IMMUNIZATION

By: Katherine D. Valiente Potri Moarifah L. Sarip

Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) was established in 1976 to ensure that infants/children and mothers have access to routinely recommended infant/childhood
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vaccines. Six vaccine-preventable diseases were initially included in the EPI: tuberculosis, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and measles. In 1986, 21.3% fully immunized children less than fourteen months of age based on the EPI Comprehensive Program review. In 2002, WHO estimated that 1.4 million of deaths among children under 5 years due to diseases that could have been prevented by routine vaccination. This represents 14% of global total mortality in children under 5 years of age. Republic Act No. 10152MandatoryInfants and Children Health Immunization Act of 2011Signed by President Benigno Aquino III in July 26, 2010. The mandatory includes basic immunization for children under 5 including other types that will be determined by the Secretary of Health. 1.Polio Eradication: The Philippines has sustained its polio-free status since October 2000 Declining Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) third dose coverage since 2008 from 91% to 83%. A least 95% OPV3 coverage need to be achieved to produce the required herd immunity for protection. Poliovirus vaccine live oral (OPV) is an active immunizing agent used to prevent poliomyelitis (polio). It works by causing your body to produce its own protection (antibodies) against the virus that causes polio. 2.Measles Elimination Conducted 4 rounds of mass measles campaign: 1998, 2004, 2007 and 2011. Implemented the 2-dose measles-containing vaccine (MCV) in 2009 MCV1 (monovalent measles) at 9-11 months old MCV2 (MMR) at 12-15 months old.

Implemented and strengthened the laboratory surveillance for confirmation of measles. Blood samples are withdrawn from all measles suspect to confirm the case as measles infection. A supplemental immunization campaign for measles and rubella (German measles) was done in 2011. This was dubbed as Iligtas sa Tigdas ang Pinas 15.6 million (84%) out of the 18.5 million children ages 9 months to 8 years old were given 1 dose of the measles-rubella (MR) vaccine between April and June 2011. Rapid coverage assessment (RCA) were conducted in selected areas to validate immunization coverage, assess high quality and that there are NO missed child in every barangay. Overall RCA results showed that 70,594 (97.6%) out of 72,353 9 months to 8 years old living in the randomly selected barangays were vaccinated. There are 3,494 barangays with a population of 1000 and above that were randomly selected. 97.6% of all eligible children were given the MR vaccine during the immunization campaign.
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Measles-rubella vaccine. In the clinics, pediatricians vaccinate children using the MMR vaccine, which is a combination of vaccines against measles, mumps, and rubella. However, the government offers the measles-rubella combination vaccine to the children visiting the health centers. The first dose is given at nine months old, and a second dose is given at 15 months. Measles is a contagious viral infection that causes fever and a peculiar rash. In severe cases, measles can lead to pneumonia, brain infection, and death. Because measles can spread quickly among the unvaccinated children, there is an urgent need to vaccinate the whole community. Rubella is also called German measles. It causes a milder form of fever, rashes, and neck swelling. Pregnant women who develop rubella can have a baby who is blind or deaf. 3.BCG vaccine. In areas like the Philippines where tuberculosis (TB) is common, the BCG vaccine is given once to all children. Although the BCG vaccine doesnt protect one from getting TB, studies show that it can help prevent complications of TB such as TB meningitis and miliary TB. Research is still underway to develop a better vaccine for TB. 4.DPT vaccine. The DPT vaccine is composed of three vaccines combined into one shot. DPT stands for diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), and tetanus. It is usually given in three to five doses. Diphtheria is a deadly disease caused by bacteria that affect the throat and heart. Patients can have severely swollen necks, difficulty in breathing, which may lead to death. Pertussis or whooping cough is a highly contagious bacterial disease that causes coughing fits, vomiting, difficulty in breathing, and fainting. Because of the uncontrolled coughing, patients may have difficulty in eating and drinking. Tetanus is another killer disease causing severe muscle spasm, lockjaw, and death. These three diseases are difficult to cure, hence the need to vaccinate all children with the DPT vaccine. A booster shot for tetanus and diphtheria (Td vaccine) is given at 11 years old, and then repeated every 10 years. Control of other common vaccine-preventable diseases (Diphtheria, Pertussis, Hepatitis B and Meningitis/Encephalitis secondary to H. influenzae type B) Continuous vaccination for infants and children with the DPT or the combination DPTHepB-HiB Type B. Annex1 EPI Annual Accomplishment Report. DOH procures all the vaccines and needles and syringes for the immunization activities targeted to infants/children/mothers 5.Hepatitis B Control Republic Act No. 10152 has been signed. It is otherwise known as the Mandatory Infants and Children Health Immunization Act of 2011, which requires that all children under five years old be given basic immunization against vaccine-preventable diseases. Specifically, this bill provides for all infants to be given the birth dose of the Hepatitis-B vaccine within 24 hours of birth. The goal of Hepatitis B control is to reduce the chronic hepatitis B infection rate as measured by HBsAg prevalence to less than 1% in five-year-olds born after routine vaccination started 100% Hepatitis B at birth vaccination.
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The carriers of the virus can infect the people around them through sexual contact, blood transfusion, and childbirth (from mother to child). Hepatitis B can lead to hardening of the liver, liver failure, and liver cancer. Hence, the hepatitis B vaccine is really the first vaccine against cancer. Ideally, all pregnant women should be tested for the hepatitis B virus to see if they are putting their child at risk. If the mother is unsure of her hepatitis B status, then the baby should be given the hepatitis B vaccine within 12 hours of birth. Afterwards, two to three more doses of the hepatitis B vaccine are given early on.

6.Rotavirus vaccine. In 2012, the Department of Health (DOH), under Secretary Enrique T. Ona, included the rotavirus vaccine in its vaccination program. Rotavirus is a common cause of diarrhea in young children. Data show that diarrhea claims the lives of 10,000 Filipino children every year. Like the polio vaccine, the rotavirus vaccine is given orally, with the first dose given when the baby is between six weeks and 14 weeks old. DOH vaccine Recommended schedule children below 6 years old for Protect against

BCG vaccine

Anytime of birth @ Right Bacille Calmette Guerin, deltoid region of the arm vaccine for TB At 2 months,4 months, 6 Diphtheria, tetanus, and months, 15 mos,& 4 yrs old. @ acellular pertussis Upper outer portion of the (whooping cough) thigh, Vastus Lateralis (L-R-L) At 2 months,4 months & 6 months, 2-3 drops Mouth Within 12 hours of birth,1 Hepatitis B (chronic month, & 6 months, inflammation of the liver, Upper outer portion of the life-long complications) thigh, Vastus Lateralis (R-L-R)

DTaP vaccine

OPV

Hepa B vaccine

MMR

1 yr old & 4 yrs old

Rotavirus vaccine

Measles, mumps, and rubella (German measles) st 1 dose @ 6 weeks to 14 weeks Rotavirus (severe old, & 14 mos oral drops diarrhea and vomiting) 1 yr old & 2 yrs old Chickenpox

Varicella

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NORMAL COURSE AND SIDE EFFECTS OF VACCINATION BCG BCG is injected intradermally (between the layers of the skin) in the right deltoid region of the arm with a dose of 0.05 ml for infants, and in the left deltoid region of the arm with a dose of 0.10 ml for school entrants. a. Clean the skin with a cotton swab moistened with water or methylated spirits and let skin dry. b. Hold the child's arm with your left hand so that: your hand is under the arm, and your thumb and fingers come around the arm and stretch the skin c. Hold the syringe in your right hand with the bevel and the scale pointing up towards you. d. Lay the syringe and needle almost flat along the child's arm. e. Insert the tip of the needle into the skin - just the bevel and a little bit more. Keep the needle flat along the skin and the bevel facing upward, so that the vaccine only goes into the upper layers of the skin. f. Put your left thumb over the needle end of the syringe to hold it in position . Hold the plunger end of the syringe between the index and middle fingers of your right hand and press the plunger in with your right thumb g. If the vaccine is injected correctly into the skin, a flat wheal with the surface pitted like an orange peel will appear at the injection site. h. Withdraw the needle gently Normal Course: The wheal raised by the injection disappears in about half an hour. A small reo tender swelling, about 10 mm. across, appears at the place of immunization after approximately two weeks. After two to three weeks, the swelling may become a small abcess which then ulcerates. The ulcer heals by itself and leaves a scar. The course from vaccination to scar takes about 12 weeks. Mothers should be warned about the normal course and instructed not to apply medicine to the ulcer. Oral Polio vaccine Oral polio vaccine is given bymouth and the number of dropswill depend upon themanufacturer's instructions. a. Read manufacturer's instructions to determine number of drops to be given. b. Let mother hold child firmly lying on his back. c. Open the child's mouth by squeezing the cheeks gently between your fingers to make his lips point upward. d. Put drops of vaccine straight from the dropper onto the child's tongue. e. Make sure that the child swallows the vaccine. If he spits it out, give another dose. Side effects: Usually none

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Measles Vaccine Make sure that the special diluent used to reconstitute measles vaccine is cold 4'C to B'C. Always keep measles diluent in refrigerator or in refrigerator or vaccine carrier. If the diluent is warm, the vaccine virus will be killed and will no longer be effective. Side effects: Fever and rash Children may develop a fever after five to seven days from the time of vaccination. The fever only lasts from one to three days. Sometimes there is a mild measles rash. Reassure the mother and advise her to give anti-pyretics to the child. DTP DTP is given intramuscularly (90' angle) at the upper and outer portion of the thigh with a dose of 0.5 mI. a. Ask mother to hold the child across her knees so that his thigh is facing upwards. Ask her to hold child's legs. b. Clean the skin with a cotton swab moistened with water and let skin dry. c. Place your thumb and index finger on each side of the site where you intend to inject and grasp the muscles slightly. d. Slightly pull the plunger back before injecting to be sure that vaccine is not injected into a vein. e. Quickly push the needle into the space between your fingers, going deep into the muscle. d. Inject the vaccine. Withdraw the needle and rub the injection spot quickly with a piece of cotton. Side effects: Fever Many children develop fever after injection and this lasts only for one day. Fever that lasts more than 24 hours after a dose of DTP is not due to the vaccine but to other causes. Advise mother to give anti-pyretics to the chi Id Abcess An access that appears a week or more after the injection is due to wrong technique: either the vaccine was not injected deep enough or the needle was not sterile. Incision and drainage is necessary. Convulsions Convulsions are very rare and occur more in chiidren above three months of age. This is due to the Pertussis component of the vaccine.If convulsions occur, do not continue the normal course of DTP
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references: Kee, Hayes & Mcuistion, Pharmacology 5th ed. Pages 514- 524. library.doh.gov.ph/doh...expanded/program/ on/immunization.

Influenza vaccination

Annual vaccination against influenza is recommended for all persons 6 months of age and older. Persons 6 months of age and older, including pregnant women, can receive the trivalent inactivated vaccine (TIV). Healthy, nonpregnant adults younger than age 50 years without high-risk medical conditions can receive either intranasally administered live, attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) (FluMist), or TIV. Health-care personnel who care for severely immunocompromised persons (i.e., those who require care in a protected environment) should receive TIV rather than LAIV. Other persons should receive TIV. The intramuscular or intradermal administered TIV are options for adults aged 18 64 years. Adults aged 65 years and older can receive the standard dose TIV or the high-dose TIV (Fluzone High-Dose).

Tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis (Td/Tdap) vaccination

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Administer a one-time dose of Tdap to adults younger than age 65 years who have not received Tdap previously or for whom vaccine status is unknown to replace one of the 10-year Td boosters. Tdap is specifically recommended for the following persons: pregnant women more than 20 weeks' gestation, adults, regardless of age, who are close contacts of infants younger than age 12 months (e.g., parents, grandparents, or child care providers), and health-care personnel. Tdap can be administered regardless of interval since the most recent tetanus or diphtheria-containing vaccine. Pregnant women not vaccinated during pregnancy should receive Tdap immediately postpartum. Adults 65 years and older may receive Tdap. Adults with unknown or incomplete history of completing a 3-dose primary vaccination series with Td-containing vaccines should begin or complete a primary vaccination series. Tdap should be substituted for a single dose of Td in the vaccination series with Tdap preferred as the first dose. For unvaccinated adults, administer the first 2 doses at least 4 weeks apart and the third dose 612 months after the second. If incompletely vaccinated (i.e., less than 3 doses), administer remaining doses.

Refer to the ACIP statement for recommendations for administering Td/Tdap as prophylaxis in wound management (See footnote 1). Varicella vaccination

All adults without evidence of immunity to varicella (as defined below) should receive 2 doses of single-antigen varicella vaccine or a second dose if they have received only 1 dose. Special consideration for vaccination should be given to those who have close contact with persons at high risk for severe disease (e.g., health-care personnel and family contacts of persons with immunocompromising conditions) or are at high risk for exposure or transmission (e.g., teachers; child care employees; residents and staff members of institutional settings, including correctional institutions; college students; military personnel; adolescents and adults living in households with children; nonpregnant women of childbearing age; and international travelers). Pregnant women should be assessed for evidence of varicella immunity. Women who do not have evidence of immunity should receive the first dose of varicella vaccine upon completion or termination of pregnancy and before discharge from the healthcare facility. The second dose should be administered 48 weeks after the first dose.
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Evidence of immunity to varicella in adults includes any of the following: documentation of 2 doses of varicella vaccine at least 4 weeks apart; U.S.-born before 1980 (although for health-care personnel and pregnant women, birth before 1980 should not be considered evidence of immunity); history of varicella based on diagnosis or verification of varicella by a health-care provider (for a patient reporting a history of or having an atypical case, a mild case, or both, health-care providers should seek either an epidemiologic link to a typical varicella case or to a laboratory-confirmed case or evidence of laboratory confirmation, if it was performed at the time of acute disease); history of herpes zoster based on diagnosis or verification of herpes zoster by a health-care provider; or laboratory evidence of immunity or laboratory confirmation of disease. Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination

Two vaccines are licensed for use in females, bivalent HPV vaccine (HPV2) and quadrivalent HPV vaccine (HPV4), and one HPV vaccine for use in males (HPV4). For females, either HPV4 or HPV2 is recommended in a 3-dose series for routine vaccination at 11 or 12 years of age, and for those 13 through 26 years of age, if not previously vaccinated. For males, HPV4 is recommended in a 3-dose series for routine vaccination at 11 or 12 years of age, and for those 13 through 21 years of age, if not previously vaccinated. Males 22 through 26 years of age may be vaccinated. HPV vaccines are not live vaccines and can be administered to persons who are immunocompromised as a result of infection (including HIV infection), disease, or medications. Vaccine is recommended for immunocompromised persons through age 26 years who did not get any or all doses when they were younger. The immune response and vaccine efficacy might be less than that in immunocompetent persons. Men who have sex with men (MSM) might especially benefit from vaccination to prevent condyloma and anal cancer. HPV4 is recommended for MSM through age 26 years who did not get any or all doses when they were younger. Ideally, vaccine should be administered before potential exposure to HPV through sexual activity; however, persons who are sexually active should still be vaccinated consistent with age-based recommendations. HPV vaccine can be administered to persons with a history of genital warts, abnormal Papanicolaou test, or positive HPV DNA test. A complete series for either HPV4 or HPV2 consists of 3 doses. The second dose should be administered 12 months after the first dose; the third dose should be administered 6 months after the first dose (at least 24 weeks after the first dose). Although HPV vaccination is not specifically recommended for health-care personnel (HCP) based on their occupation, HCP should receive the HPV vaccine if they are in the recommended age group.
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Zoster vaccination

A single dose of zoster vaccine is recommended for adults 60 years of age and older regardless of whether they report a prior episode of herpes zoster. Although the vaccine is licensed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use among and can be administered to persons 50 years and older, ACIP recommends that vaccination begins at 60 years of age. Persons with chronic medical conditions may be vaccinated unless their condition constitutes a contraindication, such as pregnancy or severe immunodeficiency. Although zoster vaccination is not specifically recommended for health-care personnel (HCP), HCP should receive the vaccine if they are in the recommended age group.

Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccination

Adults born before 1957 generally are considered immune to measles and mumps. All adults born in 1957 or later should have documentation of 1 or more doses of MMR vaccine unless they have a medical contraindication to the vaccine, laboratory evidence of immunity to each of the three diseases, or documentation of providerdiagnosed measles or mumps disease. For rubella, documentation of providerdiagnosed disease is not considered acceptable evidence of immunity.

Measles component:

A routine second dose of MMR vaccine, administered a minimum of 28 days after the first dose, is recommended for adults who are students in postsecondary educational institutions; work in a health-care facility; or plan to travel internationally. Persons who received inactivated (killed) measles vaccine or measles vaccine of unknown type from 1963 to 1967 should be revaccinated with 2 doses of MMR vaccine.

Mumps component:

A routine second dose of MMR vaccine, administered a minimum of 28 days after the first dose, is recommended for adults who are students in postsecondary educational institutions; work in a health-care facility; or plan to travel internationally. Persons vaccinated before 1979 with either killed mumps vaccine or mumps vaccine of unknown type who are at high risk for mumps infection (e.g., persons who are working in a health-care facility) should be considered for revaccination with 2 doses of MMR vaccine.

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Rubella component:

For women of childbearing age, regardless of birth year, rubella immunity should be determined. If there is no evidence of immunity, women who are not pregnant should be vaccinated. Pregnant women who do not have evidence of immunity should receive MMR vaccine upon completion or termination of pregnancy and before discharge from the health-care facility.

Health-care personnel born before 1957:

For unvaccinated health-care personnel born before 1957 who lack laboratory evidence of measles, mumps, and/or rubella immunity or laboratory confirmation of disease, health-care facilities should consider routinely vaccinating personnel with 2 doses of MMR vaccine at the appropriate interval for measles and mumps or 1 dose of MMR vaccine for rubella.

Pneumococcal polysaccharide (PPSV) vaccination Vaccinate all persons with the following indications: age 65 years and older without a history of PPSV vaccination; adults younger than 65 years with chronic lung disease (including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema, and asthma); chronic cardiovascular diseases; diabetes mellitus; chronic liver disease (including cirrhosis); alcoholism; cochlear implants; cerebrospinal fluid leaks; immunocompromising conditions; and functional or anatomic asplenia (e.g., sickle cell disease and other hemoglobinopathies, congenital or acquired asplenia, splenic dysfunction, or splenectomy [if elective splenectomy is planned, vaccinate at least 2 weeks before surgery]); residents of nursing homes or long-term care facilities; and adults who smoke cigarettes.

Persons with asymptomatic or symptomatic HIV infection should be vaccinated as soon as possible after their diagnosis. When cancer chemotherapy or other immunosuppressive therapy is being considered, the interval between vaccination and initiation of immunosuppressive therapy should be at least 2 weeks. Vaccination during chemotherapy or radiation therapy should be avoided. Routine use of PPSV is not recommended for American Indians/Alaska Natives or other persons younger than 65 years of age unless they have underlying medical conditions that are PPSV indications. However, public health authorities may consider recommending PPSV for American Indians/Alaska Natives who are living in areas where the risk for invasive pneumococcal disease is increased.

Meningococcal vaccination

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Administer 2 doses of meningococcal conjugate vaccine quadrivalent (MCV4) at least 2 months apart to adults with functional asplenia or persistent complement component deficiencies. HIV-infected persons who are vaccinated should also receive 2 doses. Administer a single dose of meningococcal vaccine to microbiologists routinely exposed to isolates of Neisseria meningitidis, military recruits, and persons who travel to or live in countries in which meningococcal disease is hyperendemic or epidemic. First-year college students up through age 21 years who are living in residence halls should be vaccinated if they have not received a dose on or after their 16th birthday. MCV4 is preferred for adults with any of the preceding indications who are 55 years old and younger; meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine (MPSV4) is preferred for adults 56 years and older. Revaccination with MCV4 every 5 years is recommended for adults previously vaccinated with MCV4 or MPSV4 who remain at increased risk for infection (e.g., adults with anatomic or functional asplenia or persistent complement component deficiencies).

Hepatitis A vaccination Vaccinate any person seeking protection from hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection and persons with any of the following indications: men who have sex with men and persons who use injection drugs; persons working with HAV-infected primates or with HAV in a research laboratory setting; persons with chronic liver disease and persons who receive clotting factor concentrates; persons traveling to or working in countries that have high or intermediate endemicity of hepatitis A; and unvaccinated persons who anticipate close personal contact (e.g., household or regular babysitting) with an international adoptee during the first 60 days after arrival in the United States from a country with high or intermediate endemicity. (See footnote 1 for more information on travel recommendations). The first dose of the 2dose hepatitis A vaccine series should be administered as soon as adoption is planned, ideally 2 or more weeks before the arrival of the adoptee.

Single-antigen vaccine formulations should be administered in a 2-dose schedule at either 0 and 612 months (Havrix), or 0 and 618 months (Vaqta). If the combined hepatitis A and hepatitis B vaccine (Twinrix) is used, administer 3 doses at 0, 1, and 6 months; alternatively, a 4-dose schedule may be used, administered on days 0, 7, and 2130 followed by a booster dose at month 12.

Hepatitis B vaccination Vaccinate persons with any of the following indications and any person seeking protection from hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection: sexually active persons who are not in a long-term, mutually monogamous
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relationship (e.g., persons with more than one sex partner during the previous 6 months); persons seeking evaluation or treatment for a sexually transmitted disease (STD); current or recent injection-drug users; and men who have sex with men; health-care personnel and public-safety workers who are exposed to blood or other potentially infectious body fluids; persons with diabetes younger than 60 years as soon as feasible after diagnosis; persons with diabetes who are 60 years or older at the discretion of the treating clinician based on increased need for assisted blood glucose monitoring in long-term care facilities, likelihood of acquiring hepatitis B infection, its complications or chronic sequelae, and likelihood of immune response to vaccination; persons with end-stage renal disease, including patients receiving hemodialysis; persons with HIV infection; and persons with chronic liver disease; household contacts and sex partners of persons with chronic HBV infection; clients and staff members of institutions for persons with developmental disabilities; and international travelers to countries with high or intermediate prevalence of chronic HBV infection; and all adults in the following settings: STD treatment facilities; HIV testing and treatment facilities; facilities providing drug-abuse treatment and prevention services; health-care settings targeting services to injection-drug users or men who have sex with men; correctional facilities; end-stage renal disease programs and facilities for chronic hemodialysis patients; and institutions and nonresidential daycare facilities for persons with developmental disabilities.

Administer missing doses to complete a 3-dose series of hepatitis B vaccine to those persons not vaccinated or not completely vaccinated. The second dose should be administered 1 month after the first dose; the third dose should be given at least 2 months after the second dose (and at least 4 months after the first dose). If the combined hepatitis A and hepatitis B vaccine (Twinrix) is used, give 3 doses at 0, 1, and 6 months; alternatively, a 4-dose Twinrix schedule, administered on days 0, 7, and 2130 followed by a booster dose at month 12 may be used. Adult patients receiving hemodialysis or with other immunocompromising conditions should receive 1 dose of 40 g/mL (Recombivax HB) administered on a 3dose schedule or 2 doses of 20 g/mL (Engerix-B) administered simultaneously on a 4-dose schedule at 0, 1, 2, and 6 months.

Tetanus Toxoid Immunization Schedule for Women Tetanus toxoid vaccination for women is important to prevent tetanus in both mother and the baby. When two doses of TT injection given at one month interval between each dose during pregnancy or even before pregnancy period the baby is protected against neonatal
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tetanus. Completing the five doses following the schedule provide lifetime immunity (see vaccination schedule below). Vaccine TT1 TT2 Minimum Age / Percent Protected interval As early as possible during pregnancy At least 4 weeks 80% later Duration of Protection Infants born to the mother will be protected from neonatal tetanus Gives 3 years protection for the mother Infants born to the mother will be protected from neonatal tetanus Gives 5 years protection for the mother Infants born to the mother will be protected from neonatal tetanus Gives 10 years protection for the mother Gives life time protection for the mother All infants born to that mother will be protected

TT3

At least 6 months 95% later

TT4

At least one year 99% later

TT5

At least one year 99% later

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