Escolar Documentos
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- Lecture: Dr. Ann Schumacher, ann.schumacher@empa.ch - Exercise: Dr. Andrin Herwig, andrin.herwig@empa.ch
References: Bank, L. Composites for Construction - Structural Design with FRP Materials, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2006. (Chapters 12 - 15) Fiberline. Fiberline Design Manual, www.fiberline.dk, 2003. Clarke, JL. (Ed.) Structural Design of Polymer Composites - EUROCOMP Design Code and Handbook, E & FN Spon, 1996.
A. Schumacher / 14.10.2009
Outline
Introduction
(Pros and cons of FRP / Examples)
Materials
(Manufacturing process / Materials / Durability)
Design Concept
(Concept / Basic assumptions / )
Bending Beam
(Timoshenko theory / Stresses / Deformations / Buckling )
Axial Members
(Serviceability and ultimate limit states)
Connections
(Bolted joints / Glued joints)
Design of FRP-Profiles and All-FRP-Structures Fibre Composites, FS09 A. Schumacher / 14.10.2009
Introduction
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Pros
High specific strength:
Material
lmax =
CFRP 138.4 km
GFRP 27.8 km
max g
Good in-plane mechanical properties High fatigue and environmental resistance Adjustable mechanical properties Lightweight Quick assembly / erection Low maintenance Highly cost-effective (2-10 /kg)
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Cons
Lightweight Brittle High initial costs Low to moderate application temperature (-20 up to 80 C) Low fire resistance (sometimes with unhealthy gases)
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Structural profiles
Most structural profiles produced in conventional profile shapes similar to
metallic materials
Structural profiles
Non-structural profiles
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Introduction: Examples
Footbridges
Pontresina bridge, Switzerland Span: 2 x 12.5 m Weight: 3.3 tons (installation by helicopter)
http://www.fiberline.com/gb/casestories/case1830.asp
Fiberline Bridge in Kolding, DK Span: 40 m Cost: 0.5 mio CHF Only Fiberline standard profiles used
http://www.fiberline.com/gb/casestories/case1837.asp
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Introduction: Examples
Footbridges
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Road bridges
West Mill Bridge, England Span: 10 m Width: 6.8 m Load capacity: 46 tons
http://www.fiberline.com/gb/casestories/case3903.asp
Klipphausen Bridge, Germany Span: 6.8 m Width: 6.0 m Load capacity: 40 tons
http://www.fiberline.com/gb/casestories/case6314.asp
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Introduction: Examples
Bridgedeck (Footbridges)
Wrenlos, Switzerland Loopersteg, Switzerland
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Introduction: Examples
Buildings
Project: Maagtechnic
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Introduction: Examples
Laboratory bridge
Empa Laboratory Bridge, Switzerland Span: 19 m Width: 1.6 m Load capacity: 15 tons
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Introduction: Examples
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Introduction: Examples
Balconies
Introduction: Examples
Railings
Oensingen, Switzerland
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Introduction: Application
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Material
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Pultrusion line
Production of profiles with constant cross-section along the length High quality Continuous longitudinal fiber bundles and filament mats
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Material: Components
Supplementary
constituents
polymerisation agents fillers additives
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Length up to 12 m!
Material: Durability Various environmental and load conditions that affect durability of
(G)FRPs in terms of strength, stiffness, fiber/matrix interface integrity, cracking:
water/sea water chemical solutions prolonged freezing thermal cycling (freeze-thaw) elevated temperature exposure UV radiation creep and relaxation fatigue fire
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Material: Durability Environmental reduction factor for different FRP systems and
exposure conditions
Exposure condition Interior exposure Fiber / resin type Carbon/epoxy Glass/epoxy Aramid/epoxy Exterior exposure
(bridges, piers parking garages)
Environ. reduction 0.95 0.75 0.85 0.85 0.65 0.75 0.85 0.50 0.70
Agressive environ.
(chemical plants)
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alkaline effects (caution when GFRP in contact with concrete!) acid effects salt effects fatigue UV radiation
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Material: Manufacturers
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Material: Manufacturers
Strongwell, USA
www.strongwell.com
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Design Concept
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Design Concept
Codes
Every manufacturer has its own profile design No European Design
Code is available! (only EN13706, about testing and notation)
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Design Concept
Concept of Limit State Design (According to Euro Codes and Swiss Codes) Ultimate limit stress
Ed Rd
Ed Rd Calculated stress (including load factors) SIA260 / 261 Rated value of the resistance capability where
Rd =
Rk
m
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Min.
m
1.1 1.0
1.15
m,4
Short-term load 1.0 1.25 Long-term load 2.5 3.13
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Design Concept
Cd
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Design Concept: Basic Assumptions Material Properties, stength values (Fiberline Profiles)
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Design Concept: Basic Assumptions Material Properties, stiffness values (Fiberline Profiles)
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Design Concept: Basic Assumptions Typical data sheet of a profile (Fiberline I-Profile)
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Bending Beam
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Bending Beam: Design of Calculate bending moments Md and shear forces Qd acting on the profile,
using the partial coefficient (SIA 260 / 261)
Shear:
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typically selected between 200 and 400 given by SIA 261 or the building owner
Vibrations
Light-weighted and soft structures are susceptible to vibrations (traffic, wind, the movement of people )!!
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Bending Beam: Timoshenko Theory Pultruded profiles have a low shear modulus shear deformation
must be taken into account!
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ux = y w( x),x u y = w( x)
ux = y ( x) u y = w( x)
x = ux = y w( x),xx
x u y u x + =0 2 xy = y x
x = ux = y ( x),x
x u y u x + = ( x) + w( x),x 2 xy = y x
Hooks law
x = E0 x and xy = G 2 xy
M z = y x dydz = w,xx E0 Iz
QS
QS
w,xx = M ( x) E0 Iz
q( x) = Q,x = ( w,xx ,x ) GA
1 1 1 2 qLx qx E 0 I z 2 2
Functions:
w( x) = A1 x 4 + A2 x 3 + A3 x 2 + A4 x + A5
w( x) =
qx ( L3 2 Lx 2 + x 3 ) 24 E 0 I z
( x) = B1 x3 + B2 x 2 + B3 x + B4
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B1 = 4 A1 , B3 = 2 A3 B2 = 3 A2
24 A1 E 0 I z GA 6A E I , B4 = 2 0 z A4 GA
Use the boundary conditions and the second differential eq. to calculate A1 A5:
2 2 qx ( L x ) qx ( L x ) ( L + Lx x ) w( x) = + 2 GA 24 E 0 I z
Deflection at midspan
5 qL4 L w = 2 384 E I z 0
Design of FRP-Profiles and All-FRP-Structures
5 qL4 + q L2 L w = 2 384 E I z 8 GA 0
Fibre Composites, FS09 A. Schumacher / 14.10.2009
f1 ( x) f 2 ( x) w( x) = + E0 I z GA
f1 ( wmax )
5 qL4 384 PL3 48 qL4 8 PL3 3
Beam Simply supported Uniformly distr. load (q) Concentrated load (P) Cantilever beam Uniformly distr. load (q) Concentrated load (P)
f1 ( wmax )
qL2 8 PL 4
x( wmax )
L 2 L 2
qL2 2
L L
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PL
Bending Beam: Euler vs. Timoshenko Theory Example: influence of the shear deformation
Profile: 300 x 150 mm I-beam Load: uniformly distributed
General rule of thumb: for GFRP beams with span/depth > 25, shear deformation can be ignored
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qd ,uls L2 h max = 8 2 Iz
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qd , ser L2 8 GA
(1.6 mm)
= 9.3 10 3 m
wmax = 0.01 m
wmax =
5 qd , ser L4 384 E0 I z
qd , ser L2 8 GAweb
= 9.110 3 m
5. Remarks:
The design of GFRP-profiles is mostly driven by serviceability criteria. Start the design iteration procedure using the maximal deflection criterion.
Design of FRP-Profiles and All-FRP-Structures Fibre Composites, FS09 A. Schumacher / 14.10.2009
Example:
Bending Beam: Stability problems Local buckling of walls due to in-plane compression
Flange (compressive) displaces in the
direction of the transverse load.
Local buckling of walls due to in-plane shear Web crushing and web buckling in transverse direction
Design of FRP-Profiles and All-FRP-Structures Fibre Composites, FS09 A. Schumacher / 14.10.2009
Axial Members
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Remark: The critical aspect of axial members in tension are neither the serviceability
nor the ultimate limit state. Critical is the load transfer to the GFRP profile!
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FC = m
2 E0 I NEuler = 2 m,E Lk
Euler load
Axial Members: Compression The influence of shear deformation should be considered, but in the most
cases, the influence will be small (less than 5%).
Local buckling should be considered for short columns. For more information on the various buckling modes and effects
see L.P. Kollr 2003, Mechanics of composite structures
Global buckling
Design of FRP-Profiles and All-FRP-Structures
Local buckling
Fibre Composites, FS09 A. Schumacher / 14.10.2009
Connections
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Connections: Introduction
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Connections: Introduction
(from Eurocomp Design Code 1996)
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Connections: Bolted joints Bolts = Stress concentration in the profile and the bolt. It is necessary to ensure that the bolts and the profile
can withstand this concentrated local stress compression.
Connections: Bolted joints The design procedure is comparable to the one for steel connections, but
since there exist no standard GFRP material each manufacturer has its own design rules for bolted joints.
IMPORTANT REMARKS:
The direction of pultrusion and the direction of the force is RELEVANT!!!
(anisotropic material)
Use stainless or galvanised steel Do not cut threads in the composite material! Use screws with shafts
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Connections: Bolted joints (Fiberline recommendations) Calculation of load bearing capacity of bolts
Shear in longitudinal direction (0) Shear in transverse direction (90) Tensile force
Minimum distances
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Connections: Bolted joints (Fiberline recommendations) Joint capacity tables, available for shear and tension
Connections: Bolted joints (Fiberline recommendations) Bolted connection in shear: e.g. shear in longitudinal direction
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Pd m
As f yk
t f Pd 2 d
m
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But be careful
Adhesive agents have properties that depend on time, temperature, humidity Failure in glued joints takes place suddenly (brittle behaviour) The load-bearing capacity is not proportional to the area which is glued
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The design of any bonded joint shall satisfy the following conditions:
allowable shear stress in the adhesive is not exceeded. allowable tensile (peel) stress in the adhesive is not exceeded. allowable through-thickness tensile stress of the adhesive is not exceeded. allowable in-plane shear stress of the adherend should not be exceeded.
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