FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURE AND MATERIAL ENGINEERING LAB MATERIAL

REPORT
Subject Code Code & Experiment Title Course Code Date Section / Group Name Members of Group BFC 21201 OPEN ENDED - FORCE IN A STATICALLY DETERMINATE CANTILEVER TRUSS 2 BFF/1 03/10/2011 2 MUHAMAD ASYRAF BIN AB MALIK (DF100108) 1.MUHAMMAD IKHWAN BIN ZAINUDDIN (DF100018) 2.AHMAD FARHAN BIN RAKAWI (DF100142) 3.IDAMAZLIZA BINTI ISA (DF100128) 4.AINUN NAZHIRIN BINTI ABD JALIL (DF100076) EN MOHAMAD HAIRI BIN OSMAN 18 OCTOBER 2011

Lecturer/Instructor/Tutor Received Date

Comment by examiner

Received

STUDENT CODE OF ETHIC (SCE)

DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURE AND MATERIAL ENGINEERING FACULTY OF CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING UTHM

We, hereby confess that we have prepared this report on our effort. We also admit not to receive or give any help during the preparation of this report and pledge that everything mentioned in the report is true.
___________________________ Student Signature Name : MUHAMAD ASYRAF AB MALIK Name ___________________________ Student Signature : IDAMAZLIZA ISA

Matric No. : DF100108 Date : 18/10/2011

Matric No. : DF100128 Date : 18/10/2011

___________________________ Student Signature Name : AHMAD FARHAN RAKAWI Name

___________________________ Student Signature : AINUN NAZHIRIN ABD JALIL

Matric No. : DF100142 Date : 18/10/2011

Matric No. : DF100076 Date : 18/10/2011

_______________________ Student Signature Name : MUHAMMAD IKHWAN ZAINUDDIN

Matric No. : DF100018 Date : 18/10/2011

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OBJECTIVE 1.1 To examine a statically determinate frame and to analyze the frame using simple pin joint theory.

2.0

LEARNING OUTCOME 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 The application the engineering knowledge in practical application To enhance technical competency in structural engineering through laboratory application. To communicate effectively in group To identify problem, solving and finding out appropriate solution through laboratory application

3.0

THEORY A truss is a structure composed of slender member joined together at their end points to form one or more triangles. The joint connections are considered as joint without friction. In order to determine the forces developed in the individual members at a truss the following assumptions should be make: 1. The members are connected to each other at their ends by frictionless pins, that is only a force and no moment can be transferred from one member to another 2. External loads are applied to the truss only at its joints. One of the methods to calculate the forces in the member of a truss is using Method of Joint. Method Of Joints Suitable to use in calculating all of the member forces for a truss. This method entails the use of a free body diagram of joints with the equilibrium equations Fx = 0 and Fy = 0. Calculation only can be started for joint where the numbers of unknowns are two or less

4.0

EQUIPMENT

Figure 1: Frame Of Truss

Figure 2: Digital Indicator Reading

Figure 3: Digital Force Display

Figure 4: Digital Strain Display

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PROCEDURS 1. 2. 3. 4. Unscrew the thumwheel on the redundant member. Note that it is effectively no longer part of the structure as the idealised diagram illustrates. Apply the pre-load of 100N downward, re-zero the load cell and carefully apply a load of 250N and check that the frame is stable and secure. Return the load to zero (leaving the 100N preload), recheck and re-zero the digital indicator. Never apply loads greater than those specified on the equipment. Apply load in the increment shown in Table 1 recordding the strain readings and the digital indicator readings. Complete Table 2 by subtracing the initial (zero) strain readings. (be careful with your sign)

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RESULTS

Load(N) 123

Table 1: True Strain Reading for Experiment 2. Graphs I. Choose a member (except member 6), and on the same axis plot a graph of Recorded Strain against Load (N) and True Strain against Load (N). Graph Plotted = In The Graph Paper II. On another graph, do the same for a different member (non member 6). Graph Plotted = In The Graph Paper III. Plot a separate graph of deflection (mm) against Load (N). Graph Plotted = In The Graph Paper IV. Comment on your graph Both criteria for strain and deflection is inversely proportional showed in the graph, for the strain recorded and the true strain graph is consistence liner but graph for deflection is not liner graph, it has curve on graph line. Using the Youngs Modulus relationship, calculate the equivalent member force. complete the experimental force in Table 3. (ignore member 6 at this stage) E = / Where; E = Youngs Modulus (Nm-2) = Stress in the member (Nm-2) = Displayed strain and = F/A where, F = Force in member (N) A = cross section area of the member (m2) Rod diameter = 6 mm and Esteel = 2.10x105 N/mm2

Use Load 123 N Member 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Table 2: Measured and Theoretical Force in the Cantilever Truss Calculate the theoretical force using method of joint and write it down in Table 2 above Experimental Force (N) Theoretical Force (N)

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ANALYSIS DATA 7.1 Calculation For Experimental Force (N), Load = 250 N From the formula: E = where; E = Young Modulus (Nm-2) for steel = 2.10 x 105 N/mm2 = Displayed Strain =F A F=EA d = 6mm A = (6)2 = 28.27 mm2 4 Member 1; F = 2.10 x 105 N/mm2 x (44 x 10-6) x 28.274 mm2 = 261.25 N

Member 2;

F = 2.10 x 105 N/mm2 x (-43 x 10-6 ) x 28.274 mm2 = -255.31 N

Member 3;

F = 2.10 x 105 N/mm2 x (-43 x 10-6) x 28.274 mm2 = -255.31 N

Member 4;

F = 2.10 x 105 N/mm2 x (-87 x 10-6) x 28.274 mm2 = -516.57 N

Member 5;

F = 2.10 x 105 N/mm2 x (3 x 10-6) x 28.274 mm2 = 17.81 N

Member 7;

F = 2.10 x 105 N/mm2 x (65 x 10-6) x 28.274 mm2 = 385.94 N

Member 8;

F = 2.10 x 105 N/mm2 x (66 x 10-6) x 28.274 mm2 = 391.88 N

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Calculation For Theoretical Force (N), Load = 250 N RAy

RAx

2.4 m

RBx B
4

250N

2.4 m

2.4 m

MA

=0

250 (4.8) - RBx = 0 1200 - RBx = 0 - RBx = -1200 RBx = 1200.0 N

Joint Method Calculation MEMBER 4 Fx = 0 1200 + FBD = 0 FBD = -1200.0 N MEMBER 5 Fy = 0 FBA = 0 FBA = 0 N
5 FBA

500

FBC

MEMBER 3 Fx = 0 -FCE (2.4/3.4) FDE = 0 - FDE - 354 (2.4/3.4) = 0 FDE = -249.9 N

MEMBER 7 Fy = 0 -249.9 + FCE (2.4/3.4) = 0 FCE = 354.0 N

FDE 7

FDC

3 250

MEMBER 2 Fy = 0 250 + FCD = 0 FCD = -250.0 N

8 2 FCA FCE

FCB 4 8 C 2 3

FCD

MEMBER 2 Fy = 0 - 250 + FAD (sin 45) = 0 FAD = 250N Sin 45 = 353.6 N

FCB 4
FCA Cos 45

FCA
FCA Sin 45

MEMBER 1 Fx = 0 1200FAD (Cos 45) FAC = 0 1200 353.6 (Cos 45) = FAC FAC = 950.0 N
FAB
FAC Sin 45 FAC Cos 45

500N

FAE

FAC

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DISCUSSION 1. Compare the experimental and theoretical result. Based on the experimental results obtained, no member of a cantilever truss. 4 has the highest internal force of -106.88 N, after performing calculations no.4 truss members using the connection, the value obtained was -100 N. in addition, a cantilever truss members who do not have the internal resources of the members of no.5. based on calculations using the connection, the internal force members also no.5 O N. all member shows the internal force equation derived from experimental results and calculation method of the connection pin.

2. From your result and the theoritical member force, identify which members are in compression and which members are in tension. Explain your choice. Cantilever truss member having the internal resources of a compression is member no. 2.3 and no.4, while the cantilever truss members have the tension internal force is a member of no.1, 7 and No.8. Type of internal force derived from the experimental results together with the values derived from calculations using the method of connection. The value of the internal forces that are compressed as a member no. 2 due to the costs of action are mutually repel members, so members will be trying to fight out these forces, so there was a compressive force. Tension that occurs at No.7 example of the burden caused by the attraction of the subject, to fight back, then the internal forces have to withdraw the action, so there was tension in the member. 3. Observe the reading of member 5. Explain why the readings is almost zero. From the experimental value we obtain the reading is 0 N and fom theoretical value we obtained 0 N, both of this value is almost closest to 0, this condition happen

because there are no force wheither internal or external force actually acting on this member and it pinned on both end, this member cannot acting on any movement either X or Y axis.

4. Are the strain gauges are an effective tranducersfor measurement forces in the framework. From the Tranducersfor Measurement forces gauge reading, we can see the value obtained is consistent with the load acting on the framework, when the load increasing the straing gauge value also increasing and it can be accepted because it has small value.

5. Does the framework comply with pin joint theory even though the joint are not truly pin joint?. Yes, beacuse the value obtained from the experiment only has small diffrence compare to the theoretical value calculated using Euler formula.

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CONCLUSION 1. Statically determinate frame will be more economic and safety because it will use enough frame and member, then safety because there is no extra force that will move the structure to fall or collapse. 2. Statically determinate structure have low cost compare to indeterminate structure. 3. We can see that there are large difference value between experimental force and theoretical force. It is mean that, the accuracy of the result is not exact but for the compression and tension member, we can conclude that the following tension and compression is same only the value of the force is different.