1.

Babur was not content with ruling over the small kingdom of Farghana. He attacked Samarkand, but his uncles defeated him and he even lost his own kingdom Farghana. Thus, he became a wanderer. It was during this Period that he came to Kabul and captured it in 1504 and so came in touch with India whose wealth was a standing temptation. Babur had heard of the rich land called India and remembered his grandfather Timur's invasion of India. In 1517 and again in 1519, he swept down the Afghan plateau into the plains of India. He entered the Punjab in 1523 on the invitation of Daulat Khan Lodhi, the governor of the province, and 'Alam Khan, an uncle of Ibrahim Lodhi, the Delhi Sultan.

2.

Mehr-un-Nissa, was Empress of the Mughal Empire as the chief consort of Emperor Jahangir. A strong, charismatic and well-educated woman, she is considered to be one of the most powerful and influential women of the 17th century Mughal Empire. She was the twentieth and favourite wife of the Emperor Jahangir. Nur Jahan was able to wield a significant amount of imperial influence and was often considered at the time to be the real power behind the throne. She remains historically significant for not only the sheer political power she maintained (a feat no Mughal women before her had ever achieved) but also for her contribution to Indian culture, charity work, commercial trade and her ability to rule with an iron fist. Abul Muzaffar Muhi-ud-Din Mohammad Aurangzeb, (4 November 1618 - 3 March 1707) commonly known as Aurangzeb and by his imperial title Alamgir("world-seizer or universe-seizer") was the sixth Mughal Emperor and ruled over most of the Indian subcontinent. His reign lasted for 49 years from 1658 until his death in 1707. Aurangzeb was a notable expansionist and during his reign, the Mughal Empire reached its greatest extent. He was among the wealthiest of the Mughal rulers with an annual yearly tribute of 38,624,680 (in 1690). He was a pious Muslim, and his policies partly abandoned the legacy of Akbar's secularism, which remains a very controversial aspect of his reign. During his lifetime, victories in the south expanded the Mughal Empire to more than 3.2 million square kilometres and he ruled over a population estimated as being in the range of 100-150 million subjects. He was a strong and effective ruler, but with his death the great period of the Mughal dynasty came to an end, and central control of the sub-continent declined rapidly.

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4.

Sher Shah had fixed the state demand at one-third of the produce and made regulations for the equitable collection of land revenue. Sher Shah's system

was adopted by Akbar with th necessary alterations. Sher Shah's regime was too short to stabilize the system. Akbar's long region gave him ample opportunity to plan out, develop and perfect his system. In 1582, Raja Todar Mai became the Diwan-i-Ashraf or Diwan-i-Chief. The whole of the Land Revenue system was thoroughly over-hauled. The prevailing system at that time was to fix assessments every year on the basis of the yield and prices. The result was that the demand of the state varied from year to year. Land was divided into 4 classes. Polaj land was that land which was regularly cultivated and yielded revenue from year to year. Parauti land was that land which was occasionally left uncultivated so that it may regain its productive capacity during the interval. Chachhar land was that land which was left uncultivated for 3 or 4 years. Banjar land was that land which was left uncultivated for,, 5 or more years.

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