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AEROSPACE RECOMMENDED PRACTICE

ARP5632
Issued 2010-01

Rotorcraft: Application of Existing Aircraft Designed Tires, Wheels and Brakes

RATIONALE Frequently it is desired to utilize equipment qualified and approved on in-service fixed wing aircraft, for use on rotorcraft. This ARP sets forth an approach whereby some existing products may be applied. These applications may be on new military, commercial or may be used as an upgrade to current in-service rotorcraft. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. 1.1 2. 2.1 2.2 2.3 3. 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 4. 4.1 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.1.3 4.1.4 4.1.5 4.1.6 4.1.7 4.1.8 4.1.9 4.1.10 4.1.11 4.1.12 4.1.13 4.1.14 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.2.4 4.2.5 4.2.6 4.2.7 4.2.8 4.2.9 SCOPE .......................................................................................................................................................... 3 Purpose ......................................................................................................................................................... 3 APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS ........................................................................................................................ 3 SAE Publications........................................................................................................................................... 3 U.S. Government Publications ...................................................................................................................... 4 Definitions See definitions in AIR1489. ...................................................................................................... 4 TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS.................................................................................................................... 5 Drawings ....................................................................................................................................................... 5 Design Proposal Drawings............................................................................................................................ 5 Interface Drawing .......................................................................................................................................... 6 DETAIL REQUIREMENTS ........................................................................................................................... 6 Wheels .......................................................................................................................................................... 6 Radial Static Load (Yield & Ultimate) ............................................................................................................ 6 Combined Radial and Side Load .................................................................................................................. 6 Roll Endurance (Fatigue) .............................................................................................................................. 6 Burst (Overpressure test).............................................................................................................................. 7 Weight (Load) Limits ..................................................................................................................................... 7 Multi-Wheeled Gear Weight (Load) Distribution ........................................................................................... 7 Temperature Extremes ................................................................................................................................. 7 Fuse Plug Requirements, Release Temperature ......................................................................................... 7 Over Inflation Valve Release Pressure ......................................................................................................... 7 Diffusion Requirements................................................................................................................................. 7 Reliability Requirements ............................................................................................................................... 7 Corrosion Resistance Requirements ............................................................................................................ 7 Weight Growth Considerations ..................................................................................................................... 7 Handed .......................................................................................................................................................... 7 Brakes ........................................................................................................................................................... 8 Brake System Pressure, Fluid Type ............................................................................................................. 8 Design Landing Test ..................................................................................................................................... 8 Rejected Takeoff Energy .............................................................................................................................. 8 Turn-Around Takeoff Time ............................................................................................................................ 8 Static Torque Performance (Hot/Cold/Wet) .................................................................................................. 8 Dynamic Braking Performance (Wet/Dry, Deceleration) .............................................................................. 8 Endurance Performance (Wet/Dry, Deceleration) ....................................................................................... 8 Spectrum Dynamic Torque Test ................................................................................................................... 8 Parking Hold.................................................................................................................................................. 8

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefrom, is the sole responsibility of the user. SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2010 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-4970 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerService@sae.org http://www.sae.org

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SAE
4.2.10 4.2.11 4.2.12 4.2.13 4.2.14 4.2.15 4.2.16 4.2.17 4.2.18 4.2.19 4.2.20 4.2.21 4.3 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4 4.3.5 4.3.6 4.3.7 4.3.8 4.3.9 4.3.10 4.3.11 4.3.12 4.3.13 4.3.14 4.3.15 5.

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Structural Torque Requirements ................................................................................................................... 8 Overpressure Tests ...................................................................................................................................... 9 Overall Size Envelope ................................................................................................................................... 9 Corrosion Resistance Requirements ............................................................................................................ 9 Fluid Displacement/Running Clearance Requirements ................................................................................ 9 Brake Pressure vs. Torque Requirements.................................................................................................... 9 Temperature Extremes ................................................................................................................................. 9 Anti-Skid Requirements ................................................................................................................................ 9 Reliability Requirements ............................................................................................................................... 9 Leakage Requirements ................................................................................................................................. 9 Capacity/Performance Growth Considerations .......................................................................................... 10 Handed ........................................................................................................................................................ 10 Tires ............................................................................................................................................................ 10 Static Load Rating ....................................................................................................................................... 10 Cable Bruise Test (Carrier-Based Rotorcraft Only) .................................................................................... 10 Inflation ........................................................................................................................................................ 10 Dimensions ................................................................................................................................................. 10 Overall Size Envelope, Tire Size ................................................................................................................ 10 Speed Rating .............................................................................................................................................. 10 Scrubbing .................................................................................................................................................... 11 Tire Characteristics ..................................................................................................................................... 11 Vertical Load Deflection Curves.................................................................................................................. 11 Lateral Load Deflection Curves:.................................................................................................................. 11 Loaded Radius ............................................................................................................................................ 11 Rolling Radius ............................................................................................................................................. 11 Footprint ...................................................................................................................................................... 11 Ground Resonance (small amplitude oscillation damping) ........................................................................ 11 Ground Flotation Requirements .................................................................................................................. 11 NOTES ........................................................................................................................................................ 11

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SAE
1. SCOPE

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This document covers recommendations for the application of existing qualified and approved in-service fixed wing aircraft tires, wheels and brakes to military and commercial rotorcraft. NOTE: This document does not address the use of radial tires due to insufficient data to support their approved use on rotorcraft, see paragraph 4.3.14 for specific impact on ground resonance. 1.1 Purpose

This document provides recommended parameters and data to enable evaluation of existing aircraft tires, wheels and brakes for rotorcraft applications. It is intended for use by commercial and military personnel in formulating detail design and performance specifications. It is not intended to be used as a procurement document. 2. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS The following publications form a part of this document to the extent specified herein. The latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. The applicable issue of other publications shall be the issue in effect on the date of the purchase order. In the event of conflict between the text of this document and references cited herein, the text of this document takes precedence. Nothing in this document however, supersedes applicable laws and regulations unless a specific exemption has been obtained. 2.1 SAE Publications

Available from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Telephone: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), Web address: http://www.sae.org AIR1064 AIR1489 AIR1934 AIR4762 ARP813 ARP1070 ARP1493 ARP1821 ARP4955 ARP5381 AS1188 AS 4833 Brake Dynamics Aerospace Landing Gear Terminology Use of Structural Carbon Heat Sink Brakes on Aircraft Compilation of Freezing Brake Experience and Suggested Designs and Operating Procedures Required to Prevent Its Occurrence Maintainability Recommendations for Aircraft Wheel and Brake Design Design and Testing of Antiskid Brake Control Systems for Total Aircraft Compatibility Wheel and Brake Design and Test Requirements for Military Aircraft Aircraft Ground Flotation Analysis Methods Recommended Practice for the Measurement of Static and Dynamic Properties of Aircraft Tires Minimum Performance Recommendations for Part 23, 27, and 29 Aircraft Wheels, Brakes, and Wheel and Brake Assemblies Aircraft Tire Inflation-Deflation Equipment Minimum Performance Standards for New Aircraft Tires

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SAE
2.2 2.2.1 U.S. Government Publications FAA Publications

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Available from Federal Aviation Administration, 800 Independence Avenue, SW, washington, DC 20591, Tel: 866-8355322, www.faa.gov. AC 145-4 AC 20-97B AC 27-1B AC 29-2C Title 14 Part 23 Title 14 Part 25 TSO-C26 TSO-C62 2.2.2 Inspection, Retread, Repair, and Alterations Of Aircraft Tires High-Speed Tire Maintenance and Operational Practices Certification of Normal Category Rotorcraft; Paragraphs AC 27.731 Wheels, AC27.733 Tires and AC 27.735 Brakes Certification of Transport Category Rotorcraft; Paragraphs AC 29.731 Wheels, AC 29.733 Tires and AC 29.735 Brakes Airworthiness Standards: Normal, Utility, Acrobatic, and Commuter Category Airplanes; Paragraphs 23.731 Wheels, 23.733 Tires and 23.735 Brakes Airworthiness Standards: Transport Category Airplanes; Paragraphs 25.731 Wheels, 25.733 Tires and 25.735 Brakes Aircraft Wheels and Brakes Aircraft Tires

DoD Publications

Available from the Document Automation and Production Service (DAPS), Building 4/D, 700 Robbins Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Tel: 215-697-6257, http://assist.daps.dla.mil/quicksearch/. MIL-PRF-5606 MIL-B-8075 MIL-B-8584 Hydraulic Fluid, Petroleum Base; Aircraft, Missile, And Ordnance Brake Control Systems, Antiskid, Aircraft Wheels, General Specification For Brake Systems, Wheel, Aircraft Design Of

MIL-PRF-83282 Hydraulic Fluid, Fire Resistant, Synthetic Hydrocarbon Base MIL-PRF-87257 Hydraulic Fluid, Fire Resistant; Low Temperature, Synthetic Hydrocarbon Base, Aircraft And Missile MIL-PRF-5041 MIL-W-5013 2.3 Tires, Ribbed Tread, Pneumatic, Aircraft Wheel and Brake Assemblies Aircraft, General Specification For

Definitions See definitions in AIR1489.

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3. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS 3.1 Drawings

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3.1.1 Design Proposal Drawings Design proposal drawings prepared by the tire, wheel and/or brake manufacturer(s) for the existing products should include the following: a. Reference the application and the origin of the proposed existing product. b. All qualification and/or certification data of the proposed existing product. c. Two-view and cross-sectional drawings including definition of the rim, flange, brake and wheel mounting, hydraulic installation data, envelope, interface dimensions and definitions.

d. Material, principal manufacturing process and finish definitions for all major components. e. Wheel static and dynamic loading conditions, brake energy definitions, separate and combined maximum weights for the existing wheel and brake assemblies. f. Brake design parameters including: 1) Heat sink mass and definition of heat sink components. 2) New and worn. 3) Swept area. 4) Mean radius. 5) Piston area. g. Brake performance predictions including: 1) Pressure-volume curve defining the pressure to begin brake piston movement. 2) Dynamic and static torque vs. brake pressure curves. 3) Pressure to cause disk contact. 4) Brake release pressure. 5) Maximum system pressure at full flow and at no flow. h. Tire performance parameters (1) Load deflection curves. (2) Rated and service pressures. (3) Rated speed. (4) Service loads. i. Other technical information required to communicate the design.

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3.1.2 Interface Drawing

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Component and/or assembly interface drawings suitable for alternate source procurement shall be provided by the procuring agency. 4. DETAIL REQUIREMENTS Detail requirements are outlined in the following paragraphs that are unique or different for rotorcraft applications. These requirements along with additional contractual details are to be defined in detail documentation (contract, procurement specification and interface drawing) by the procuring agency. Detail requirements can be satisfied by additional testing and/or analysis of the existing product that is already qualified or certified for use on an existing fixed winged aircraft. These requirements can be demonstrated by performing additional tests and/or by a report of similarity. Test results and data to support and substantiate the contractual requirements to be included in the similarity report. Compliance with these minimum performance requirements by manufacturers is recommended as a means of assuring that the equipment will have the capability to satisfactorily perform its intended function(s). NOTE: Aircraft operational characteristics and other external influences may affect performance capabilities. Consequently, anticipated rotorcraft performance should be verified by flight testing. 4.1 4.1.1 Wheels Radial Static Load (Yield & Ultimate)

The radial static limit load should be the same as for fixed wing aircraft, equal to the operational condition of maximum radial load reaction with the side load equal to zero. 4.1.2 Combined Radial and Side Load

The minimum requirement for wheel yield and ultimate loads are based on ARP5381. These requirements can be demonstrated by performing test(s) as defined below and or by a report of similarity. Test results and data to support and substantiate the requirements to be included in the similarity report. 4.1.2.1 Test Method

For rotorcraft apply the same procedure as used for fixed wing, per ARP5381, reference paragraph 5.2.2.1. 4.1.2.2 Combined Yield Load

For rotorcraft apply the same procedure as used for fixed wing, per ARP5381, reference paragraph 5.2.2.2. The wheel radial and side loads should not be less than 1.15 times the respective ground loads as defined by the procurement document. 4.1.2.3 Combined Ultimate Load

For rotorcraft apply the same procedure as used for fixed wing, per ARP5381, reference paragraph 5.2.2.3. The wheel radial and side load should not be less than 2.0 times for castings and 1.5 times for forgings of the respective ground limit loads as defined by the procurement document. 4.1.3 Roll Endurance (Fatigue)

Complete 2000 mile (3219 km) roll with 100 mile (160 km) yaw and continue roll to failure. The procurement document should develop a load spectrum for the roll test consistent with rotorcraft anticipated taxi load (weight) profile. For shipboard rotorcraft, account for additional wheel damage as a result of ship deck motion (ship roll/pitch motion).

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4.1.4 Burst (Overpressure test)

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Burst overpressure test should be not less than 3.0 times wheel rated inflation pressure. 4.1.5 Weight (Load) Limits

The rated load capacity of each landing wheel or auxiliary wheel should be the same as fixed wing aircraft and be equal to or greater than the maximum load that the wheel will be subjected to at maximum towing or taxiing static design gross weight of the rotorcraft. A complete static and dynamic analysis of the main and auxiliary wheel loads should be made. From this analysis, a loading spectrum should be prepared. 4.1.6 Multi-Wheeled Gear Weight (Load) Distribution

The rated capacity of each wheel to take into account the weight (load) distribution of the fixed wing aircraft landing gear configuration and the configuration of the rotorcraft landing gear the wheel is to be used on. Consequently consideration to be given to the load factors originally applied to multi-wheeled arrangement of the source wheel and the subsequent application of corresponding load factors of the wheel as it is applied for the rotorcraft. 4.1.7 Temperature Extremes

The benefits of retaining temperature performance of aircraft from which the components were adopted should be considered in a trade off between other design options. Wheels with brakes should accommodate brake envelope, heat energy and associated torque requirements. Analyze effects of reduced wheel strength at elevated temperatures. 4.1.8 Fuse Plug Requirements, Release Temperature

Retain fuse plug function for rotorcraft braked wheels. 4.1.9 Over Inflation Valve Release Pressure

Retain over inflation valve function for rotorcraft. 4.1.10 Diffusion Requirements Demonstrate diffusion compliance under static conditions, 24 hours with less than 5% pressure drop after an initial 12 hour stretch period. (ARP5381) 4.1.11 Reliability Requirements Utilize data available for the in-service fixed wing aircraft to satisfy minimum reliability requirements for the rotorcraft application. 4.1.12 Corrosion Resistance Requirements Consider trapped cavities for moisture, salt and debris as this may severely impact utilization of fixed wing components for rotorcraft applications. Wheels will frequently be submerged in mud, sand, snow and water. Rotor downwash has a tendency to sand/grit blast and generally deposit corrosive substances in every hidden area. Assure compatibility with fuel, hydraulic fluids, decontamination and de-icing fluids. 4.1.13 Weight Growth Considerations Evaluate the inherent growth potential of utilizing existing fixed wing hardware on a rotorcraft for which the performance may not be fully utilized. 4.1.14 Handed Parts are to be non-handed, such that an assembly may be readily interchanged on axles independent of part orientation, subject to exception from the design authority.

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4.2 4.2.1 Brakes Brake System Pressure, Fluid Type

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System pressure, from which the hardware originates, should be greater than or equal to the system pressure utilized on the rotorcraft. Ensure compatibility with rotorcraft fluid type primarily red oil; hardware should be compatible with MILPRF-5606, MIL-PRF-83282 and MIL-PRF-87257. If the fixed wing aircraft uses a different hydraulic fluid, then a seal change is required to assure fluid - seal compatibility. If the seal glands were manufactured to standard dimensions only a seal material change is required to assure fluid - seal compatibility for rotorcraft application(s). 4.2.2 Design Landing Test

Fixed wing aircraft requirements are - 100 stops at a mean deceleration of not less than 10 ft/sec2. One lining change permitted unless the heat stack is carbon. Rotary wing requirements are - 100 stops at a mean deceleration of not less than 6 ft/sec2 (1.83 m/sec2) with no lining change is permitted. (ARP5381). Recommend rotorcraft performance in accordance with ARP5381. 4.2.3 Rejected Takeoff Energy

Evaluate and analyze fixed wing brakes for rotorcraft using maximum gross STOL (Short Take Off or Landing) or VTOL (Vertical Take Off or Landing) weight, whichever is greater at aborted take-off velocity. 4.2.4 Turn-Around Takeoff Time

Evaluate and analyze fixed wing brakes for rotorcraft use, turn around take-off time to be less than 15 minutes. 4.2.5 Static Torque Performance (Hot/Cold/Wet)

Evaluate and analyze fixed wing brakes for rotorcraft use, retain static torque performance of aircraft from which the components were adopted. 4.2.6 Dynamic Braking Performance (Wet/Dry, Deceleration)

Evaluate and analyze fixed wing brakes for rotorcraft use, retain dynamic braking performance of aircraft from which the components were adopted. 4.2.7 Endurance Performance (Wet/Dry, Deceleration)

Fixed wing aircraft requirements are 100 000 cycles at rated design landing pressure. Adjust at every 25 000 cycles for wear at 25%, 50%, and 75% and at 100% wear limit. Also, 5000 cycles at rated maximum pressure. Rotary wing requirements are 50 000 cycles at rated design landing pressure. Adjust at every 12 500 cycles for wear at 25%, 50% and 75% and at 100% wear limit. Also, 2500 cycles at rated maximum pressure. (ARP5381) Recommend rotorcraft performance in accordance with ARP5381. 4.2.8 Spectrum Dynamic Torque Test

A dynamic torque test should be conducted in order to duplicate service type energy input as specified by the procuring activity. The entire test should be conducted with the same inertia equivalent as used for landing design gross weight. The test sequence, the number of stops and the data requirements are to be determined by the procuring activity. 4.2.9 Parking Hold

Recommend rotorcraft performance in accordance with ARP5381. 20 degree slope overpressure (TSO-C26 and ARP5381) or 10 degree slope (AC29.735, FAR PART 27.735 and AC No: 27.735). 4.2.10 Structural Torque Requirements Evaluate and analyze fixed wing brakes for rotorcraft use, wheel rated radial load for at least 3 seconds. (ARP5381)

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4.2.11 Overpressure Tests

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Evaluate and analyze fixed wing brakes for rotorcraft use, recommend rotorcraft performance in accordance with ARP5381. Fixed wing - 2.0 times the brake rated maximum pressure. Rotorcraft - 2.0 times the brake rated minimum slope pressure or 2.0 times the brake rated maximum pressure whichever is greater. (ARP5381) 4.2.12 Overall Size Envelope High flotation tire deflection envelope should be maintained to avoid wheel and or brake to tire contact. Maintain clearance envelope throughout wheel/axle stroke. Allow sufficient component clearance due to deflection(s) at high loads. 4.2.13 Corrosion Resistance Requirements Consider trapped cavities for moisture, salt and debris as this may severely impact utilization of fixed wing components for rotorcraft applications. Brakes will frequently be submerged in mud, sand, snow and water. Rotor downwash has a tendency to sand/grit blast and generally deposit corrosive substances in every hidden area. Assure compatibility with fuel, hydraulic fluids, decontamination and de-icing fluids. 4.2.14 Fluid Displacement/Running Clearance Requirements Retain displacement/running clearance of aircraft from which the components were adopted from, avoid brake heat stack drag. 4.2.15 Brake Pressure vs. Torque Requirements Evaluate and analyze fixed wing brakes for rotorcraft use, retain brake pressure vs. torque requirements of aircraft from which the components were adopted. 4.2.16 Temperature Extremes Evaluate and analyze fixed wing brakes for rotorcraft use, performance to be consistent with ambient temperature extreme range of -65 F (-54.9 C) to +180 F (82.2 C). 4.2.17 Anti-Skid Requirements Anti-skid is not required for rotorcraft, however the following guidelines should be used if anti-skid is desired. The wheel and brake assembly should be designed to operate satisfactorily with an anti-skid control system provided in accordance with MIL-B-8075. Dynamometer testing should be conducted to determine the compatibility of the anti-skid system when installed and the brake designed to this specification. As a minimum, dynamometer stops should be run simulating wet and dry brake stack condition, wet and dry runway condition at both landing speed and one-half landing speed. Simulate aircraft hydraulic system. The tests should demonstrate full brake torque control for maximum runway friction under all conditions. A test plan should be coordinated with and be approved by the procuring activity before start of testing. (MILW-5013) 4.2.18 Reliability Requirements The reliability requirements imposed by the rotorcraft platform procurement agency on which the brakes are intended to be used should be retained and analyzed for verification. 4.2.19 Leakage Requirements Evaluate and analyze fixed wing brakes for rotorcraft use, during endurance tests, if performed or by similarity leakage at static seals shall not exceed a trace. Leakage at moving seals shall not exceed one drop per inch of peripheral length at each condition of wear limit or 0.3 in3 (5 cc) total. During leakage tests the brake shall be subjected to an operating pressure equal to 1.5 times brake rated maximum pressure (BRPMAX ) for 5 minutes. The brake pressure shall then be adjusted to an operating pressure of 5 psig (35 kPa) for 5 minutes. There shall be less than one drop leakage per seal and no permanent set of the structural components during this test. (ARP5381)

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4.2.20 Capacity/Performance Growth Considerations

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Unless otherwise specified by the procuring activity, capacity/performance growth considerations should not be taken into account in the selection process of a suitable brake assembly. However, given the provisions of this ARP, a level of inherent capacity/performance above the minimum requirement could result and thereby provide a growth potential on the rotorcraft for which the brake is intended. The supplier therefore should disclose the capacity/performance growth of the procured hardware. This will allow the procuring agency to utilize existing equipment with a known history and braking capacity. 4.2.21 Handed Parts are to be non-handed, such that an assembly may be readily interchanged on axles independent of part orientation, subject to exception from the design authority. 4.3 4.3.1 Tires Static Load Rating

Static loading may be increased up to 1.50 times the published maximum aircraft tire load rating for the selected tire as long as a corresponding increase is made in the recommended inflation pressure. For the selected, existing tire applied to a rotorcraft, define the maximum static load. 4.3.2 Cable Bruise Test (Carrier-Based Rotorcraft Only)

At carrier inflation pressures, the tire manufacturer shall provide (1) a vertical load-deflection curve and table; 2) when loading against a 1.625 inch (41.3 mm) diameter plain round steel stock or carrier cable, a vertical load-deflection curve and table. Repeat 180 degrees away from initial load point. (MIL-PRF-5041) 4.3.3 Inflation

Tire inflation pressures should be increased by the same ratio above the published rated inflation pressure as the load is increased above the published load rating as stated in paragraph 4.3.1. Over Pressurization: For the selected, existing tire, report the minimum burst pressure level. To achieve a minimum safety level, this value should be at least 3 times the maximum permissible inflation pressure. The maximum permissible inflation pressure for tires used on rotorcraft is 1.8 times the normal aircraft rated inflation pressure. 4.3.4 Dimensions

For the selected tire, report the maximum new tire dimensions outside diameter, section width, and shoulder point - at the maximum permissible inflation pressure, after a standard growth period. Maximum dimensions of aircraft tires used on rotorcraft are permitted to grow 4% greater than the aircraft standard tire dimensions due to the higher inflation pressures permitted when used on rotorcraft. 4.3.5 Overall Size Envelope, Tire Size

The tire deflection and clearance envelope shall be maintained to avoid tire tread and sidewall contact with wheel, brakes and surrounding structure. 4.3.6 Speed Rating

For the selected tire, report the rated and demonstrated speed capacity. All tires used in rotorcraft applications shall be, at a minimum, rated and qualified to 120 mph (193kph) conditions based upon a 61 cycle dynamic test spectrum as defined in SAE AS-4833 paragraph 5.3 for tires speed rated at 120 mph (193kph) (Universal load-speed-time curve). The aircraft rated load and rated inflation pressure for the identified tire will be used to conduct this test.

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4.3.7 Scrubbing

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Under brakes locked shipboard landing conditions, tire wear could be significantly impacted depending on the surface texture of the decking and the landing envelope. For the selected tire provide the number of grooves, net and gross footprint area, and skid depth. 4.3.8 Tire Characteristics

Each of the following items (4.3.9 thru 4.3.13) is requested through the measurement of tire characteristics. The loads and inflation pressures applied during each measurement should be reported, as well as the loading rate, the limit of measurement, etc. 4.3.9 Vertical Load Deflection Curves

For the selected tire, provide adiabatic, isothermal and impact energy vertical load deflection as a function of load and tire pressures per ARP4955. 4.3.10 Lateral Load Deflection Curves: For the selected tire, report the lateral deflection as a function of lateral load and tire inflation pressure, per ARP4955. 4.3.11 Loaded Radius For the selected tire, report the loaded radius as a function of load and tire inflation pressure. Carry this measurement to the point of bottoming as defined in ARP4955 4.3.12 Rolling Radius For the selected tire, report the rolling radius as a function of load, tire pressure and speed per ARP4955. 4.3.13 Footprint For the selected tire, report the footprint area as a function of vertical load and tire inflation pressure. 4.3.14 Ground Resonance (small amplitude oscillation damping) Ground resonance is caused by the inertia forces being out-of-phase (de-patterning) lagging motion of the individual rotorcraft rotor blades reacting with the airframe on its landing gear producing motion of the hub which, in turn, further excites the lagging motion. The severity of the resulting oscillation may be such that within a space of a few seconds serious damage may occur. Tires are part of the overall landing gear ground resonance damping. A clear definition of tire properties is required for small amplitude oscillation damping. Obtain tire characteristics such as torsional stiffness, lateral and vertical hysteresis and other key performance characteristics as defined by the procuring activity. Use ARP4955 as a reference. 4.3.15 Ground Flotation Requirements Verify tires meet procuring agency defined ground flotation requirements. Flotation calculations may take rotor lift into account. Assure rotorcraft can be towed at required ground flotation level. If multiple wheel configuration, account for multiple passes of tires over the terrain. (SAE ARP1821) 5. NOTES A change bar (|) located in the left margin is for the convenience of the user in locating areas where technical revisions, not editorial changes, have been made to the previous issue of this document. An (R) symbol to the left of the document title indicates a complete revision of the document, including technical revisions. Change bars and (R) are not used in original publications, nor in documents that contain editorial changes only. PREPARED BY A-5 COMMITTEE, AEROSPACE LANDING GEAR SYSTEMS