Bio Lec 6 Outcomes 1.

meaning of "C-value" The term C-value refers to the amount, in picograms, of DNA contained within a haploid nucleus (e.g. a gamete) or one half the amount in a diploid somatic cell of a eukaryotic organism. 2. "paradox" or "enigma" associated with C values The C-value enigma surrounds the extensive variation in nuclear genome size among eukaryotic species, and the observation that genome size does not correlate with organismal complexity; for example, some single-celled protists have genomes much larger than that of humans. 3. meaning of haploid (n) and diploid (2n) Haploid - Having a single set of unpaired chromosomes Diploid - Containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent. 4. relationship between C and n as measures of genome size For single chromosomes C=n where is a positive integer For replicated chromosomes C=2n where is a positive integer 5. proportion of the human genome that codes for protein Only (approx.) 2% of our genome actually codes for proteins. 6. non-nuclear genomes in typical plant and animal cells. Animal cells have a mitochondrial genome separate from their nuclear one, while plant cells also have a separate mitochondrial genome, in addition to a third genome found in their chloroplasts. 7. trend in C value from prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells. And 8. relationship between C value and organismal complexity There is absolutely no correlation in C-Values and complexity except that those belonging to Archaea and Bacteria are on (average) smaller than eukaryotic C-Values. 9. relationship between C value and ploidy See 4., ploidy (# chromosome sets) is represented by n 10. distribution of linear vs. circular chromosomes in the various domains of life. Bacteria and Archaea typically have circular chromosomes, while eukaryotes generally have linear chromosomes (with some exceptions). 11. role of nucleosomes in DNA packaging in chromosomes I HAD TO LOOK THIS UP B/C HE NEVER DIRECTLY MENTIONED IT IN THE ONLINE LECTURE, IDK WHAT HES EXACTLY LOOKING FOR Used in eukaryotes, Nucleosomes are segments of DNA wound in sequence around eight histone protein cores folded through a series of successively higher order structures to eventually form a

chromosome; this both compacts DNA and creates an added layer of regulatory control, which ensures correct gene expression. 12. general trends in costs of DNA sequencing

Its ridiculously more and more cheap, from the hundreds to tens of millions, to approximately ten thousand and eventually, to under one hundred dollars. 13. 55% 10% 10% 25% relative distribution of various components of genome sequence ("junk" vs. essential DNA) Junk - transposons, viruses and dead genes Intron - more junk, non-coing useless DNA Essential, including 2% protein-coding DNA Unknown, also likely junk