Present simple Definition The present simple is used for: and a) permanent or long-term situations Usage b) facts c) habits

d) feelings e) timetables and schedules Time Line past now future <---------------I--------------> Examples a) I work for Marks Electronics. b) Water boils at 100C. c) Do you smoke? d) She doesnt like long meetings. e) The meeting starts at 8:30. Form We add an "-s" to the 3rd person singular form (he, she, it) I/ you/ we/ they work he/ she/ it works And use do/does as a helping verb in negative sentences and questions

Present continuous

Definition This tense is used for actions and a) for an action happening now Usage b) future plans and arrangements Time Line past now future <---------------I------------------> Form To form the present continuous use am/ is/ are + verb + -ing. To build questions change the word order and put the verb am/ is/ are before the subject. Examples a) Dont disturb me! I am working on a report. b) Hes meeting the CEO next month. c)What are you working on? Add a "not" after am/ is/ are to build a negative sentence. Example We are not working on any projects at the moment.

Present Perfect Definition Present perfect tense is used for

and a) giving news of recent events Usage b) past actions with results in the present c) life experience d) unfinished actions Time Line past now future <----------------I------------------> Form To form the present perfect, we use has (for he, she, it) or have (for I, you, we, they) + past participle (the third form of the verb). Examples a) The temperature has increased this year. b) We havent achieved our objectives. c) Hes visited all the European countries. d) Weve been in business for 25 years. In questions, the word order changes so that have or has comes before the subject. Example How long have you been here? You add a not after have or has to make a negative sentence. Example We have not met before.

PAST Past simple

Definition We use the simple past for a finished action which happened and in the past. Usage Time Line past now future <--------X-----------------I------------------------> Form Regular verbs are put into the past simple by adding an -ed at the end of the verb. Irregular verbs change form. Regular verbs Irregular verbs walk walked buy bought work worked teach taught carry carried come came plan planned throw threw Examples a) I watched TV last night. b) How long did you work on the presentation last week? c) They bought a new house last year. We use did not (didnt) to build negative sentences and did to ask questions. Examples a)The company didnt get the contract. b)He didnt come to the party. c) When did you arrive?

Past continuous Definition This tense is used to talk about and a) an action in progress at a point in time

Examples b) an interrupted action c) an action in progress for a period Form For positive sentences we use was (for he, she, it) or were (for I, you, we, they) + verb + ing Examples a) I was working on the presentation at 10.00 yesterday morning. b) We were having a meeting with our suppliers when you rang. c) I was cleaning the house all morning yesterday. In example b) the past continuous is used for the interrupted action, which lasts longer and past simple for the action which interrupts the first one. Negative sentences are built by adding a not: was/were + not + verb + ing Questions are was/were + subject + verb + ing Examples She wasnt paying any attention. Were you talking on the phone when I walked in?

Past perfect Definition When two things happen in the past we use the past perfect and for the first action (A1) and the simple past for the second

Usage one (A2) to show the sequence of events. Time Line past now future <-----I--------------I----------------X------------------> A1 A2 past perfect past simple Form Past perfect is had + past participle in negative sentences had + not + past participle in questions had + subject + past participle Examples a) She had already attended two computer courses before she joined the company. b) After we had carried out a market survey, we started planning our marketing strategy c) I met John yesterday. We hadnt (had not) seen each other for a very long time. d) Had you heard about her before you met her? It is also possible to use only the simple past tense in both After we carried out a marketing survey, we started planning our marketing strategy.

FUTURE There are four different ways of talking about the future: a)Present simple for timetables and schedules

The plane takes off at 9:45 tomorrow morning. b)Present continuous for arrangements Hes making the presentation next month. c) am/ is /are + going to + verb for arrangements and planned actions He is going to make the presentation next month. d) will + verb for decisions made at the moment of speaking about future actions a) The washing machine isnt working. b) Ill (will) repair it tomorrow. We usually use will for future predictions. Robert will win the race. We use going to + verb if there is something in the present situation which shows what the future will be like: Marie is studying very hard. Shes going to pass her exams.

PRESENT SIMPLE OR PRESENT CONTINUOUS ? The present simple is used for permanent situations. People often make the mistake of saying:

"I am working for Marks Electronics" - This is WRONG! We use the present continuous to talk about temporary situations. So the correct way of saying this sentence would be (using the present simple): "I work for Marks Electronics" The present continuous is often used for current projects, for example: "We are installing a new computer system." PAST SIMPLE OR PRESENT PERFECT The present perfect is used for an action which has some connection to the past: We have achieved many of our objectives this year. This year started in the past but is not finished yet. Dont make the mistake of saying: We have achieved many of our objectives last year. Last year is finished time. We use the past simple with finished time, so: We achieved a lot last year. with present perfect: with past simple: today yesterday this week last week this month last month this year last year

SECTION 2: MODAL VERBS These are the modal verbs: can could might shall should ought will would must have to

These verbs are always the first word in a verb group (i.e. could be done). There is not an -sending in the 3rd person singular she can play the piano. Questions and negatives are formed without do. Except for ought and need, they are followed by a basic form of the verb. Can you give me a hand? Possibility a) You use can to say that something is possible. He can cause problems. b) You use could, may, might to say that you are not certain if something is possible, but you think it is: That could be right. He might come. They may call us. Ability a) You use can to talk about ability in the present and in the future: I can play the piano. He can learn to write. b) You use could to talk about ability in the past: He could run faster than anybody else.

Modal Verbs Continued Permission

a) You use can, could, may to give or to ask for permission Can I ask a question? Could I interrupt? b) Can is used for asking permission in a simple or direct way. Could is more polite. May is more formal. May I smoke? Obligation, Necessity and Advice You use have to, must, mustnt to talk about obligation and necessity. a) You say have to when you give information about what someone else considers to be an obligation or necessary. You have to go to the dentist twice a year. b) You use must to talk about your own opinion. We must go now. c) You use must not to say it is important something is not done or does not happen: You mustnt smoke. d) had to is the past of have to and must I have to go to the dentist tomorrow. I had to go to the dentist yesterday. I must write him a letter. I had to write him a letter. You use should and ought to to talk about mild obligation, that is when you are talking about what is the right or a good thing to do or you give advice: You use not have to to say that it is not necessary to do something (compare to must not)

SECTION 3: THE PASSIVE

The passive is used to describe actions without saying who does them. It is often used to describe processes. The subject of the passive sentence is the object of the active sentence. active sentence Daniella mails the letters in the afternoon. passive sentence The letters are mailed in the afternoon. The basic form of the passive is: be + past participle (the third form of the verb). But the form of be depends on the tense you use, for example: is done or was done Changes to the basic form for different tenses are: Present simple am/ is/ are + past participle The cards are organised alphabetically Present continuous am/ is/ are + being + past participle The books are being sorted out. Present perfect has/have + been + past participle The police have been notified by us. Past simple was/ were + past participle The meeting was held in the big conference room. Past continuous was/ were + past participle I didnt have my car yesterday. It was being repaired. Past perfect had + been + past participle The tree had been blown down by the storm. Modal verbs modal verb + be + past participle The damage can be repaired. In passive sentences, you use by+ noun or pronoun to say who did the action, but often this is not necessary.

SECTION 4: CONDITIONALS Usage: There are four kinds of conditional sentences: 0. Conditional for giving instructions and stating facts. I. Conditional for talking about future possibilities. II. Conditional for speaking about hypothetical situations. III. Conditional for hypothetical situations in the past. Forms The conditional sentence consists of two clauses: The main clause can come before or after the if clause. In the second case, it is connected to the if clause with a comma. The tenses in the conditionals are as follows: 0. Conditional: If + present simple, present simple. If you are not busy, come into my office. I Conditional: If + present simple, will + infinitive. I will give her your love if I see her. II. Conditional: If + past simple, would + infinitive. If they offered me a job, I would accept it. III. Conditional: If + past perfect, would + have + present perfect. I would have called you if I had known you were ill.

SECTION 5: GERUND OR INFINITIVE

If these verbs are followed by another verb, the structure is usually verb + to + infinitive. agree decide learn promise dare manage refuse tend arrange fail offer seem appear hope pretend We decided to wait. They arranged to meet next week. If these verbs are followed by another verb, the structure is usually verb + ing. admit delay fancy involve postpone risk avoid deny finish mind practice suggest consider enjoy imagine miss regret I enjoy going out with friends. He denied driving too fast. You can use an infinitive or a gerund with these verbs without any changes to the meaning. attempt continue intend love start begin hate like prefer I started working or I started to work. You can use an infinitive or a gerund with these verbs but the meaning changes:

SECTION 6: MAKE OR DO

You use make for a constructive or creative action. make a decision You use do with unspecified actions. do a favor Things you do: a favor homework/some work damage /ones best research business something/anything you like Examples:Can you do me a favor? We dont do business with them anymore. Things you make: a profit/ an offer /a phone call/ a choice/ an effort enquiries/ a mistake/ money/ a complaint /a suggestion a joke/ a loss/ progress/ decision/ friends excuses /an appointment Examples: Some people find it hard to make a decision. Catherine made some suggestions at the beginning of the meeting.

II. NOUNS AND DETERMINERS A noun is a word used for a person, a thing, an idea or a feeling, for example:

Janet radio love A determiner is a word used before a noun; for example: much both a

COUNTABLE NOUNS AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS Countable nouns are nouns we can count. They have a singular and a plural form.

Singular countable nouns take a singular verb and plural countable nouns take a plural verb. Some examples of countable nouns are: fact The facts are clear. tool That tool is for cutting wood. machine The machine has just broken down. Note that we use "a", "an" and numbers with countable nouns: a car two cars Uncountable nouns have only one form and take a singular verb. They usually refer to things which we dont see as separate objects. food , Food is expensive these days. Water, Water is on the table. Research, Research is important. Do not use "a", "an", or numbers with these nouns. 21 Some nouns can be countable or uncountable time experience currency We spent a lot of time on this project. How many times have you been to Italy? Cal has a lot of experience. It was an interesting experience.

PLURALS You add "-s" to form the plural of most nouns:

apple apples table tables You add "-es" to nouns ending in "-ss", "-ch", "-s", "-sh", or "x": glass glasses brush brushes watch watches fox foxes gas gases You add an "-s" to some nouns ending in "-o" and an "-es" to others: piano pianos potato potatoes Nouns ending in a consonant + "-y" change to "-ies": country countries party parties The plural of some nouns is irregular: child children half halves foot feet man men knife knives tooth teeth woman women thief thieves

COLLECTIVE NOUNS: TEAM IS OR TEAM ARE With some nouns that refer to a group of people or things, the same form can be used with

singular or plural verbs; for example: company audience government group staff team media public press The staff is waiting. The press are here.

MUCH,MANY OR A LOT OF You use a lot of for both countable and uncountable nouns. a lot of money a lot of books

You use many with countable nouns only. She knows many people in this city. You use much in questions and negative sentences and you use it with uncountable nouns: Hurry! We dont have much time. How much money do you have? You use a lot of with uncountable nouns in positive sentences. Kevin spends a lot time preparing for his classes. 23 LITTLE OR FEW Both of these words tell us about a small quantity. But we use little with uncountable and few with countable nouns. Weve made little progress so far. There were few people there. SOME OR ANY You use some with plural nouns and with uncountable nouns. There were some people there. He gave me some advice. You use "any" to ask if something exists or to say that it does not exist. "Any" is also used with plural nouns or with uncountable nouns. Is there any information about him? There arent any people here.

ARTICLES: A, AN, THE A and an are called the indefinite articles and are used for singular countable nouns.

You use a in front of a word that begins with a consonant. a book You use an in front of a vowel and a silent h an apple an honest person You dont use an in front of words that begin with eu or u if the first sound is pronounced /yoo/: a university a European capital The is the definite article. It is used in front of nouns to specify which person or thing is being talked about: The book you gave me was very good. Do not use it to make general statements. People are good. But you use it when you talk about something in particular. The people at the party were very nice. Use the with countries that have plural nouns as their names or have a Kingdom, Republic, States or Union in their name: the Philippines the Czech Republic Usethe also with regions of the world, or of a country, that include north, south, east or west the Middle East the north of England Use the with names of mountain ranges, groups of islands, rivers and seas the Alps, the Bahamas III. ADJECTIVES

Adjectives are words that give more information about nouns; for example: good a good book small a small problem young a young person ORDER OF ADJECTIVES Sometimes we use more than one adjective to describe a person or thing. In these situations, we have to pay attention which adjective comes first. The order of adjectives is as follows: size shape age color nationality material a small round table a brown wooden table an old French table There are adjectives that give an opinion of someone or something, for example: nice beautiful horrible ugly These adjectives come before the descriptive adjectives: a beautiful old wooden table a nice English lady

ADJECTIVES WITH "-ING" or "-ED" You use many ing adjectives to describe the effect something has on your feelings. an interesting movie This means that the movie interests you. Many ed adjectives describe peoples feelings: I was interested. Compare: 1) It was an interesting movie. I was interested. 2) Johns presentation was boring. I was bored.

IV. ADVERBS Adverbs are words that give information about when, how, where or in what circumstances something happens: We do not use adverbs but adjectives after these verbs: be feel smell taste sound seem look ADVERBS OF MANNER Most of these adverbs are formed by adding "-ly" to the end of the adjective: quick quickly beautiful beautifully easy easily Sometimes the adverbs have the same form as the adjective: fast hard late early When comparing two things or people, these adverbs follow the same rules as the adjectives. He began to walk faster than before. Note that the adverb of good is well. ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY You use adverbs of frequency to say how often something happens. always (100% of the time), usually, normally, often, frequently, sometimes, occasionally, rarely, hardly ever, never (0% of the time).