MATH 205 SECTION 41 HW #1

RUDIN SOLUTIONS

Rudin 9.1 Let B =< v1 , v2 , , vk > be a basis for S . Take w, zSpanS . Then w = c1 v1 + + ck vk and z = d1 v1 + + dk vk for ci , di R, where i = 1, 2, , k . So w + z = (c1 + d1 )v1 + +(ck + dk )vk , which is a linear combination of B since (ci + di )R for i = 1, 2, , k . Therefore, (w + z)SpanS . Also, q R, we have that q w = qc1 v1 + + qck vk , which implies that q wSpanS since qci R for i = 1, 2, , k . Therefore, SpanS is a vector space. Rudin 9.2 Let A and B be linear transformations and take x, yX . Then BA(x + y) = B (A(x) + A(y)) = BA(x) + BA(y), and for cR, BA(cx) = B (cA(x)) = cBA(x), which shows that BA is linear. Now consider A1 . Notice that AL(X, Y ), so A1 : Y X . Take x, yY , then A1 (A(x + y) = x + y = A1 (A(x)) + A1 (A(y)), and for cR, A1 (A(cx)) = cx = cA1 (A(x)),

showing that A1 is linear. Lastly, we want to show that A1 is invertible. By the existence of A1 we know that A is invertible, so A is one to one, meaning that A(x) = A(y) if and only if x = y. So A(x) = A(y) if and only if A1 (A(x)) = A1 (A(y)), showing that A1 is one to one. Also, A is onto, meaning that R(A) = Y . Since A : X Y , we have that A1 (Y ) = X , meaning A1 is onto. Therefore, A1 is invertible. Rudin 9.3 Take AL(X, Y ). Suppose there exist x, yX such that A(x) = A(y). Then A(x) A(y) = A(x y) = 0, which implies that x = y since A(z) = 0 only when z = 0. Therefore, A is one to one.