes an
actual business proposition, the 345-kv
equipment may be obtained at a cost
lower than that taken in this study, thus
increasing the savings obtained from the
use of the 345-kv systems and extending
the range of their economic application.
Effect of Design Conditions and
Economic Factors on System Cost
The various design conditions, techno
logical assumptions, and economic factors
involved in arriving at specific system
419
costs could have been modified in different
ways, either separately or simultaneously.
It is impractical and even impossible to
estimate the possible ways in which the
various modifications of adopted methods
and factors, or their combinations, could
affect the system costs. A general inter
pretation of the problem, however, can be
given.
The most important of all conditions of
system design is that of reliability and
continuity of service, coupled with the re
quirement of proper operating facilities.
The minimum number of circuits allowed,
their sectionalization, the type, place, and
duration of fault, as well as the question
of a separate or common right of way
much as these affect the total costare of
less importance from the economic view
point than might appear at a first glance.
One single-circuit tower line will require
less copper than two tower lines, and the
total cost of its supporting structures and
of the right of way will be smaller. On
the other hand, ultrahigh-speed reclosing
circuit breakers will be required and the
necessity of interconnection with other
systems will become imperative. In sys
tems with one tower line where one cir
cuit would replace two, the number of
towers would probably not be reduced,
their height might have to be greater and
the right of way wider, and the ultimate
economy would be questionable. The
less stringent conditions of reliability for
the light and short transmission systems
will affect the total cost very little. In
the larger and longer systems the saving
will be somewhat greater, but it will be
obtained at the cost of greatly impaired
operating results and facilities.
In the same class of design conditions
affecting the system cost are the high-
voltage busses, their sectionalization,
receiving-end synchronous condensers,
self- instead of water-cooled power trans
formers, and the provision for a certain
amount of spare equipment. Any of
these might be changed in order to lower
the system cost, but this would not be
good operating practice. In some cases
the use of voltages such as 115 kv and 161
kv might possibly slightly reduce the
total cost, but this might not always be
the case. The use of wooden supporting
structures would affect the cost consider
ably, but this is a matter of choice.
In a few systems the total costs could be
slightly reduced by installing a somewhat
greater kilovolt-ampere capacity of gener
ators and transformers, so that the copper
in the line would be utilized to the fullest
extent. This would increase the system
rating. The resulting decrease in the
cost per kilowatt or per kilowatt-hour
however, will not be appreciable.
The economic factors affecting the sys
tern cost are: prices of basic materials
cost of equipment, cost of labor and in
stallation, cost of the right of way, finan
cial methods of cost estimates, annual
fixed charges, and cost of operation.
Any, or all, of these may vary from those
taken in the study. The only manner in
which their effect on system cost may be
estimated is through the medium of
equipment-cost curves and through the
use of tables giving system equipment and
the percentage division of capital and
annual costs into their component parts
In estimating the magnitude of error in
the final cost figures, it will be seen that
its sources are in the system design aiwi
the cost estimates. In various system
parts the two errors may lie in the same or
opposite directions. In the former case
the resultirg error is their sum, and in the
latterthe difference. The error in the
design of any system part is considerably
below ten per cent, since the system char
acteristics were studied on the network
analyzer. The error in the cost figures is
probably around ten per cent. The
equipment costs contain the usual error
present in all quotations obtained from
the manufacturers; it is somewhat
Sys t em
Ident i
fie* ti on
Number
O-le . .
0-3 . . .
0-4 . . .
0-5a . . .
- . . .
0-7a
0-8a . .
0-9a . .
O-lOe
O- l l a . .
0-12a . .
0-13a . .
0-14a
0-15e
0 - 1 6 a . . .
0 - 1 7 a . . .
0-18a . .
0-190
0-20a . .
0-22a . .
0-23a . .
0-24a . .
0-25a. . .
0-26a . .
0 - 2 7 a . . .
0-29a . .
0-29a
0-30a
0-31a . .
0 - 3 2 a . . .
Corona
. . . 52. . .
. . . 89 . .
. . . 6 0 . . .
. . . 1 3 4 . . .
. . . 4 8 9 . . .
. . 6 5 0 . . .
. . . 8 9 . . .
. . . 2 4 5 . . .
. . . 2 6 0 . . .
. . . 2 2 5 . . .
. . . 3 7 5 . . .
. . . 36. . .
. . . 7 5 . . .
. . . 1 1 3 . . .
. . . 225. . .
. . . 1 . 0 3 5 . . .
. . . 305. . .
. . . 610. . .
. . . 1 1 3 . . .
. . . 1 6 9 . . .
. . . 7 7 4 . . .
. . . 183. . .
305. . .
. . . 9 1 5 . . .
. . . 216. . .
. . . 92. . .
. . . 275. . .
. . . 2 7 5 . . .
4 5 8 . . .
. . . 1 , 2 2 0 . . .
Table X. System Loss
Lo t t e Independent of Load i n Ki l owatts
Sendi ng
and
Recei vi ng
Trans
formers
. . . 307. .
. . . 292. .
. . . 325. .
. . . 297. . .
. . . 2 9 5 . .
. . . 299. .
. . . 587. .
. . . 599. .
. . . 603. .
. . . 592. .
. . . 603. .
. . . 1 , 5 0 7 . .
. . . 1 , 4 4 9 . .
. . . 1. 472. .
. . . 1, 595. .
. . . 1 , 5 1 8 . .
. . . 1 , 4 7 5 . .
. . . 1, 503. .
. . . 2. 935. .
. . . 2. 978. .
. . . 3 , 1 7 0 . .
. . . 3, 019. .
. . . 3 , 0 6 6 . .
. . 3 , 0 0 9 . .
. . 4, 694. .
. . 4. 640. .
. . . 4, 870. .
. . . 4 . 6 6 0 . .
. . . 4, 769. .
. . . 4 , 7 9 4 . .
. . . 4 , 8 3 5 . .
Recei vi ng-
End
Synchro
nous
Condensera
4 8 0 . .
3 7 0 . . .
5 1 0 . .
4 3 0 . .
330. . .
2 9 0 . .
. . . . 710. .
8 6 0 . .
8 3 0 . .
4 5 0 . .
4 9 0 . .
2. 260. .
1.820. .
1, 940. .
2, 640. .
2, 160. .
1, 600. .
1, 680. .
3 . 7 6 0 . . .
4. 040. .
5, 160. .
4, 800. .
4, 120. .
3, 200. .
6. 080. .
5. 160. .
7, 080. .
5. 480. .
6. 440. .
5, 760. .
4 . 5 6 0 . .
Intermedi ate
Synchronous
Condensers
3 2 0 . . . .
1,075
3, 320
2,040
7, 840
5.800
9, 120
3, 740
. . . 8 , 1 4 0
Other
Los s es *
4 8 . .
7 5 . .
6 8 . .
209. .
. 5, 645. .
295. .
566. .
. 1, 335. .
920. .
173. .
940. .
. 1. 325. .
. 1, 660. .
Total
Los s es
887. .
7 5 1 . . .
9 7 0 . . .
8 6 1 . . .
1. 114. . .
1, 559. . .
1, 386. . .
1. 704. . .
. . 1. 761. . .
1, 267. . .
2. 543. . .
. . 4. 012. . .
3. 344. . .
3, 525. . .
4. 460. . .
. . 13, 678. . .
. 5. 420. . .
. 1 1 . 9 2 8 . . .
6, 808. . .
. 7. 187. . .
. . 9, 670. . .
8. 002. . .
. . 14. 626. . .
. 17, 164. . .
. . 11. 163. . .
9. 892. . .
. . 13. 165. . .
10. 277. . .
11. 484. . .
. . 1 6 . 0 7 7 . . .
. 2 0 . 4 1 5 . . .
Li ne
. 3, 820.
. 1. 654.
. 3. 840.
. 2, 525. .
. 2. 690.
. 3, 770.
. 4. 170.
.. 5. 710.
. 7, 300.
.. 3, 415.
. . 7, 070.
. 7, 470.
6. 150.
. 9, 065.
. 15, 700.
. 14, 150.
. 13, 170.
. 19. 700.
. 18. 160. .
. 27. 450.
. 27. 450. ,
. 21, 400.
37. 700.
. 38, 800.
20, 500.
. 12, 180.
. 30. 750.
. 18, 000
. 36. 000.
. 4 6 , 8 5 0 .
. 62, 100.
es
Sendi ng
and
Recei vi ng
Trans
f ormers
( Mai n
Wi ndi ng
Onl y)
. . . 460
. . . 437
. . . 486
. . . 445
. . . 441
. . . 449
. . . 881
. . . 899
. . . 906
. . . 889
. . . 906
. . 2 , 2 6 3 . .
. . 2 , 1 7 5
2 212
. . . 2, 397
. . . 2 , 2 8 0 . .
. . . 2. 216
. . 2 . 2 5 9
. 4 402
4 460
. . 4 , 7 5 4
4 530
. . 4 . 6 0 0 . .
. . . 7, 035. .
. . . 6, 960. .
. . . 7, 305
6 990
. . . 7 150.
. . . 7 . 1 9 0 . .
. . 7 , 2 5 5 . .
Los s es Dependent on Load in Ki l owatts
Recei vi ng Recei vi ng-
Trans - End
f f ormers Synchro- Int ermedi at e
(Third nous Synchronous
Wi ndi ng) Condensers Condensers
. . . 1 8 1 . . .
. . . 2 1 6 . . .
. . . 1 6 0 . . .
. . . 1 3 6 . . .
. . . 4 0 4 . . .
. . . 4 6 6 . . .
. . . 4 4 8 . . .
. . . 2 3 3 . . .
. . . 2 5 9 . . .
. . . 1, 263. . .
. . . 9 9 4 . . .
1 072
1 492
. . . 1. 208. . .
. . . 8 5 6 . . .
. . . 9 0 5 . . .
2 057
2 225
2 915
2 700
. . . 2, 276. . .
. . . 1, 736 .
. . 3, 460
. . . 2, 915. . .
. . 4 065
3 110
3 685
. . . 3 , 2 7 0 . . .
. . . 2, 550. . .
. . . 4 8 0 . .
. . . 370. .
. . . 510. .
. . . 430. .
. . . 330. .
. . . 2 9 0 . .
. . . 7 1 0 . .
. . . 860. .
. . . 8 3 0 . .
. . . 4 5 0 . .
. . . 4 9 0 . .
. . . 2, 260. .
1 820
. . . 1. 940. .
. . . 2, 640. .
. . . 2. 160. .
. . . 1 , 6 0 0 .
. . 1, 680. .
. . . 3, 760. .
. . . 4, 040. .
5 160
. . . 4, 800. .
. . . 4 , 1 2 0 . .
3 200.
. . . 6, 080. .
. . . 5, 160. .
7 080
. . . 5 , 4 8 0 . .
. . . 6, 440. .
. . 5, 760. .
. . . 4, 560. .
. . . . 320
1 075
3, 320
. 2, 040. . .
7, 840
5, 800
9, 120
3, 740
8, 140
Other
Los s es *
148. .
100. .
175. .
100. . .
100. .
100. .
200. .
200. .
268. .
200. .
200. .
709. .
500. .
500. .
500. .
. 6, 695. .
500. .
. 1. 090. .
1. 000. .
1,000. .
1, 566. .
1. 000. .
. 2, 865. .
2. 530. .
1, 773. .
1, 600. .
2, 540.
1, 600. .
1, 600. .
. 3, 455. .
. 3, 920. .
Total
Losses
. . 4,908
. . 2.742
. . 5,011
. . 3,716
. . 3.721
. . 5,065
. 6,365
. . 8,135
. . 9,752
. . 5.187
. . 10.000
. . 13,965
. . 11, 639
. . 14.789
22.729
. . 29, 813
. . 21, 382
. . 33. 114
. . 29. 379
. . 39, 175
. . 41, 845
.34,430
. . 57, 361
59,901
. . 38, 848
.28,815
51,690
35,180
. . 54, 875
. 70.265
88,525
* These include losses in shunt reactors on generator bus, in the increment generator kilovolt-amperes required by the shunt reactors, and in the current-limiting
greater only where the 345-kv equipment
is involved. The error in estimating.
labor costs, costs of installation, and costs
of miscellaneous substation equipment is
probably close to 15 per cent. If one
considers that these costs are obtained
from study of actual systems and that in
themselves they form only a part of the
total system cost, i t will be seen that the
error is well within the limits of allowable
engineering accuracy.
Surnmary and Conclusions
Results of the study may be summa
rized as follows:
1. The magnitude of the block of power,
the transmission distance, and the voltage
of transmission are economically interre
lated. Transmission of a certain block of
power at a certain voltage requires a definite
distance of transmission if the most eco
nomical results are to be obtained for the
system as a whole. Similarly when trans
mission is over a certain distance at a certain
voltage, there is a definite magnitude of the
block of power that can be transmitted most
economically. The voltage of transmission
over a certain specific distance depends on
the block of power transmitted: for an
over-all economical transmission, the voltage
must increase to the next standard value as
the block of power increases at certain inter
vals. These conclusions follow from both
the capital and the annual cost figures.
2. As the block of power transmitted in
creases, with a simultaneous increase in the
transmission distance, the cost per mile of
the entire transmission system decreases at a
rate greater than the rate of voltage increase.
V)
<
H 140
0
0 120
0
0
< 100
V)
3
0
80
i
X 60
0 "
w

X 40
<

20
5
0
I
!
H
<f
A

/,
S
/
_,
X
, /
c
s
>
/
s
s
y
B
^
/
/
A
F
D
0 I00O 200O 3000 AO00 5000 6000
CIRCUIT-BREAKER 3-PHASE INTERRUPTING
CAPACITY MEGAVOLT-AMPERES
F
'3ure 9. Cost of three-phase oil circuit
breakers
A
- 345- 8 E. 230H5
345- 6 F. 230- 4 or 3
C 345-4 or 3 G. 138-8
- 230-8 H. 138- 4 or 3
lrs
t figure represents circuit-breaker con
g o u s operating voltage; the second/ its
interrupting time
3. For the highest economy of operation,
the transmission system must carry a load
which is as close to the load for which it is
designed as possible. Therefore the system
must be designed for the block of power
which is fully marketable either immediately
or in the near future.
4. The curves given may be used to deter
mine the most economical transmission volt
age, distance, or block of power within the
range investigated. They may be interpo
lated for voltages other than those used in
the study. Both capital and annual costs
may be estimated from the curves at the
basic costs and economic factors assumed.
5. Study of the cost of various means em
ployed for the increase of system transient-
stability limit, as reflected in the increased
system rating, shows that this expenditure
is amply justified, in every case greatly de
creasing the cost of kilowatt transmitted.
Of all the means available for this purpose,
the high-speed circuit breaker attains the
result at the lowest cost. The means for in
creasing the system rating by raising its
transient-stability limit, however, are to be
employed only when the additional kilo
watts that may be delivered can find a ready
market. In systems operating at a voltage
which is too low in comparison with the
distance of transmission or with the block of
power transmitted, the cost of stability
improvement is so high as to make it more
economical to resort to a higher transmission
voltage.
6. There is a certain region of kilowatt-
mileage combinations where the transmis
sion voltage of 345 kv is decidedly more
economical than the 230-kv voltage. If
ever the cost of the 345-kv equipment be
comes lower than that taken in the study,
the region of the economical application of
the 345-kv voltage will be extended beyond
the range indicated in this study.
7. Tables are given showing the division on
a percentage basis of the system capital and
annual costs into their major component
parts. Tables also show the amount of
various equipment used in the system, by
number or by weight of material. When
costs other than those used in this study are
considered for system equipment, for labor
and installation, for the right-of-way or
other system parts; when basic prices of
steel and copper change; or when it is de
sired to modify some of the factors affecting
the capital or annual cost structureall
of these modifications may be introduced
through the use of the percentage-cost and
the equipment tables. Similarly the tables
may be used for estimating the cost when it
is desired to modify the design of some sys
tem parts or to change the amount of equip
ment used, at the same time retaining the
costs and economic assumptions of the
study Thus the cost of the system may be
easily recalculated, and the effect of result
ing changes on the cost per kilowatt, per
mile, or per kilowatt-hour may be estimated
without making a new design or cost calcu
lation.
8. It is emphasized that for an exact deter
mination of capital or annual costs of an
actual system, these must be calculated
with all the necessary detail. In some
cases, with a certain combination of various
factors, costs lower or higher than those
reached in this study may be obtained. It
is believed, however, that the relative costs
and the effect of various factors will remain
as presented.
9. In view of the economic advantages the
345-kv systems have in numerous instances
over the 230-kv systems, the belief is ex
pressed that the development of 345-kv
equipment should begin. The engineering
principles for this equipment will be essen
tially the same as for lower voltages, and
the problem should present no extraordinary
difficulties.
Appendix
1. The costs of 345-kv power transform
ers, oil circuit breakers for various opening
times, air-break disconnectors, and lightning
arresters are given in Figures 8, 9, and 10,
jointly with costs of the corresponding
equipment for lower voltages.
The type of grounding and the higher-
than-normal voltage of the secondary wind
ing of the transformers are accounted for in*
their cost. When transformers are required
to operate for two hours with a 25 per cent
overload, their price is increased by 12.5 per
cent for the 230-kv units, and by 15 per cent
for the 330- to 345-kv transformers. Prices
of transformers of non-standard kilovolt-
ampere sizes are determined by interpola
tion between adjacent standard sizes.
Prices of three-phase oil circuit breakers
with lower than eight-cycle opening time, as
well as those with an interrupting capacity
higher than at present manufactured, are
averages obtained from various manufac
turers.
Prices of lightning arresters are for Thy-
rite-type units for grounded-neutral circuits.
In a few cases prices of the 345-kv equip
ment are obtained by extrapolation of prices
for 230- or 287-kv equipment. All prices of
Xz*
"
<:
1
A
- j j J
z.
[BJ
c~]
...._
33
S'
2
<
m 8
o
2
69 138 230 287 345
OPERATING VOLTAGE , LINE-TO-LINE-KILOVOUS
Figure 10. Cost of air-break disconnecting
switches and lightning arresters
. 600-ampere air-break disconnector
B. 1,200-ampere air-break disconnector.
C. Three-phase l i ghtni ng arrester, grounded
neutral
Ai r-break disconnectors art three-pole out
door motor-operated
the 345-kv equipment contain from 10 to 15
per cent allowance for development costs.
2. All systems are equipped with carrier-
current apparatus for both communication
and relaying purposes. The carrier-current
equipment for communication is a single-
frequency "hiplex," with a bus coupling at
both ends of the system through capacitors
with potential devices. Carrier-current
apparatus for relaying is connected directly
to the line and is duplicated for each trans
mission-line circuit. Each sectionalizing
station is equipped with a "Simplex" trans
mitter-receiver for communication, con
nected also directly to the bus. Systems 75
miles and longer are provided with patrol
man sets for communication purposes; they
are coupled permanently to the line and
duplicated for lines on the separate right of
way.
All prices, including those for the 345-kv
systems, were obtained from manufacturers.
3. A typical calculation of the total sys
tem capital cost is given in Table IX. The
table gives the six major parts of the capital-
cost structure and their subdivisions.
4. System losses are given in Table X.
All losses are divided into those independent
of the load and those dependent on it.
The corona loss in the line is calculated by
the Carroll-Rockwell method. The PR
losses in the line are calculated from currents
actually measured on the a-c network ana
lyzer. The losses in the line are greater than
in other system parts. In long and heavy
systems the line efficiency is actually con
trolled by requirements of reliability and
service continuity, which require a certain
system voltage, a definite conductor di
ameter, and a certain amount of copper.
The generator losses are calculated only
for the incremental generator kilovolt-
ampere capacity, for pairs of systems trans
mitting equal blocks of power over equal
distances at different voltages. The same
procedure with regard to the incremental
generator kilovolt-ampere capacity has been
followed in the capital cost structure.
Generator losses independent of the load
and dependent on it are taken as equal.
Two fifths of the total losses in the sending
transformer and in the main winding of the
receiving transformer are taken as inde
pendent of the load; the remaining three
fifths are copper losses dependent on the
load. To the latter are added copper losses
in the third winding of the receiving trans
formers.
Losses in the synchronous condensers,
whether hydrogen- or air-cooled, are taken
as supplied by manufacturers, and are
divided equally between those dependent on
the load and those independent of it.
In systems where shunt reactors are con
nected to the generator bus, it is assumed
that 35 per cent of their capacity is perma
nently connected to the system; their losses
therefore are independent of the load.
Losses in the remaining shunt reactors de
pend on the load. These are air-core reac
tors, and their efficiency at 100 per cent load
is taken at 99.6 per cent.
References
1. PROBLEMS OP 2 2 0 - K V POWER TRANSMI SSI ON,
A. E. Silver. AI EE TRANSACTI ONS, vol ume 38,
1919, pages 1036- 1135.
2. T HE ECONOMICS OF POWER TRANSMI SSI ON AS
I NFLUENCED BY RECENT STABI LI TY STUDI ES AND
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Costs Study of 69-To 345-Kv Overhead Power-Transmission Systems

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