1. Which of these isotopes emit Alpha particles?

Cobalt 60 Radium 226 Iridium 192 Caesium 137 2. Calculate the efficiency of X-ray production given that the accelerating voltage is 250 Kv and the target material is tungsten?

18.5 3.34 1.85 0.33 3. Which of those listed below could be considered as a photon?

Gamma Ray X-ray Beta particle Gamma ray and x-ray All the above 4. X-rays used in radiography have a wavelength in the region of?

10-1 - 10-4m 102 - 10-4m 10-9 - 10-13m 10-2 - 10-4m 5. Compton scattering occurs at photon energies of approximately?

Upto about 0.3 MeV 0.3 to 3.0 MeV Over 3.0 MeV May occur at any photon energy 6. A scattered photon that does not experience an energy shift is called?

Compton scatter Photoelectric effect Coherent scatter Pair production

7. What is the maximum number of electrons that can be held in the K Shell of an atom?

8 6 4 2 8. The mode by which low energy photons interact with matter is known as?

Photoelectric effect Pair production Compton scattering All of the above 9. The positron is considered to be equal to the electron in which of the following conditions?

Charge Rest mass Rest energy All of the above Rest energy and rest mass only 10. Which group in the chemical periodic table is very inactive?

Group A Group B Group C Group O 11. Photons have which of the following characteristics?

No energy No elastic charge Positive magnetic field No energy and no electric charge All of the above 12. Given a decay constant of 0.0023 calculate the half life of the isotope?

73 days 165 days

301 days 370 days 13. How many Becquerels are there in 28 curie?

1.036 GBq 10.36 GBq 1036 GBq 103.6 GBq 14. Generally, neutron interaction may occur in which of the following ways?

Collision with oribital electrons Collision with the nucleus Scattered by the nucleus All the above Only collision with the nucleus and scattered by the nucleus 15. A photon enters an atom with an energy of 350 KeV. It knocks out an electron held by a binding energy of 58 Kev and accelerates it to an energy of 95 KeV. What energy would the scattered radiation be?

197 KeV 95 KeV 123 Kev Not enough information is given 16. Calculate the intensity of 20 curies of Ir 192 at 5 m from an unshielded source?

0.384 R / Hr 0.22 R / Hr 0.88 R / Hr 0.66 R / Hr 17. Caluclate the build up factor for a 30 mm thick material with an absorption coefficient of 0.45?

13.5 2.35 1.35 14.35 18. Which of the following statements is true?

As energy decreases inherent unsharpness increases As energy increases omherent unsharpness increases Inherent unsharpness values are constant Inherent unsharpness values do not relate to energy values 19. Calculate the thickness of a material - half value layer of 15mm - required to reduce the intesnity from 100 R / Hr to 50 R / Hr?

60.2mm 64.85mm 43.29mm 58.54mm 20. Caluclate the intensity of 135 Ci Ir 192 isotope 5 m from the outside of conrete bunker - 430mm wall thickness. The isotope is in the centre of a 26mm steel vessel 4m diamater. The distance from the vessel to the wall of the bunker is 2m. HVL - Iridium 13mm, HVL Concrete - Iridium 43mm, Dose rate iridium R / Hr / Ci at 1m = 0.48?

2.63mR/Hr 0.195mR/Hr 13.23mR/Hr 0.062mR/Hr

1. Radium 226 2. 1.85 3. Gamma ray and x-ray 4. 10-9 - 10-13m 5. 0.3 to 3.0 MeV 6. Coherent scatter 7. 2 8. Photoelectric effect 9. Rest energy and rest mass only 10. Group O 11. No elastic charge 12. 301 days 13. 1036 GBq 14. Only collision with the nucleus and scattered by the nucleus 15. 197 KeV 16. 0.384 R / Hr 17. 2.35 18. As energy increases omherent unsharpness increases 19. 64.85mm 20. 0.195mR/Hr
1. Which of the following isotopes is created artificially?

Radium 226 Thulium 170

Uranium 238 All of the above 2. Why is depleted uranium now preferred as an isotope shield in place of lead?

More file resistance Less material is required for the same protection More structurally durable All of the above Only more file resistance and more structurally durable 3. Which isotope would have gamma ray energy of 0.3-0.6Mev?

Iridium Cobalt Radium Thulium 4. Which of the following is NOT a disintegration mechanism on its own?

Alpha particle emission Beta particle emission Gamma ray emission All are possible 5. What symbol is missing from the equation: 191 Ir + ? - 192 Ir + Gamma Ray

Nuclide Nucleus Neutron Proton 6. To which of the following elements does iridium 192 decay?

Platinum 192 Iridium 191 Osmium 192 Both Platinum 192 and Osmium 192 All of the above 7. What will be the activity of a 50 curie Co60 Isotope after 7.4 years?

38 curie 25 curie 19 curie 14 curie 8. What will be the activity of a 65 curie Ir 192 Isotope after 200 days?

18.5 curies 15.2 curies 12.6 curies 9.75 curies 9. What will be the activity of a 20 curie Tm 170 isotope after 26 days?

17.4 curies 15.6 curies 12.8 curies 10.1 curies 10. What will be the activity of 35 curies Ir 192 after 110 days?

32.18 curies 22.63 curies 12.78 curies 5.23 curies 11. To what stable element does Cobalt 60 decay?

Cobalt 59 Nickel 60 Nickel 59 Barium 60 12. What are the gamma ray energies of Cobalt 60?

1.33 MeV 1.17 MeV 0.66 MeV All of the above Both 1.33 MeV and 1.17 MeV 13. Which of the following isotopes could be succesfully used to radiography 15mm of Aluminium?

Cobalt 60 Iridium 192 Thulium 170 Isotopes cannot be used on that thickness of Aluminium 14. Gamma ray energies are measured in?

Roentgens Roentgens per hour MeV or KeV Any of the above 15. Calculate the intensity 3m from a 25 curie isotope of iridium?

5.092 R/Hr 1.528 R/Hr 0.611 R/Hr 0.323 R/Hr

1. Thulium 170 2. All of the above 3. Iridium 4. All are possible 5. Neutron 6. Both Platinum 192 and Osmium 192 7. 19 curie 8. 9.75 curies 9. 17.4 curies 10. 12.78 curies 11. Nickel 60 12. Both 1.33 MeV and 1.17 MeV 13. Thulium 170 14. MeV or KeV 15. 1.528 R/Hr
1. During exposure to X or gamma radiation what is the mechanism by which damage to cell tissue occurs?

Scintillation Ionisation Contamination Ionisation and Contamination 2. Which of the following is considered to be the most biologically dangerous when coming into contact with living tissue?

X-rays Gamma rays Alpha particles Beta rays All the above are equally dangerous 3. What do the letters TLD stand for?

Thermonic luminous diode Thermo luminescent dosimetry Thermo luminous dosemeter Thermonic luminescent dosemeter 4. Which is the most common phospur used in TLD manufacture?

Calcium tungstate Sodium fluoride Sodium carbonate Lithium fluoride 5. Apart from personnel monitoring what other uses may a TLD have?

Environmental monitoring Archaeology Geological diating All of the above 6. Which of the following radiation types may be detected using Scintillation detectors?

Alpha particles Gamma rays Beta particles Neutrons All of the above 7. Which of the following radiation detectors uses a gas filled chamber?

Semi conductor detector Thermoluminescent detector Proportional counter All of the above

8. Which below is an advantage of the scintillation detector over the typical gas ionisation chamber?

Higher efficiencies Smaller than the gas filled detector Highly sensitive All of above 9. Which cell of the human body is considered the most radiosensitive?

Red blood cells White blood cells Skin cells Blood vessel cells 10. Which of the following measures the ionising effect in air?

Rad / Grey Rem / Sievert Roentgen All of the above 11. Calculate the distance required to reduce the intensity from 550 R/Hr at 0.5m to 7.5m R/Hr?

183.3.m 152.5m 135.4m 18.3m 12. Which of the following devices uses a gas to help amplifier the ionisation effect and thereby make it more sensitive?

Semi conductor detectors Scintillation detectors Thermoluminescent detectors GM tube devices 13. How much concrete would be required to reduce the intensity of an Ir 192 source from 100 R/Hr to 10 R/Hr?

139.7mm 125.3mm 62.5mm 34mm

14. Calibration limits when checking the accuracy of survey instruements is usually?

+/-20% +/-15% +/-10% +/-5% 15. Which of the following is the most essential piece of equipment when working with isotopes?

Film badge Warning signals Survey meter Pocket dosemeters

1. Ionisation 2. Alpha particles 3. Thermo luminescent dosimetry 4. Lithium fluoride 5. All of the above 6. All of the above 7. Proportional counter 8. All of above 9. White blood cells 10. Roentgen 11. 135.4m 12. GM tube devices 13. 139.7mm 14. +/-20% 15. Survey meter
1. Calculate the density when Incident Light source is 5000 lux and the transmitted light intensity is 70 lux?

0.92 1.85 4.21 7.14 2. Radiographic sensitivity is a function of which of the following factors?

Definition and resolution Resolution and contrast Contrast and definition Unsharpness and resolution 3. An acceptable radiograph was made at 300 mm for 20 mA minutes. What would be the new exposure at 500 mm?

40.8 mA min 55.6 mA min 33.3 mA min 12 mA min 4. The density difference on two adjacent areas of a radiograph is called?

Sensitivity Resolution Subject Contrast Radiographic Contrast 5. Which of the following screen types will give the sharpest definition?

Lead foil screens Fluorescent screens Fluo-metallic screens All the above will give a similar definition 6. Pair production occurs at energies above approximately

0.1 MeV 0.53 MeV 1.02 MeV 10.06 MeV 7. You are required to radiograph a 80 mm section of steel which radiation type listed below would you use?

200 Kv X-Ray Unit Iridium 192 Thulium 170 Cobalt 60 8. The thickness variation that corresponds to the useful density range is known as?

Contrast Resolution Latitude Sensitivity 9. The clarity and sharpness of an image can be improved by which of the following?

Slow speed films Longer object to film distances Larger size films Slow speed films and longer object to film distances 10. The process by which silver halide is converted to metallic silver is known as?

Fixing Development Latent imaging Transformation 11. Which of the following will affect contrast?

Scatter Grain size of the film Radiation energy Changes in section thickness All of the above 12. An increase in electron flow from the filament will result from which of the following?

An increase in the millamps An increase in the kilovoltage An increase in the temperature of the filament All of the above will increase electron flow 13. Calculate the geometric unsharpness given the following: Object thickness of 25mm, Source to film distance 350mm and Source effective size 3mm?

0.21mm 4.67mm 4.33mm 0.23mm 14. Which of the following represents the reciprocity law?

M1 X T12 = M2 X T22 I1 X D12 = I2 X D22 M1 X T1 = M2 X T2 E1 X D22 = E2 X D12

15. Calculate the new distance given that the original exposure was 12 mA minutes at 300mm and a new exposure of 5 mA minutes is desired?

154.2mm 193.6mm 464.8mm 37500mm 16. The equivalence factor for steel / lead using Iridium 192 is 1.0 to 4.0. What exposure would be required to shoot 1.5cm of lead if the exposure fr the same thickness of steel was 15 curie minutes?

3.75 curie minutes 7.5 curie minutes 30 curie minutes 60 curie minutes 17. Which of the following will help to reduce scattered radiation?

Lead foil screens Masks Diaphrams Lead foil screens and masks All the above 18. What effect will a filter have when placed in a radiation beam?

Reduce subject contrast Increases the radiation energy Reduce the latitude All the above 19. When radiographing a large grain material a mottled pattern is observed on the radiograph. How may this be eliminated?

Lower the Kv and use fluorescent screen Lower the Kv and use lead screens Raise the Kv and use lead screens Raise the Kv and use fluorescent screens 20. Scatter with an angle of greater than 90 degrees is known as?

Side scatter Back scatter

Internal scatter Radiographic undercutting

1. 1.85 2. Contrast and definition 3. 55.6 mA min 4. Radiographic Contrast 5. Lead foil screens 6. 1.02 MeV 7. Cobalt 60 8. Latitude 9. Slow speed films 10. Development 11. Grain size of the film 12. All of the above will increase electron flow 13. 0.23mm 14. M1 X T1 = M2 X T2 15. 193.6mm 16. 60 curie minutes 17. All the above 18. Reduce subject contrast 19. Raise the Kv and use lead screens 20. Back scatter
1. Which of the following will improve film contrast?

Using a faster film Using a higher temperature developer Increasing the radiation energy Reducing the focal spot size 2. Which of the following chemicals is checked for when condisdering archival storage?

Thulium sulphate Thiosulphate Silver bromide Acitic acid 3. A straight dark line is evident on a radiograph however, on a re-shoot the line is no longer evident. What may be the cause of the problem?

A crack in the weld Dust on the film A scratch on the lead foil screen Static marks

4. The abrupt bending of a film prior to exposure will cause which of the following?

White crimp mark Static marks Scratches Fogging 5. Which of the following may cause slight fogging of a film?

High temperatures High humidity Incorrect safelight levels All the above 6. When using real time radiography which of the following artefacts could occur

Crimp marks Dust Electronic Noise Dust and electronic noise All of the above 7. What is required to create a latent image on a silver halide salt crystal?

Developer Fixation Energy All of the above 8. Which of the following is a component of the developer?

Ammonium thiosulphate Sodium carbonate Acetic Acid Aluminium chloride 9. Which of the following is a component of the fixer which clears away unexposed silver bromide crystals?

Ammonium thiosulphate Sodium carbonate Acetic Acid Aluminium chloride

10. Which of the following chemicals is used in the stop bath?

Ammonium thiosulphate Sodium carbonate Acetic Acid Aluminium chloride 11. Approximately what percentage of the original silver in the film remains in the fixer solution?

10% 20% 40% 60% 12. Calculate the density if the incident light is 6200 lux and the transmitted light is 20 lux?

2.5 1.5 2.3 2.8 13. Which chemical is used in both developer and fixer as a preservative?

Phenidone Sodium sulphate Water Potassium bromide 14. Fast films have ??? with respect to slow films?

Wider latitude and good contrast Wider latitude and low contrast Narrow latitude and low contrast Narrow latitude and good contrast 15. What is the approximate PH level of the stop bath?

10 8 6 4 2

1. Using a higher temperature developer 2. Thiosulphate 3. A scratch on the lead foil screen 4. White crimp mark 5. All the above 6. Dust and electronic noise 7. Energy 8. Sodium carbonate 9. Ammonium thiosulphate 10. Acetic Acid 11. 40% 12. 2.5 13. Sodium sulphate 14. Wider latitude and low contrast 15. 2
1. Most commercial flash radiography is performed with equipment using exposure in the order of?

0 - 10 nS 20 - 70 nS 10 - 30 S 50 - 100 S 2. Which of the following is an application of flash radiography?

Delonics Ballistics Biomedical All of the above 3. Which of the following can be used to record flash radiography?

Film Electro optical systems Cinefilm All of the above 4. Using the rigid formula method calculate the depth from the source side of the test plate - 80mm thick - to the defect given the following: Source shift between exposure 'A'=150mm, The image shift of the flaw 'B'=20mm, The source to film distance 'T'=500mm. Assume the film is in contact with the test piece

21.2mm 58.8mm 62.3mm Not enough information is given

5. The technique that produces an image of a region in a plane of an object without interference from the adjacent plane is known as?

Real time radiography In motion radiography Tomography Microradiography 6. Which of the following is NOT required in radiation gaging techniques

Film Source Gaging device All the above are required 7. Which of the following can be achieved using radiation gaging?

Composition gaging Thickness gaging Density gaging All the above Only thickness gaging and density gaging 8. Which technique would generally be used to inspect a pipeline where access is available to both inside and outside of the pipe?

Double wall double image Double wall single image Panoramic Single wall double image 9. X-ray diffraction is used in which od the following applications?

Defect location Identifying compunds Thickness gaging Density measurements 10. Which is another term to describe fluoroscopy?

Tomography Laminography Real time radiography Microradiography

11. Which screen type is used with real time radiography?

Lead foil Calcium tungstate Fluorometallic A combination of the above screens may be used 12. Calculate the magnification factor for a Real Time Image projection given that focal spot to object distance 'a'=250mm and the object to screen distance 'b'=150mm?

1.6X 1.4X 0.5X 0.625X 13. Which of the radiation sources listed below can be used for real time radiography?

Iridium 192 Cobalt 60 Conventional hot cathode X-ray units Linear accelerators All the above may be used 14. As compared to conventional film radiography which of the following is an advantage of fluroscopy?

Higher sensitivity Higher resolution Faster results Can work at any Kv level 15. When viewing fluroscopic images which screen colour would give the highest visual activity all other factors being equal?

Red light Blue light White light Yellow / Green light 16. Which of the following is an application of fluoroscopy?

Steel castings Light alloy castings Baggage inspection

All of the above Only light alloy castings and baggage inspection 17. A tube which converts photons to electrons, accelerates the electrons, and then reconverts them to light is known as a?

Photdiode Image intesnifier Photomultiplier tube Fluorescent screen 18. The radiographic technique which uses radiation given off from a radioactive specimen is known as?

Neutron radiography Autoradiography Stereoradiography Electronradiography 19. Which of the following is an example of in-motion radiography?

Linear motion Rotary motion Syncronous radiography Only linear motion and rotary motion All of the above 20. Which of the following is a method of Radiographically determining the depth of a flaw?

The parallax method Rigid formula method Single marker approximate formula All the above will determine the depth of a flaw

1. 20 - 70 nS 2. All of the above 3. All of the above 4. 21.2mm 5. Tomography 6. Film 7. All the above 8. Panoramic 9. Identifying compunds 10. Real time radiography 11. Calcium tungstate

12. 1.6X 13. All the above may be used 14. Faster results 15. Yellow / Green light 16. Only light alloy castings and baggage inspection 17. Image intesnifier 18. Autoradiography 19. All of the above 20. All the above will determine the depth of a flaw