Planning -Deciding in advance what to do, how to do a particular task -A cognitive process for decision making Good planning

Poor planning Plans -a living document which can be changed based on the prevailing circumstances -a predetermined course of action intended to facilitate the accomplishment of a task, work or mission *characteristic of a plan -involves the future -involves action -have an organizational identification *types of plans 1. Strategic plans -what are the right things to do -defines the direction and growth of the organization -Long termed around 3-5 years 2. Operating plans -how does one do things right -deals with tactics or techniques for accomplishing there things -focuses on time table, target quantities 3. Continuous or rolling plans -mapping out day to day activities 1. Forecasting or estimate the future -looking into the future -Weighing the unknown values in the situation with using them as basis for educated guess about the future Set objectives / goals and determines result desired

*type of budgeting 1.] Centralized budget -imposed by the comptroller administration 2.] Decentralized budget 3.] Sunset Budget -self destruct

Benefits Planning coordination Comprehensive control Policies Standing plans used repeatedly or guides or basic rules that govern action all levels in the organization Procedures Standards Indicate the minimal level of achievement acceptable to meet the set objectives *Decision making -the process of identifying and choosing a particular course of action from among several possible choices Kind of Decisions Whether decisions Decision made before the selection of one of several alternatives , where selection is made after weighing prons and cons Which decisions -process of choosing from among several alternatives which are measured based on a set of predefined criteria Contingent decision Decisions that have been made but put on hold until some condition are met like time energy. Decision making models Win win Characterized by a mutual willingness in the group to come up with solution those are acceptable to all. -based on everyone preferred solutions to combine the self interest Win lose Some interest are advanced at the expenses of others. Disagreement and collaboration Solution shaping Focused on how to modify or amend an unpopular proposed solution rather than attempt to pressure people Tools in decision making

2.

*goals - Broad statements of intent derived from the purpose of the organization *objectives -task set for the accomplishment of a goal *strategy - The technique, method or procedure by which the overall plan of the higher management achieve desired objective *programs -activities put together to facilitate attainment of some desired goals *Time management *mismanagement of time *multitasking A.] GANTT CHART B.] PERT -Performance evaluation of review techniques - Network system model for planning and control which involves identifying key activities, sequences them in a flow diagram C.] CPM -Critical Path Method -Time and cost: significant factor -normal or crash operating method *budgeting -systematic financial translation of a plan -allocation of scarce resources on the basis of forecasted need

Probability theory -This theory was devised to address the presence of risk or uncertainty in a decision- making situation by looking for predictable patterns Decision tress -More graphical in nature, enables the planner to visualize alternative course of action taking into account all factors involved like risk, information needs and out comes Queuing theory -problems are address one after another and after having determined the best balance of factors related to service. -the mathematical study of waiting lines .