1. INTRODUCTION 1.Introduction. Castor oil, Ethanol/ Methanol , Diesel. Properties Comparison of bio-diesel Charts . 2. Experimental setup 3.

Numerical analysis 4. Result and discussion 5. Conculsion

noun

1. The amount of heat produced by the complete combustion of a material or fuel. Measured in units of energy per amount of material. eg: Btu/m 2. The amount of energy available from an item of food when digested, mostly from carbohydrates and fats

1.1 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT

Bio-diesel is one of the most promising alternatives for diesel needs. The consumption of diesel fuels in India was 28.30 million tons which was 43.2% of the consumption of petroleum products. This requirement was met by importing crude petroleum as well as petroleum products. The import bill on these items was 17,838 crores. With the expected growth rate of diesel consumption of more than 14% per annum, shrinking crude oil reserves and limited refining capacity, India will be heavily dependent on imports of crude petroleum and petroleum products From the standpoint of preserving the global environment and to sustain from the large imports of crude petroleum and petroleum products from gulf countries, alternate diesel fuel is the need of the hour.

The recent upward trend in oil prices due to uncertainties in supply of petroleum products scarcity and ultimately depletion has a great impact on Indian economy and the nation has to look for alternatives to sustain the growth rate. Characterization of castor oil. Properties of castor oil Castor oil is non volatile fatty oil taken from beans of the plants. It ranges in color from colorless to greenish. It has two derivates such as blown castor and hydrogenated oil. Castor oil used in textiles, paints, varnishes, plastics, cosmetics, fibers, hair oils and drying oils. It is also used for Traditional and medical treatment purposes Comparison of properties of diesel oil, castor oil and ethanol Property Density 30dg C Colorific Value Viscosity (Cst) at 30 Flash Point deg C 5.0 57 78 320 Diesel Oil (g/ml) 0.84 Castor oil 0.956 Ethanol

Effect of temperature on viscosity of castor oil, ethanol and diesel with temperature. The investigation was conducted on a single cylinder, 4 stroke, water cooled, and stationary kirloskar diesel engine computerized test rig with the rated power 5.2kw/ 7 hp

Ethanol, also called ethyl alcohol, pure alcohol, grain alcohol, or drinking alcohol, is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid. It is a powerful psychoactive drug and one of the oldest 2

recreational drugs. It is best known as the type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages and thermometers. In common usage, it is often referred to simply as alcohol or spirits. Ethanol is a straight-chain alcohol, and its molecular formula is C2H5OH. Its empirical formula is C2H6O. An alternative notation is CH3CH2OH, which indicates that the carbon of a methyl group (CH3) is attached to the carbon of a methylene group (CH2), which is attached to the oxygen of a hydroxyl group (OH). It is a constitutional isomer of dimethyl ether. Ethanol is often abbreviated as EtOH, using the common organic chemistry notation of representing the ethyl group (C2H5) with Et. The fermentation of sugar into ethanol is one of the earliest organic reactions employed by humanity. The intoxicating effects of ethanol consumption have been known since ancient times. In modern times, ethanol intended for industrial use is also produced from by-products of petroleum refining.[2] Ethanol has widespread use as a solvent of substances intended for human contact or consumption, including scents, flavorings, colorings, and medicines. In chemistry, it is both an essential solvent and a feedstock for the synthesis of other products. It has a long history as a fuel for heat and light, and more recently as a fuel for internal combustion engines Ethanol may also be utilized as a rocket fuel, and is currently in lightweight rocket-powered racing aircraft.[50] Ethanol combustion in an internal combustion engine yields many of the products of incomplete combustion produced by gasoline and significantly larger amounts of formaldehyde and related species such as acetaldehyde.[51] This leads to a significantly larger photochemical reactivity that generates much more ground level ozone.[52] These data have been assembled into The Clean Fuels Report comparison of fuel emissions[53] and show that ethanol exhaust generates 2.14 times as much ozone as does gasoline exhaust. When this is added into the custom Localised Pollution Index (LPI) of The Clean Fuels Report the local pollution (pollution that contributes to smog) is 1.7 on a scale where gasoline is 1.0 and higher numbers signify greater pollution. The California Air Resources Board formalized this issue in 2008 by recognizing control standards for formaldehydes as an emissions control group, much like the conventional NOx and Reactive Organic Gases (ROGs).[54]

Ethanol pump station in So Paulo, Brazil where the fuel is available commercially. World production of ethanol in 2006 was 51 gigalitres (1.31010 US gal), with 69% of the world supply coming from Brazil and the United States.[55] More than 20% of Brazilian cars are able to use 100% ethanol as fuel, which includes ethanol-only engines and flex-fuel engines.[56] Flex-fuel engines in Brazil are able to work with all ethanol, all gasoline or any mixture of both. In the US flex-fuel vehicles can run on 0% to 85% ethanol (15% gasoline) since higher ethanol blends are not yet allowed or efficient. Brazil supports this population of ethanol-burning automobiles with large national infrastructure that produces ethanol from domestically grown sugar cane. Sugar cane not only has a greater concentration of sucrose than corn (by about 30%), but is also much easier to extract. The bagasse generated by the 3

process is not wasted, but is used in power plants as a surprisingly efficient fuel to produce electricity.[citation needed] A Ford Taurus "fueled by clean burning ethanol" owned by New York City. The United States fuel ethanol industry is based largely on corn. According to the Renewable Fuels Association, as of October 30, 2007, 131 grain ethanol bio-refineries in the United States have the capacity to produce 7.0 billion US gallons (26 GL) of ethanol per year. An additional 72 construction projects underway (in the U.S.) can add 6.4 billion gallons of new capacity in the next 18 months. Over time, it is believed that a material portion of the 150 billion gallon per year market for gasoline will begin to be replaced with fuel ethanol.[57] United States Postal Service vehicle running on E85, a "flex-fuel" blend in Saint Paul, Minnesota.[citation needed] One problem with ethanol is that because it is easily miscible with water, it cannot be efficiently shipped through modern pipelines, like liquid hydrocarbons, over long distances.[58] Mechanics also have seen increased cases of damage to small engines, particularly the carburetor, attributable to ethanol's increased water retention in fuel over time.[59] Energy content of some fuels compared with ethanol:[45] Research Fuel type MJ/L MJ/kg octane number Methanol Ethanol E85 (85% ethanol, 15% gasoline) Liquefied natural gas Autogas (LPG) (60% propane + 40% butane) Aviation gasoline (high-octane gasoline, not jet fuel) Gasohol (90% gasoline + 10% ethanol) Regular gasoline Premium gasoline Diesel Charcoal, extruded 17.9 19.9 123 [46] [46] 21.2 26.8 113[47] 25.2 25.3 26.8 33.5 33.7 34.8 38.6 50 33.2 ~55 50. 46.8 47.1
[48]

105

93/94

44.4 min. 91 max. 104 45.4 25 23

The largest single use of ethanol is as a motor fuel and fuel additive. Brazil has the largest national fuel ethanol industry. Gasoline sold in Brazil contains at least 25% anhydrous ethanol. Hydrous ethanol (about 95% ethanol and 5% water) can be used as fuel in more than 90% of new cars sold in the country. Brazilian ethanol is produced from sugar cane and noted for high carbon sequestration. [49] The U.S. uses Gasohol (max 10% ethanol) and E85 (85% ethanol) ethanol/gasoline mixtures.

Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a chemical with formula CH3OH (often abbreviated MeOH). It is the simplest alcohol, and is a light, volatile, colorless, flammable, liquid with a distinctive odor that is very similar to but slightly sweeter than ethanol (drinking alcohol).[3] At room temperature it is a polar liquid and is used as an antifreeze, solvent, fuel, and as a denaturant for ethanol. It is also used for producing biodiesel via transesterification reaction. Methanol is produced naturally in the anaerobic metabolism of many varieties of bacteria, and is ubiquitous in the environment. As a result, there is a small fraction of methanol vapor in the atmosphere. Over the course of several days, atmospheric methanol is oxidized with the help of sunlight to carbon dioxide and water. Methanol burns in air forming carbon dioxide and water 2 CH3OH + 3 O2 2 CO2 + 4 H2O A methanol flame is almost colorless in bright sunlight. Because of its toxic properties, methanol is frequently used as a denaturant additive for ethanol manufactured for industrial uses this addition of methanol exempts industrial ethanol from liquor excise taxation. Methanol is often called wood alcohol because it was once produced chiefly as a byproduct of the destructive distillation of wood. In 1923 the German chemists Alwin Mittasch and Mathias Pier, working for BASF, developed a means to convert synthesis gas (a mixture of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen) into methanol. A patent was filed Jan 12 1926 (reference no. 1,569,775). This process used a chromium and manganese oxide catalyst, and required extremely vigorous conditionspressures ranging from 50 to 220 atm, and temperatures up to 450 C. Modern methanol production has been made more efficient through use of catalysts (commonly copper) capable of operating at lower pressures, the modern low pressure methanol (LPM) 5

was developed by ICI in the late 1960s with the technology now owned[citation needed] by Johnson Matthey who is a leading licensor of methanol technology. The use of methanol as a motor fuel received attention during the oil crises of the 1970s due to its availability, low cost, and environmental benefits. By the mid-1990s, over 20,000 methanol "flexible fuel vehicles" capable of operating on methanol or gasoline were introduced in the U.S. In addition, low levels of methanol were blending in gasoline fuels sold in Europe during much of the 1980s and early-1990s. Automakers stopped building methanol FFVs by the late-1990s, switching their attention to ethanol fueled vehicles. While the Methanol FFV program was a technical success, rising methanol pricing in the mid- to late1990s during a period of slumping gasoline pump prices diminished the interest in methanol fuels.

Fuel for vehicles

Main article: Methanol fuel Methanol is used on a limited basis to fuel internal combustion engines. Pure methanol is required by rule to be used in Champcars, Monster Trucks, USAC sprint cars (as well as midgets, modifieds, etc.), and other dirt track series such as World of Outlaws, and Motorcycle Speedway. Methanol is also used, as the primary fuel ingredient since the late 1940s, in the powerplants for radio control, control line and free flight airplanes (as methanol is required in the "glow-plug" engines that primarily power them), cars and trucks, from such an engine's use of a platinum filament glow plug being able to ignite the methanol vapor through a catalytic reaction. Drag racers and mud racers also use methanol as their primary fuel source. Methanol is required with a supercharged engine in a Top Alcohol Dragster and, until the end of the 2006 season, all vehicles in the Indianapolis 500 had to run methanol. Mud racers have mixed methanol with gasoline and nitrous oxide to produce more power than gasoline and nitrous oxide alone. One of the drawbacks of methanol as a fuel is its corrosivity to some metals, including aluminium. Methanol, although a weak acid, attacks the oxide coating that normally protects the aluminium from corrosion: 6 CH3OH + Al2O3 2 Al(OCH3)3 + 3 H2O The resulting methoxide salts are soluble in methanol, resulting in clean aluminium surface, which is readily oxidized by some dissolved oxygen. Also the methanol can act as an oxidizer: 6 CH3OH + 2 Al 2 Al(OCH3)3 + 3 H2 This reciprocal process effectively fuels corrosion until either the metal is eaten away or the concentration of CH3OH is negligible. Concerns with methanol's corrosivity have been addressed by using methanol compatible materials, and fuel additives that serve as corrosion inhibitors. When produced from wood or other organic materials, the resulting organic methanol (bioalcohol) has been suggested as renewable alternative to petroleum-based hydrocarbons. Low levels of methanol can be used in existing vehicles, with the use of proper cosolvents and 6

corrosion inhibitors. The European Fuel Quality Directive allows up to 3% methanol with an equal amount of cosolvent to be blending in gasoline sold in Europe. Today, China uses more than one billion gallons of methanol per year as a transportation fuel in both low level blends used in existing vehicles, and as high level blends in vehicles designed to accommodate the use of methanol fuels.

[edit] Other applications

Methanol is a traditional denaturant for ethanol, thus giving the term methylated spirit.[6] Methanol is also used as a solvent, and as an antifreeze in pipelines and windshield washer fluid. In some wastewater treatment plants, a small amount of methanol is added to wastewater to provide a food source of carbon for the denitrifying bacteria, which convert nitrates to nitrogen to reduce the denitrification of sensitive aquifers. During World War II, methanol was used as a fuel in several German military rocket designs, under name M-Stoff, and in a mixture as C-Stoff. Methanol was used as an automobile coolant antifreeze in the early 1900s.[7] Methanol is used as a denaturing agent in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Direct-methanol fuel cells are unique in their low temperature, atmospheric pressure operation, allowing them to be miniaturized to an unprecedented degree. This, combined with the relatively easy and safe storage and handling of methanol may open the possibility of fuel cell-powered consumer electronics, such as for laptop computers and mobile phones.[8] Methanol is also a widely used fuel in camping and boating stoves. Methanol burns well in an unpressurized burner, so alcohol stoves are often very simple, sometimes little more than a cup to hold fuel. This lack of complexity makes them a favorite of hikers who spend extended time in the wilderness. Methanol is mixed with water and injected into high performance diesel engines for an increase of power and a decrease in exhaust gas temperature. This is called water methanol injection.

Safety in automotive fuels

Pure methanol has been used in open wheel auto racing since the mid-1960s. Unlike petroleum fires, methanol fires can be extinguished with plain water. A methanol-based fire burns invisibly, unlike gasoline, which burns with a visible flame. If a fire occurs on the track, there is no flame or smoke to obstruct the view of fast approaching drivers, but this can also delay visual detection of the fire and the initiation of fire suppression. The decision to permanently switch to methanol in American IndyCar racing was a result of the devastating crash and explosion at the 1964 Indianapolis 500 which killed drivers Eddie Sachs and Dave MacDonald.[15] In 2007 IndyCars switched back to ethanol.[16] 7

Methanol is readily biodegradable in both aerobic (oxygen present) and anaerobic (oxygen absent) environments. Methanol will not persist in the environment. The "half-life" for methanol in groundwater is just one to seven days, while many common gasoline components have half-lives in the hundreds of days (such as benzene at 10730 days). Since methanol is miscible with water and biodegradable, methanol is unlikely to accumulate in groundwater, surface water, air or soil

What is biodiesel?
Biodiesel is a fuel produced from renewable resources such as vegetable oils, tallow and waste oils and fats.It can be used pure or blended with fossil diesel fuel. Blends of two to 30% do not require any modification to the car engine.With 100% pure biodiesel, minor modifications may sometimes be needed. The 00 rapeseed variety (canola) is by far the biggest source of feedstock used for biodiesel production globally . With about 60% monounsaturated oleic fatty acid content and only about 6% saturated fatty acids, it is stable and does not freeze in cold winter temperatures. New varieties (LZ 7632) are reaching even higher levels of up to 87% oleic fatty acid. The variety of biodiesel feedstock has, however, broadened over time and other vegetable oils used in bigger volumes today are sunflower oil (in southern France and Italy), soybean oil (in the USA) and palm oil (to fuel buses in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.) In 1998/1999, high oilseed costs and record low prices for diesel fuel prompted the commercial production of biodiesel from recycled food oils from households and restaurants. McDonalds in Austria, for example, collects some 1,100 tonne of quality recycled frying oil from its 135 restaurants, which is then transesterified into fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) of standardised quality for fuel.

Why biodiesel?
The biodiesel industry stresses various factors which makes the fuel a credible alternative or addition to fossil fuels. Biodiesel is non-toxic, biodegradable and non-flammable, making handling and storage safer. As a fuel, it is much lower in sulphur content than petrochemical diesel. It therefore bums more cleanly and more completely, meaning less pollutants such as hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and particulates. This gives both, environmental and health benefits. Various studies have concluded that using 1 kg of biodiesel leads to the reduction of some 2.5 kg of CO2 . This represents a significant tool for the EU to meet its CO 2 emission reduction target contained in the 1997 Kyoto protocol on global warming and climate change. Particulate emission is reduced by an average of 50%, which is another critical environmental issue in big cities. A US Environmental Protection Agency study has shown that using biodiesel instead of petroleum-based diesel offers an important percentage reduction in cancer risks from particulate matter emission exposure. In addition, biodiesel does not contain aromatic compounds, which include carcinogenic chemicals like benzene and toulene. In addition, biodiesel can reduce dependence on oil imports. The world's petroleum and natural gas resources are concentrated in OPEC countries, which hold 78% of the world's petroleum sources and 39% of its natural gas sources.

World demand for fossil fuels also continues to rise and biodiesel offers a way to fill this gap.

Transesterfication Process
Methanol Oils & Fats (Feedstock) Catalyst

Transesterification
Methanol Recovery

Purification

Glycerin Methyl Esters

(biodiesel) Glycerin, Water & Methanol Glycerin & Water Glycerin & Methanol Water

10

Critical Biodiesel Parameters

Complete Reaction Removal of Glycerin Removal of Catalyst Removal of Alcohol Absence of Free Fatty Acids

11

BioDiesel News Around The World

UNITED STATES: The US Department of Agriculture has included animal fats and oils and yellow grease in its Bioenergy Programme for 2001-02 . The programme subsidises eligible producers who increase biofuel production using specified raw materials. The US National Biodiesel Board has estimated total US biodiesel production in 2001 at 45-67M litres. The US Senate passed an energy Bill on 25 April that includes provisions to boost biodiesel, a move welcomed bv the US National Biodiesel Board (NBB). The provisions on biodiesel are: Biodiesel excise tax incentive This provides blenders of biodiesel with a one cent reduction in the diesel excise tax for everv percentage of biodiesel made from virgin vegetable oil that is blended with diesel up to 20% of total content. Blenders tax credit This offers blenders a tax credit of half a cent per percent (up to 20%) for biodiesel made from recycled oils and animal fats. Renewable fuels standard - This standard requires use of 2.3bn gallons (10.35M 4 of biofuels by 2004 and 5bn gallons (22.5M litres by 2012. Removal of a 50% biodiesel limit in the Energy Policv (EP) Act 1992 - The EP Act requires

12

most federal, state and public utilitv companies to have a certain percentage of alternative fuel vehicles in their fleets. In 1998, Congress amended the act to allow covered fleets to receive credit for using biodiesel but limited fleets to using biodiesel for just 50% of their credits. The 50% limit has now been removed for government fleets Federal fleet use This requires federal government fleets to use biodiesel and ethanol when they are cost competitive. The Senate bill now goes to a joint House/Senate Conference Committee, which will need to reconcile it with the House of Representatives' Energy Bill passed in 2001, which contained no biodiesel provisions. CHINA: Work has begun on a 600,000 tonne/year biofuel plant in Jilin province which will turn 1.92M tonne of maize into ethanol. The joint venture between China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC), the Jilin Grain Group and trading group China Resources Corp will supply CNPC with fuel to blend with gasoline. LITHUANIA: Rapsoila company has started constructing a biofuels plant in the Mazeikiai region at a cost of US$4.6M. Production of rapeseed oil methyl ester is expected to begin in January 2003. The plant's planned production capacity is 100,000 tonne/year. AUSTRALIA: The government has announced a US$2.8M two year study to investigate market barriers to the increased use of biofuels. The study will develop a strategy to increase biofuels production to 350M litres/year by 2010.. This target was announced by the government in last year's election campaign.

BIODIESEL FUEL FOR THE FUTURE

When Rudolf Diesel designed an engine to run on peanut oil in 1894, he was convinced that it Would have a great future and even went on to predict that biofuels would play a significant role in the future. "The use of vegetable oils for engine fuels may seem insignificant today. But such oils may become in the course of time as important as petroleum and the coat tar products of the present time."he stated. Little did he know that it would take so long for the world of technology to catch-up with his vision of motor fuel. Biofuels -BioDiesel and BioEthanol will become a vital part of our energy supply in the near future. Being derivates of renewable resources, they provide the opportunity for us to become less dependent on crude oil. Furthermore, the introduction of biofuels into the motor fuel

13

market, will be the most immediate and most efficient way to meet the obligations of the 'Kyoto Protocol '-which is the United Nations framework convention on climate change -in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. For example, The 'EU Biofuels Regulation' intends to raise the market usage of biofuels from 2% in 2005 to a remarkable 5.75% in 2010 in the transport fuel market. This is equivalent to a market potential of approximately 14 million tons of biofuels by 2010. The construction of largescale production units will be inevitably necessary. In the US the production is projected to reach 5.6 billion gallons of BioEthanol by 2008 and 1.0 billion gallons of BioDiesel in the same period. BioDiesel is the alternative fuel produced from renewable resources that can be used in any diesel engine. It is usable in pure form or as blend with petro-diesel at any ratio. In principal all oils and fats -vegetable & animal -can be used for BioDiesel production: Vegetable oils: canola / rape, soybean, sunflower, palm, coconut, etc. Used restaurant / cooking oils Animal fats: lard, tallow Fatty acids The benefits of using BioDiesel are Bio-degradable Non-toxic Essentially free of sulfur and aromatics Reduction of greenhouse gases and pollution: particulate matter (smoke); CO; CO 2; SO2; NO2, Improvement of ignition and lubricity Glycerine as valuable by-product Lurgi Life Science (LLS) as worldwide market leader in Oleochemical Technologies, is committed to provide the highest quality BioDiesel (methylester) know-how. With more than 20 years of experience in methylester technology the customer can be assured of the latest innovative processes to gain competitive edge in their own efforts to be a major player in the market. LURGI Biodiesel Technology offers the following Benefits: Well-proven technology with fully operational references Multipurpose and continuous process at atmospheric pressure and approx. 60C / environmentally sound process Efficient concepts for various feedstocks Low catalyst and energy consumption Low operating and maintenance cost m loo % process yield Clear phase separation by gravity (no centrifuges required) Open steel structure Product quality:

14

 BioDiesel: E DIN 51606 / EN 14214 / ASTM D 6751 Glycerine (raw): British Standard Specification 2621 Glycerine (pharmaceutical): European Pharmacopeia 99,5

Historical U.S. Biodiesel Production

(in gallons)

Resource: National Biodiesel Board

15

ASTM International Specification

In

2002, ASTM International issued a standard specification for biodiesel fuel called D6751. This specification states that the only form of biodiesel that can be legally resold for commercial operations must meet ASTM specifications. (Note:
Diesel Fuel specification standard is D975) Irrespective of the Feedstock Only up to B20 Blends (not for B100)

ABSTRACT This study was addressed the effect of speed on engine performance for single cylinder for port and direct injection fuel systems. GT- power utilized to develop the model for port injection and direct injection hydrogen fuel systems. This port injection was installed before the cylinder head for port injection and injection timing are 74.01 g/sec at 5 before top dead center for direct injection hydrogen fueled system and inducted with low pressure about 1bar 2bar for port injection while 80bar for direct injection. Air-fuel ratio was varied from rich limit (AFR=22.88) to a lean limit (AFR=68.66) When the engine speed constant at 3000 rpm. The rotational engine speed was varied from 1000 to 6000 rpm when the airfuel ratio constant at 34.33 at stoichiometric condition. The obtained results seen that the engine speed and air-fuel ratio are greatly influence on the Brake Mean Effective Pressure (BMEP), Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC). It also seen that the decreases of the BMEP with increase of the engine speed, however, increase the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC). The optimum minimum value of BSFC occurred within a range AFR from 38.14(=0.9 to 42.91 (= 0.8) for selected range of speed. The higher

16

volumetric efficiency emphasizes that the direct injection hydrogen fuel system is a strong method solution to solve the problem of the low volumetric efficiencies of hydrogen engine. Maximum brake torque for hydrogen engine occurs at lower speed compared with gasoline. The present contribute suggests that the direct injection hydrogen fuel supply system as a strong method for solving the power, torque and abnormal combustion problems.

1.2 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a tool for decision making regarding projects, developments and program such as incinerators, airport runways, pig rearing and peat extraction. EIA is intended to identify the Environmental, Social and Economic impacts of a proposed development prior to decision making. This means that it is easy to identify, The most environmentally suitable option at an early stage The best practicable environmental option Alternative processes The project managers can then address these problems in order to avoid or minimize environmental impacts in conjunction with their project planning. This results in likelihood of the project planning stages running smoother. There are two steps in EIA. The two stages are, Preliminary Assessment: Carried out in the early stages of planning. Detailed Assessment: Carried out during project planning until the Environmental statement. 1.2.1 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT PROCESS The major step in the environmental assessment process and the step that requires the greatest degree of scientific application of technology is impact prediction and assessment. This particular step involves projecting the environmental setting into the future without the proposed action and then performing the necessary calculations or studying the approaches for actually predicting the impact of the proposed action and assessing the consequences. 17

Information from this step becomes a part of the next step involving aggregation of information becomes a part of the EIS. Impact prediction & Assessment Selection of proposed action

Basics

Preparation of environmental impact statement Description of environmental setting Fig.1.1 The Environmental Assessment Process

The next step is the aggregation of the impact information on each alternative. Based on this aggregated information, as well as on other decision factors such as technical and economic considerations, the proposed action is selected. Information about this step of the environmental assessment process also becomes a part of the EIS. Finally the step involves the preparation of a draft EIS in accordance with specified guidelines of DoE. The draft impact statement circulated for review comments a final EIS is prepared and filed with the DoE. 1.2.2 PURPOSES OF ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT METHODS Several purposes are served by impact analysis is methods. One is to ensure that all environmental factors that need to be considered are included in the analysis. This purpose is relevant since the environment is a complex system of physical-chemical, biological, cultural and socioeconomic resources and various types of action can create complex impacts and interrelationship on these resources. Methods whose approach to considering environmental factors is systematic are desirable. Impact analysis methods should provide means for evaluation of alternatives on a common basis. Many impact statements adequately describe 18

the environmental impacts of proposed actions. However they consider only the relative economic evaluation of alternatives to the proposed action. Methods of impact analysis provide the approach for evaluating with impact evaluation, it may be determined that there are data definitions in terms of either description of environmental setting, factors associated with the proposed action or technology available for impact prediction and assessment. Methods for impact analysis can did in identifying data needs and planning special studies or field studies. Another important purpose of methods of impact analysis is the evaluation of mitigation measures. Attention should be directed towards measures that will minimize the environmental impact of alternatives and the proposed action. Methods for impact analysis aid in evaluation of the effectiveness of proposed mitigation measures. Another purpose for assessment methodologies is to provide information in summary form for public participation. Utilization of a systematic, interdisciplinary and organized approach gives credence to the validity of the impact analysis. Care must be exercised in any public distribution of information resulting from the application of an impact methodology that the information does not appear to mislead the public or misrepresent or confuse the results. Information presented to the public should be provided in summary form only. Finally methods of impact analysis are required to ensure compliance with the spirit and intention of the government regulations. Most impact analysis methods can be divided into the following seven types, Ad hoc methods Checklist matrices Overlays Networks Quantitative or index methods Models 1.2.3 SCOPING 19

Scoping is used to identify the key issues of concern at an early stage in the planning process. Scoping should be carried out at an early stage in order to aid site selection and identify any possible alternatives. The scoping process should involve all interested particles such as the proponent and planning or environmental agencies and members of the public. The results of scoping will from determine the scope, depth and terms of reference to be addressed with in the Environmental Statement. The scoping is carried out in the following steps, To identify the key issues and concerns of the interested parties. Who is concerned? What are their concerns? Why are they concerned? What is the threshold of concern where change becomes unacceptable? When ineffective scoping occurs delays are caused by additional time being required to assess unidentified impacts. Once the site for development has been selected the scoping angle changes. There will be a decrease in the number of issues and an increase in attention to detail. Scoping should be an ongoing exercise throughout the course of the project. 1.2.4 SCREENING This is used to decide whether an Environmental Assessment is required. There are two lists, referred to as schedules. Schedule I Environmental Assessment are required in every case. schedule I projects range from an integrated works for the initial melting of cast-iron and steel, to a thermal power station or other combustion installation with a heat output of 300MW or more. Schedule II Environmental Assessments are required if the project is likely to give rise to significant environmental effects by virtue of factors of their nature, size or location. The list of schedule II projects is greater than that of schedule I. It covers projects from a holiday village to peat extraction and pig rearing to a shipyard. 20

Screening is a comprehensive and clear method of decision making. It is practical, quick and easy to use.

1.2.5 ALTERNATIVES This includes both alternative sites and alternative techniques. This search must be genuine, well documented and carried out before a choice has been made. It is usually the case that alternative sites are available as well as practical although this is not always the case. Some projects are site specific such as mining. The extraction can only occur were the mineral is sited. In such cases as EIS is pointless although other measures such as scale, mitigating measures and traffic management are addressed. 1.2.6 MITIGATING MEASURES This reviews the action taken to prevent, avoid or minimize the actual or potential adverse effects of a project. The measure could include the abandoning or modifying of a proposal, substitution of techniques using BATNEEC (Best Available Technology Not Entailing Excessive Costs). This would include the various pollution abatement techniques that would be required to reduce emissions to the legal limits. 1.2.7 UNCERTAINTY If the uncertainties are great, with the possibility of grave consequences and no mitigating measures then the development plan is rejected. If there are uncertainties that might reduced by further studies then the application is deferred until further studies are carried out. The Environmental Assessment is carried out by the Developer although the task is often carried out in order to produce an Environmental Statement.

1.3 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT (EIS)

The EIA is the process required to produce the Environmental Statement. The EIS is a comprehensive document that reports the findings of the EIA. 21

This is the final stage of the EIA process and is now often required by law before a new project can proceed.

The Environmental Statement must include, A description of the project Description of significant effects Mitigating measures A non-technical summary. The last step in the environmental assessment process involves the preparation of a draft EIS, the subjection of this draft statement to review and comment by others and the preparation of a final EIS and subsequent filling of this final statement with the DoE. The general sequence of events in this step is as follows, Prepare draft EIS use plants, polices and controls for the affected area. the environment. that cannot be avoided. of the human environment and the maintenance and enhancement of long-term productivity. Any 22 irreversible and irretrievable commitments of resources that would be Relationship between local short-term uses Alternatives to the proposed action. Any probably adverse environmental effects Probable impact of the proposed action on Description of proposed action, project purposes and environmental setting. Relationship of the proposed action to land

1.3.1 PREPARATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT

involved in the proposed action should it be implemented. considerations are thought to offset the adverse environmental effects of the proposed action. Circulated draft EIS to others for review and comment Federal agencies State and local agencies Public and private interest groups An indication of what other interests and

Prepare final EIS Discuss and incorporate review comments of others File with DoE The draft EIS should include either separate or combined sections that address each of the eight points shown above. Following preparation of a draft EIS and its internal review by an agency, it should be circulated to towards for review and comment. The reviewers should include federal agencies as specified by DoE guidelines, state and local agencies where the proposed action is to occur and relevant local public and private interest groups. Review comments from these groups should be incorporated into the draft EIS and a separate section should be written on these review comments and other public participation associated with the proposed action. Then the final EIS should be filled with the DoE, a filing period of at least 30 days is required prior to initiation of the proposed action. Through various elements of an EIS have already been introduced here a detailed description of each element is presented to give the reader an idea of the various factors that are to be considered for each element of EIS.

1.4 ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGISLATIVE BACKGROUND

The principal Environmental Regulatory Agency in India in the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), New Delhi formulates environmental policies and accords environmental clearance for the projects. As per the notification of the MoEF dated 27.01.94 and amendment dated 07.07.2004, issued it is mandatory for all projects like Town Ships, Industrial Town Ships, Settlement Colonies, 23 Commercial Complexes, Hotels

Complexes, Hospitals and Office Complexes with more than 1000 persons or discharging sewage more than 50,000 liters per day or with an investment of more than 50 Crores to obtain NOC (No Objection Certificate) from the state Pollution Control Board and Environmental Clearance from the Ministry of Environmental & Forests Govt. of India. This amendment to the EIA Notification is effective from 7.07.2004. The environmental impact assessment has been carried out on the basis of the legislation and regulatory requirements of Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF)/Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and Tamilnadu Pollution Control Board. The MoEF specifying the requirements to general environmental protection activity and sound use of natural recourses as well as protection of individual environmental components such as air, surface water and ground water, soils wildlife and vegetation from a man made impacts and are listed below. The water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and Amendment in 1988. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) cess Act, 1977 and amendment in 1991. The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act,1981 and amendment in 1987. The wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980. The Environment (Protection)Act, 1986 and the rules and notifications there under, especially o The hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 and Amendment in 2000. o Environment Statement Rules, 1992. o The Environment Impact Assessment Notification, 1994. o Coastal Regulation Zone- Notifications o Environmental Notification. 24 (Siting for industrial Projects) Rules, 1999-

The Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules, 1989 and amendment in 2000. Emission Standards for New Generators Sets (1999). Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000. Ozone Depleting Substances (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000. Batteries (management and Handling) Rules, 2000. The Public liability Insurance act, 1991. The Factories Act (1948). The Motor Vehicles Act (1988).

1.5 SCOPE OF THE POJECT

The project covers an area of 10 km radius with the proposed expansion site as the center. The scope of the project broadly includes, To conduct literature review to collect data relevant to the project area. To undertake environmental monitoring so as to establish the baseline environmental status of the project area. To identify various proposed pollution loads due to the project activities in the ambient levels. To evaluate the predicted impacts on te various environmental accepted environmental Impact Assessment Methodologies. To prepare an environmental Management plan (EMP) outlining the expansions for environmentally sustainable development. To identify critical environmental attributes required to be monitored. The literature review includes identification of relevant articles from various publications collection of data from various government agencies and other sources.

1.6 METHODOLOGY OF THE PROJECT

25

Reconnaissance survey was conducted and sampling locations were identified on the basis of, Predominant wind directions in the project area as recorded by Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) at Chennai. Existing topography location of surface water bodies like ponds, canals and rivers. Location of village/towns/sensitive areas. Accessibility, power availability and security of monitoring equipment, Pollution pockets in the area. Areas which represent baseline conditions. Collection, collation and analysis of baseline data for various environmental attributes.

S . N

ATTRIBUTES

PARAMETERS

FREQUENCY

1 Ambient Air Quality

SPM,

RPM,

SO2,

24

hourly at

samples five CO

NOx, and CO

twice a week for two months locations.

monitored as three 8 hourly sample in 24 2 Meteorology Wind speed and hours At central continuous months recording collected IMD like Chennai. station humidity, nonwith and location for two hourly data from at

direction, Temperature, Relative and Rainfall, Cloud cover other instrumental observations 26

secondary sources like

visibility, hail, thunder storms, 3 Water Quality smog. Physical, and fog and Grab samples are

Chemical

Bacteriological

collected once during the study period. Hourly readings for 24 hours at each location during project period. Once during the project at four locations Based collected on data from

parameters at four 4 Noise Levels locations Noise levels in dB(A) at 5 locations 5 Soil Quality Parameters to 6 SocioEconomics Demography 7 Hydro-Geology & related &

agricultural

afforestation potential Socio-economic characteristics, labor force characteristics in 10km radius circle Ground water exploration azimuthally array survey 2-D Resistivity through square resistively Electrical Imaging

secondary sources. Once during the study at the core location.

8 Seismic

Once during the study at the core location.

study to evaluate the shallow sub surface litho logy Table 1.1 Environmental Attribute and Frequency of Monitoring Adopted

27

2. DESCRIPTION OF THE EXISTING ENVIRONMENT BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS 2.1 PREAMBLE

Environmental quality of the key components and the methodology adopted for project are recorded. The baseline environmental quality was monitored and observed by giving emphasis to the following points, 2.1.1 OVERALL FOCUS All features that are found with in the project location and/or are likely to be affected by the project. If the project will result in the removal or alteration of a natural or biological feature. Identification of all commercial species, surrounding vegetation that are found in or near the proposed activity. Any known existing water withdrawal and/or effluent discharges to the watercourse in the vicinity of the proposed project. 2.1.2 SPECIFIC FOCUS Site topography General surface drainage regime Watercourses, rivers, streams, drainage ditches and wetlands Geological and hydro geological features and soils of the project location where these have the potential to affect or be affected by the project. 28

The presence of other adverse environmental conditions that could affect the project. Existing ambient air quality Existing ambient noise levels Any known presence of species at risk (legally-listed species) or other species of conservation concern. The presence of other environmentally significant areas, including National Wildlife Areas, migratory Bird Sanctuaries and Game reserves. Tourism features or attractions, tourism operations, cultural activities, hunting, fishing, gathering, reserves, etc. on the subject property or adjacent lands.

Recognized heritage resources/areas. Existing and previous uses of the subject property and adjacent lands including a description of existing man-made features and activities. Existing condition and use of the site. Type and extent of any known or suspected contamination resulting from previous uses of the subject property or adjacent properties. In this background, the details observed are provided in the subsequent sections as categorized below,

Air Environment Micro-Meteorology Consolidation Water Environment Noise Environment Soil Environment Seismic and Geological Environment Traffic Environment Socio-Economic Environment

2.2 AIR ENVIRONMENT

29

Modernization and progress have led to air getting more and more polluted over the years. Industries, Vehicles, increase in the population and urbanization are some of the major factors responsible for air pollution. One of the formal definitions of air pollution is as follows The presence in the atmosphere of one or more contaminants in such quality and for such duration as is injurious, or tends to be injurious, to human health or welfare, animal or plant life. It is the contamination of air by the discharge of harmful substances. Air pollution can cause health problems and it can also damage the environment and property. It has caused thinning of the protective ozone layer of the atmosphere, which is leading to climate change. Therefore the study of ambient air Quality and Dust Level is required to assess the impacts of the residential complex activity on the environment and devising the required control measures. Therefore Air Quality Monitoring and Dust Level measurements were done at different locations to form the baseline measure of the existing environment and for future comparison. 2.2.1 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING, DUST FALL

MEASUREMENTS AND MICRO METEOROLOGY CONSOLIDATION Ambient air Quality Monitoring was done in 4 locations 1 in the core zone of the project site area and 3 in the buffer zone of 5km radius of the project site.

Sampling Locations and Rationale for Selection of the Location

The project area was divided into Core zone comprising of the area of project location and area circumscribing 1km radius of the study area from the project location. Buffer zone comprising the area @ 1km to 10km radius of the area circumscribing the core zone. The details of the air quality and dust level sampling locations is as detailed below. 30

S.NO 1 2 3 4

CODE NO AQ1 AQ2 AQ3 AQ4

LOCATION Project Site Pallikaranai Narayanapuram Madipakkam

CLASSIFICATION Core Zone Buffer Zone Buffer Zone Buffer Zone

Table 2.1 Details of Air Quality, Dust Level Monitoring Locations 2.2.2 METHODOLOGY OF MONITORING Air samples were collected at the selected locations by using High Volume Samples (HVS) and Environmental Base Line Data were generated with respects to SPM, SO2, NOx and CO. For SPM and SO2 24 hourly samples twice a week for two month at five locations were taken. CO was monitored as there 8 hourly samples in 24 hours. HVS was placed at a height of about 2.5m from the ground level. The location and place were selected after complete checking of the area without any interference from obstructions and taking into account of wind direction. The sampling for SPM has been done using Whatman EPM-1000 glass fiber filters and the SPM concentration is determined using gravimetric analysis. The analytical procedure for determination of SPM is as per Bureau of Indian Standards given by methods for measurement of air quality. The sampling for NOx has been done using sodium hydroxide as absorbing medium and the NOx concentration is determined using calorimetric analysis by UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. The analytical procedure for determination of NOx is as per Bureau of Indian Standards given by methods for measurement of air quality. The sampling of SO2 has been done using Sodium-tetra-chloromerculate as absorbing medium and the SO 2 concentration is determined using calorimetric analysis. The analytical procedure for determination of NO x is as per Bureau of Indian Standards given by methods for measurement of air quality. The wind direction has been observed using the wind vane WE-570 once in an hour during the period of observation at the project location. A 31

compass mounted on the top of wind vane is used for pointing the North. The rotation of the wind vane with respect to wind movement is interpreted electronically and the wind direction with reference to North is digitally displayed in degrees. The prevailing wind direction on the monitoring day is taken as the direction in which the maximum number of wind flow occurred. The temperature and humidity have been monitored using thermometer and hygrometer, respectively. The pressure is determined using Aneroid Barometer and Wind velocity is observed using Anemometer. Dust fall measurements were carried out in the four locations where ambient air quality monitoring was undertaken. This will enable to get a comprehensive idea of the concentration of the dust in the project area as well as in the buffer zone. The airborne dust was collected by installing standard dust fall jars in a bird gauge over a tripod stand at a reasonable height (about 2m from the ground level) and away from possible fallout of extraneous particles especially leaves and other materials contained in the air. The dust fall jar was filled with a pinch of caustic Solution and dissolved in distilled water occupying 1/3 rd of the volume of the jar. The jar was kept without disturbance for a 1 month duration and the same was transported to the laboratory for analyzing the concentration of the dust, which is expressed as Metric Tones per Square kilometer in one month.(T/Km 2/month) 2.2.3 BASELINE DATA OBSERVATIONS The baseline data observations obtained in the 4 monitoring locations are detailed in the tables. Locations Parameters Maximum Minimum SP M N OX 98% Maximum Minimum 98% AQ1 Mcg/m3 204.6 84.20 200.51 7.59 5.02 7.44 AQ2 Mcg/m3 360.30 70.40 353.09 7.10 BDL 6.96 32 AQ3 Mcg/m3 346.30 98.10 339.37 35.34 12.86 34.63 AQ4 Mcg/m3 256 80.60 250.88 17.18 6.39 16.84

SO 2 CO

Maximum 4.78 3.70 12.45 Minimum 2.38 2.17 6.15 98% 4.68 3.63 12.20 Maximum 0.06 0.08 0.06 Minimum 0.01 0.01 0.01 98% 0.06 0.06 0.06 Table 2.2 Baseline Data Observations of Dust Level Measurement

8.80 3.46 8.62 0.06 0.01 0.06

Location
AQ1 AQ2 AQ3 AQ4

Value Of Dust fall

3.25 T/Sq. Km./Month 3.98 T/Sq. Km./Month 4.24 T/Sq. Km./Month 3.86 T/Sq. Km./Month

Table 2.3 Baseline Data Observations of Ambient Air Quality

Basic

Meteorological
1.04 m/sec NW & SW Max.34.1oC Min.28.3oC Max.81.4% Min.68.2% Max.45.8mm Min.0mm Observations of Micro Meteorological

Parameters
Wind Speed Wind Direction Temperature Humidity Rainfall Table 2.4 Baseline

Data

Parameters at the Project Site

2.3 WATER ENVIRONMENT

IT park activities would consume large quantities of water. Hence it is very important to determine whether the existing environment would be adversely affected by the IT park works. 2.3.1 GROUND WATER QUALITY 33

Water samples were collected in 4 locations for the purpose of baseline water quality data generation. The details of the sampling locations are described in the table.

S.NO
1 2 3 4

Code No
GW1 GW2 GW3 GW4

Location
Bore Well Near Project Site Bore Well In Pallikaranai Bore well in Narayanapuram Bore Well In

Classification
Core Zone Buffer Zone Buffer Zone

Buffer Zone Madipakkam Table 2.5 Details of Ground water quality sampling locations

2.3.2 SAMPLING METHODOLOGY After the removal of floating and extraneous materials, 3 liters of representative water samples were collected in plastic containers/cans as per IS 3025 and transported to laboratory for physio-chemical analysis. At the time of collection itself, parameters like pH and temperature were measured. 2.3.3 BASELINE DATA GENERATED Physio-chemical and Bacteriological parameters were determined as per IS10500. The summary of the physio-chemical characteristics of ground water samples analyzed are tabulated.

34

S. N o
1 2 pH Total Dissolved Solids (mg/L) Sulphates as SO4 (mg/L) Chlorides as CL (mg/L) Total Hardness as CaCO3 (mg/L) Calcium as 6 CaCO3 (mg/L) Magnesium 7 as CaCO3 (mg/L) Alkalinity (mg/L) Nitrate as NO3 (mg/L) Fluoride as F (mg/L) Aluminum as AL (mg/L) Copper as Cu (mg/L) Chromium as Cr6+ (mg/L) Total Iron as Fe (mg/L) Lead as Pb (mg/L) 752.5 393 263.5 483 787.5 357 346.5 567 7.20 2764 7.54 1732 7.32 1492 7.23 1884

Parameters

GW1

GW2

GW3

GW4

3 4

261.2 620

191.4 315

183.21 22

220.93 360

1540

750

610

1050

8 9 10 11 12 13 14

333.2 0.05 0.79 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.20

496 0.05 0.20 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.17

499.8 0.95 0.20 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05

480.2 0.05

0.20 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05

15

0.05

0.05

0.05

0.05

35 16 Zinc as Zn 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05

Table 2.6 Physio-Chemical Characteristic of Ground Water Samples

2.4 NOISE ENVIRONMENT

Development of the IT parks would have a bearing on the noise level of the environment pertaining to such activities. Noise beyond limits interferes with communication in the living area apart from disturbance and health hazard. Impact of noise on the environment depends on various factors such as intensity, distance from the source, time of exposure and nature, the type of activities, construction, traffic, etc Hence it is necessary to measure the levels so as to adjudge the environmental impact and undertake abatement measures if warranted.

2.4.1 SAMPLING LOCATIONS The details of the noise level monitoring locations is as detailed in the table. S.NO 1 2 3 4 Code No NM1 NM2 NM3 NM4 Location Project Site Pallikaranai Narayanapuram Madipakkam Classification Core Zone Buffer Zone Buffer Zone Buffer Zone

Table 2.7 Details of Noise Level Monitoring Locations 2.4.2 SAMPLING METHODOLOGY Noise level measurements were taken at the sampling locations using sound level meter. The observed values of the noise levels in these locations are indicated in table.

S. N o
1

Code No
NM1

Minimum Value in dB
61.3 36

Maximum Value in dB
78.9

2 3 4

NM2 NM3 NM4

62.4 59.7 62.8

95.2 125.4 85.4

Table 2.8 Details of Noise Levels in Sampling Locations (Baseline Data Generated)

2.5 SOIL ENVIRONMENT

From the environmental point of view, soil is an important component of the eco system. The development of the IT parks might have a bearing on the land surface, which in turn is closely linked to the soil of the region concerned. It is evident that the above factors will have an impact on the soil regime of the region. 2.5.1 SAMPLING LOCATIONS The details of the soil quality monitoring locations are as detailed in the table. S. N 1 2 3 Code No SQ1 SQ2 SQ3 Location Project Site Pallikaranai Narayanapuram Classification Core Zone Buffer Zone Buffer Zone

Table 2.9 Details of Soil Quality Monitoring Locations 2.5.2 SAMPLING METHODOLOGY At the selected sites, soil samples were collected using Auger/Core cutter. Approximately 2Kg of samples were collected in polythene bags sealed well and transported to laboratory for analysis of its physio-chemical characteristics. 2.5.3 BASELINE DATA GENERATED

S. N o
37

Parameters

Unit

SQ1

SQ2

SQ3

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

pH Conductivity Organic Carbon Organic Matter Calcium as Ca Magnesium as Mg Sulphate as SO4 Chloride as Cl Phosphorous as P2O5 Total Nitrogen as N Sodium as Na Potassium as K Lead as Pb

Nos. uS /cm % % % % % % Kg/Ha Kg/Ha % % Mg/Kg

8.79 108.6 0.6 1.04 0.6 0.35 0.10 0.01 70.07 276.5 0.011 0.013 0.05

9.12 240 0.23 0.40 0.10 0.13 0.30 0.01 25.39 246 0.01 0.02 0.05

5.79 138.9 0.52 0.89 0.16 0.16 0.08 0.012 80.23 256.5 0.013 0.016 0.05

Table 2.10 Details of Physio-Chemical Characteristics of Soil Samples

38

3. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS & MITIGATION MEASURES

3.1 IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACTS The various possible impacts on the environment that the proposed It parks project would create are identified, predicted and assessed in this chapter. This project would create impacts in predominantly two phases. Construction Phase Operational / Occupation Phase

Significant impacts S. no Environme nt Transportati 1 on Traffic & Parking Sols / Lands Visual & Aesthetics Air Quality Noise X during construction phase Posi Negati tive ve

Significant impacts during operation and occupation phase Positiv Negativ e e

Nil

Nil

2 3 4 5

X X X X 39 X X

6 7

Vibration Water Resource Deployment of Constructio

X X X

n Labor / Socio economic Safety &

9 10 11 12

X Security Vegetation X Fauna X Solid Waste X Table 3.1 Assessment of Significance of Impacts

X X X X

As observed from the above table negative impacts should be anticipated in transportation, traffic & parking, Soil, Visual & aesthetics, air quality, noise, vibration and safety & security environments during construction phase and in air quality water and solid waste environments for which mitigation measures need to be planned and implemented as detailed in the subsequent sections.

3.2 IMPACTS DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE

The environmental impacts of the proposed project and suggested mitigation measures are discussed with in each of the environmental resource analysis section. A preliminary schedule indicates that the construction period will take approximately 24 36 months. The construction will occur in sequential phases that will vary on a segment-by-segment basis. Impacts upon the natural and built environments resulting from the construction would neither be permanent nor severe. Adherence to applicable construction regulations would be enforced for all areas of potential impacts. 3.2.1 TRANSPOTATION, TRAFFIC AND PARKING 40

3.2.1.1 IMPACTS Existing traffic patterns will be affected during the construction phase due to movement of building matters to the project site. 3.2.1.2 MITIGATION Measures to be considered include, but are not limited to the following to minimize disruption to existing traffic pattern. Placement construction contract specifications and plans to encourage responsible construction practices by contractors. Limit construction phasing to minimize impediments to traffic and pedestrian movements. 3.2.2 SOILS 3.2.2.1 IMPACTS During implementation of various project elements soils will be temporarily disturbed due to grading activities. 3.2.2.2 MITIGATION Soil disturbances from grading activities will be in the form of erosion and airborne dust. Airborne dust emissions associated with construction will be minimized by adherence to standard construction techniques, such as dust. materials to and from streets. soon as practical after 41 Repaving and/or revegetation exposed areas as construction sites. Removing soil and other materials from paved Covering open body trucks which transport Watering areas of exposed soil to control fugitive open excavation and coordinate of mitigation measures in Off-peak hour mobilize materials and resources

 3.2.3.1 IMPACTS

completion of construction. The excavated material will be used for raising low lying areas, building plinth level and other filling works.

3.2.3 VISUAL AND AESTHETIC CONDITIONS The construction activities will have only a temporary impact on the visual environment. The activities and impacts will vary based upon the type of construction required. In general, the constructions impacts will include the movement of construction equipment, construction of temporary roads and access ways and temporary construction fences and screens. 3.2.3.2 MITIGATION The promoters will work with adjacent communities to develop appropriate measures to mitigate impacts, including fencing of construction areas where appropriate. 3.2.4 AIR QUALITY 3.2.4.1 IMPACTS Fugitive dust, emissions from construction equipment and emissions from additional traffic and detouring due to construction activities will have impact on the existing air quality. The proposed project will require the disturbance of soil during construction. This activity will produce fugitive dust and/or particulate pollution. Construction related activities may cause soil material to become airborne in a variety of ways including the following construction materials. Material hauling Wind erosion over exposed construction sites. Re-entrainment of construction dirt deposited on local streets by vehicular Traffic on the streets. Digging and dumping of soil discarded

42

The amount of airborne dust generated and the airborne concentration of particulate matter that people will be exposed to will be dependent on a variety of factors and will vary from day-to-day depending on site and climate conditions. Factors influencing fugitive dust emissions include, receivers Volume of dirt/material to be moved Wind speed Wind direction Soil moisture Soil type Area of exposed soil Location of construction activities relative to

The length of time that any particular receiver will be exposed to construction related dust will be relatively short, lasting only the duration of construction. 3.2.4.2 MITIGATION Fugitive dust emissions associated with construction will be minimized by adherence to standard construction techniques such as, dust. streets. 3.2.5 NOISE 3.2.5.1 IMPACTS The construction process for the preferred alternative will involve the use of equipment and vehicle operations that typically result in high noise levels adjacent to the construction sites. Noise impact to commercial or 43 Repaving and/or revegetation exposed areas after completion of construction. Covering open body trucks which transport materials to and from construction sites. Removing soil and other materials from paved Watering areas of exposed soil to control fugitive

industrial areas with in 50 feet of the proposed may occur from construction activities in areas where pile driving activity takes place. 3.2.5.2 MITIGATION Several means are available for the control of noise impacts during construction. Employing the following techniques will reduce noise levels 5 to 10dBA and bring noise levels below 90dBA residential threshold and the 100dBA commercial/industrial threshold for the majority of construction activity. These include, Design considerations and project layout, such as noise barriers, minimize distance of truck routing and route trucks away from residential streets, or relocating noise-generating equipment as far away from the sensitive noise areas as possible. Operations sequence such as avoiding nighttime construction in residential areas.

3.2.6 VIBRATION 3.2.6.1 IMPACTS Construction vibration impacts will result the use of construction equipment such as a pile driver, a bulldozer or a jackhammer. This vibration is generally intermittent and temporary and therefore, will not result in a significant impact to receivers along the proposed alignment except during night time hours and for properties in close proximity to construction activities. The following formula was used to estimate the propagation of vibration to nearby receivers PPV equipment = PPV ref X (25/D) 1.5 Where, PPV
equipment

is the peak particle velocity in in/sec of the equipment adjusted for

distance. PPV ref is the reference vibration level in in/sec at 25 feet D is the distance from the equipment to the receiver Equipment Peak Particle 44 Approximate

Velocity

at

25

Vibration Decibels at 25

feet(in/sec)

feet Pile Driver (Imact) 1.518 112 Large bulldozer 0.089 87 Caisson drilling 0.089 87 Loaded trucks 0.076 86 Jackhammer 0.035 79 Small bulldozer 0.003 58 Table 3.2 Vibration Source Levels for Construction Equipment Using this formula, propagation distances were computed based on a vibration damage threshold criterion of 0.20 in/sec (approximately 100 VdB) for fragile buildings or 0.12 in/sec (approximately 95 VdB) for extremely fragile historic buildings. The calculated propagation distance for a pile driver, which produces the most vibration are 27 feet for fragile buildings and 28 feet for extremely fragile historic buildings. These distances indicate that any fragile or extremely fragile historic buildings would have a probable impact from resulting vibration emitted during construction activities. 3.2.6.2 MITIGATION The monitoring of vibration levels will be required at each phase of project implementation to ensure that no damage is caused to surrounding buildings or utilities. Procedures that will be employed to minimize vibration impacts include, buildings period. 3.2.7WATER RESOURCES 3.2.7.1 IMPACTS 45 Phasing of demolition, earth-moving and other ground impacting operations so they do not occur in the same time Establishing Vibration vibration at limits during the construction period for nearby buildings. monitoring nearby buildings throughout the excavation and construction phases. Monitoring foundation conditions at nearby

The ground water table is below the anticipated depth of construction throughout the project area therefore impacts during construction are not anticipated. Requirement of construction water shall have an impact on the water environment.

3.2.7.2 MITIGATION Construction water shall be purchased from approved outside tanker. Ground water shall not be utilized for this purpose. 3.2.8 DEPLOYMENT OF CONSTRUCTION WORKERS 3.2.8.1 IMPACTS Around 200 strong labor forces would be deployed for carrying out the various construction activities during the construction phase. This may lead to unsanitary conditions.

3.2.8.2 MITIGATION Safe and sturdy hutments shall be provided to house the laborers with provision for drinking water and healthy sanitation facilities. Proper security shall be deployed to ensure that outsiders and children of the laborers do not stray into the construction area endangering the. First Aid facilities shall be made available at site at all times and transport will be made available for emergency medical needs 24 hours a day. 3.2.9 SAFETY AND SECURITY Pedestrian safety in the vicinity of construction activities will be provided through the use of temporary construction fencing and barricades around all construction sites. Access into the construction sites will be controlled. Construction will be carried out in the best of safe engineering practices like use of boots, helmets, safety belts, etc Qualified safety officer shall be employed to ensure strict enforcement of safety procedures. All excavated areas will be cordoned off with warning tapes or barricade to prevent 46

accidental fall into the pits. The electrical installations during construction will be done with safety in view by providing earthling and earth leakage circuit breakers. Sufficient lighting will be provided in the construction area and also along the roads in the site. Extensive security will be arranged to man the entire site so that curious public do not endanger themselves in the construction area.

3.3 IMPACTS DURING OPERAION / OCCUPATION PHASE

3.3.1 LAND ENVIRONMENT 3.3.1.1 IMPACTS The entire area has been declared as industrial zone. Therefore here would be no negative impacts on the existing facilities and local ecology adjustment to the project site. The promoters are planning to have a full fledged sewage treatment plant and use the treated sewage for their gardening and recycled usage purposes. Therefore there would be no discharge of sewage from the IT complex into public sewers. As rain water harvesting system would be implemented, storm water drains would be connected to the rain water harvesting systems. Therefore there would be no alteration in the natural drainage systems.

3.3.2 VEGETATION 3.3.2.1 IMPACTS The site is a barren land and no serious vegetation activities have been undertaken in the near past. The construction of the IT complex involves no clearing or modification of vegetation. 3.3.2.2 MITIGATION About 50% of the area in the site is allocated towards development of the green belt. 3.3.3 FAUNA The project location does not intrude with any fauna habitat. Therefore the IT complex project would not exert and impact on the fauna environment. 47

3.3.4 AIR ENVIRONMENT 3.3.4.1 IMPACTS As this project being a IT complex, there will be any major adverse impact on the air quality. However during the working phase of the IT complex, it is likely that the air quality may be affected slightly due to the emissions from the Indoor sources, DG set Emissions and vehicle movement. Impacts of air environment factors are listed below, Indoor Air Quality Indoor Air Pollution Air Tightness in Buildings Ventilation Sick Building Syndrome Radon

3.3.4.1.1 INDOOR AIR QUALITY (IAQ) IAQ refers to the conditioned (heat/cool) air that circulates throughout space/area, where we work and live i.e., the air we breath most of the time (almost 80% of the time). Problems of IAQ Enclosed spaces inhabited by humans produce following effects, Reduction in oxygen level of spaces Increase in temperature Increase in humidity

Parameters Affecting IAQ Rate of exchange of air from outdoors Concentration of pollutants in outdoor air Rate of emission from sources indoors Rate of removal of pollutants 48

 specifications SBS score calculations windows, doors, vents, openings, etc systems

Indoor temperature Indoor humidity Age of indoor structure

Steps for Investigating IAQ Problems Document employee health complaints Examine floor plans and ventilation system Analysis of data collected from above steps for Study of building layout, position and location of

Ventilation measurement Monitoring environmental parameters and development of IAQ model. of indoor pollutants and other

3.3.4.1.2 CAUSES OF INDOOR AIR POLLUTION Air tightness of buildings Poorly designed air conditioning and ventilation Indoor sources of pollution Outdoor sources of pollution

3.3.4.1.3 AIR TIGHTNESS IN BUILDINGS Causes inadequate supply of fresh air, as a result, negative pressure develops, which causes Ground level pollutants Release of odor and other pollutants Pull outside polluted air from vents, cracks and openings and increase dust, pollen, etc Causes sick Building Syndrome. 49

3.3.4.1.4 VENTILATION A process whereby air is supplied and removed from an indoor space by natural or mechanical means. To remove heat or moisture or to reduce the concentration of one or more indoor pollutants. Types of Ventilation Natural Mechanical

Natural Ventilation
Infiltration Random/international flow of outdoor air through windows, cracks and a variety of openings in the buildings. Exfiltration Movement of air from indoor spaces to outdoor. Limitation Fairly inefficient as it is not uniformly distributed. Air doesnt circulate evenly and stale air gets collected in some dead end spaces. air. Maximum energy loss occurs as no conservation of energy can be done. It brings pollens & other pollutants from outside

Mechanical Ventilation
It involves use of fans and heating/air conditioning equipments. Principle of Mechanical Ventilation Pulling fresh air from outside to indoor spaces. Exhaust stale air Control temperature and humidity inside 50

Parameters for Mechanical Ventilation Infiltration Exfiltration air Re circulated air Exhaust air Makeup air

3.3.4.1.5 SICK BUILDING SYNDROME The feeling of illness among majority of occupants of a conditioned space is called Sick Building Syndrome. A variety of illness symptoms reported by occupants in sick buildings are Headache, fatigue, irritation in eyes, nose and throat, shortness of breathe, etc Causes Inadequate ventilation Insufficient supply of outside air Poor mixing Fluctuations in temperature and Humidity Air filtration The CO2 level indicates the ventilation efficiency of buildings. Building shows SBS symptoms, if CO2 concentration > 1000 ppm. 3.3.4.1.6 RADON Radon is a radioactive gas that is found in the earths rock and soil. It is formed by the natural breakdown of radium which is itself a decay product of uranium. As radon decays it forms radioactive by-products called either progeny, decay products or daughters which if inhaled can damage lung tissue and cause lung cancer. 3.3.4.2 MITIGAITONS The DG set shall be used only during power outages for office use in the IT complex. The vehicle emissions will be very intermittent. Hence the emissions will not have any impact. However the DG stacks shall be properly designed and the parameters of the stack shall strictly meet the stipulations of TNPCB. Hence the emissions will be fully contained and the environmental levels will 51

be maintained within the prescribed limits. Thus the baseline environment levels will be almost maintained with respect to ambient air quality. 3.3.5 AESTHETICS Elaborate landscaping and green belt development will be undertaken in all the available free areas. The same will be taken as a continuous activity not only from the point of view of pollution abetment but also for improving the visual quality of the area. The proposed construction will not in any way result in the obstruction of view or scenic amenities. Further there are no anthropological or archeological or artifacts nearby. Therefore the proposed project will improve the aesthetic environment quality of the area. 3.3.6 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS The IT complex would be occupied by people of different caste creed and religion. This will improve the social and communal welfare of the society and generate employment opportunities predominantly in the construction phase and to a large during the operation phase. Therefore there would be only positive impacts on the socio-economic front.

4. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM 4.1 OBJECTIVE

Regular monitoring of all significant environmental parameters is essential to check the compliance status vis--vis the environmental laws and regulation. The objectives of the monitoring will be as follows, To verify the results of the impact assessment study with respect to the proposed projects. 52

To study the trend of concentrated values of the parameters, which have been identified as critical and then planning the mitigation measures.

To check and assess the efficacy of pollution control equipment. To ensure that any additional parameters other than those identified in the impact, do not turn critical after the commissioning of proposed project.

4.2 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT CELL

To implement the Environmental Monitoring Program a structured Environment Management Cell (EMC) interwoven with the existing management system will be created. EMC will undertake regular monitoring of the environment and conduct yearly audit of the environmental performance during the construction of the project. It will also check that the stipulated measures are being satisfactorily implemented and operated. It shall also coordinate with local authorities to see that all environmental measures are well coordinated. The Environment Management Cell shall include, Works In charge Maintenance Department A representative of Environmental Consultants A representative of local authority Representative Environment Cell) Process in charge from STP/SWM and Water of Management (Head of

4.3 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM

A comprehensive environmental monitoring program that has been prepared for the purpose of implementation in the proposed building shall be as described below, 53

The Ambient Air Quality shall be monitored at project site and two upward and downstream locations once every quarter for RSPM, SPM, NOx, SO2 and CO levels during the construction phase and operational phase. The ambient noise levels shall also be monitored once every six months.

The vehicles shall be checked for PUC once every quarter during the development period and records shall be maintained. Groundwater quality of the tube wells in site area will be regularly monitored preferably once in a quarter during the development period. Sewage treatment plant shall be provided with a small laboratory and weekly monitoring of the parameters shall be undertaken. In addition monitoring shall be got done from an independent agency.

Green Belt Development shall be given at most care and attendance. All the above observations will be complied and documented by the EMC to serve the following purposes, Identification of any environmental problems that are occurring in the area. Initiating or providing solution to those problems through designed channels and verification of the implementation status. Controlling activities inside the project, until the environmental problem has been corrected. Suitably responding to emergency situations. The main objective of the green belts is to provide a barrier between

GREEN BELT the source of pollution and the surrounding areas. The green belt helps to capture the fugitive emissions and to attenuate the noise generated apart from improving the aesthetics. Development of green belt and other forms of greenery shall also prevent soil erosion and washing away of topsoil besides helping in stabilizing the functional ecosystem and further to make the climate more conductive and to restore water balance. While making choice of plant species for cultivation in green belts, weight age has to be given priority to the natural factor of bio-climate. It is also presumed that the selected plants will be 54

grown as per normal horticulture practice and authorities responsible for plantation will also make sure that adequate watering and protection of the saplings are maintained. The landscaping and green belt will be designed and trees will be planted in open areas around building boundary along footpaths and dividers. Standard practice will be followed for planting of saplings in pits of substantial dimensions, 1m X 1m X 1m for big trees and almost half of these dimensions for smaller trees and shrubs. The pits shall then be filled with earth, sand, silt and manure in predetermined proportions. Saplings planted in the pits will be watered liberally. The growing plants will be cared for the first five years under favorable conditions of climate and drainage. Care will be taken for nutrient supplement, plant protection and absence of water stress and exposure to normal atmospheric conditions. The guidelines as laid out in National Building Code of India shall be followed in the overall development of Green Belt.

4.4 COST OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

The implementation of the pollution control and environmental monitoring and management program is the basis of mitigation of impacts. The development is essential for economic growth but at the same time the environment is to be preserved for future generations. The environmental expenditures show commitment of the management on environmental front. Adequate sum shall be earmarked for key environmental protection measures as discussed in EIA.

5. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

This chapter is devoted for the description of the administrative aspects of ensuring that mitigate measures are implemented and their effectiveness monitored. 55

5.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR DESIGN PHASE

The following environmental protective measures shall be incorporated into the project in the design phase itself. Fire fighting system shall be provided as applicable to the proposed design/plan of the complex, as also committed amenities including lifts, recreational features, landscaping etc. as required by byelaws. Pre construction. norms. later date. systems. signage. Use energy efficient lifts and pumps. 56 Use solar PV powered lighting for common areas/street lights, Use photo sensors for auto switch off of lights. Provide rewired Compact Fluorescent Light fixtures. Use solar water heating system. Encourage solar access in roof to facilitate installation of solar Restrict luminaries efficacy for external application. Provide fixtures that do not allow retrofit with inefficient lamps at a Take adequate measures to avoid heat island. Develop site layout based on solar geometry and wind pattern. Perform solar path analysis to arrive at optimum orientation, distance from adjacent building and size of shading device. Size windows and openings for ventilation and day lighting. Apply appropriate solar passive measures for example mitigate heat island. Effects use low thermal mass use roof gardens/reflective roof. Design for lighting system as per BIS (Bureau of Indian Standard)

Minimum 25% replacement of cement y weight of fly ash or ground granulated. Blast furnace slag in absolute volume of structural concrete. Use of industrial waste based bricks/blocks for non-structural/infill wall systems. Minimum use of wood as a natural material for interior works. Use of paints, adhesives and sealants that have low VOC (volatile organic carbon) contents. Provide dual plumbing system for segregating the toilet flushing line to be used with treated and recycled sewage. Use rainwater harvesting for aquifer recharge and various landscape applications. The layout of streets and buildings are planned to minimize the potential for solar energy devices. Around 100 nos. of street lights by solar lighting would be provided. Solar water heaters shall be provided in all buildings. Sufficient lengths of sunshades are provided to reduce the heat load. Terraces shall be provided with insulation. All working areas shall be provided with maximum ventilation of air and light. Thus all steps required for energy conservation have been taken.

5.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE

Off-peak hour mobilize materials and resources to minimize disruption to existing traffic pattern. Placement of mitigation measures in construction contract specifications and plans to encourage responsible construction practices by contractors. Limit open excavation and coordinate construction phasing to minimize implements to traffic and pedestrian movements. Soil disturbances from grading activities will be in the form of erosion and airborne dust. Airborne dust emissions associated with construction will be minimized by adherence to standard construction techniques. Watering areas of exposed soil to control fugitive dust. 57

Covering open body trucks which transport materials to and from construction sites. Removing soil and other materials from paved streets. Repaving and/or revegetating exposed areas as soon as practical after completion of construction. The excavated material will be used for raising low lying areas, building plinth level and other filing works. The promoters will work with adjacent communities to develop appropriate measures to mitigate impacts including fencing of construction areas where appropriate.

Watering areas of exposed soil to control fugitive dust. Covering open body trucks which transport materials to and from construction sites. Removing soil and other materials from paved streets. Repaving and/or revegetation exposed areas after completion of

construction. Construction vehicles and equipment will generate the same exhaust emissions as do motor vehicles on area roadways. The emissions contribution of those vehicles will be short-term and minor when compared to usual emission levels from day-to-day traffic in the study area. Additionally construction equipment will generally be diesel-powered emitting relatively low levels of carbon monoxide. Design considerations and project layout such as noise barriers minimize distance of truck routing and route trucks away from residential streets or relocating noise generating equipment as far away from the sensitive noise areas as possible. Operations sequence such as avoiding nighttime construction in residential areas. Establishing vibration limits during the construction period for nearby buildings

58

Vibration monitoring at nearby buildings throughout the excavation and construction phases. Monitoring foundation conditions at nearby buildings. Phasing of demolition earth moving and other ground impacting operations so they do not occur in the same time period. Construction water shall hutments shall be provided to house the laborers with provision for drinking water and healthy sanitation facilities. Proper security shall be developed to ensure that outsiders and children of the laborers do not stray into the construction area endangering them. First aid facilities shall be made available at site at all times and transport will be made available for emergency medical needs 24 hours a day.

Pedestrian safety in the vicinity of construction fencing and barricades around all construction sites. Access into the construction sites will be controlled.

Construction will be carried out in the best of safe engineering practices like use of boots, helmets, safety belts, etc Qualified safety officer shall be employed to ensure strict enforcement of safety procedures. All excavated areas will be cordoned off with warning taps or barricade to prevent accidental fall into the pits. The electrical installations during construction will be done with safety in view by providing earthlings and earth leakage circuit breakers. Sufficient lighting will be provided in the construction area and also along the roads in the site. Extensive security will be arranged to man the entire site so that curious public do not endanger themselves in the construction area.

5.3 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN DURING OPERATION / OCCUPATION PHASE

Rain water harvesting system would be implemented in a proper and full fledged manner. 59

About 50% of the open area in the site is allocated towards development of the green belt. The sludge from the S.T.P would be dried in sludge drying beds and used as manure. To implement the Environmental Monitoring Program a structured Environment Management Cell (EMC) interwoven with the existing management system will be created.

EMC will undertake regular monitoring of the environment and conduct yearly audit of the environmental performance during the construction of the project.

It will also check that the stipulated measures are being satisfactorily implemented and operated. It shall also coordinate with local authorities to see that all environmental measures are well coordinated.

The guidelines as laid out in National Building Code of India shall be followed in the overall development of Green Bell.

5.4 DESIGN FEATURES OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT Process Description of Sewage Treatment Proposed
The supernatant from the septic tanks are pumped into the sequential batch reactor which will facilitate mixing metabolism and sedimentation. The SBR process utilities a fill and draw reactor with complete mixing during the batch reaction step and the subsequent steps of aeration and clarification occurs in the same tank. For continuous flow application the settling zone shall be provided in an annular manner circumscribing the fill and aeration zone. The amount and frequency of sludge wasting shall be determined by performance requirements. The unique feature of the SBR process is that there is no need for a return activated sludge system since no sludge is lost in the react step and none has to be returned to maintain the solids content in the aeration chamber.

60

The drained treated effluent from the sequential batch reactors settling zone is pumped out from a decanter unit through filtration in the pressure sand filter and ultra filtration modules for gardening and irrigation usage for toilet flushing activities. This system has several advantages like higher oxygen transfer rate, low cost of construction and operation. The treated effluent is fit for recycling for toilet flushing, gardening, etc

Raw effluent analysis and Treated Water Quality

The treatment plant is designed based on the similar analysis report available with us. The relevant parameters are furnished below for reference. The treated water parameters would conform to the discharge norms of TNPCB. Effluent Parameters Primary Uf Treatment Outlet pH BOD COD Total suspended solids Oil & Grease 6.0-8.0 200ppm 600ppm 400ppm 6.0-8.0 <20ppm <250ppm <100ppm 7.5 -------

Septic Description

Tank

Module

Supernatant

Permeate

80ppm

M10ppm

---

Table 5.1 The Treated Water Parameters

61

5.5

FLOW

CHART

SHOWING

THE

SCHEMATIC

ARRANGEMENTS OF EFFLUENT TREATMENT

Supernatant from septic Tank

Collection cum Equalization Tank

Sequential Batch Reactor Process with Aeration zone and settling zone

Sludge Drying Beds

Decanter Unit

Pressure sand Filter and Ultra Filtration Modules

Distribution for Reuse

Fig. 5.1 The Schematic Arrangements of Effluent Treatment

62

6. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVVE FRAMEWORK

This chapter presents a review of the existing institutions and legislations relevant to this project, at the state levels. Regulations concerning procedures and requirements that may directly concern the project, the capacity of the concerned institutions and agencies and the ability to successfully implement the environmental management plan have been assessed.

6.1 INSTITUTIONAL SETTING IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL COTEXT

The environmental regulations, legislation, policy guidelines and control that may impact tin this project, are the responsibility of a variety of government agencies. In all, as discussed In the subsequent sections the following agencies would play important roles in this project. 6.1.1 MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTS (MoEF) The primary responsibility for administration and implementation of the Government of Indias policy with respect to environmental management, conservation, ecologically sustainable development and pollution control rests with the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF). Established in 1985, MoEF is the agency primary responsible for the review and approval of EISs pursuant to Gol legislation as shown below, Environmental (Protection Act, 1986 item No. 21 schedule-1 specifies that any highway project needs environmental clearance from the central Government in the from of an approved EIA, followed by the amendment in May,1994 and in 1997. Under these notifications certain activities must obtain clearance from central and state governments and obtain a No Objection Certificate (NOC) before commencement. EIA is a mandatory requirement in order to obtain clearance if a project falls under the 29 prescribed activities in schedule-1 of the notification.

63

6.1.2 CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD (CPCB) A statutory authority attached to the MoEF and located in New Delhi. The main responsibilities of CPCB include inter alias the following, Plan and implement water and air pollution programs Advise the central government on water and air pollution programs Set air and water standards Co-ordinate the state pollution control boards

6.1.3 STATE POLLUTION CONTROL BOARDS (SPCB) The SPCBs play the role of environmental management at the stat level, with emphasis on air and water qualities. They are responsible foe, Planning and executing state-level air and water initiatives Advising state government on air, water and industry issues Establishing standards based on national minimum statements Enforcing and monitoring of all activities with in the state under the air Act, the Water Act and cess Act, etc Conducting and organized public hearings for projects as defined by the various Acts and as stipulated by the Amendment (April 1997) to the EIA Act Issuing No-objection Certificate (NOC) for industrial development

6.1.4 DEPARTMENTS OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTS (DOEF) The primary responsibility for administration and implementation of the Government of Indias policy with respect to environmental management, conservation, ecologically sustainable development and pollution control rests with the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF). Established in 1985, MoEF is the agency primary responsible for the review and approval of EISs pursuant to Gol legislation as shown below, Environmental (Protection Act, 1986 item No. 21 schedule-1 specifies that any highway project needs environmental clearance from the central Government in the from of an approved EIA, followed by the amendment in May,1994 and in 1997. Under these notifications certain activities must obtain clearance from central and state governments and obtain a No Objection Certificate (NOC) before commencement. EIA is a mandatory requirement in 64

order to obtain clearance if a project falls under the 29 prescribed activities in schedule-1 of the notification.

6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE REQUIRMENTS

6.2.1 GOI REQUIREMENTS The primary responsibility for administration and implementation of the Gol policy with respect to conservation, ecologically sustainable development and pollution control rests with the MoEF. The MoEF is responsible to enforce the regulations established pursuant to the National Conservation Strategy, National Forest Policy, the policy for abetment of pollution (1992) and the Indian Environmental Pollution Act, 1986, received in 1994 and amended subsequently in 1997. 6.2.2 GOVERNMENT OF INDIA AMENDMENT ON EIA REQUIRMENT IN 1997 In April 1997, a notification was issued by MoEF amending Schedule-1 of the EIA Notification, 1994 which lists projects requiring Environmental Clearance. The 1997 Notifications states Environmental Clearance from the MoEF is not required for Highway project relation to improvement work including widening and strengthening of roads with marginal and acquisition along the existing alignments provided the highways do not pass through ecologically sensitive areas such as National Parks, Sanctuaries, Tiger Reverse, Reserve Forest etc 6.2.3 STATE LEVEL CLEARANCE REQUIRMENTS Besides, the Gol environmental clearance requirement, the project requires clearance from some of the state level line agencies. In 1986, when the MoEF enacted the Environmental Protection Act, linear stretches of roadside plantation along many of the buildings were declared as protected forest. Due to the protected status, clearance from the MoEF is required to cut roadside trees.

65

6.2.4 STATE POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD (SPCB) REQUIRMENTS Projects also require obtaining NOC from SPCBs in pursuant to the water Act of 1974, the cess Act of 1997 and the Air Act of 1981. The project requires the obtaining of clearance from the state pollution control boards of Tamil Nadu pursuant to the water Act of 1974, the cess Act of 1977 and Air Act of 1981. The state PCB establishes a review panel and circulates the application for public review and comment in each affected district. A state level hearing is also required, taking all comments received from the district into account. The state pollution control board issues a No-objection certificate (NOC) after accepting the application for the project. 6.2.5 PUBLIC HEARINGS In order to obtain a No Objection Certificate (NOC) from the state pollution control board or environmental clearance from the MoEF, Public hearing has been made mandatory. The requirement was introduced in the MoEF notification, which came into effect on 10th April 1997.

6.3 THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK

The Government of India has laid out various policy guidelines, acts and regulations pertaining to the sustenance of environment. 6.3.1 THE ENVIRONMENT (PROTECTION) ACT, 1986 AND THE

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT NOTIFICATION, 1994 The Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986 is the umbrella legislation providing for the protection of environment in the country. This Act provided for the Environment (protection) rules which are formulated since. The Environmental Impact Assessment Notification, 1994 and the Amendment there to (April 1997). 6.3.2 THE WILDLIFE (PROTECTION) ACT, 1972 The wildlife protection Act has allowed the government to establish a number of National Parks and Sanctuaries over the past 25 years to protect and conserve the flora and fauna of the state. 66

6.3.3 THE WATER AND AIR (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT The water (prevention and control of pollution) Act, 1974 resulted in the establishment of the central and state level pollution control boards whose responsibilities included managing water quality and effluent standards as well as monitoring water quality, prosecuting offenders and issues licenses for construction and operation of certain facilities. The SPCB is empowered to set air quality standards and monitor and prosecute offenders under the Air (Prevention and control of Pollution) Act, 1981. Additionally as per the Gazette notification date 10 April 1997, SPCB is also empowered for public hearing of all projects including IT projects. 6.3.4 THE ANCIENT MONUMENTS AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES AND REMAINS ACT, 1958 According to this Act area within the radii of 100m and 300m from the protected property are designated as protected area respectively. No development activity (including building, mining, excavating, blasting) is permitted in the protected area and development activities likely to damage the protected property are not permitted in the control area without prior permission of the Archaeological survey of India (ASI) if the site/remains/monuments are protected by ASI or the state Department of Archaeology if these are protected by the state. 6.3.5 STATE LEVEL LEGISLATION AND OTHER ACTs No specific state-level legislation relevant to the environmental clearance requirements, other than those mentioned above are in force in the state of Tamil Nadu. However, clearance will be required for setting up hot-mix plants, batching plant, etc under the Air and Water (prevention & control of pollution Acts). Clearance from the state department of mining is required for establishing quarries. Clearance from the state ground water board/Authorities is required for establishment of new tube-wells/bore-holes, etc 67

In addition, with respect to hygiene and health, during the construction period, the provisions as laid down in the Factories Act,1948 and the building and other construction workers (Regulation of Employment and Conditrions of Service) Act, 1996 would apply. With limited possibility, the provisions of the hazardous wastes (Management and Handling Rules, 1989 and the chemical Accidents (Emergency Planning, Preparedness and Responses) Rules, 1966 would also apply during the construction and the operation periods.

6.4 CLEARANCE REQUIRMENT FOR THIS PROJECT

The project would need the following environment clearance, Environment Clearance from the MoEF Forestry Clearance from the MoEF regional offices No Objection Certificate (NOC) from the state pollution control board of Tamil Nadu Clearance from the State Pollution Control Board of Tamil Nadu under the Air Act, the Water Act and Cess Act, if stipulated by the State Pollution Control Board while giving the NOC.

68

7. RULES AND INCENTIVES FOR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY PARK 7.1 RULES FOR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY PARK

7.2 INCENTIVES FOR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY PARK

Government of Tamilnadu has formulated a policy for IT sector announcing certain incentives to encourage IT and ITES in the state of Tamilnadu. The following are the incentives available under DCR to IT and ITES developments: MSB for IT and ITES is permitted through out the Chennai Metropolitan Area IT activity is permissible in all the land uses except Agricultural Use Zone, non Urban Use Zone, Special and Hazardous Use Zone and OSR's. FSI permitted for those IT and ITES development is 1.5 times of the ordinary permissible in DCR. Covered car parking spaces 50% above the normal parking requirement and also up to first floor are excluded from the computation of FSI area. Reserved and gifted Open Space reservation area will be given to the IT companies for maintenance. Planning permission Applications for IT developments are processed through a fast track system.

8. CONCLUSION
69

This project shall be positive and beneficial to the society at large. It shall provide employment to people. It Shall provide better quality of life, improved infrastructure facilities, environment friendly area, better recreational facilities and responsible social behavior due to activities as rainwater harvesting, recycling of sewage, provision of clean environment with proper handling of wastes as sewage and solid wastes shall hinder pathways of pathogen transmission from waste to man that is files, mosquitoes, rodents and thus shall improve the health of the people. The building incorporates the functions of working, recreation and communication introducing the ingredients of sun, space and greenery.

70