Chapter #12: The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism 1. The U.S. vs.

. England fighting had a few themes: (a) U.S. lost in Canada, (b) U.S. surprisingly won at sea, (c) the two split in the Chesapeake, and (d) the U.S. won the big battle at New Orleans. 2. The war was not universally supported. Mostly, the North opposed the war since it was bad for trade. The South and West generally favored the war. 3. After the war, the U.S. could focus on herself, as with the American System to build up the economy. 4. In terms of expansion, a few things happened: (a) the Missouri Compromise drew an EastWest line to separate slave and free states, (b) Oregon and Florida became American lands, and (c) the Monroe Doctrine warned Europe to stay away! IDENTIFICATIONS: Rush-Bagot Agreement Rush-Bagot Agreement was an agreement that limited naval armament on the lakes. Better relations brought the last border fortifications down in the 1870s, with the happy result that the United States and Canada came to share the worlds longest unfortified boundary. Second Bank of the United States In 1816, during the administration of President James Madison, the Democratic-Republicans reversed course and supported its creation. It was patterned after the first and quickly established branches throughout the Union. Francis Cabot Lowell Francis Cabot Lowell led a group of merchants called the Boston Associates and added a new dimension to factory production. Many of the earlier factories used Slaters cotton spinning machines and setup hand looms. In 1813, Lowell combined the spinning machines with power weaving machines at the Boston Manufacturing Company plant. Lowell was able to mechanize the entire process and mass produce standardized cloth Era of Good Feelings Era of Good Feelings was a name for the period of President James Monroe. The happy phrase has been commonly used to describe the administrations of Monroe. However the name was a misnomer, because sectionalism was crystallizing and the conflict over slavery was beginning to come forward. Adams-Onis Treaty In Adams-Onis Treaty, also known as the Transcontinental Treaty, Spain sold Florida to the United States, and America gave up its claims to Texas. The U.S. and Mexico border was also set so that Texas and the American Southwest would be part of Mexico

Panic of 1819 A time when the good feelings of the era ended and economic panic began increasing. It brought deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank failures, unemployment and overcrowded debtors prisons. This resulted from over-speculation in the strong Bank of the United States. Tallmadge Amendment Tallmadge Amendment stipulated that no more slaves should be brought into Missouri and also provided for the gradual emancipation of children born to slave parents already there. A roar of anger burst from the slaveholding southerners after this agreement and were joined by many depression-cursed prisoners who favored unhampered expansion of the West. Missouri Compromise Missouri compromise asserted that Missouri be admitted as a slave state, but at the same time have Maine become a separate free state. This kept the eager balance of North and South states in Congress. Although Missouri was permitted to retain slaves, all future bondage was prohibited in the remainder of the Louisiana Purchase north of the line of 3630- the southern boundary of Missouri. John Marshall John Marshall was a Federalist Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. His commanding personality and powerful intellect helped shape the American legal tradition more profoundly than any other figure. His most notable case is the Marbury vs. Madison, in which he ruled that only the Supreme Court has the right of judicial review. Latin American Revolution The Latin American people in this revolution have several wars of independence, wars against European colonial rule that led to the independence of the Latin American states. This revolution was strongly inspired by those of America and France. Monroe Doctrine Monroe Doctrine was born late in 1823, when the nationalistic Adams won the nationalistic Monroe over to his way of thinking. The president, in his regular annual message to Congress on December 2, 1823, incorporated a stern warning to the European powers. It stated noncolonization and nonintervention.

GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: On to Canada over Land and Lakes Know: Oliver Hazard Perry, Thomas Macdonough 1. Evaluate the success of the US navy in the fight for Canada. American navy commanded by Oliver Hazard Perry captured British fleet in Lake Erie. Perrys victory and his slogan infused new life into the dropping American cause. When British had to take the lake-river route, Thomas Macdonough had to fight 10,000 British crack troops with weaker American fleet. Thomas Macdonough won in a dire situation and saved the upper part of New York. Washington Burned and New Orleans Defended Know: Francis Scott Key, Andrew Jackson, Battle of New Orleans 2. Did the United States fight the War of 1812 effectively? Explain. Although the White House burnt down, the United States fairly fought the War of 1812 effectively. Americans defended Fort McHenry even though it was bombarded with cannons. Andrew Jackson defended New Orleans from the third British blow of 1814. The British made a major blunder which killed or wounded over two thousand men just over an hour while the army under Andrew Jackson suffered some 70 casualties. The Treaty of Ghent Know: Treaty of Ghent, John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay 3. Was the Treaty of Ghent advantageous to the United States? Explain. The Treaty of Ghent was neither advantageous nor disadvantageous. The treaty negotiations like the war itself ended as a virtual draw. However, relieved Americans boasted that not one inch of territory was ceded or lost. Federalist Grievances and the Hartford Convention Know: Blue Light Federalists, Hartford Convention 4. What did the Hartford Convention do? The Hartford Convention demanded financial assistance from Washington to compensate for lost trade and proposed constitutional amendments requiring a two-thirds vote in Congress before an embargo could be imposed, new states admitted or war declared. It wanted to abolish 3/5th clause in the Constitution and prohibit the election of two successive presidents from the same state. However, this Convention ended up being left in obscurity, because the recent victory against British made the Convention seem petty. The Hartford resolutions as it turned out were the death of the Federalist group. The Second War for American Independence 5. What were the long term effects of the War of 1812? War heroes like Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison were to become president. Indians were once again forced to give up their land. Also, the War of 1812 bred greater American

independence, The industries that were thus stimulated by the fighting rendered America less dependent on Europes workshops. Nascent Nationalism Know: Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, Stephen Decatur 6. What evidence of nationalism surfaced after the War of 1812? America may not have fought the war as one nation, but it emerged as one nation. Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper was known for their use of American scenes and themes. School textbooks were written by American authors and the highly intellectual North American Review began publication in 1815, in the year of the triumph at New Orleans. A revival of Bank of the United States was voted by Congress in 1816 and the army was raised to 10,000 men. "The American System" Know: Tariff of 1816, Henry Clay, The American System, Erie Canal 7. In what ways could nationalism be seen in the politics and economics of the post-war years? A nationalist Congress passed the Tariff of 1816, the first tariff in American history instituted primarily for protection, not revenue. However its 20 to 25 percent on the value of dutiable imports were not high enough to provide completely adequate safeguards. Nationalism was further highlighted by Henry Clay who proposed an elaborate scheme known as the American System. This system asked for a strong banking system, protective tariff, and a network of roads and canals. The So-Called Era of Good Feelings Know: James Monroe, Virginia Dynasty, Era of Good Feelings 8. To what extent was James Monroe's presidency an Era of Good Feelings? President James Monroe straddled two generations: the bygone age of the Founding Fathers and the emergent age of nationalism . Emerging nationalism was further cemented by a goodwill tour Monroe undertook early in 1817, ostensibly to inspect military defenses. Even in Federalist New England, perceived as the enemys country, he received a heartwarming welcome. However, the Era of Good Feelings was a misnomer, because of sectionalism and the conflict over slavery. The Panic of 1819 and the Curse of Hard Times Know: Wildcat Banks, Panic of 1819 9. Explain the causes and effects of the Panic of 1819. The cause of the Panic of 1819 was the overspeculation of lands. When the economy got bad, the Bank of the United States forced the speculative western banks to the wall and foreclosed mortgages on countless farms. Growing Pains of the West 10. What factors led to the settlement of the West in the years following the War? In part it was simply a continuation of the generations-old westward movement, which had been going on since early colonial days. The cheap land, the Ohio fever had a special appeal to European immigrants. War of boycotts and bullets caused newcomers to go for Western lands. Land

exhaustion in the older tobacco states drove them westward also. Crushing of the Indians by Jackson and Harrison pacified the frontier and opened up vast virgin tracts of land. The building of highways improved the land routes to the Ohio Valley. Slavery and the Sectional Balance Know: Tallmadge Amendment, Peculiar Institution 11 Why was Missouri's request for statehood so explosive? Missouri was going to be a slave state. If Missouri became a slave state, then there would be 12 slave states and 11 Free states, thus ruining the sectional balance. In order to fix this, Massachusetts was divided so that Maine could be the 12th Free State. The Uneasy Missouri Compromise Know: Henry Clay, Missouri Compromise, "Firebell in the Night" 12. "Neither the North nor South was acutely displeased, although neither was completely happy." Explain. The South won the prize of Missouri as an unrestricted slave state. The North won the concession that Congress could forbid slavery in the remaining territories. More gratifying to many northerners was the fact that the immense area north of 36 30, except Missouri, was forever close to the blight of slavery. Yet the restriction on future slavery in the territories was not unduly offensive to the slaveowners. John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism Know: John Marshall, McCulloch v. Maryland, Loose Construction, Cohens v. Virginia, Gibbons v. Ogden 13. Explain Marshall's statement, "Let the end be legitimate,...are constitutional."

Marshalls ruling of McCulloch v. Maryland gave the doctrine of loose construction its most famous formulation. The Constitution he said derived from the consent of the people and thus permitted the government to act for their benefit. He further argued that the constitution was intended to endure for ages to come and consequently to be adapted to the various crises of human affairs. Judicial Dikes Against Democratic Excesses Know: Fletcher v. Peck, Dartmouth College v. Woodward, Daniel Webster 14. "John Marshall was the most important Federalist since George Washington." Assess. Marshalls decisions are felt even today. In this sense his nationalism was the most tenaciously enduring of the era. He supported the federal Union and helped to create a stable, nationally uniform environment for business. At the same time, Marshall checked the excesses of popularly elected state legislatures. Marshall almost single handedly shaped the Constitution along conservative, centralizing lines that ran somewhat counter to the dominant spirit of the new country. Sharing Oregon and Acquiring Florida Know: John Quincy Adams, Treaty of 1818, Andrew Jackson, Adams-Onis Treat of 1819

15.

Who was more important to American territorial expansion, Andrew Jackson or John Quincy Adams? Explain.

Andrew Jackson was more important in territorial expansion, because Jackson earned us rest of the Florida and made Spain give up their shadowy claims to Oregon.

The Menace of Monarchy in America Know: George Canning 16 How did Great Britain help support American desires regarding Latin America? Great Britain, still Ruler of the Seas, was now beginning to play a lone-hand role on the complicated international stage. In particular it recoiled from joining hands with the continental European powers in crushing the newly won liberties of the Spanish Americans. These revolutionaries had thrown open their monopoly bound ports to outside trade and British shipper as well as Americans had found the profits sweet. Monroe and His Doctrine Know: John Quincy Adams, Monroe Doctrine 17 How could a militarily weak nation like the United States make such a bold statement ordering European nations to stay out of the Americas? Adams suspected that the European powers had not hatched any definite plans for invading the Americas. In any event the British navy would prevent the approach of hostile fleets because the South American markets had to be kept open at all costs for British merchants. It was presumably safe for Uncle Same, behind the protective wooden petticoats of the British navy to blow a defiant nationalistic blast at all of Europe. Monroe's Doctrine Appraised 18. Evaluate the importance of the Monroe Doctrine in subsequent American history. In truth, Monroes message did not have much contemporary significance. Americans applauded it and then forgot it. Not until 1845 did President Polk revive it, and not until midcentury did it become an important national dogma.