CCNA 2 - Module 11 OSPF

Hellos (Para router se dar a conhecer)

Keep track of the state of neigbhor routers contain information about the networks that are attached to the router Determine the reachability of neighbors (via multicast) At Layer 3 of the OSI model, the hello packets are addressed to the multicast address 224.0.0.5(This address is all OSPF routers) hello packets - to initiate new adjacencies and to ensure that neighbor routers are still functioning sent every 10 seconds by default on broadcast multi-access and point-to-point networks. NBMA networks 30 seconds by default router has four chances to send a hello packet before being declared dead (40 secs) TTL=1

LSAs (pacotes de update)

keep track of ALL routers in area provide updates on the state of links links are interfaces on other routes in the network to build network table link-state protocols flood LSAs with a special multicast address throughout an area The initial flood of LSAs provides routers with the information that they need to build a link-state database describe all of the routers links LSA tipo1 informaes de redes directamente ligadas LSA tipo 2 So gerados quando existe um nmero >= 2 routers (S o DR geral LSA tipo 2)

OSPF

Every router in the OSPF area will have the same link-state database. Every router take a copy of LSA and forward LSA to other routers

If there are no changes, the routing updates occur after a specific interval. If the network changes, a partial update is sent immediately The partial update only contains information about links that have changed. Each router then applies the SPF algorithm on its own copy of the database. This calculation determines the best route to a destination adjacency database - adjacent neighbors (routers to which a router has established bidirectional communication) To reduce the number of exchanges of routing information among several neighbors on the same network, OSPF routers elect a designated router (DR) and a backup designated router (BDR) that serve as focal points for routing information exchange

Area 1 to 65,535 (Area 0 backbone area) A router with the highest OSPF priority will be selected as the DR Each router sends link-state advertisements (LSA) in link-state update (LSU) packets

OSPF network types

Broadcast multi-access, such as Ethernet Point-to-point networks Nonbroadcast multi-access (NBMA), such as Frame Relay

Broadcast multi-access

Election a DR and a BDR All other routers on the segment send their link-state information to the DR DR o porta-voz DR sends link-state information to all other routers on the segment using the multicast address of 224.0.0.5 for all OSPF routers To ensure that both the DR and the BDR see the link-states all routers send on the segment, the multicast address for all designated routers, 224.0.0.6, is used.

Point-to-point networks

Only two nodes exist and no DR or BDR is elected. Both routers become fully adjacent with each other.

DR / BDR

Interface priority Loopback with highest IP address If no loopback, use the highest IP address configured on its interfaces (change the priority of the other routers in the segment to zero.)

RIDs = PRI || RID sempre o mais elevado A RID is the highest logical (loopback) IP address configured on a router, if no logical/loopback IP address is set then the Router uses the highest IP address configured on its interfaces. (e.g. 192.168.0.1 would be higher than 10.1.1.2) NOTE: The OSPF DR/BDR election process is not pre-emptive, so any changes to the network regarding the DR/BDR election process will only occur when the routers are restarted.

Loopback interface

When the OSPF process starts, the Cisco IOS uses the highest local active IP address as its OSPF router ID. If there is no active interface, the OSPF process will not start When a loopback interface is configured, OSPF uses this address as the router ID, regardless of the value On a router that has more than one loopback interface, OSPF takes the highest loopback IP address as its router ID.

Default priority = 1 (0-255) NOTE: The OSPF DR/BDR election process is not pre-emptive, so any changes to the network regarding the DR/BDR election process will only occur when the routers are restarted.

3 maintain tables (OSPF)

Link State database (or topological database)

A list of information about all other router in the in an internetwork Every router in the OSPF area will have the same link-state database

Adjacency database

is a list of all the neighbor routers to which a router has established bidirectional communication. This is unique to each router.

Routing table

The lowest cost path is added to the routing table, which is also known as the forwarding database