The Law The Money and Your Choice Lee Brobst

THE LAW, THE MONEY AND YOUR CHOICE
OR
The Constitutionally Legal Internal Revenue System and How You Volunteered

By
Lee Brobst
J uly 21, 2003

Compiled, Arranged and Edited by
A.F. Beddoe

Ever since the founding of America, as a constitutional republic, patriotic citizens of
all walks of life have been increasingly concerned about the erosion of our constitutional
guarantees and why this erosion has and still is happening. However, the continued
pooling of ignorance of patriot commentators arguing over proper form, while
overlooking vital constitutional substantive common law facts, has led to a thousand and
one procedures and ways being promulgated through the internet and seminars, as
solutions to the rampant and tyrannical legislative and judicial activism known as public
policy. Now, for the first time, from Lee Brobsts lifetime of experience and legal
research, here revealed is the actual substantive cause that moved the American citizen
away from literal constitutional common law guarantees into the relative constitutional
franchises and privileges established by Congress spirit and true meaning
interpretation of the constitution. This document addresses what the real substance of the
law is and how its loss and conversion into many forms has effectively created an
unincorporated interstate banking association. This association, which the American
people have unknowingly volunteered for, has changed the absolute substantive
constitutional rights under the common law into relative privileges and forms. These
privileges and forms, called civil rights and procedures of codes and statutes reflect only
the legislatures interpretation as to the true meaning and spirit of the constitution. Read,
be aware and be wise!
Editor

The United States of America, more typically referred to as the Union of states
began their existence under a charter known as the Articles of Confederation, which came
before the Constitution. The Articles of Confederation created states under the common

Lee Brobst, J uly 21, 2003
eagleeye@pennswoods.net or 814-658-3117
2

law, but created an ineffective federal government. Under the Articles of Confederation
1

Congress could not punish any infraction of the law of nations. The law of nations (also
called International Law) is the law that determines the rights and regulates the
commercial intercourse of nations. The Articles of Confederation did not address or
incorporate this law of nations, vital for merchants to settle contract disputes outside
the Union of states.
Even though the Articles of Confederation were unsatisfactory for forming a strong
and proper Union of states (United States of America), our founding fathers would never
have been able to have a constitution without them. Incorporating the law of nations was,
therefore, a vital steppingstone
2
to creating an effective Constitution. When the master
charter, The Constitution for the United States, was drawn up, the Articles of
Confederation were incorporated
3
into the Constitution, by reference, under Article VI
clause 1.
The Union of states began their new and strong union under the master charter,
known as our Constitution. The Constitution incorporates
4
the states into this Union
through the provision of its Article IV Section 3 clause 1, and therefore, by reference, the
Union of states is also incorporated under the Articles of Confederation. At the same time
the Constitution announces, in Article IV Section 3 clause 2, the powers of Congress over
their other property unincorporated
5
(not incorporated) jurisdiction, it also announces the
jurisdiction of the Union of states under Article IV Section 3 clause 1. Thus, we have the
first designation of two kinds of territorial jurisdictions. The first has to do with the
incorporated Union of states, addressed in Article IV Section 3 clause 1, also known as
the territory,
6
that functions within the strict letter of the Constitution. The second
jurisdiction, referred to as other property, in Article IV Section 3 clause 2 is known as a

1
Under the Articles of Confederation, the law of nations was not recognized, but as commerce
started to flourish, problems started to appear in trade disputes with foreign nations as to what law was to
apply. This revealed a void in the law, because, although the sovereign state wouldnt recognize the law of
nations, the individual could demand his right to contract through the ius gentium (Roman law). That is
why the right to contract is imbedded in the Constitution in Article I section 10.
2
See 5 Elliots Debates, 127
3
As used here means, to put or introduce into a body or mass as an integral part.
4
As used here means, combined in one body.
5
As used here means, powers to administer property not combined into the Union of States. Also,
there has been argument regarding which is proper regarding the word state. Should it be small s (state)
verses the capital S (State). However, the supreme court has ruled many times that it is the substance that
controls and not the form.
6
See footnote number 7.

3

territory,
7
remains unincorporated, or not included, in the Union of states. Therefore, a
territory

or other property is subject only to the spirit of the first ten amendments to
the Bill of Rights as interpreted by Congress as they administer unto that other property
outside the strict letter of guarantees of the Constitution and Bill of Rights. The
Constitutional guarantees are reserved for the Union of states and the people under the
Bill of Rights. In other words, there are two jurisdictions available to exist in. Living
fully in one means, the people have full responsibility for their own actions protected by
the Bill of Rights in its absolute and literal form. Here the federal government has no
direct contact with the people whatsoever. Living fully within the other means, the
people have only the rights dictated as Congress wishes in overseeing their civil rights,
which are only relative to or in the spirit of the Bill of Rights. Here is where the federal
government has full and direct contact with the people, as they see fit, for the benefit of
public policy regulations (known as codes & statutes) of this jurisdiction.
From the founding of the United States of America, and before the passing of House
J oint Resolution 192
8
on J une 5, 1933 eliminating gold-backed money, the American
money system had a Standard of value based on the Coinage Act of 1792 authorized
and incorporated under the common law principles of the Constitution. This is because
the basic common law principle on which our Constitution was founded demanded that
all debt must be paid as found in Article I Section 10. In fact, Article I Section 10 is the
only place in the Constitution where demand for Payment is made. Therefore, before
J une 5, 1933 public policy demanded Payment of Debts and all payments were based
on the public money national Standard, herein after called Stardard. This means that

7
Literally, the word territory, as here used, signifies property, since the language is not territory
or property, but territory or other property. There thus arises an evident difference between the words
the territory and a territory of the United States. The former merely designates a particular part or parts
of the earth's surface-the imperially extensive real estate holdings of the Nation; the latter is a governmental
subdivision which happened to be called a territory, but which quite as well could have been called a
colony province A territory, under the Constitution and laws of United States is an inchoate
[incomplete] state, quoting Ex parte Morgan D.C. 20 Fed 298, 305. O'Donoghue v. United States, 289 US
516, 537 (1933) [explanation added]
8
There is nothing in HJ R192 that defines value or the effects of what is to take place regarding the
suspension of the gold Standard. They dont tell you that it is going to effect contracts, bring in third
parties, and that there is a residual of the debt left over. Nor is there any place in the Constitution,
especially under Article I that gives the Federal Government under its general law making powers, the right
to enact HJ R 192 and to create something that has no standard of value. However, congress does have the
power under unincorporated power of local a territory law, as expressed in Article IV Section 2 clause 2,
to enact legislative laws for a class of persons subject to the 14
th
Amendment especially Section 1 clause
1 & 2.

4

public policy then was also based on the Standard that Standard contained the
literal letter of the law of the Constitution.
9
You see, for something to be paid means that a promise has been fulfilled a
contract completed. Before modern supermarkets and department stores, the primary way
of obtaining a needed item or material was by barter. If one needed a sack of salt, they
went to the person who had the salt and would trade something they possessed of equal
value for the salt.
Because gold and silver have, from the beginning of time, been very highly prized as
a medium of exchange, our founding fathers knew it was the only medium that could
maintain and assure the Payment of debts in all trade or commerce
10
under the
constitution. Thus, our constitution states under Article I Section 10, No State shall
make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts. So, if one was
to use gold or silver coin as a medium of exchange, then one could use the gold or silver
coin to trade for the salt in the example above.
This barter / trade was based on a verbal meeting of the minds (agreement) between
the person that had the salt for barter (sale) and the person who had gold / silver, or some
other item of value, to trade or exchange for salt. When the exchange of equal value for
value took place the agreement (contract) was paid (fulfilled, complete). That is, the
contract was made and paid (fulfilled) at the same moment between two parties. There
was no debt after the barter (sale / contract) was completed between two parties. There
was nothing left owing by either party after the transaction. Substance had been bartered
for equal substance value for value. There was no third party intervener
11
as there is
today. This is because there was no way for the federal government to have jurisdiction

9
The Constitution does not protect the sovereignty of States for the benefit of States, or state
governments as abstract political entities, or even for the benefit of public officials governing the States. To
the contrary, the Constitution divides authority between the federal and state governments for the
protection of individuals. See: New York v. U.S., 112 S.Ct. 2408, 120 L.Ed.2d 120, 505 U.S. 144.
10
Commerce and trade are often used interchangeably; but, strictly speaking, commerce relates
to intercourse or dealings with foreign nations, states, or political communities, while trade denotes
business intercourse or mutual traffic within the limits of a state or nation, or the buying, selling, and
exchanging of articles between members of the same community. Blacks Law Dictionary, Revised 4
th
ed.
11
Today, we rely on a third party to create and substantiate the medium of exchange called a Federal
Reserve Note (FRN). This note has two seals on it signifying that it is used for both public and private debt.
The green seal is the seal of the United States Treasury assuring Article IV section 3 clause 1 jurisdiction
under a two party contract. The other seal is the seal of the Federal Reserve Corporation assuring that a
third party will always be involved in all two party contracts for the limited liability for the payment of debt
under Article IV section 3 clause 2. The FRN came about through the Federal Reserve Act of 1914 for the

5

over a primary state citizen unless that citizen was to enter into a bilateral contract with
the federal government. And even then, there was literal 10
th
Amendment
12
protection for
the citizen in the bilateral contract, because public policy, dictated by the substance of the
common law, was still demanding the payment of debt. Then, the governmental power
could come under Article I in rem and not the public policy of diversity
13
operating quasi
in rem that we see today under HJ R 192, 12 U.S.C. Section 95a, 15 U.S.C. Chapter 41
Section 1602 and Article IV Section 3 clause 2.
At the founding of the Constitution, all disputes between persons in commerce
usually had to do with unfulfilled or unpaid agreements or contracts, therefore the law of
contracts in the Constitution was founded on the common law necessity of all contracts
being fulfilled or paid when made. Without a medium of exchange containing a
predictable and measured substance, no agreement or contract could be properly or
completely paid. If unpaid, the law of contracts was unfulfilled, incomplete or lacking,
because there was no contract without payment. The substance (gold or silver coin) of the
common law, that dictated that all contracts must be paid in order to exist was not
exchanged, therefore, a contract did not exist. Contracts are considered to exist only
when they are paid.
14
It was because of these vital principles that contracts can only be
made / paid via a medium of exchange that contains the Standard substance (or law
substance), that our founding fathers wrote Article 1 Section 10 to guarantee a consistent,
unchanging weight and fineness to our gold and silver coin money as well as the law
that follows it.

purpose of creating a commercial paper society to defer the Payment of debts in the civil (Roman) law, to
drive out the circulation of the Standard Lawful money of the common law.
12
Note that the first 10 Amendments of the Constitution reflect the common law, which is to protect
the individual upholding two party contracts, while in commerce with other citizens between states. The
rest of the amendments reflect the Roman civil law involving third party contracts under unincorporated
association of federalism.
13
Diversity exists when there is domicile in the territory of the Union of states, while volunteering
as a member of the unincorporated interstate banking association of a territory. Therefore, there is what is
called a conflict of law between the law of the territory and the law of a territory. A conflict of law
exists because of diversity.
14
Or where he made the contract. But it is deemed to be contracted not where it was entered into,
but where payment is due. Digest 44. 7. 21 was relied upon in court, for instance, in the 1792 Scottish case
of Armour v. Campbell, M. 4476.

6

Have you ever heard the expression, the law of the land?
15
This expression was first
used in the Magna Carta and meant the common law of England, in opposition to the
civil or Roman law. And according to Blacks Law Dictionary, The meaning is that
every citizen shall hold his life, liberty, property, and immunities under the protection of
general rules which govern society. In America the basis of all law that governs our
society is our national Constitution with its common law principles at least that was
what our founding fathers intended.
But what has changed since then? Well, the substance of the law of the land has
been removed. Yes, on J une 5, 1933 congress enacted House J oint Resolution 192 that
removed the hard mineral substance known as gold, also referred to as portable land,
from giving consistant, predictable and exact value to our money. Silver was demonitized
as payment of debt in 1862 when Congress changed the silver standard from one dollar
in silver to the silver dollar. Since then silver is considered a commodity and was finally
withdrawn from circulation in 1964. Silver certificates were withdrawn in 1972.
The hard precious metal substances known as gold and silver, used in coins, comes
from the earth. It is literally portable or movable substance from or of the land (law).
Land and law go hand in hand, because in times past only those that owned the land had
access to the portable law substance (gold and silver) that was found in the land.
Likewise, those that owned or controlled the land made, produced or brought forth the
law Standard of gold and silver.
Despite HJ R 192, Congress cannot override the state governments incorporated
powers under Article I Section 10 of the Constitution. Despite current public policy,
Congress cannot override an Americans right to maintain a private policy under the
common law principles as they are expressed in the first ten amendments to the Bill of
Rights of the Constitution. However, because the gold is the Standard substance of the
law, and law follows the Standard substance of money, when Congress, acting under
public policy, suspended the Standard gold substance in Payment of debt, a shift

15
Some patriot commentators quote this case, State v. Balance, 229 N.C. 764, 51 S.E.2d 731 (1949),
which defines law of the land as due process of law. There is a difference between procedural due
process and substantive due process and knowing the difference is vital. Look up the difference in Blacks
5
th
Edition.

7

away from the common law transpired by what is called operation of law.
16
The shift
occurred because everyone was given a quasi corporate privilege under HJ R 192 of NOT
paying their debts even though it is demanded under the common law of each state in the
Union according to Article I Section 10 of the Constitution.
A corporate privilege or franchise has two distinct aspects to it. First, there is
perpetual succession (which can exist independent and beyond the demise of any current
directors) and second, there is limited liability for the payment of debt. This means, that
similar to corporations, HJ R 192 offered individual Americans an artificial connection to
and relationship with the federal government outside the literal common law of the
constitution for the purpose of social security.
17
However, unlike corporations, this
artificial connection and relationship was not under any corporate charter, federal or state,
as addressed specifically under Article I Section 8 clauses 1 & 3 being one of the
governments general powers. Rather, this relationship is controlled under Article IV
Section 3 clause 2, because there is no physical federal or state charter issued to regulate
this relationship. This connection or confederacy developed under HJ R 192 is an
affiliation known better as an association. Associations,
18
according to Blacks Law
Dictionary (revised 4
th
), are [a]n unincorporated society; a body of persons united and
acting together without a charter, but upon the methods and forms used by incorporated
bodies for the prosecution of some common enterprise. , but will not include the state.
And the common enterprise of this unincorporated society, is to offer all Americans a
so-called privilege, in the form of what is better known as a quasi contract,
19
to

16
This term expresses the manner in which rights, and sometimes liabilities, devolve [are transferred
or passed on] upon a person by the mere application to the particular transaction of the established rules of
law, without the act or co-operation of the party himself. Blacks Law Dictionary, Revised 4
th
17
On August 14, 1935 Franklin Roosevelt signed the Social Security Act, as a result of the removal
of the Substance (gold) of the common law, to further solidify the quasi corporate social security
privileges of the non payment of debt for all those that volunteer for the Federal Reserves
unincorporated interstate banking association regulated as other property under the federalism of Article
IV Section 3.2.
18
Their underlying principles are derived from the law of agency and not from the law of
partnership. Yet they are true associations and cannot properly be classified with the trusts and the joint
contractual relations already considered. Because they are true associations and frequently have to do with
commercial rather than social affairs it is not always easy to distinguish them from partnerships. An
illustration of this is the stock exchange, a mighty factor in big business. Its members are actively engaged
in business for profit under the auspices of the exchange, but it is their individual business and not that of
the association. The Law Of Unincorporations and Similar Relations by Sydney R. Wrightington, Boston
Little, Brown, and Company (1916)
19
Quasi contract. Legal fiction invented by common law courts to permit recovery by contractual
remedy in cases where, in fact, there is no contract, but where circumstances are such that justice warrants a
recovery as though there had been a promise. It is not based on intention or consent of the parties, but is

8

participate in commerce without Payment of debts for social security purposes.
Moreover, this unincorporated society is outside the literal common law principle that
demands the Payment of debts as stated in Article I Section 10, but it is allowed,
upheld and protected by Article I Section 10 that upholds Obligation of Contracts, Yes,
the peoples right to participate in this federated unincorporated society by operation of
law is contractually protected by the Constitution. That is to say, each person has the
right to domicile themselves in a state of the Union under Article IV Section 3 clause 1,
thus to contract under Article I Section 10 despite the fact that you cannot Pay your
debts. In other words, Congress cannot compel you to participate in a federal interstate
unincorporated banking association under Article IV Section 3 clause 2 and HJ R 192 for
the NON payment of debts. The choice of law is up to each person still.
Corporations are artificial creations of the state or federal government under physical
charter (franchise) issued via state or federal civil law for commercial regulation under
Article I Section 8 clauses 1 & 3. They are not under the literal common law because of
the charter (franchise). Any legal action against the corporation is legally called an in
rem action, because it is against the thing or property (also called res) of the corporation
under charter. The courts have automatic subject matter jurisdiction, because the physical
charter is the subject matter.
On the other hand, under HJ R 192,
20
there is no physical charter issued by the
government out of a state or federal secretaries of state office that defines the federated
associations duties, responsibilities, its officers etc. This results in a federated

founded on considerations of justice and equity, and on doctrine of unjust enrichment. It is not in fact a
contract, but an obligation which the law creates in absence of any agreement, when and because the acts of
the parties or others have placed in the possession of one person money, or its equivalent, under such
circumstances that in equity and good conscience he ought not to retain it. It is what was formerly
known as the contract implied in law; it has no reference to the intentions or expressions of the parties.
The obligation is imposed despite, and frequently in frustration of their intention. See also Constructive
contract.
In the civil law, a contractual relation arising out of transactions between the parties which give them
mutual rights and obligations, but do not involve a specific and express convention or agreement between
them. The lawful and purely voluntary acts of a man, from which there results any obligation
whatever to a third person, and sometimes a reciprocal obligation between the parties. Civ.Code La. art.
2293. Blacks Law Dict. 5
th
Ed. p. 293. See also. Equity and the Constitution, Chapter Four, J oseph Storys
Science of Equity, and the two types of equity, natural equity and civil; equity. There is a difference.
20
As the Court stated in The Propeller Genesee Chief: The law contains no regulations of
commerce. It merely confers a new jurisdiction on the district courts; and this is its only object and
purpose. It is evidentthat Congress, in passing [the law], did not intend to exercise their power to
regulate commerce. The statutes do no more than grant jurisdiction over a particular class of cases.12
How. at 451-452 [Bold emphasis added]. Verlinden v. Bank of Nigeria. 461 U.S. 496 (1983).

9

association that is a quasi
21
in rem unincorporated debtors society. The law treats this
association as an outlaw entity, to the letter of the common law for the Payment of Debt.
The courts then proceed, to uphold contract law under diversity, to establish the
associations guide lines by invoking their equity powers based on the spirit of the
constitution. They will form a charitable trust to commercially regulate the association,
because it is presumed that is what the group intended as there is no charter of
incorporation. Under the letter of the constitutional law there is no commercial
regulation, but HJ R 192 along with 15 USC brought in a third party
22
for commercial
regulation for the social security public policy. Remember, equity compels
performance. The law views unincorporated associations as a danger to the substance of
the common law, because of their debt / credit system. This is because there is no counter
balance to the demands the association puts on the substance of the earth, thus the reason
for all the federal and state regulatory agencies.
23
In other words, there is a presumption by implication in the civil law that a charter (a
metaphysical / abstract / unreal type) exists, because persons are availing themselves
(volunteering) of the privileges pertaining to HJ R 192. Therefore, these persons come
under a quasi in rem
24
jurisdiction of the civil law in order to regulate, control
(including compel) those that are outside the literal common law principles. Yes, as long
as the individual remains silent, it is presumed that they have volunteered for the non
payment of debt privilege under HJ R 192, 12 U.S.C. Section 95a and 15 U.S.C. Chapter
41 Section 1602(c)(d)(e). As such they are considered as a debtor/creditor in a social

21
This term is used in legal phraseology to indicate that one subject resembles another, with which it
is compared, in certain characteristics, but that there are intrinsic and material differences between them.
22
There is no congressional act that can give the federal district court jurisdiction over a two party
contract. The minute a federal franchise or privilege becomes active this brings in a third party, which gives
the federal courts automatic jurisdiction under diversity of citizenship.
Congress created the Federal District Courts and the Federal Appeals Courts to regulate privileges
and franchises under the civil law.
23
A good example of this type of commercial regulation for public policy purposes is the water
dispute between the farmers and the federal water regulators in the Klamath basin between Oregon and
Northern California. The farmers are subject to their water rights, as property rights, being regulated,
because the farmers have volunteered for the unincorporated interstate banking association, which is under
Article IV Section 3.2. Thus, the farmers water/property rights are only privileges to be regulated under
the other property clause for public social security policy purposes. The farmers need to wake up to the
cause and how to remove themselves from the spirit of the constitution and move back the absolute literal
constitutional protections under Article IV Section 3.1.
24
Quasi in rem means, the government moves against the thing (the res) while going against the
person. Person is an artificial someone who is brought into existence and maintained with the help of
government.

10

security association (unchartered, unincorporated commune) whereby each person
insures everybody else in the association by agreeing never to demand payment for debt.
Under this volunteer arrangement, these persons become primarily a U.S. citizen,
secondarily a state citizen, subject to clause 1 of the 14
th
Amendment,
25
while the
literal 10
th
Amendment rights are forfeited. Moreover, because this unincorporated social
security (debtor) association has participants from each state, it forms an unincorporated
federation (better known as federalism) of state associations under interstate commerce as
addressed in Article IV Section 3 clause 2 and reinforced by Erie Railroad v. Tompkins,
304 U.S. 64. This is how the Federal Government (and state governments) under
federalism can compel you to perform to the civil (Roman) law known as statutes (state
or federal).
Here is the answer to why the IRS continues to say that income taxes are voluntary
and yet Americans dont know how they volunteered. HJ R 192 literally placed before the
American citizen a choice of law between operating under the literal common law
principles of the constitution or the private Roman civil law functioning under federal
social security spirit

and true meaning of the Constitution.
26

27
That is to say, there are
two jurisdictions available for the American people to choose from. The first jurisdiction
exists within the Union of states expressed under Article IV Section 3 clause 1 where the
literal letter of the Constitution and its first 10 Amendments function to protect

25
The 14th amendment is an executive order (proclamation) Vol. 1 of Presidential Executive
Orders, 2 vols. (N.Y.: Books, Inc. 1944Copyright by Mayor of N.Y. 1944).
[T]he term 'subject to the jurisdiction thereof' . . . must be construed in the sense in which the term
is used in international law as accepted in the United States as well as Europe. * * * The provision of the
14
th
Amendment alluded to [i.e., 'subject to the jurisdiction thereof'] . . . is affirmative and declaratory,
intended to allay doubts and to settle controversies which had arisen with respect to citizenship. Francis
Wharton, A Treatise on the Conflict of Laws or Private International Law, 3rd ed. (Lawyers Co-operative
Publishing Co., 1906), Vol. 1, pp. 45-47.
26
The national government under its incorporated powers operates under public international law.
This is the spirit not the letter of the common law mixed with public Roman civil law, which is under the
law of nations as expressed under Article 1 Section 8 clause 3 & 10 as well as Article 6 clause 2.
Doubtless Congress, in legislating for the territories, would be subject to those fundamental
limitations in favor of personal rights which are formulated in the Constitution and its amendments, but
those limitations would exist rather by inference and the general spirit of the Constitution, from
which Congress derives all its powers, than by any express and direct application of its provisions.' Church
of Jesus Christ of L. D. S. v. United States, 136 U.S. 1 , 34 L. ed. 478, 10 Sup. Ct. Rep. 792 [Bold emphasis
added] See also, to the same effect First Nat. Bank v. Yankton County, 101 U.S. 129 , 25 L. ed. 1046;
Murphy v. Ramsey, 114 U.S. 15 , 29 L. ed. 47, 5 Sup. Ct. Rep. 747.
27
J urisdiction of the court extends by the letter of the U.S. Constitution. Those who would withdraw
any case from that description must sustain the exemption they claim on the spirit and true meaning of
the Constitution, and that spirit and true meaning must be so apparent as to override the words which the
framers have employed. Cohens v. Virginia, 19 U.S. 264 (1821). [Bold emphasis added]

11

Americans from the public policy of federalism. The second jurisdiction is set up through
Americans voluntarily accepting only the spirit (which is referred to as the true
meaning as interpreted by Congress) of the Constitution via social security privileges
and immunities under the implied or quasi contract in federalism for the non payment of
debt administered by Congress as public policy of the other property jurisdiction of
Article IV Section 3 clause 2. Those who have volunteered for the privileges and
immunities of the federal social debt security of the unincorporated interstate banking
associations for the non payment of debt, have no access to protection of the strict letter
of the Constitution under the first ten amendments to the Bill of Rights, especially the
10
th
Amendment. (See the attached diagram to assist your understanding.)
Before HJ R 192 existed, the Federal Government could not have any implied contact
with Americans. They could only have an actual contact through a two party (bilateral)
contract. Americans were presumed to be under Article IV Section 3 clause 1
28
as
primary state citizens. After HJ R 192, the voluntary unincorporated federal social debt
security association, known as federalism, was formed under Article IV Section 3 clause
2
29
supported by 15 U.S.C. Chapter 41 Section 1602 (c)(d)(e) and 12 U.S.C. Section 95a
becoming the new public policy. That is, implied contracts
30
(see also quasi contract at
footnote 19) under federalism have become business as usual i.e., public policy. By
you volunteering to go along with HJ R 192, there is a presumption you are primarily a
U.S. citizen under Section 1 clause 1 & 2 of the 14
th
Amendment with privileges or
immunities. Going along with HJ R 192 means, you do not have the literal letter of the
Constitution with the Bill of Rights working in your behalf. Because you have
volunteered into the social debt security unincorporated association of federalism, the

28
Article IV Section 3 clause 1 defines how new states are to be incorporated into the Union of
States.
29
Article IV Section 3 clause 2 there are no powers to incorporate anything. The clause merely state:
The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulation respecting the
Territory or other Property belonging to the United States; [emphasis added]
The federal Governments incorporated powers under Article I of the Constitution have been
established within the 10 square mile area of Washington DC. All the unincorporated federal powers are
referred to as federalism and they include agencies like Environmental Protection Agency, Department of
Energy, Health and Human Services, Internal Revenue Service, etc, operate outside the 10 mile area of
Washington D.C. These agencies get their powers from the people who have volunteered into a contract
known as public policy of the unincorporated social security association under Article IV Section 3
clause 2.
30
An implied contract is one not created or evidenced by the explicit agreement of the parties, but
inferred by the law, as a matter of reason and justice from their acts or conduct, the circumstances

12

courts,
31
under conflict of law (diversity) principles, look at your life, liberty, and
property as relative, not actual. Your life, liberty, and property are converted to
privileges or immunities and civil rights. As a debtor, there is no absolute literal
property ownership only a privilege of possession.
32
Instead of the literal
constitutional law protecting you, you are only afforded the spirit of the constitution as
interpreted by the courts (judicial activism) and statutes. In other words, the court places
the statute in front of the constitution and interprets the statute and never interprets the
Constitution.
33
The statute was made by congress with the Constitution in mind, thus the
statute is the spirit and true meaning of the Constitution as interpreted by Congress as it
administers its other property under Article IV Section 3 clause 2.
Yes, under HJ R 192 the Americans have volunteered to give up their land, because
they have forfeited the Substance of the land for the convenience of a federal

surrounding the transaction making it a reasonable, or even a necessary, assumption that a contract existed
between them by tacit understanding. Blacks Law Dictionary, Revised 4
th
.
31
Tax cases come under diversity and as such the federal courts sit as a state court based on contract
law.
32
Debts are not the property of the debtors; they are obligations of the debtors, and only possess
value in the hands of the creditors. With the creditor they are property [absolute] Jones v. New
Pittsburgh Courier Pub. 364 A.2d 1315, 469 Pa 157 cert den 430 U.S. 984 (1976). Quoting State tax on
Foreign-Held Bonds, 15 Wall. 300, 82 U.S. 300, 320, 21 L.Ed. 179 (1872).
33
Here are examples of how this takes place using 28 U.S.C. 1331 to interpret Article III Section
2.1, known as the case arising clause.
The words arising under laws of the United States have chiefly been construed in cases
involving not Article III directly, but the statutory grant of federal question jurisdiction in 28 U.S.C. 1331
and its predecessors, which is cast in the same language. It is universally acknowledged, however, that the
statutory grant does not exhaust the constitutional power. Romero v. International Terminal Operating
Co., 358 U.S. 354, 379 n.51 (1959); Powell v. McCormack, 395 U.S. 486, 515 (1969); see National Mutual
Ins. Co. v. Tidewater Transfer Co., 337 U.S. 582, 613-14 (1949) (Rutledge, J ., concurring); Mishkin supra,
at 160-63; Note on the effect of the Statutory Adoption of the Constitutional Language, Hart & Wechsler,
at 870; Wright, Miller & Cooper, Federal Practice and Procedure: J urisdiction 3562 (1975).
As noted in 76 L Ed 2d 831 in reference to Verlinden v Bank of Nigeria 461 U.S. 480, concerning
Article III Section 2 Clause 1, and case arising. However, it should be noted that the jurisdiction
conferred by the constitutional arising under clause is broader than the federal question jurisdiction
provided by Congress in 28 U.S.C. 1331, even though the language of the statute is almost identical to
that of the constitutional clause. The reason given for this distinction is that there exists policy
consideration underlying the purpose of the jurisdictional statute that limit its application and which
do not enter into the picture when construing the constitutional authorization for statutory federal question
jurisdiction. [Bold emphasis added]
Additionally, note the distinction between 28 U.S.C. 1330, 1331 and 1337 as a further example of
judicial interpretation of the statute instead of the literal constitutional meaning.
Courts 254, 531 Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act arising under jurisdiction
A suit against a foreign state under 2 of the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976 (28 USC
1330) necessarily raises questions of substantive federal law at the very outset and hence clearly arises
under federal law for purposes of Article III jurisdiction, since at the threshold of every action in a District
Court against a foreign state the court must satisfy itself that one of the specified exceptions to foreign
sovereign immunity applies, and, in doing so, it must apply the detailed federal law standards set forth in
the Act. Verlinden B. V. Central Bank of Nigeria, 461 U.S. 480, (1962).

13

commercial social debt security system, via the jurisdiction of a territorial (inchoate
or incomplete) state (other property) or governmental subdivision promoting an
unincorporated interstate banking association to defer payment of debt. This is what the
milestone decision of Erie R.R. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64 (1938)
34
is all about. Erie
states, the law that applies is the law of the state. This law of the state means the law of
a territorial state or governmental subdivision operating under Article IV Section 3
clause 2. Therefore, this volunteer debt/credit system has made the literal constitutional
common law of the state into a feudal common law (private Roman civil law) under
federalism by operating under Article IV Section 3 clause 2.
Internal Revenue taxes of today are not unconstitutional or illegal as so many
patriot groups are declaring. They basically serve as dues for the privilege of
participating in the federated unincorporated interstate banking association for the non
Payment of debts. To understand this, it is necessary to understand what the Supreme
Court said regarding the 16
th
Amendment known as the Income Tax Amendment. By
the way, this has nothing to do with whether it was properly ratified or not.
The key Supreme Court case that reveals this truth is known as the Brushaber v.
Union Pacific Railroad, 240 U.S. 1, decided in 1916. This was decided three years after
the 16
th
Amendment was allegedly passed and two years after the Federal Reserve Act
was passed. The Court in the Brushaber case noted:
[T]he whole purpose of the [16
th
] Amendment was to
relieve all income taxes when imposed from apportionment
from a consideration of the source whence the income was
derived. Indeed, in the light of the history which we have

34
Whether laws of the several States, as so used, included nonstatutory law embodied in judicial
decisions of state courts was long a subject of controversy. After acting for half a century on the belief that
it did, the court, in Swift v. Tyson, 16 Pet. 1, decided that it did not. Almost a century later, that decision,
with it numerous and sorry progeny, was overruled, and the Court answered that it did. Erie R. Co. v.
Tompkins, supra. It later held that state decisions on conflicts of laws were also binding on the federal
courts. Klaxon v. Stentor Electric Mfg. Co., 313 U.S. 487 (1941). Thus, the Rules of Decision Act, as now
interpreted, requires federal courts to use state law, whether declared by the legislature or by the courts, as
rules of decision in cases where they apply, except where federal law shall otherwise require or
provide. These recent cases, like Swift v. Tyson, which evoked them, dealt only with the very special
problems arising in diversity cases, where federal jurisdiction exists to provide nonresident parties an
optional forum of assured impartiality. [315 U.S. 467] The Court has not extended the doctrine of Erie R.
Co. v. Tompkins beyond diversity cases. many subjects of private law which bulk large in the traditional
common law are ordinarily within the province of the states, and not the federal government. From
ODench Dume v. FDIC, 315 U.S. 447
In addition, ODench Dume tells us that the Federal Court system is bound by the states views as to
whether there is a contract. Quoting, [W]e are not bound by the states views as to whether there is a
contract. This is why they are free to construct a trust and take jurisdiction.

14
given and of the decision in the [Pollock v. Farmer Loan &
Trust, 156 U.S. 429 (1895)], and the ground upon which
the ruling in that case was based, there is no escape from
the conclusion that the Amendment was drawn for the
purpose of doing away for the future with the principle
upon which the Pollock Case was decided; that is, of
determining whether a tax on income was direct not by a
consideration of the burden placed on the taxed income
upon which it directly operated, but by taking into view the
burden which resulted on the property from which the
income was derived, since in express terms the Amendment
provides that income taxes, from whatever source the
income may be derived, shall not be subject to the
regulation of apportionment [Italic emphasis added].

The Pollock case that the Brushaber Court referred to was decided at the time the
United States still had the National Standard money in Payment of Debts. That
Standard money in Payment of Debts was the very substance (gold & silver) of the
Common Law that came from the land and was owned by the people. In other words, the
federal Government was trying to put a direct tax, without required apportionment among
the states, on income derived from the substance of the Common Law of the states, and
the Supreme Court properly declared that unconstitutional. The Court was saying that the
federal Government could not turn an untaxable constitutional right into a taxable
privilege within the common law. The federal Government could not collect a direct tax
on income unless done thru the states by apportionment, because income taxes were
direct taxes and paid in the Standard substance of the land in hard coin (gold &
silver) of the Common Law of the State to the U.S. Treasury. The federal Government
cannot collect a direct tax from individual sovereigns, because there is no federal
common law. The common law is at the Union of states level, because common law
contract rights are all launched or begin at the state level. (See Wheaton v. Peters, 8 Pet
(U.S.) 658 L.Ed. 1055 (1834)).
It must be kept in mind, at the time Pollock was decided in 1895 that there was no
commercial paper money under the Federal Reserve System. There was only our
National Standard money. Therefore, the Pollock Court correctly stated that taxes on
real estate or rents or income of real estate were direct taxes. Also, that taxes on personal
property or income derived from personal property were also direct taxes.

15
In 1916, the Brushaber Court determined that Brushabers income was derived, not
from the substance of the land of the Common Law, but from the profit and gain from
stocks and bonds through the use of commercial paper issued by Union Pacific, a private
corporation. That commercial paper, in the form of stocks and bonds, was NOT
Standard Lawful money or legal tender of the United States in payment of a debt, but
only a discharge of an obligation via a privilege under the civil law. Therefore, the
income from this commercial discharge privilege was subject to an indirect or excise
tax, which was proper under the Constitution (the same with income from stocks and
bonds today).
The Pollock Court, as a test to determine whether a tax is direct or indirect, namely:
The question whether it is a direct or an indirect tax cannot
depend upon those special events which may vary in
particular cases, but the best general rule is to look to the
time of payment; and if at the time the ultimate
incidence is uncertain, then, as it appears to their
lordships, it cannot, in this view, be called direct taxation
within the meaning of the second section of the ninety-
second clause of the act in question. Attorney General v.
Reed, 10 App. Cas. 141, quoted in Pollock v. Farmers
Loan & Trust Co., 157 U.S. 601, 632 (1895) as the test to
be applied for determining whether a tax is direct or
indirect. [Bold emphasis added]

For further understanding, we must consider once again HJ R 192. Since the inception
of HJ R 192, it has been against public policy to demand Payment of Debts instead, as
you now know, debts are only being discharged
35
with the use of the commercial paper
of the Federal Reserve, i.e., Federal Reserve Notes (FRNs), a.k.a. our paper money. This
discharge process means in fact and in law, that at the time of payment the ultimate
incidence is uncertain and, therefore, all federal taxes being collected are indirect or
excise taxes which are within the spirit and true meaning of the Constitution as
interpreted by Congress for those that have volunteered via diversity for the
unincorporated interstate banking association operating under other property of Article
IV Section 3 clause 2. Moreover, whether you have volunteered unwittingly or by
conscious choice, there are steps you can begin to take for remedy. See page 21
paragraph 2.

16

In addition, since HJ R 192 has made gold and silver into a commodity also, no matter
how much you have of it or attempt to pay with it, you still cannot pay an obligation
with it, but can only discharge an obligation with it just as the use of Federal Reserve
Notes and other commercial paper can do. In reality therefore, federal taxes are simply a
gift tax
36
(excise) on a privilege to pass on the gift of not paying, but rather in only
discharging debt for the public policy of social security via a unincorporated interstate
banking association.
Pursuant to its constitutional authority, Congress has
defined gross income as income from whatever source
derived. Including [I]ncome from discharge of
indebtedness. 26 U.S.C. 61 (12). This Court has
recognized that income may be realized by a variety
of indirect means. In Old Colony Trust Co. v.
Commissioner, 279 U.S. 716, (1929), the Court held that
payment of an employees income taxes by an employer
constituted income to the employee. Speaking for the
Court, Chief J ustice Taft concluded that, [t]he payment
of the tax by the employe[r] was in consideration of the
services rendered by the employee and was a gain
derived by the employee from his labor. Id., at 729. The
Court made clear that the substance, not the form, of
the agreed transaction controls. The discharge by a
third person of an obligation to him is equivalent to
receipt by the person taxed.
When a gift is made, the gift tax liability falls on the
donor under 26 U.S.C. 2502(d). When a donor makes a
gift to a donee, a debt to the United States for the amount
of the gift tax is incurred by the donor. Although intent is

35
As applied to demands, claims, rights of action, incumbrances, etc., to discharge the debt or claim
is to extinguish it, to annul its obligatory force, to satisfy it.
36
This is confirmed by the Pollock case where the Court quoted four legal accepted sources that
said:
Quoting Washburn on Real Property, it is said that a devise [i.e., a gift of land or reality by last will
and testament] of the rents and profits of land, or the income of land, is equivalent to a devise of the land
itself, and will be for life or in fee, according to the limitation expressed in the devise. Pollock at page
589. [Explanation added]
Quoting J arman on Wills, it is laid down that a devise of the rents and profits or of the income of
land passes the land itself, both at law and in equity; a rule, it is said, founded on the feudal law, according
to which the whole beneficial interest of the land consisted in the right to take the rents and profits.
Pollock at page 589.
Quoting Coke upon Littleton: If a man seized of lands in fee by his deed granteth to another the
profits of those lands, to have and to hold to him and his heires, and maketh livery secundum formam
chartae, the whole land itselfe, doth pass; for what is the land but the profits thereof? Pollock at page 590.
Quoting Goldin v. Lakeman, Lord Tenterden, Chief J ustice of the court of the kings bench, to the
same effect, said, It is an established rule that a devise of the rents and profits is a devise of the land.
And, in J ohnson v. Arnold, Lord Chancellor Hardwicke reiterated profits of lands is a devise of the lands
themselves profits of lands is a devise of the lands themselves. Pollock at page 590

17

relevant in determining whether a gift has been made,
subjective intent has not characteristically been a factor in
determining whether an individual has realized income.
Diedrich v. Commissioner, 457 U.S. 191 [Bold italics
emphasis added]

In other words, the above quote reveals that, because the association never demands
payment, those participating never demand the law (portable land known as gold) and the
land it comes from. The participants simply gift it on to the association and are taxed on
the value that they are privileged to pass on through this discharge.
The above quote demonstrates the consequences of signing a W4. When you sign a
W4 form or have an employer withhold any thing from your wages, it becomes taxable
income to you. The moment you sign any W-4 forms in the past or present, or have any
kind of withholding with your employer, you admit that the debt exists, then the IRS
enters into the picture as a third party. The problem is, there is nothing that says you owe
the debt, other than HJ R 192, and it only states that it is against public policy to demand
payment. Because of this situation, the government presumes you intended to give a gift,
so the government sets up a charitable trust. When someone gives a gift, the charitable
thing to do, is give a gift in return, thus the social security trust (unincorporated
association) is born. Under federal law, when you make a gift, you have to fill out the
forms (1040) and pay the taxes on that gift.
37
Signing those government forms becomes a

37
CHAPTER 4Gift Taxes page 144
Volume 53 Part I United States Statutes at Large (1939)
Sec. 1000. Imposition of Tax
(a) For the calendar year 1940 and each calendar year thereafter a tax, computed as provided in
section 1001, shall be imposed upon the transfer during such calendar year by any individual, resident or
non-resident, of property by gift. Gift taxes for the calendar years 1932-1939, inclusive, shall not be
affected by the provisions of this chapter, but shall remain subject to the applicable provisions of the
Revenue Act of 1932, except as such provisions are modified by legislation enacted subsequent to the
Revenue Act of 1932. [Section 1001, See Diedrich v. Commissioner 457 U.S. 191 (1982). [Bold emphasis
added]
(b) The tax shall apply whether the transfer is in trust or otherwise, whether the gift is direct or
indirect, and whether the property is real or personal, tangible or intangible; but in the case of a non-
resident not a citizen of the United States, shall apply to a transfer only if the property is situated within the
United States. [Bold emphasis added]

EDITORS NOTE AND EXPLANATIONS: The gift tax statutes of 1939 were passed after Erie RR v.
Tompkins in 1938.
Intangible means, there is no record that you owe the tax, only a presumption. The intangible is the
debt res (or object) that the courts construct a trust upon.
In trust refers to a Constructive Trust.
Indirect refers to the fact that there is no direct evidence, such as a bilateral contract or a physical
privilege or franchise issued out of the secretary of states office.

18

third party recognizance
38
or Charitable Subscription Debt Acknowledgement, where
there is no judgment or record (nul tiel record
39
) that the debt is owed. A charitable
subscription or pledge is binding without proof that the promise of the subscription or
pledge induced action or forbearance or was supported by consideration. Salsbury v.

Real and personal property is referring to what is gifted to the trust.

Sec. 1006 Returns
(a) REQUIREMENT.Any individual who within the calendar year 1940 or any calendar year
thereafter makes transfers by gift (except those which under section 1003 are not to be included in the total
amount of gifts for such year) shall make a return under oath in duplicate. The return shall set forth (1) each
gift made during the calendar year which under section 1003 is to be included in computing net gifts; (2)
the deductions claimed and allowable under section 1004; (3) the net gifts for each of the preceding
calendar years; and (4) such further information as may be required by regulations made pursuant to law.
Sec. 1007 records and special returns.
By Donor.Every person liable to any tax imposed by this chapter or for the collection thereof,
shall keep such records, render under oath such statements, make such returns, and comply with such rules
and regulations, as the Commissioner, with the approval of Secretary, may from time to time prescribe.
38
RECOGNIZANCES arent of record until ENROLLED. Enrolled is the registering or entering on
the rolls of the chancery, kings bench, common pleas, or exchequer, to the clerk of the peace in the records
of the quarter sessions of any lawful act; as a recognizance, a deed of bargain and sale, and the like. J acob
Law Dictionary.
Third party beneficiaries can be found to have acquired enforceable rights in situations in which the
presence of third party interests is not readily apparent. Anytime a contract will have the effect of
producing a direct benefit for certain individuals or for a class of people, . . .
There are many types of contracts that are made between government agencies and private parties
or other governmental units for the primary purpose of benefiting a class of citizens. An issue regarding
third party rights can exist in contracts providing for such things as job retraining for persons whose
employment in the lumber industry was terminated by the creation of a new redwood tree park or
replacement housing for persons dislocated by a redevelopment project. From, West Nut Shell Series on
Contracts 163. Intended Beneficiaries in Special Situations: Government Contracts and Assumption of
Secured Indebtedness.
Cases decided under English common law as well as early American cases denied enforcement by
third parties because they were persons from whom no consideration flowed or because there was no
mutuality of obligation. However, with the general recognition in the United States of enforceable rights
in third party beneficiaries, the notion that the plaintiff had to incur some legal detriment as part of the
bargained exchange has been rejected. FromWest Nut Shell Series on Contracts 52. Notice it does
not say the common law of the state instead it uses United States. See federal common law in D'Oench,
Duhme & Co., Inc. v. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation 315 U.S. 447.
In other words, a bona fide debt must be enrolled and to be enrolled it must be certified that the debt
is owed. This is the rule of the common law; but we are not dealing in the common law of the state of
Article IV Section 3 cl. 1 or Article I Section 10. To the contrary, you as a person have other property in
a state or territory that has not been incorporated into the Union of states. That is to say, you have a debt
res in a inchoate (incomplete) state under Article IV Section 3 cl. 2 that is under private Roman law that the
IRS treats as other property that they have jurisdiction over. See O'Donoghue v. United States, 289 US
516, 537 (1933).
39
NUL TIEL RECORD. No such record. A plea denying the existence of any such record as that
alleged by the plaintiff. It is the genera1 plea in an action of debt on a judgment, Hoffheimer v. Stiefel, 17
Misc. 236, 39 N.Y.S. 714; Watters v. Freeman Bros., 16 Ga.App. 595, 85 S.E. 931. J udgment of nul tiel
record occurs when some p1eading denies the existence of a record and issue is joined thereon; the record
being produced is compared by the court with the statement in the pleading which alleges it; and if they
correspond, the party asserting its existence obtains judgment; if they do not correspond, the other party
obtains judgment of nul tiel record (no such record). Blacks Law Dict. 4
th
ed.

19
Northwestern Bell Telephone Co., 221 N.W.2d 609 (1978). In other words, a pledge is
compelled performance in equity.
Because of HJ R 192 discharging all debt, the minute you touch an evidence of debt
you are considered as having created taxable income. But, it is only prima facie evidence
of income. Article I Section 10, Amendment 10 and Article IV Section 3 clause 1 are
there for those who do not want or choose to be a part of the unincorporated interstate
banking association.
Again, whether the 16
th
Amendment was properly ratified is irrelevant and frivolous.
In addition, whether amendments to the constitution are properly ratified, is a political
question (See Coleman v. Miller, 307 U.S. 433). The 16
th
Amendment cannot be properly
ratified pursuant to the Constitution, because the amendment represents the civil law.
And since the introduction of the Federal Reserve Act in 1914, the 16
th
Amendment no
longer applies. Your compelled performance now comes through the 14
th
Amendment,
and Article IV Section 3 clause 2.
Also, all arguments that statutory provisions are unenacted by Congress, or
unpromulgated in the Federal Register with no published implementing regulations or
authority in the CFR are meaningless. They are meaningless since these provisions
pertain to entities that have federal franchises issued under the authority of the
Government under Article I and do not pertain to local law under the unincorporated
association (called public policy) of Article IV Section 3 clause 2. Any cases involving
the unincorporated association (social security federalism) under Article IV Section 3
clause 2, the courts base their decisions on public policy. Public policy is not law per se,
it is whatever the social security association (commune) under Article IV Section 3
clause 2 wants. The judge, in such a case, wears the hat of a private Roman officer and
acts accordingly. In other words, the judge constructs a trust. First and foremost the social
security trust must be dismantled before you attack any other segment of the tax
structure. Unless this is done the fight becomes hopeless. The judge will take judicial
notice of whatever law forum he desires in order to fit the situation (spirit and true
meaning) at hand, because the Constitution, with its separation of powers, is not
literally applicable to either the government or a citizen participating in the
unincorporated interstate banking association. The court is merely enforcing the citizens
contract rights under Article I Section 10.

20
So how did you volunteer or contract for the compelled performance of the
unincorporated interstate banking association? 1) If you have given a gift to the public
policy association such as a W-4 Withholding form. 2) If you deal in the debt/credit of
the banks by sending personal checks interstate and/or using credit cards. In other words,
if you avail yourself of the benefits of the unincorporated interstate banking association,
you are guilty by association with this association.
However, the good news is that your right to contract under Article I Section 10 is
still very much alive. This means that you cannot be compelled to volunteer or perform in
equity in lieu of Payment at law if you are NOT a member of the unincorporated
interstate banking association that is deferring payment of debt. Payment at law deals
with absolute property rights, as does Section 1 clause 3 of the 14
th
Amendment. If you
are a member (by volunteering knowingly or unknowingly) of the unincorporated
interstate banking association, you are subject to Section 1 clauses 1 and 2 of the 14
th

Amendment, which treats discharge as payment in equity, because there is no
constitutional injunction of payment at the federal level. There is only an injunction at
the state level under Article I Section 10. Thus, even though the debt is discharged,
clause 3 of Section 1 of the 14
th
Amendment, along with the 9
th
and 10
th
Amendments,
mandates that the states, referred to in Article IV Section 3 clause 1, treat real property as
being owned absolutely for those who have NO 14
th
Amendment privileges or
immunities resulting from the unincorporated interstate banking association. That is to
say, anyone who has not reached in to take advantage of the privileges or immunities of
the unincorporated association, called federalism, has no contact or relationship with the
state or federal government and, therefore, all property ownership is absolute.
In addition, when you are not involved with the privileges or immunities (referred
to in the 14
th
Amendment) of the unincorporated interstate banking association, the full
faith and credit clause of Article IV Section 1 is in your favor. This means, any court
decision of any other state can be used as if it were a court decision of your state with the
same full legal force and effect, because you not subject to the U.S. citizenship
restrictions of the 14
th
Amendment, when you are not participating in the privileges or
immunities. If you are not subject to privileges or immunities of the 14
th
Amendment,
you have not volunteered for a territory communal unincorporated interstate banking
association of federalism (termed in most state statutes as this state), thus there is no

21
residual of the debt left over, as noted in Stanek v. White, 172 Minn. 390, 215 N.W. 784,
to compel performance to that association.
There is a distinction between a debt discharged and a
debt paid. When discharged the debt still exists though
divested of its character as a legal obligation during the
operation of the discharge. Something of the original
vitality of the debt continues to exist which may be
transferred, even though the transferee takes it subject to its
disability incident to the discharge. The fact that it carries
something which may be a consideration for a new promise
to pay, so as to make an otherwise worthless promise a
legal obligation, makes it the subject of transfer by
assignment.

And how can this be? There is a very important principle alluded to earlier that was
stated in Digest 44. 7. 21 which was relied upon in court, for instance, in the 1792 case of
Armour v. Campbell, M. 4476 and it states:
Where he made the contract. But it is deemed to be
contracted not where it was entered into, but where
payment is due [contract performed].

So, if there was no payment, how can there be a contract to compel one to
performance? There isnt one, because the contract is based totally on volunteering as
in giving a gift. Remember, the basic premise of the Constitution is that all powers
emanate from you the individual. You cannot be compelled to perform in equity unless
you volunteer to perform in the equity of the spirit and true meaning of the Constitution
under the unincorporated association through the use of interstate banking and credit
cards and submitting W-4 and 1040s.
When you volunteer to use the interstate banking association in commerce, you agree
to never demand payment. The fact that you cannot pay debt, does not compel you to be a
slave to the interstate banking association. You cannot be compelled to perform in equity
in lieu of Payment at law if you are NOT a member of an unincorporated banking
association. If you do not pay debt, there is only a debt / creditor relationship and,
therefore, no contract under Article IV Section 3 clause 2. Also, where there is no
payment of debt there is no common law as expressed under Article IV Section 3 clause 1

22

and Article 1 Section 10, there is only equity,
40
and equity compels performance under
Article IV Section 3 clause 2 while Article 1 Section 10 does not apply.
Remember, it is about contract and you do have free will to contract. So where do you
want to function? Under the spirit of the constitution, as determined by Congress and
the courts interpretation, so acting because of diversity? Or do you want to be living as a
true sovereign under the literal letter of the Constitution and the first ten amendments to
the Bill of Rights? As noted in Munn v. Illinois, 94 U.S. 113 the Court said:
This brings us to inquire as to the principles upon which
this power of regulation rests, in order that we may
determine what is within and what without its operative
effect. Looking, then, to the common law, from whence
came the right which the Constitution protects, we find that
when private property is affected with a public interest, it
ceases to be juris privati only. Property does become
clothed with a public interest when used in a manner to
make it of public consequence, and affect the community at
large. When, therefore, one devotes his property to a use in
which the public has an interest, he, in effect, grants to the
public an interest in that use and must submit to be
controlled by the public for the common good, to the extent
of interest he has thus created. He may withdraw his grant
by discontinuing the use; but, so long as he maintains the
use, he must submit to the control.

By participating in the gifting of discharge of debt via the interstate banking
association, you have devoted your property, under contract, to a use in which the public
has an interest. In other words, your life, liberty and property have become clothed
with a public interest, because of voluntary contract, therefore, you must submit to be

40
In Porter v. Warner 328 U.S. 395 (1946) the Court seeded on the verge of giving equity a radical
expansion by arguing that when the public interest is involved in a proceeding the equitable powers of
the federal district courts assume an even broader and more flexible character that when only a private
controversy is at stake. But it was not until 1955 that it became clear just how fluid equity had become.
The Court, in the second Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas 349 U.S. 294 (1955), fashioned a
new understanding of the Courts equitable remedial powers. The central thrust was that in the place of an
individual adverse litigant the Court placed an aggrieved social class. Its remedies would be decreed,
no longer for the individual who had been injured by the generality of the law, but rather for whole
classes of people on the basis of a deprivation of rights a deprivation that was provable only by resort to
the uncertain realm of psychological knowledge and sociological laws unconstitutional and restricting their
operation: it attempted to fashion broad remedies for those so deprived.
What is particularly striking about Warren's invocation of the federal equity power in Brown (II) is
that, while he spoke of the traditional attributes" and guiding principles" of equity being controlling, he
then ignored most of the more substantial equitable principles in writing his opinion.
controlled by the public for the common good. That is to say, public policy and judicial
discretion in the spirit of the constitution only control no guarantees.
And so how does one become sovereign? Get rid of your credit cards. Only use a
bank for depositing checks and keeping track of your money under a non interest bearing
account. Never send or allow your personal checks to go interstate. Use postal money
orders or your banks corporate certified checks or corporate money orders for sending
interstate payments. Sever the contract by commencing an action in the state court and
disclaim clauses 1 & 2 of Section 1 to the 14
th
Amendment; 15 U.S.C; Article IV Section
3 clause 2. The state court is the only place you have the common law option of obtaining
jurisdiction
41
without the use of a statute or Roman civil law. You fight the IRS in state
court using federal law. You should never be in federal court unless in the Supreme
Court. If defending in a federal court action, you must challenge service of process and
subject matter jurisdiction. And simply remember this, HJ R 192 is only prima facie
evidence of the law. To overcome it you invoke your right to contract under Article I
Section 10.
For assistance contact:
RD1 Box 213F, Hesston, PA 16647
814-658-3117, email: eagleeye@pennswoods.net

41
Either a replevin or trespass action give state courts jurisdiction without a statute, because they are
true common law actions.

eagleeye@pennswoods.net
23
or 814-658-3117

Common Law of
England
Principles incorporated into two faces of
the U.S. Constitution
WHICH WILL YOU CHOOSE?
NO interference from Congress or state
legislatures.
Federal courts have no jurisdiction over two
party contracts.

Civil law defined by the spirit of
Constitution as set forth by Congress and
courts. Federal courts have jurisdiction
because of third party franchise of limited
liability that creates diversity of citizenship
cases, whereby federal courts sits as courts
of an unincorporated state.
Individuals domiciled in states as
incorporated into the Union are not subject to
commercial regulation. Commercial
regulation only as it relates to income from
corporate stock and physical franchises under
Article I Section 8.1 & 8.3
Private Roman law for Public policy.
Commercial regulation for individuals,
because of third party relationships to the
unincorporated association franchise with
the federal for the social security of limited
liability of debt non payment.. No compelled performance to government
for those who choose to function within the
states as incorporated into the Union.
States incorporated in the Union defined
under Article 4 Section 3.1
No issue of diversity of citizenship under
Erie RR v. Tompkins
Unincorporated associations for social
security directly controlled by Congress as
other property of Article 4 Section 3.2
In diversity cases, after 1933 (Erie 1938),
the law of the unincorporated association
becomes the law of the state as other
property.
States incorporated in the Union under the
common law and strict letter of Constitution.
Literal Bill of Rights protection under strict
interpretation of the first 10 amendments.
1933 Congress enacts HJ R 192 for the
limited liability for payment of debt that
establishes social security trust. Congress
and courts only provide the spirit of
constitution and bill of rights, because of
charitable subscription debt
acknowledgement.
Compelled performance to government for
those under discharge of debt for social
security within unincorporated associations
of other property.
Non Literal
Meaning, i.e.,
Spirit
Unincorporated associations have no
charter, so the courts construct a trust to
manage the association, because it is
outside the common law of the states as
incorporated in the Union. The social
security trust gives the court subject matter
jurisdiction, because of the implied
jurisdiction of HJ R 192, 12 USC and 15
USC for limited liability intended for
social and financial security dictating
public policy.
Corporations chartered under federal or State
franchises for the limited liability of debt and
commercial regulation under the
constitutional spirit of equity of Article 1
Section 8.1 & 8.3
Franchises give personal jurisdiction limited
by limited contacts rule. Courts have
automatic subject matter jurisdiction,
because of the franchise the corporation is
under.
Came together about 1707
Roman Civil Law of
Scotland
Literal
Meaning

The Law The Money and Your Choice Lee Brobst

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