`=f~=

a~~
rkfsbopfqv=lc=tfp`lkpfk=pqlrq
`liibdb=lc=p`fbk`bI=qb`eklildvI=bkdfkbbofkdI=^ka=j^qebj^qf`p
ib`qrob=u
aK=g~=bK=`~~~

`==
`~=j~~

Lets try to visualize the effect of

strength and the geometry that
would correspond to a design for
a specific load.

Lets take two very prominent

materials:

Steel: E=29000000psi

Concrete: E=3600000psi

It is obvious that in order to

compensate the strength
difference, we will address the
geometric form, i.e. the cross
sectional area. So a Steel column
can be way more slender than a
concrete column, just to bear the
load.



t~=f=q=b=l=
`=p\

Imagine the effect of purely axial load applied in

this element.

What do you think will happen?

Even if there is no shear or moment applied,

do you believe that it will crush from the axial
load?

The uniformity and homogeneity of the

material should be challenged. Even with
prefabricated materials that are made under
the strictest of regulations, we can expect
some slight abnormalities. Those will render
the element asymmetrical and stronger on one
direction versus another.

The formula that determines a column to be

slender or not is the following:
k
l
u
r
34 12
M
1
M
2

`==
p

This is a general
method that we
can roughly apply
in order to
consider how the
connections can
effect the
strength of the
column.

More on this will

be addressed
during the next
lecture.

t~===b=l=
`=p\

Also we need to consider the following:

ACI 10.12.3. defines Mc as the magnified moment and M2 the larger

factored end moment of a no sway compression member:

In case our calculations provide minimal result we can apply the

minimum eccentricity formula:

The moment magnifier ns is used to estimate the lateral

deflection effect. It involves the code modificator Cm which is
also given below:

e
min
0.6 0.03 h +

M
c

ns
M
2

ns
C
m
1
P
u
.75 P
c

1.0 C
m
0.6 0.4
M
1
M
2
+ 0.4



e=_=f=^=l=
`

Once a slight deflection takes place on an axially

loaded element, there is more eccentricity
generated, which in turn produces a second
generation moment, which will result in further
deflection, one more round of moment and
deflection and so on and so forth, until equilibrium
is reached.

Looping this process to analyze the deflection and

the applied moment over and over may be
extraordinarily tedious and the result will not vary
tremendously once two or three cycles are
reached.

Timoshenko resolves this process by multiplying

the primary moment by the following formula,
which can give us a result that is precise enough
for us:

M
magn
M
u
1
1
P
u
P
c

:=

b~
M
magn
95.347k' = M
magn
M
u
1
1
P
u
P
c

:=
P
c
2228.956kip = P
c

2
E
c
I
k l
u
( )
2
:=
I 3375in
4
= I
b
w
h
3

12
:=
Using Euler's buckling load formula for secondary moment :
E
c
3122.02ksi = E
c
57000
f'
c
psi
psi :=
Calculating Young's modulus of concrete:
M
u
90k' = M
u
P
lat
l
u
4
:=
Estimatiing primary moment:
k 1 :=
h 1.25ft := V
u
0kip := M
uini
0k' k' := P
u
125kip :=
b
w
1ft := P
lat
20kip := l
u
18ft := f'
c
3ksi := f
y
60ksi :=
Calculat e t he primary moment due t o a lat eral 20k load and det ermine t h
t ot al moment . bw=1ft , h=1.25ft , k=1.0 and lu=18ft



t~=^=a=`~=
^=l=p~\

What happens in the case of double curvature with

equal but reverse moments, or in the case where we
have no moment on one end? In the first scenario
we have moment and deflection equal to zero and in
the second, we have a deflection that is about half of
what the amplification factor provides, and a very
large moment.

Therefore, the code addresses the issue by the use of

the modification factor Cm which can vary between
0.4 and 1.0 that is to be used for braced frames
without transverse loads. For other cases the value
to be taken is 1.0

C
m
0.6 0.4
M
1
M
2
+ 0.4

`lirjkp==
pqo^fk=afpqof_rqflk=J=
b~
k 0.8 :=
Assuming that M1=minM2 to cause compression on the same face such
that M1/M2=1and k factor is for elastic connection on a multi-story building:
PL LL := Pu 1080 kip = Pu LL 1.6 DL 1.2 + :=
PD DL :=
LL_factored 264 kip = LL_factored LL 1.6 := LL 165000lbf :=
DL_factored 816 kip = DL_factored DL 1.2 := DL 680000lbf :=
Processing Data:
Using inches and lb for consistency
h 20 := b
w
16 := Lu 248.4in := fy 60000 := f'c 5000 := As_10 1.27 :=
Determine whether or not a 16*20 in section with 12#10 bars is adequate for Pu=1080k @ minimum
eccentricity (Code clause 10.12.2) about the minor axis of the column. The Column height Lu=20.7ft
Problem Statement:



b~=K
Ec 4030.509 ksi = Ec 57000 f'c
ksi
1000

:=
Determining the modulus of elasticity of Concrete:
Cm 1 = Cm 0.6 0.4
M1
M2

+ :=
Determining the Cm (factor relating the actual moment diagram of a slender column to an equivalent uniform
moment diagram:
Solution:
M1 M2min :=
&
M2 M2min :=
Note: As stated in the handed out code (ACI318 10.12.3.2), the units of 0.6 and (h) (or c1) are taken in inches. Also note that in
this case we treat as h (or c1) the short side of the column because we solve for the max moment on the weakest side.
The result can be written in any format the user prefers. As k' are defined above, the k' option is provided.
M2min 108 k' =
OR
M2min 1296 kip in = M2min Pu 0.6 0.03 h + ( ) 1 in ( ) [ ] :=
Determining the M2min:
kLu 198.72 in = kLu k Lu :=

b~=K
C l l ti th (P ) iti l l d
EI 1.026 10
7
kip in
2
=
EI
0.2 Ec Ig Es Is + ( )
1 d + ( )
:=
Calculating the EI (stiffness) - See ACI code 10.12.2 & 10.12.3:
Is 324.414 in
4
= Is As_10 n1 d1
2
n2 d2
2
+
( )
in
4
( )
:=
Es 29000ksi := n2 4 := n1 8 := d2 1.8333 := d1 5.5 :=
Solving for the moment of Inertia of the steel rebars using the Ad^2 formula. There shall be 2.5" cover,
allowing 11" along the short axis, so the distance of the outer bars shall be 5.5" and the distance of the inner
bars shall be 11"/(3*2), or 1.833":
Ig 10666.667 in
4
= Ig
b
w
h
3

12

in
4
( )
:=
Determining the (Ig) gross moment of Inertia of the element along the minor axis (see problem statement):
d 0.756 = d 1.2
PD
Pu
:=
Calculating the (d) ratio of maximum factored axial Dead Load to the total axial load:



b~=K
Calculating the (Pc) critical load:
Pc

2
EI
kLu ( )
2
:= Pc 2563.477 kip =
Calculating the ns (moment magnification factor - applied to frame columns that are braced against
sidesway, reflecting effects of member curvature between ends):
ns
Cm
1
Pu
0.75 Pc

:= ns 2.2817 =
Considering the ultimate moment (Mu) to be equivalent to the critical Moment (Mc) now we solve for the Mc:
Mc ns M2 := Mc 246.4274 k' =
Pu 1080 kip =

`lirjkp==
pqo^fk=afpqof_rqflk

We see the
interaction
diagram can
determine the
capacity of stress
that can be
applied to a
column.

Lets use the

Excel sheet
provided for in
class exercise.
Column design
Moment vs Axial load
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Mn (K')

P
n

(
K
)
pmfo^i=obfkclo`bjbkq
`lk`obqb=`lirjk=abpfdk
Problem Statement:
Select a cross section for a spirally reinforced column section to support the loads indicated below, using
f'c of 5 ksi and grade 60 steel reinforcement. Try to use g of 4%.
Processing Data:
Factorizing Dead and Live load:
Dead load is multiplied by a factor of 1.2 and Live load by a factor of 1.6:
PD 620kip := PD_factored PD 1.2 := PD_factored 744 kip =
PL 328kip := PL_factored PL 1.6 := PL_factored 524.8 kip = Pu PD_factored PL_factored + :=
Pu 1268.8 kip =
MD 0k' := MD_factored MD 1.2 := MD_factored 0 k' =
ML 80k' := ML_factored ML 1.6 := ML_factored 128 k' = Mu MD_factored ML_factored + :=
Mu 128 k' =
f'c 5ksi := fy 60ksi :=
.75 :=
ACI 318 - 10.3.6: For spiral =.75, for tied =.65
Also, the first factor changes from .85 to .80 for tied.
Solution:
The length value that is the result of the division of the applied moment by the applied axial load is the
eccentricity "ecc" of the column.
Almost always, a compression member may assume a moment either because the axial load is not
perfectly centered on the column, or because the column will resist portion of the unbalanced moments
at the ends of the beams it supports. In order not to confuse the term "e" with the base of the natural
logarithm, we can use the term ecc.
Eccentricity should not be higher than 10%, so
we can set a minimum diameter of one foot
ecc
Mu
Pu
:= ecc 1.211 in =
For reinforcement of 3% the letter "" that signifies density is used
g_max .08 g_min .01 g .04 :=
g
Ast
Ag
=
The reason we use the g is to determine the area of the column.
The ACI code gives the following formula for non prestressed
members w/spiral reinforcements (ACI 318 10.3.6.1)
maxPn Pu :=
maxPn 0.85 0.85 f'c Ag ( ) g Ag fy 0.85 f'c ( ) + [ ] =
Inversing data:
Ag
maxPn
0.85 0.85 f'c g fy 0.85 f'c ( ) + [ ]
:=
Ag 307.141 in
2
=
Since the column shall be circular, we can use the formula of the
circle's area to estimate an approximate radius and round it.
r
Ag

:=
r 9.888 in =
Rounding
..
r 10in :=
Therefore: Ag r
2
:=
Ag 314.159 in
2
=
Using the following formulas now we can determine the steel
reinforcement
maxPn 0.85 0.85f'c Ag As ( ) fy As + [ ] =
OR
maxPn 0.85 0.85 f'c Ag ( ) g Ag fy 0.85 f'c ( ) + [ ] =
However, none of the above formulas can be inverted for us to use in terms of As which
is what we are trying to solve for. Therefore, we can use a system called "solve block"
with an initial guess and allow a series of iterations to take place until a solution is found.
maxPn Pu :=
Guess values: As g Ag := As 12.566 in
2
= This seems like a good starting point.
Given maxPn 0.85 0.85f'c Ag As ( ) fy As + [ ] = (ACI 10.3.5.1)
Ast_value Find As ( ) :=
As Ast_value := As 11.751 in
2
=
For rebars smaller than #9 a formula can be used to define the As:
Try 12 #9 rebars. The formula will yield slightly imprecise result As should be 12 sq. inches
BarSize1 11 := n1 8 := BarSize2 14 := n2 0 :=
1.56 8 12.48 =
As
BarSize1
16
|

\
|
.
2
n1
BarSize2
16
|

\
|
.
2
n2 +

(
(

in
2
:= As 11.879 in
2
=
As 12.48in
2
:=
Verifying.....
maxPn 0.85 0.85f'c Ag As ( ) fy As + [ ] := maxPn 1294.722 kip =
g
As
Ag
:=
g 0.0397 =
This is a very good result. We are only very slightly above our g ratio is as we initially aimed for.
o`=qfba=`lirjk=a
Design a tied column cross section to support an axial load of 350 kips, a
moment load of 110kip feet, and a shear load of 14kips. All of the above are
factorized. The column is in a braced frame with an unsupported length of
10 ft 6 inches.
f
y
60ksi := f'
c
4ksi := l
u
10.5ft := Clear
cover
1.5in :=
P
u
300kip := M
u
110k' := V
u
14kip :=
.65 :=
Estimatiing an initial ratio of steel for tied columns t:
Based on the most efficient ratio that would be between 1% and 2%, we select an initial ratio of 1.5%

t
.015 :=
Estimating the initial dimensios of the column:
The cross sectional area for a tied column is given by the following formula: ACI 318: 10.3.6.2
A
g_ini
5 P
u

2.21 f'
c
2.6 f
y

t
+ 2.21 f'
c

t

:=
A
g_ini
135.8 in
2
=
Given the option that we may design a square base column.....we estimate an initial base value:
b
ini
A
g_ini
:=
b
ini
11.65 in =
Given the fact that there are significant moments applied on this column, it would be wise to
override the initial calculation that takes only direct loads into account. Let's round it up about
10 -15% on each side:
b
trial
trunc
b
ini
in
1.25
|

\
|
.
in := b
trial
14 in = b b
trial
:=
h b :=
A
g
b h := A
g
196 in
2
=
Determining the bar arrangement:
To determine the preferable bar arrangement
we compute the ratio of eccentricity to the
height "h" of the column: Note: This is "h" in
cross section, not the actual column height.
ecc
M
u
P
u
:= ecc 4.4in =
According to the figure indicated it will
be more appropriate to apply re-bars on
both sides of this column:
ecc
h
0.31 =
Column slenderness can be neglected if:
k
l
u
r
34 12
M
1
M
2
|

\
|
.

According to ACI code 10.11.2, the radius of gyration of rectangular columns is 0.3h and .25D for
circular columns. Since this is a braced frame k is lesser or equal to1.0 and the ratio of M1 to M2
can vary between +/- 0.5. We can assume that k=1.0 and M1/M2=0.5. Therefore the above
relations yield the following results:
r .3 h := k 1 :=
M
1
M
2
0.5 =
k
l
u
r
30 = 34 12
M
1
M
2
|

\
|
.
28 =
Slenderness
cond
if k
l
u
r
34 12
M
1
M
2
|

\
|
.
"Neglect column slenderness" , "Design slender column" ,

(
(

:=
Slenderness
cond
"Design slender column" =
I
b h
3

12
:= I 3201.33 in
4
=
E
c
57000
f'
c
psi
psi := E
c
3605 ksi =
P
c

2
E
c
I
k l
u

( )
2
:= P
c
7174.55 kip =
M
magn
M
u
1
1
P
u
P
c

\
|
|
.
:= M
magn
114.8 k' =
Computing the "" ratio :
At this point we need to compute the value gamma () which is the ratio of distance of centroids of
outer rows of bars and column dimension perpendicular to the bending axis: We shall assume that
the ties are #3 rebars and the longitudinal bars are #7:
d
lbar
.875in := d
tbar
.375in :=

h 2 Clear
cover
d
tbar
+
d
lbar
2
+
|

\
|
.

(
(

h
:=
0.6696 =
We need to point out that the assumption we make about the #7 rebars may prove imprecise, in
which case we shall need to reiterate this process. Given the gamma value above we will refer to
the ACI interaction diagrams (or use our own system!!!) to define again the ratio of steel t.
P
u
f'
c
A
g

0.589 =
M
magn
f'
c
A
g
h
0.193 =
For the above values the interaction diagram for gamma 0.6 gives a rho value of 0.03. The diagram
for a gamma value of 0.7 gives a rho value of 0.025. We shall apply linear interpolation to compute
the value of rho at gamma found. ACI code defines that rho should lie between 0.01 and 0.08.
t is the ratio of total reonforcement area divided by the cross sectional area of a column

t
0.03 0.03 0.025 ( )
.6 ( )
.7 .6 ( )
:=
t
0.0265 =
Rho
lo_condition
if
t
.01 < "Low value" , "OK" ,
( )
:= Rho
lo_condition
"OK" =
Rho
hi_condition
if
t
.08 > "High value" , "OK" ,
( )
:= Rho
hi_condition
"OK" =
Selecting reinforcement:
A
s

t
A
g
:= A
s
5.1975 in
2
=
A
s
.44in
2
11.8 =
We can select twelve 6 bars, six on each face but let's verify
that spacing will be approved:.
n
lbar
6 := d
lbar
.75in := A
lbar
0.44in
2
:=
s
b 2 Clear
cover
2d
tbar
n
lbar
d
lbar

( )
n
lbar
1
:= s 1.15 in =
Spacing if s max d
lbar
1in ,
( )
< "Redesign" , "OK" ,
( )
:= Spacing "OK" =
Design the lap splices:
Bar Designation
Number
Weight per
foot (lbf) Diameter db Area As Perimeter
3 0.376 0.375 0.11 1.178
4 0.668 0.500 0.20 1.571
5 1.043 0.625 0.31 1.963
6 1.502 0.750 0.44 2.356
7 2.044 0.875 0.60 2.749
8 2.670 1.000 0.79 3.142
9 3.400 1.128 1.00 3.544
10 4.318 1.270 1.27 3.990
11 5.304 1.410 1.56 4.430
14 7.650 1.693 2.25 5.319
18 13.600 2.257 4.00 7.091
l
d6
1.3d
lbar
f
y
psi
25
f'
c
psi
:= l
d6
36.99865 in =
l
d6
3.08322 ft =
So let's reevaluate our rho value:
A
s_fin
2n
lbar
A
lbar
:=
A
s_fin
5.28 in
2
=

A
s_fin
A
g
:= 0.02694 =
Selecting the ties:
Based on ACI 7.10.5.2, the least of the following three conditions determines the spacing of the
ties:
col
least_dim
if b h < b , h , ( ) := col
least_dim
14 in = 48 d
tbar
18 in = 16 d
lbar
12 in =
Tie
Spacing
min col
least_dim
48 d
tbar
, 16 d
lbar
,
( )
:= Tie
Spacing
12 in =
We need to make reference to the subject we addressed on principal stresses to visualize the effect
of the following formula. The factor "Nu" represents an axial tension force resulting from the
compression. The angle theta "" to be used is the critical 45 degrees.
45deg :=
.85 :=
d b 2 Clear
cover
d
tbar
+
d
lbar
2
+
|

\
|
.
:= d 9.5in =
N
u
P
u
tan ( )
:= N
u
300 kip =
V
c
2
f'
c
psi
psi b d 1
N
u
lbf
|

\
|
.
2000
A
g
in
2
+

(
(
(
(
(

:= V
c
25.2 kip =
Check ACI sections 7.10.5, 11.4.5.1 and 11.4.6.3.
If Vc<Vu<Vc, the ACI code section 7.10.5 governs.
The end result...#3 ties @ 12 inches o.c.



o~

Reading:

Required: Furlong, Chapt 7.3 through 7.6 incl.

Recommended: McCormac & Nelson, Chapter 11 (pp. 317-333) for this

weeks lectures.