A NOVEL FACTS COMPENSATION SCHEME FOR POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT IN WIND SMART GRID

Abdelazeem A. Abdelsalam Dept of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Suez Canal University, Egypt Abstract - This paper presents a novel FACTS based Static Switched Filter Compensation (SSFC) scheme. This FACTS SSFC scheme is an effective power quality mitigation, voltage stabilization, power losses reduction and power factor enhancement tool for wind schemes interfaced with Smart Grid-Distribution Networks. The FACTS SSFC-device is controlled by two regulators based on a tri-loop dynamic error driven inter-coupled input to VSC controller. The FACTS filter compensation scheme has been fully validated for effective harmonic mitigation, voltage stabilization, losses reduction and power factor correction using the Matlab Simulink software environment. The proposed FACTS Static Switched Filter Compensator Scheme can be extended to integrate other distributed/dispersed distributed generation schemes for power quality and power factor enhancement and compensation requirements such as voltage stabilization and efficient utilization. Keywords: FACTS, Static Switched Filter Compensator, Dynamic Controllers, Wind Energy, Power Quality. I. INTRODUCTION Wind energy is becoming one of the most important renewable energy sources. Recently, power converter control has mostly been studied and developed for WECS integration in the electrical grid. The use of power electronic converters allows variable speed operation of the wind turbine where the WECS extracts maximum power from the turbine. Although WECS uses an electric generator that could be coupled directly to the electrical grid, the power electronics interface is commonly used nowadays. One can take advantage of the power electronic interface to provide some of the ancillary services such as harmonic current mitigation, simultaneously with power generation [1]. These services are provided in addition to active power generation, reactive absorption and injection to achieve voltage control, regulation and correction to meet load variations. The integration of wind plants into the power system may cause power quality problems. Several wind turbine types have different power quality characteristics. The major power quality problems on grid-connected power plants are power variations, flicker and harmonics. The WECS can be connected as either stand-alone for supplying power to local isolated loads in remote areas, or connected to the electric grid system. Owing to very large wind farms emerging, the dispersed renewable wind energy is required to be fully connected to the electrical distribution networks [2]. However, increased penetration of the dispersed wind energy creates an uncertain and challenging scenario for the electric power grid system. In remote and isolated sites, the power obtained from wind energy integrated with the electric grid can reach the same order of magnitude as grid-power transferred, which means that the mutual impact between wind-energy schemes and the electric grid networks must Adel M. Sharaf, Senior Member IEEE, Energy Research Group-UTT, University of Trinidad and Tobago, Trinidad and Tobago be taken into account. Dynamic electric load variations and wind velocity excursions cause excessive changes in the prime mover kinetic energy and the corresponding electrical power injected into the AC grid utility system [3]. In short, it is necessary to provide effective and economical technical solutions for both power quality and security aspects related to the electric grid with distributed and dispersed wind energy schemes. Fortunately, the new emerging FACTS technologies can perform new stabilization and fast power control functions by quickly switching solid-state devices [4]. In general, FACTS devices are used in transmission control whereas custom power devices are used for distribution control. Since the introduction of FACTS and custom power devices such as Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC), synchronous static compensator (STATCOM), dynamic voltage restorer (DVR), solidstate transfer switch and solid-state fault current limiter have been developed for improving power quality and reliability of a system [5- 7]. Advanced control and improved semiconductor switching of these devices have reached a new era for power quality mitigation. The FACTS and custom power devices have been developed for mitigating specific power quality problems. For example, UPFC works well for power flow control, DVR which acts as a series compensator is used for voltage sag compensation and STATCOM which is a shunt compensator is used for reactive power and voltage sag compensation. The STATCOM, DVR, UPS and active power conditioner are only useful for compensating a particular type of power quality problems and therefore, it has become necessary to develop a new kind of Unified Series-Shunt Compensator (USSC) which can mitigate a wider range of power quality problems. Many FACTS devices used the principle of USSC had been published [8- 11]. This paper presents a FACTS based static switched filter compensator (SSFC) scheme for effective voltage stabilization, power quality enhancement, losses reduction and power factor improvement in distribution grid networks with the dispersed wind energy interface. The FACTS SSFC is based on controlled complementary switching process between two capacitor banks to be connected with the classical tuned. The switching process is achieved by novel dynamic control strategies and the pulse width modulation-complementary switching (PWM). Two error dynamic regulation schemes are utilized with a tri-loop dynamic error intercoupled control strategy and a VSC controller. The SSFC- FACTS device scheme has been fully validated for effective power quality mitigation, voltage stabilization, losses reduction and power factor correction using Matlab Simulink environment. II. THE STATIC SWITCHED FILTER COMPENSATOR The FACTS SSFC scheme, shown in Fig. 1, is a combination of two series capacitor banks (CS1 and CS2) and two shunt capacitor banks (Cm1 and Cm2) in parallel with the capacitor element (CF) of a tuned arm filter (RF, LF and CF). An intermittent switching process between the two shunt capacitor banks is achieved by novel dynamic control strategies.

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Fig. 2 The The VSC control of the FACTS SSFC scheme Fig. 1 The novel FACTS static switched filter compensator scheme III. CONTROLLER DESIGN Integrated inter-coupled regulators dynamic control based on two regulators A and B are proposed to reduce the harmonics, improve the power factor and stabilize the buses voltage using the FACTS static switched filter compensator. The global error is the sum of the two inter-coupled regulators output. The global error signal is an input to the VSC controller to regulate the modulating control signal to the PWM switching block as shown in Fig. 2. A. Regulator A: In this regulator, shown in Fig. 3, the voltage and current waveform are used in a tri loop error to provide a stable voltage at all AC buses and to improve the power factor. This is achieved by modulating the admittance of the SSFC. B. Regulator B: This regulator, shown in Fig. 4, is used to suppress any voltage and current harmonic ripples and consequently mitigate the harmonics. DIGITAL SIMULATION OF THE STUDIED AC SYSTEM A. The AC System Configuration The studied AC system is 11 KV distribution network with a renewable wind energy source and is connected to 138 kV AC grid through 11/138kV step up transformer. A hybrid load comprises a linear load, a converter type nonlinear load and an induction motor load is connected to the distribution network through 11/4.16kV step down transformer. Fig. 3 depicts a single line diagram of the studied AC system. The detailed parameters of the system are given in [10]. IV.
1 Vm base

1 1 + ST1

1 I m1base

1 1 + ST1

Fig. 3 The tri-loop error driven regulator A

1 Vm base
1 1 + ST2

1 1 + ST3

1 I m2 base

1 1 + ST2

Fig. 4 The tri-loop error driven regulator B B. Simulation Results of Digital Simulation The Matlab/Simulink digital simulation results for the proposed FACTS-Switched Filter Compensation Scheme are validated for two study cases are as follow: Case 1: Normal Loading Operation The dynamic response of voltage and power factor at the generator (Bg), load (BL) and infinite buses (Bi) under normal operation with and without using the FACTS filter are shown in Figs. 6&7.

Fig. 5 Single Line Diagram of the sample study distribution system with the novel FACTS switched filter compensation scheme

Generator bus 1 0.8 V o lt a g e( p u ) V o lt a g e( p u ) 1 0.8

Load bus 1 0.8 V o lt a g e( p u )

Infi ni te bus

0.6 0.4 0.2

0.6 0.4 0.2

0.6 0.4 0.2

0.2

0.4 0.6 Ti me (sec)

0.8

0.2

0.4 0.6 Ti me (sec)

0.8

0.2

0.4 0.6 Ti me (sec)

0.8

Fig. 6 The rms voltage at the generator, load and infinite buses without (dashed line) and with SSFC (solid line)
Generator bus 1 0.8 0.6 P o w e rF a c to r P o w e rF a c to r 0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 Ti me (sec) 0.8 1 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 Ti me (sec) 0.8 1 P o w e rF a c to r Load bus 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 Ti me (sec) 0.8 1 Infi ni te bus

Fig. 7 The power factor at the generator, load and infinite buses without (dashed line) and with SSFC (solid line) In the previous figures, with using the FACTS filter compensator, the rms value of the voltage waveform at the generator and load buses are increased. While at the infinite bus (Bi), the rms value of voltage waveform does not change The active and reactive power losses are calculated and are shown in Fig. 8. As shown in this figure, with using the FACTS static switching filter compensator, the active and reactive power losses in the two feeders (10 & 5 km) are decreased.
12 x 10
4

1.2 without 1 1 M agnitude (pu) M agnitude (pu) 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 1.2 with SSFC

P Losses 10 Power Losses (Watt & VAR)

Q Losses

wi th SSFC wi thout

3 5 7 9 11 Harmoni c Order

13

15

3 5 7 9 11 Harmoni c Order

13

15

Fig. 10 The frequency spectrum of voltage waveform at the load bus, BL, without and with the FACTS filter compensator
1 0.8 Magnitude (pu) 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 Magnitude (pu) without 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 with SSFC

Fig. 8 The active and reactive power losses without and with FACTS SSFC The frequency spectra of the voltage waveforms are shown in Figs. 9- 11. The voltage and current harmonic analysis in term of the total harmonic distortion (THD) is summarized in Table I. It is obvious that the voltage harmonics are significantly reduced to a level within the limit set by the IEEE Std.519-1992 regarding the THD of bus voltage at low voltage system (less than 69 kV) [12]. Also the THD of current waveform at each bus is decreased.
1.2 wi thout 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 1.2 wi th SSFC

3 5 7 9 11 Harmoni c Order

13

15

3 5 7 9 11 Harmonic Order

13

15

Fig. 11 The frequency spectrum of voltage waveform at the infinite bus, Bi, without and with the FACTS filter compensator Table I THD of the voltage and current waveforms % THD of Voltage % THD of Current Waveform Waveform With With Without Without SSFC SSFC Generator 8.9 0.44 5.1 1.6 bus Bg Load bus BL 22.7 0.33 18.5 1.3

M agn itu d e (p u )

5 7 9 11 Harmonic Order

13

15

M agn itu d e (p u )

5 7 9 11 Harmonic Order

13

15

Fig. 9 The frequency spectrum of voltage waveform at the generator bus, Bs, without and with the FACTS filter compensator

Infinite bus Bi

0.05

0.045

11.3

1.7

Generator bus 1 1

Load bus 1

Infi ni te bus

0.8 V oltage (pu) V oltage (pu)

0.8 V oltage (pu) wi thout wi th SSFC 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 Ti me (sec) 0.8 1

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.2 wi thout wi th SSFC 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 Ti me (sec) 0.8 1

0.2

0.2 without with SSFC 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 Ti me (sec) 0.8 1

Fig. 12 The rms voltage at the generator, load and infinite buses without (dashed line) and with SSFC (solid line) Case 2: Sudden Change of The Wind Speed and The Load Excursion In this case study, the digital simulation is carried out with and without the controlled SFC located at load bus for 1.0 second in order to show its performance under the following disturbance sequence: 1) At t = 0.1 second, the linear load is removed for a duration of 0.1 seconds; 2) At t = 0.3 second, the nonlinear load is removed for a duration of 0.1 seconds; 3) At t = 0.5 second, wind speed suddenly decreased to 9 m/s for a duration of 0.1 seconds; 4) At t = 0.7 second, wind speed suddenly increased to 21 m/s for a duration of 0.1 seconds; 5) At t = 0.8 the system is recovered to its initial state. The rms values of voltage waveforms at generator (Bg), load (BL) and infinite buses (Bi) under load excursions are depicted in Fig. 12. Figure 18 shows, without using the FACTS SSFC scheme, the disconnection of the linear and nonlinear loads have an effect on the value of voltage at the generator and load buses. It causes a voltage swell. While with using the controlled FACTS SSFC scheme, there is no effect on the voltage waveforms. This means that the controlled FACTS SSFC scheme mitigates the swell event of PQ disturbances. Also with the controlled FACTS SSFC scheme, the gradually change in wind speed does not appear on the voltage and active power waveform while the sudden change have a small effect on it. V. CONCLUSION This paper presents a FACTS based static switched filter compensator (SSFC) scheme for effective voltage stabilization, power quality enhancement, losses reduction and power factor improvement in distribution grid networks with the dispersed wind energy interface. The FACTS SSFC is based on controlled complementary switching process between two capacitor banks to be connected with the classical tuned. The switching process is achieved by novel dynamic control strategies and the pulse width modulation-complementary switching (PWM). Two error dynamic regulation schemes are utilized with a tri-loop dynamic error intercoupled control strategy and a VSC controller. The SSFC- FACTS device scheme has been fully validated for effective power quality mitigation, voltage stabilization, losses reduction and power factor correction using Matlab Simulink environment. FACTS SSFC topology variations and other flexible dynamic control techniques can be utilized in hybrid wind- PV- fuel cell AC- DC renewable energy utilization systems. REFERENCES [1] Thomas Ackermann, Wind Power in Power Systems, 2005, John Wiley & Sons Ltd. [2] Jamal A. Baroudi, Venkata Dinavahi, Andrew M. Knight, A review of power converter topologies for wind generators, Renewable Energy, vol. 32 , pp 2369-2385, 2007. [3] J. M. Carrasco, and etc, Power-Electronic Systems for the Grid Integration of Renewable Energy Sources: A Survey, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 4, pp 1002-1016, August 2006. [4] Narain G. Hingorani and Laszlo Gyugyi, Understanding FACTS: concepts and technology of flexible AC transmission system, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 2000. [5] A.M. Sharaf, and K. Abo-Al-Ez, A FACTS Based Dynamic Capacitor Scheme for Voltage Compensation and Power Quality Enhancement. Proceedings of the IEEEISIE 2006 Conference, Montreal, Quebec Canada, July 2006. [6] E. Babaei, M. F. Kangarlu, M. Sabahi, "Mitigation of Voltage Disturbances Using Dynamic Voltage Restorer Based on Direct Converters", IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 25, no. 4, pp 2676-2683, October 2010. [7] W. C. Lee, D. M. Lee, T. K. Lee," New Control Scheme for a Unified Power- Quality Compensator-Q With Minimum Active Power Injection", IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 25, no. 2, pp 1068-1076, April 2010. [8] A. M. Sharaf, A. A. Abdelsalam, A Novel FACTS Based Dynamic Voltage Compensation Scheme for Smart Electric Grid Stabilization and Efficient Utilization IEEE Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2011, CCECE 11, pp 42-47. [9] A. M. Sharaf, A. A. Abdelsalam, A novel switched filter compensation scheme for power quality enhancement and loss reduction International Symposium on Innovations in Intelligent Systems and Applications ,INISTA 2011, Turkey, pp 398- 403. [10] A. M. Sharaf, A. A. Abdelsalam, Power quality enhancement in wind-grid interface based on switched filter compensator International Symposium on Innovations in Intelligent Systems and Applications ,INISTA 2011, pp 404- 409. [11] A. M. Sharaf, A. A. Abdelsalam, A. A. Eldesouky, A.A. Sallam, a novel FACTS based modulated power filter compensation scheme for smart electric grid stabilization and efficient utilization, International Journal of Distributed Energy Resources, vol. 7, no. 4, pp 311-327, 2011. [12] IEEE Std 519-1992, "IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical Power Systems", 1992.