Vanessa Bao, J.

Carlos Santos, Julio Vivas, Soledad Rodrguez, Abel Vega and Keith Crews

A study of the influence of different types of timber footbridges on the natural frequency of vibration

Vanessa Bao vbanho@cetemas.es

Vanessa Bao, J.Carlos Santos, Julio Vivas, Soledad Rodrguez, Abel Vega and Keith Crews

In recent years in Spain

demand for timber footbridges has increased considerably

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In recent years in Spain

demand for timber footbridges has increased considerably

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In recent years in Spain

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Vanessa Bao, J.Carlos Santos, Julio Vivas, Soledad Rodrguez, Abel Vega and Keith Crews

Normative
VIBRATIONS Vertical and longitudinal

SERVICIABILITY LIMIT STATE OF VIBRATION IN FOOTBRIDGES

IAP-11. Regulation relating to loads in the design and planning of road bridges, 2011
Frequencies of risk of resonance (Hz) 1.25 - 4.60 Verification by appropriate dynamic studies of the vibrational response when the bridge is of a new structural type or uses new materials (different to steel or concrete)

STRA, 2006. Service dtudes techniques des routes et autoroutes

Vertical natural frequency range classification Frequency (Hz) Range 1 Range 2 Range 3 Range 4 Classification of pedestrian comfort and risk or resonance cuased by pedestrian traffic: Range 1. maximum risk of resonance Range 2. medium risk of resonance Range 3. low risk of resonance Range 4. negligible risk of resonance 0-1 1-1.7 1.7-2.1 2.1-2.6 2.6-5 >5

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Vanessa Bao, J.Carlos Santos, Julio Vivas, Soledad Rodrguez, Abel Vega and Keith Crews

Objectives
To evaluate the numerical and experimental frequencies of vibration of
several timber footbridges

To analyse the lower experimental frequencies of vibration in order to

classify the footbridges by risk of resonance and comfort criteria

To study the influence of span in natural frequency for first modal shape in
bending

To analyse the design of simple supported timber footbridges in relation to

serviceability limit state of vibration

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Vanessa Bao, J.Carlos Santos, Julio Vivas, Soledad Rodrguez, Abel Vega and Keith Crews

Timber footbridges. design

Design of simple supported timber footbridges studied
Deck Joists

Diagonals
Main girders Secondary beams

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Vanessa Bao, J.Carlos Santos, Julio Vivas, Soledad Rodrguez, Abel Vega and Keith Crews

Timber footbridges. dimensions

Dimensions, cross section of main girders and mass
L [m] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 w [m] wg [mm] hg [mm] m [kg]

15.6
10.6 18.6 9.1 14.6 7.6 5.8 21.6

1.5
2 2 2 2 1.5 1.5 1.5

185
185 185 185 185 185 185 190

858
561 924 462 726 462 330 952

4725
2442 6336 2107 4191 1601 974 6886 hg Wg

L (m)

w (m)

Determination of mass of bridges: volume (m3) * Density (Kg/m3), considering a general density of 550 Kg/m3 (Pinus sylvestris) L=span of the bridge (m) w=width of the bridge (m) wg=width of main girder (mm) hg=height of main girder (mm) m=mass of bridge (kg)

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Eurocode 5 (UNE EN 1995-1-1:2006) IAP-11 ROBOT Software

Vanessa Bao, J.Carlos Santos, Julio Vivas, Soledad Rodrguez, Abel Vega and Keith Crews

Timber footbridges. dimensions

L [m] 1 15.6 w [m] 1.5 wg [mm] 185 hg [mm] 858 m [kg] 4725

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Vanessa Bao, J.Carlos Santos, Julio Vivas, Soledad Rodrguez, Abel Vega and Keith Crews

Timber footbridges. dimensions

L [m] 2 10.6 w [m] 1.5 wg [mm] 185 hg [mm] 561 m [kg] 2442

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Vanessa Bao, J.Carlos Santos, Julio Vivas, Soledad Rodrguez, Abel Vega and Keith Crews

Timber footbridges. dimensions

L [m] 3 18.6 w [m] 2 wg [mm] 185 hg [mm] 924 m [kg] 6336

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Vanessa Bao, J.Carlos Santos, Julio Vivas, Soledad Rodrguez, Abel Vega and Keith Crews

Timber footbridges. dimensions

L [m] 4 9.1 w [m] 2 wg [mm] 185 hg [mm] 462 m [kg] 2107

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Vanessa Bao, J.Carlos Santos, Julio Vivas, Soledad Rodrguez, Abel Vega and Keith Crews

Timber footbridges. dimensions

L [m] 5 14.6 w [m] 2 wg [mm] 185 hg [mm] 726 m [kg] 4191

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Vanessa Bao, J.Carlos Santos, Julio Vivas, Soledad Rodrguez, Abel Vega and Keith Crews

Timber footbridges. dimensions

w [m] 1.5

wg [mm] 185

hg [mm] 462

m [kg] 1601

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[m] 6 7.6

Vanessa Bao, J.Carlos Santos, Julio Vivas, Soledad Rodrguez, Abel Vega and Keith Crews

Timber footbridges. dimensions

L [m] 7 5.8 w [m] 1.5 wg [mm] 185 hg [mm] 330 m [kg] 974

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Vanessa Bao, J.Carlos Santos, Julio Vivas, Soledad Rodrguez, Abel Vega and Keith Crews

Timber footbridges. dimensions

L [m] 8 21.6 w [m] 1.5 wg [mm] 190 hg [mm] 952 m [kg] 6886

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Vanessa Bao, J.Carlos Santos, Julio Vivas, Soledad Rodrguez, Abel Vega and Keith Crews

Methodology
Experimental tests Theoretical calculations Numerical calculations

f1a
Experimental natural frequency of first bending mode (Hz)

f1b
Theoretical natural frequency of first bending mode (Hz)

f1c
Numerical natural frequency of first bending mode (Hz)

Dynamic tests Equation derived from closed-form solutions for pinned-pinned single span beams

Using structural analysis software ROBOT

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Vanessa Bao, J.Carlos Santos, Julio Vivas, Soledad Rodrguez, Abel Vega and Keith Crews

Dynamic tests

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Vanessa Bao, J.Carlos Santos, Julio Vivas, Soledad Rodrguez, Abel Vega and Keith Crews

Dynamic tests
CONFIGURATION
impact hammer accelerometers
PCB 3711B112G accelerometers: -sensibility: 1000 mV/g -measurement range: 2g PCB 086D20 impulse force test hammer

Data logging
Cronos IMC Equipment IMC Devices software

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Vanessa Bao, J.Carlos Santos, Julio Vivas, Soledad Rodrguez, Abel Vega and Keith Crews

Dynamic tests
CONFIGURATION
impact hammer accelerometers

Data logging
Cronos IMC Equipment IMC Devices software

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Vanessa Bao, J.Carlos Santos, Julio Vivas, Soledad Rodrguez, Abel Vega and Keith Crews

Dynamic tests
CONFIGURATION
impact hammer accelerometers

Data logging
Cronos IMC Equipment IMC Devices software

Data processing
IMC Famos
FFT (Fast Fourier Transformation)

LMS Test Lab

Analisys of FRF: selection of modal shape and natural frequency

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Vanessa Bao, J.Carlos Santos, Julio Vivas, Soledad Rodrguez, Abel Vega and Keith Crews

Dynamic tests
MODAL SHAPES FRF

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Vanessa Bao, J.Carlos Santos, Julio Vivas, Soledad Rodrguez, Abel Vega and Keith Crews

Dynamic tests
CONFIGURATION

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Vanessa Bao, J.Carlos Santos, Julio Vivas, Soledad Rodrguez, Abel Vega and Keith Crews

Dynamic tests

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Vanessa Bao, J.Carlos Santos, Julio Vivas, Soledad Rodrguez, Abel Vega and Keith Crews

Results
Evaluation of the numerical and experimental vibrational frequencies
EXP.
N. of Bridge

THEOR.

NUM.

Hg [%]

f1a [Hz]

f1b [Hz]

f1c [Hz]

Hg = humidity of beams f1a = experimental natural frequency of first bending mode f1b = theoretical natural frequency of first bending mode calculated by Equation (1) f1c = numerical natural frequency of first bending mode calculated by ROBOT r= correlation coefficient

1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8

14.50
16.60 14.40 28.90 15.90 15.30 13.70 15.10

7.01
8.37 4.88 9.58 5.59 13.67 15.88 4.54

5.50
7.21 4.08 7.29 5.02 10.94 12.73 3.32 r=0.995

5.58
7.06 4.11 7.45 5.11 11.2 13.9 3.33 r=0.994

High correlation coefficient between: experimental and theoretical results (0.995) experimental and numerical results (0.994)

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Vanessa Bao, J.Carlos Santos, Julio Vivas, Soledad Rodrguez, Abel Vega and Keith Crews

Results
Evaluation of the numerical and experimental frequencies of vibration
EXP. THEOR. NUM. EXP.-THEOR. EXP.-NUM. THEOR.-NUM.

f1a [Hz] 1 7.01 8.37 4.88 9.58 5.59 13.67 15.88 4.54

f1b [Hz] 5.50

f1c [Hz] 5.58

Relative Error

Relative Error

Relative Error

% 0.21

% 0.20

% 0.01

2
3 4 5 6 7 8

7.21
4.08 7.29 5.02 10.94 12.73 3.32 r=0.995

7.06
4.11 7.45 5.11 11.2 13.9 3.33 r=0.994

0.14
0.16 0.24 0.10 0.20 0.20 0.27 19.1%

0.16
0.16 0.22 0.08 0.18 0.12 0.26 17.5%

0.02
0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.09 0.00 2.0%

The relative error between experimental and theroretical results was of 19.1% The relative error between experimental and numerical results was of 17.5% The relative error between theroretical and numerical results was of 2.0%

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There has not been a good estimation of the mass of footbridges in order to predict the theoretical and numerical natural frequencies.

Vanessa Bao, J.Carlos Santos, Julio Vivas, Soledad Rodrguez, Abel Vega and Keith Crews

Results
Classification of the footbridges by comfort criteria and risk of resonance
span
N. of Bridge

EXP. f1a [Hz] 7.01 8.37 4.88 9.58 5.59 13.67 15.88 4.54 IAP-11

Resonance Risk SETRA (>5 Hz) Range 4 (>5 Hz) Range 4 (2.6-5 Hz) Range 3 (>5 Hz) Range 4 (2.6-5 Hz) Range 3 (>5 Hz) Range 4 (>5 Hz) Range 4 (2.6-5 Hz) Range 3

[m] 15.6 10.6 18.6 9.1 14.6 7.6 5.8 21.6

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

(>4.6 Hz) No risk (>4.6 Hz) No risk (>4.6 Hz) No risk (>4.6 Hz) No risk (>4.6 Hz) No risk (>4.6 Hz) No risk (>4.6 Hz) No risk (<4.6 Hz) Low risk

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Range 3. low risk of resonance Range 4. negligible risk of resonance

All footbridges studied presented no risk or low risk of resonance in vertical vibrations for pedestrian walking

Vanessa Bao, J.Carlos Santos, Julio Vivas, Soledad Rodrguez, Abel Vega and Keith Crews

Results
Influence of span in natural frequency for first modal shape in bending

There was a decreasing relationship between the natural frequency of the first bending mode and the span for the experimental results of these 8 timber footbridges. The simple supported and straight timber footbridges with a span longer than 20 m and a width between 1.5 and 2 m presented first frequencies of vibration lower than 5 Hz.

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A span between 20 and 25 m could be the limit of manufactured timber footbridges with this design according to serviceability limit state of vibration (comfortability).

Thank you for your attention

Vanessa Bao vbanho@cetemas.es J.Carlos Santos jcarlossantos@mediamadera.com Julio Vivas Juliovivas@mediamadera.com Soledad Rodrguez srodriguez@cetemas.es Abel Vega avega@cetemas.es

Keith Crews
Keith.Crews@uts.edu.au

www.cetemas.es

www.mediamadera.com