CODE OF PRACTICE

FOR THE INSTALLATION OF SALT REGENERATED ION EXCHANGE WATER SOFTENERS for direct connection to the mains water supply

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ISBN 1 903481 01 5

British Water

05/03/10

British Water Registered in England and Wales No 3953229 Registered office 1 Queen Annes Gate London SW1H 9BT

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FOREWARD

The first edition of this Code of Practice was published in 1985 (ISBN 0 9509979 0 0) by the British Effluent and Water Association now incorporated into British Water. Its purpose is to cover good installation practice, to serve installers, designers and purchasers of water softening equipment directly connected to the mains water supply. One of the pressures which created the Code was the establishment of the Water Byelaws which were enacted as part of the privatisation of the water supply industry. The local st Water Byelaws were replaced on 1 July, 1999 with the national Water Supply (Water Fittings) Regulations 1999 in England and Wales and with new Water Byelaws 2000 in st Scotland on 1 April, 2000. It is anticipated that Northern Ireland will review its equivalent regulations and revise them in due course. This edition of the Installation Code of Practice updates and incorporates changes following revisions to national regulations and standards. Consequently, a water softener installed according to this Code of Practice should comply with current relevant regulatory requirements.

David Neil-Gallacher Chief Executive British Water April, 2000

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CONTENTS

FOREWARD......................................................................................................................................... i CONTENTS .......................................................................................................................................... ii INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 1 1 2 2.1 2.2 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 3.22 3.23 3.24 3.25 3.26 3.27 3.28 3.29 3.30 3.31 3.32 3.33 3.34 3.35 3.36 3.37 3.38 3.39 3.40 3.41 3.42 3.43 SCOPE ...................................................................................................................................... 1 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................... 1 Regulatory ................................................................................................................................ 1 Technical .................................................................................................................................. 1 DEFINITIONS ............................................................................................................................ 2 Back Pressure .......................................................................................................................... 2 Bed Volume .............................................................................................................................. 2 Brine.......................................................................................................................................... 2 Brine (Salt) Tank ...................................................................................................................... 2 Bypass Valves.......................................................................................................................... 2 Cabinet...................................................................................................................................... 2 Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) ................................................................................................... 2 Cation Exchange...................................................................................................................... 3 Check Valve.............................................................................................................................. 3 Collector ................................................................................................................................... 3 Colour Throw ........................................................................................................................... 3 Control Head ............................................................................................................................ 3 Corrosion.................................................................................................................................. 3 Distributor................................................................................................................................. 3 Downflow .................................................................................................................................. 3 Drain .......................................................................................................................................... 3 Electrolytic Corrosion ............................................................................................................. 4 Flow........................................................................................................................................... 4 Hardness (Total)....................................................................................................................... 4 Hardness Leakage ................................................................................................................... 4 Hard Water................................................................................................................................ 4 Installation ................................................................................................................................ 4 Ion Exchange............................................................................................................................ 4 Pressure Drop .......................................................................................................................... 4 Pressure Reducing/Limiting Valve......................................................................................... 4 Pressure Vessel ....................................................................................................................... 4 Rated Service Flow .................................................................................................................. 5 Rated Softening Capacity ....................................................................................................... 5 Regeneration ............................................................................................................................ 5 Regeneration Level.................................................................................................................. 5 Regeneration Wastewater....................................................................................................... 5 Resin ......................................................................................................................................... 5 Rinse ......................................................................................................................................... 5 Salt (Sodium Chloride) ............................................................................................................ 5 Soft Water ................................................................................................................................. 6 Softened Water......................................................................................................................... 6 Softened Water Run................................................................................................................. 6 Supply Stopcock...................................................................................................................... 6 Supply Stopvalve ..................................................................................................................... 6 Turbidity.................................................................................................................................... 6 Upflow ....................................................................................................................................... 6 Water Supply ............................................................................................................................ 6 Water Undertaking ................................................................................................................... 6

4 LEGAL REQUIREMENTS......................................................................................................... 7 05/03/10

ii

BW: COP 3/00 5 6 7 8 8.1 8.2 8.3 9 9.1 9.2 9.2.1 9.2.2 9.2.3 9.2.4 9.2.5 9.2.6 9.2.7 9.2.8 9.2.9 9.3 9.4 10 11 12 12.1 12.2 13 14 15 WATER SOFTENER CONSTRUCTION....................................................................................7 DESIGN ......................................................................................................................................8 COMPONENTS, ASSEMBLIES AND MANUFACTURE OF WATER SOFTENERS ...............8 INFORMATION ..........................................................................................................................8 Installation Instructions ...........................................................................................................8 Working Pressure .....................................................................................................................8 Performance Data .....................................................................................................................9 INSTALLATION .........................................................................................................................9 Size Definition ...........................................................................................................................9 Installing the Water Softener...................................................................................................9 Planning......................................................................................................................................9 Installation Materials ...................................................................................................................9 Locating the Water Softener.......................................................................................................10 Pressure Drop ............................................................................................................................10 Bypass and Isolating Valves .......................................................................................................10 Backflow Prevention Devices .....................................................................................................13 Pipework Stress..........................................................................................................................13 Heat .........................................................................................................................................13 Flexible Connections ..................................................................................................................13 Drinking Water ..........................................................................................................................14 Drain and Overflow Pipe Connections ...................................................................................14 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION..................................................................................................14 SETTING TO WORK .................................................................................................................14 DISINFECTION (GOOD PRACTICE) ........................................................................................16 Single Dwelling .........................................................................................................................16 Other Installations ....................................................................................................................17 HYGIENE....................................................................................................................................18 HANDOVER ...............................................................................................................................18 PERFORMANCE DATA.............................................................................................................18 DOMESTIC UNVENTED HOT WATER STORAGE SYSTEMS.........................20

APPENDIX A Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 .

Cabinet Water Softener ...................................................................................................11 Twin Tank Water Softener...............................................................................................12 Drain Arrangements.........................................................................................................15 Electrical Installations ......................................................................................................16 Rating Plate .....................................................................................................................19

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INTRODUCTION This Code of Practice has been produced by British Water to assist the manufacturers and installers of salt regenerated water softeners for direct connection to the mains water supplies, to provide well designed and well installed equipment. In preparing this document it has been assumed that the manufacturer or installer is familiar with ion exchange water softener design techniques and/or the requirements of good plumbing practice. It is not intended as a do-it-yourself guide. In addition, it seeks to establish a degree of conformity between suppliers of such equipment in the way essential product information is presented.

SCOPE This Code of Practice (COP) deals with salt regenerated ion exchange water softeners designed for direct connection to the mains water supply, both in domestic and commercial/industrial installations.

REFERENCES Titles of standard publications referred to in this Code of Practice:

2.1

Regulatory The Water Supply (Water Fittings) Regulations 1999 Water Byelaws 2000 (Scotland)

Pending publication of the Water Regulations Guide (expected summer 2000) either the following documents should be consulted or the Water Regulations Advisory Scheme should contacted on 01495 248 454 United Kingdom Water Fittings Byelaws Scheme Information and Guidance Note No. 5-01-01. United Kingdom Water Fittings Byelaws Scheme Information and Guidance Note No 5-01-02:Issue 2 (formerly NWC Document 108D01) Requirements for the testing of non-metallic materials for use in contact with potable water. See also British Standard Draft for Development DD 82: 1982 Specification of requirements for suitability of materials for use in contact with water for human consumption with regard to their effect on the quality of water.

2.2

Technical British Standard Code of Practice BS 6700:1997 Specification for the design, installation, testing and maintenance of services supply water for domestic use within buildings and their curtilages. British Standard BS 6282: Parts 1 to 4: 1982 Devices with moving parts for the prevention of contamination of water by backflow. Institution of Electrical Engineers Regulations for Electrical Installations, 16 Edition 1998.
th

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British Standard BS 5173: Part 102: Section 102.4: 1990 (1996) Determination of volumetric expansion of hydraulic hoses.

DEFINITIONS For the purpose of this Code of Practice, the following definitions apply.

3.1

Back Pressure Resistance to flow exerted on the water softener by the pipework installation and other fittings which may adversely affect the performance of the equipment. This is particularly relevant to the drain installation.

3.2

Bed Volume The volumetric unit, expressed litres, used to measure ion exchange material volume. The resin volume is measured after it has been backwashed and drained to the level of the surface of the bed.

3.3

Brine A solution of sodium chloride (NaCl) in water used for regenerating ion exchange water softeners.

3.4

Brine (Salt) Tank A housing, normally formed from plastics or other corrosion resistant materials, providing storage for salt and/or brine.

3.5

Bypass Valves An arrangement of individual valves or purpose designed devices which will allow isolation of the softener from the water supply main without interrupting the water supply to the consumer.

3.6

Cabinet A housing, normally formed from plastics or other corrosion resistant materials, containing the components for the water softener and providing storage for salt and brine.

3.7

Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) A convenient convention by terms of chemical equivalent for expressing the hardness characteristics of water.

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3.8

Cation Exchange In relation to water softening, the exchange of positively charged ions, typically calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) ions, in water for sodium (Na) ions by an ion exchange material (see Resin).

3.9

Check Valve A backflow prevention device that is a fitting incorporating resilient elastic seals designed to permit water flow in one direction only and having a positively tight seal.

3.10

Collector A device to collect water from an ion exchange resin bed. The collector also prevents the loss of ion exchange resin.

3.11

Colour Throw The release of colour by the ion exchange resin into water during any stage of the operating cycle. This is an unavoidable occurrence during start-up of this type of equipment. It may also occur following extended non-use of the softener.

3.12

Control Head A term used to refer to the control mechanism by which means water is diverted through the ion exchange bed during its various operating cycles. Typically it will include initiating and cycle timing devices required to effect normal operation and regeneration cycles.

3.13

Corrosion Chemical reaction between a metal and its environment resulting in a change in the properties of the metal. The chemical reactions are usually of an electrochemical nature. Corrosion may result in detrimental effects. Similar definitions are applicable to the corrosion of other materials.

3.14

Distributor A term used to identify a system designed to distribute water into an ion exchange system.

3.15

Downflow A term applied to designate the direction (downward) in which water flows through an ion exchange bed during any part of the operating cycle of a water softener.

3.16

Drain A pipework assembly used to carry backwash water, spent brine and rinse water to the waste system.

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3.17

Electrolytic Corrosion When dissimilar metals are in contact with a solution which can carry electricity, a galvanic cell is established. Such a cell generates a flow of electric current and as a result, one of the metals may be gradually consumed. This consumption of metal is termed electrolytic corrosion.

3.18

Flow A measure of the quantity of a fluid flowing, measured in litres per minute (L/min) or 3 cubic metres per hour (m /h).

3.19

Hardness (Total) The total dissolved calcium and magnesium salts in water. Compounds of these two elements are responsible for most scale deposits in plumbing systems. Usually expressed in milligrammes per litre (mg/L) as calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Hardness Leakage Hardness present in the softened water during the normal operating cycle of the water softener.

3.20

3.21

Hard Water For the purposes of this Code: water containing a total hardness in excess of 20mg/L expressed as CaCO3. (See Soft Water).

3.22

Installation The piping and valving by which means the water softener is connected into the water supply system, and including the drain.

3.23

Ion Exchange A process whereby an insoluble skeletal structure carrying ions of opposite electrical charge to that of the structure exchanges those ions for other ions in water of similar electrical charge.

3.24

Pressure Drop A decrease in water pressure measured between two points in a hydraulic system. Commonly related to the pressure difference under flow conditions between the inlet and outlet connections of a water softener. Expressed in bar or KiloPascals (KPa).

3.25

Pressure Reducing/Limiting Valve A valve which reduces the pressure of water in a pipe, whether flowing or not, to a set value over a predetermined range of inlet pressures.

3.26

Pressure Vessel The component of a water softener containing the ion exchange resin, distribution and collection systems and which is capable of withstanding the hydraulic pressure imposed upon it by the water supply system.

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3.27

Rated Service Flow The maximum flow specified by the manufacturer at which a water softener will deliver its rated softening capacity during the normal operating cycle. Measured in litres per minute (L/min) or cubic metres per hour (m3/h).

3.28

Rated Softening Capacity The quantity of hardness, expressed as CaCO3 removed by the water softener during the production of softened water between successive regenerations. Capacity is normally expressed as grammes (g) or kilogrammes (kg) of CaCO3. Expression of softening capacity must be related to the quantity of salt used per regeneration.

3.29

Regeneration The process of reversing the ion exchange activity carried out during the normal operating cycle. Typically it involves backwashing, brining, wash and rinse functions.

3.30

Regeneration Level The quantity of salt per unit volume of ion exchange material used to regenerate the ion exchange bed. Typically expressed as grammes per litre of resin (g 100% NaCl/L of resin).

3.31

Regeneration Wastewater The water or brine which emerges from a water softener during any phase of the regeneration cycle and flows to drain.

3.32

Resin The term used to designate a synthetic organic ion exchange material such as the high capacity cation exchange resin widely used in water softeners. Typical ion exchange resins are small brown beads ranging from 0.3mm 1.3mm diameter: it is usual to use resin of a uniform size to maximise performance of the softener.

3.33

Rinse That part of the regeneration cycle when water is introduced into the ion exchange bed to remove spent brine prior to returning the water softener to the normal service cycle.

3.34

Salt (Sodium Chloride) The crystal-like compound comprising commercially pure (98% at least) NaCl. It is used for regenerating ion exchange water softeners. Typically available in fine powder, granular, pelletised or block form.

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3.35

Soft Water For the purpose of this Code: water containing less than 20 mg/L total hardness, expressed as CaCO3. However, specific applications may require lower CaCO3 values in softened water.

3.36

Softened Water The softened water which emerges from the water softener during normal operation and which flows to points of use.

3.37

Softened Water Run That part of the operating cycle, usually regarded as normal operation, when a supply of water is passed through a regenerated and rinsed ion exchange bed, thereby producing softened water.

3.38

Supply Stopcock The valve normally located at the curtilage of the consumers property.

3.39

Supply Stopvalve The first valve, normally located immediately inside a building, on the water supply pipe to that building.

3.40

Turbidity The term used to define any suspended matter in water. Normally expressed as Jackson Turbidity Units (JTU), alternatively Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) or Formazin Turbidity Units (FTU).

3.41

Upflow A term applied to designate the direction (upward) in which water flows through an ion exchange bed during any part of the operating cycle of a water softener.

3.42

Water Supply The supply of water provided by the local water undertaking or from a private source.

3.43

Water Undertaking A body authorised by a local statutory provision or Act of Parliament to supply water. The functions are exercisable by water service companies, water supply companies in England and Wales, water authorities in Scotland and by the Northern Ireland Water Service.

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LEGAL REQUIREMENTS The purposes of the Water Supply (Water Fittings) Regulations 1999 and Water Byelaws 2000 in Scotland are to prevent waste, undue consumption, misuse or contamination of water supplied by an undertaking. The term Regulations will imply both of the above legislations. The water undertaking is responsible for the quality of the water as far as the curtilage of the consumers property or other defined boundary. The water undertakings are responsible for monitoring the wholesomeness and sufficiency of supplies in their areas. The monitoring carried out by the water undertakings is regulated by the Drinking Water Inspectorate of the Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions. The Regulations which relate to the type of materials and fittings connected to the distribution system etc, extend the responsibility of the water undertaking beyond the curtilage of the consumers property to ensure compliance with the Regulations. Currently water undertakings have no jurisdiction over the quality of water taken from private water sources in their areas. The quality of private supplies must, therefore, remain the responsibility of the local authorities through their Medical and Environmental Health Officers. Certain requirements have to be observed before a water fitting is installed or used in the United Kingdom. These are contained in Water Supply (Water Fittings) Regulations. Different parts of the UK may have their own particular legal regulations. The installation, together with its components and materials, including the water softener, must comply with the requirements of the Water Regulations enforced in the area of installation. Such compliance may be assumed if the components appear in the Water Fittings and Materials Directory, and have been properly connected and installed. The fittings have only been certified to the extent that they have been found not to contravene the Regulations if properly installed. This does not at present imply or certify fitness for purpose.

WATER SOFTENER CONSTRUCTION In general, salt regenerated ion exchange water softeners comprise the following basic components (individual products or designs may incorporate any or all of these features): Pressure vessel containing cation ion exchange material (resin), distribution and collection systems. Control head device designed to regulate and control the regeneration and service flows. A tank or cabinet for the storage of salt and the production of brine normally provided with a lid to prevent ingress of foreign matter.

The initiation of the regeneration of a water softener, required when the ion exchange material has exhausted its capacity for exchange, may be controlled by any of the following methods or by a combination of such methods.

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Time Volume Quality (Hardness) Manually

The control and sequence of regeneration can be carried out either manually, by operation of the control head or valves by an operator, or alternatively, by semi or fully automatic operation using other control devices. As the individual designs and performance of water softeners vary from manufacturer to manufacturer, the details of water softener type should be determined from the water softener supplier. 6 DESIGN All water softeners should be designed in such a way as to reduce to the lowest practical level, the quantity of salt and the total regeneration wastewater volume required to produced softened water between successive regenerations.

COMPONENTS, ASSEMBLIES AND MANUFACTURE OF WATER SOFTENERS Compliance with the requirements of the Regulations may be assumed if the components and assemblies are listed in the Water Fittings and Materials Directory, having regard to any installation Requirements of Notes which are included in the Directory. Manufacturers should ensure that equipment is assembled under hygienic conditions to prevent the negation of the aims of the Water Regulations tests on materials and their effect on water quality.

8 8.1

INFORMATION Installation Instructions The softener manufacturer or supplier must provide adequate installation and operating instructions, including arrangement of plumbing connections, electrical wiring where applicable, disinfection procedures and other related information. The information should be specific to the model of water softener supplied.

8.2

Working Pressure The softener manufacturer or supplier must specify the maximum and minimum pressure requirements under flow and no-flow conditions that will ensure satisfactory operation of the water softener. Reference should be made to the requirement for the installation of a pressure reducing/limiting device in the event that the maximum pressure rating of the softener is likely to be exceeded (See Figs. 1 and 2). In this case, the manufacturer or supplier should draw attention to the possible flow reducing effects of such devices.

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8.3

Performance Data The softener manufacturer or supplier must provide basic performance information relating to the equipment. It is suggested that information be provided as shown in Fig 5.

9 9.1

INSTALLATION Size Definition Ion exchange water softeners covered by this Code of Practice are to be capable of direct connection to the water supply under the following conditions: Pressure vessel outside diameter does not exceed 1000mm The maximum service or regeneration wastewater flow does not exceed 20m3/h The inlet connection to the water softener does not exceed 50mm nominal bore.

(Due to pressure or flow limitation of the supply, it may be necessary to provide a break pressure tank and booster pump.) 9.2 Installing the Water Softener

9.2.1 Planning On arrival at site, the first operation should be the careful planning of the installation, bearing in mind the requirements of the Regulations. Check the site water pressure conditions (See 8.2 and 8.3), find the position of the water supply pipework, water supply stopvalve, drain facilities and the electrical supply outlet if one is required. Determine the best possible location for the water softener, always remembering the customers need for access to the equipment to refill the unit with salt and for general maintenance. All manually operated valves should be readily accessible for operation, maintenance and repair. 9.2.2 Installation Materials Proper selection of materials is very important. As a general rule, try to use the same pipe materials that are already used in the water system. Note: The exception is in the case of lead pipework. Where lead pipework exists downstream of the proposed softener location, the customer should be advised to contact the local authority (not the water undertaking) for advice on the possibility of lead pipework replacement under a grant scheme. Dissimilar metals must not be used unless effective measure are taken to prevent deterioration of the pipework or fittings through electrolytic corrosion. End-feed lead-tin soldered joints should not be used for installation in domestic dwellings or where the water is intended for drinking or cooking.

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No metalwork of any water service shall be used as a protective earth electrode of any electrical installation: Provided that this shall not prevent the making of equi-potential bonding connections between the earthing terminal of an electrical installation and the metalwork of any water service. This is particularly important where materials made from plastics are inserted into a metal pipe run. The requirement of IEE Regulations should be followed. 9.2.3 Locating the Water Softener Perhaps the most important part of the installation operation is the correct location of the softener. Where possible, this should be close to the point where the water supply enters the premises. Careful consideration should also be given to the relationship to water draw-off points that do not require to be softened. Another important consideration is the drain pipework. In addition to compliance with the Regulations, it is always good installation practice to keep the drain discharge point from the water softener as close to the equipment as is practical in order to reduce backpressure (See Fig.4). Particular care should be taken to provide protection against freezing of any part of the installation. 9.2.4 Pressure Drop This is one of the factors frequently overlooked in the selection of the proper size of water softener and plumbing fittings for a particular installation. The insertion of additional pipework and softener into an existing supply will inevitably cause a loss of pressure at the water draw-off points in the system. However, the degree of pressure loss may be kept to a minimum with careful selection of both water softener and plumbing fittings, particularly when combined with good installation plumbing. Plan to use the minimum number of bends and other fittings as these all contribute to the pressure drop. The sizing of pipework and the softener is dependent on the available storage, water pressure and demand. If the water softener is required to soften the entire water supply, the size of the connecting pipework to the softener should be at least equal to the existing supply pipework. 9.2.5 Bypass and Isolating Valves Any water softener installation must have provision for the pipework to allow easy bypass of the water softener in the event of malfunction or maintenance. This can be achieved by using three individual valves which should be labelled so that the user can identify easily and without previous knowledge the way to bypass the water softener. Alternatively, purpose made bypass/isolating valve assemblies may be used. These devices are often designed specifically for connection to certain types of water softener control heads (See Figs. 1 & 2).

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Cabinet Water Softener Typical pipework Installation

Fig. 1

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Twin Tank Water Softener Typical Pipework Installation

Fig. 2

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9.2.6 Backflow Prevention Devices It is a condition of acceptance by the water undertakings that a backflow prevention device forms part of the water softener installation, as specified in the Water Fittings and Materials Directory: a Single Dwellings A check valve (see Figs 1 & 2) each element complying with BS 6282: Part1, or listed equivalent in the Water Fittings and Materials Directory; fitted in any position or orientation (that satisfies the valve manufacturers installation requirements). b All Other Installations A double check valve assembly (see Figs 1 & 2) each element complying with BS 6282: Part 1, or listed equivalent in the Water Fittings and Materials Directory; fitted in any position or orientation (that satisfies the valve manufacturers installation requirements) for up to DN54 (50mm bore) or a backflow preventer which complies with: i ii ASSE Standard No 1013: Performance requirements for reduced pressure principle back pressure backflow preventers; or AWWA C506-78 Backflow prevention devices Reduced pressure principle type; or listed equivalent in the Water Fittings and Materials Directory. (See Figs. 1 & 2).

Note: Check valves and double check valves assemblies may be connected in parallel to satisfy high flow requirements. 9.2.7 Pipework Stress During installation of connection pipework, care should be taken to ensure that no stress is induced on the water softener connections by the pipework. 9.2.8 Heat If solder capillary fittings are being used in the installation pipework, ensure that the water softener is disconnected during the application of heat as any heat transmitted to the water softener components may weaken and permanently damage the unit. Particular care should be taken if the water softener uses components made from plastics. 9.2.9 Flexible Connections If flexible connections are to be used for making the final connection of the water softener to the water supply system, exercise great care in the selection of components, particularly the flexible hose itself which should conform to the hydraulic pressure tests of BS 5173. Kits are available that satisfy the requirements of the Water Regulations test criteria.

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9.3

Drinking Water In an installation in a new single dwelling, commercial and industrial premises and wherever else reasonably practicable, a pipe leading to the mains water tap (or device) should be connected directly to the water supply pipe prior to the softener inlet connection.

9.4

Drain and Overflow Pipe Connections All ion exchange water softeners must be provided with a discharge into the wastewater system of the building (See Fig 3): The main drain connection from the control head or valves taking away the regeneration waste The brine (salt) tank or cabinet overflow pipe connection which acts as an indication that a problem exists and that expert attention may be required.

The connections should be run independently to the discharge points with a gentle fall and with the absolute minimum of bends. If flexible pipe is used, care should be taken to avoid kinks and sagging which could restrict the flow (See Fig 3).

10

ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION Where the water softener requires connection to an electrical supply, the connection must comply with the Institution of Electrical Engineers Regulations for Electrical Installations. If any doubt exists as to the suitability of the electrical installation, a qualified electrician should be consulted. It is recommended that a fused connection unit (not a plug and socket), incorporating a double pole switch, be provided specifically for, and preferably adjacent to, the water softener to prevent improper disconnection of the electrical supply to the softener. Fuses must be properly sized to suit the power requirements of the softener as stated by the softener manufacturer or supplier (See Fig 4).

11

SETTING TO WORK For details of precise start-up procedures, always refer to the softener manufacturer or suppliers operating instruction literature. Pay particular attention to any references to procedures for removing air from the softener and to salt loading. It is very important to adhere to recommendations regarding the type or grade of salt considered to be most suitable for the softener in question.

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Drain Arrangements

Notes: 1. Pipe sizes to suit maximum drain flows without backing up. 2. Normal regeneration wastewater contains 15% sodium chloride. 3. The drain and overflow should be in a position so that any discharge can be seen. Fig. 3

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Electrical Installations

Fig. 4

12

DISINFECTION (GOOD PRACTICE) Wherever possible, pipes should be capped at each end prior to connection. Fittings and piping should be free from extraneous material before permanent connection.

12.1

Single Dwelling Every new domestic water service and any extension or modification to such a service shall be thoroughly flushed through with fresh water drawn direct from the water undertakings main, immediately before being taken into use for the first time.

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12.2

Other Installations The procedure in 12.1 is not considered adequate for installations other than a single dwelling and particularly if the installation period has been long. The following procedures should be adopted as appropriate: Fittings and piping should be cleansed and disinfected efficiently before being put to use or after being opened up for alteration or repair. At the time of installation, pipes should be brushed clean and sprayed internally with a strong solution of sodium hypochlorite. In the case of small diameter pipes a polyurethane foam plug soaked in sodium hypochlorite at 20 mg/L available chlorine (see below) (or in extreme cases a solution at a strength of about 10% chlorine) should be inserted and passed through the bore. If the pipework is under mains pressure or upstream of any backflow prevention device it is essential to inform the water undertaking of the intention to carry out disinfection. If disinfection is carried out using sodium hypochlorite solution, industrial grades will contain 10% - 15% available chlorine. Assume in practice that there is only 10% available chlorine. Extreme care must be taken in handling liquid sodium hypochlorite observe the precautions specified by the supplier. To make up a solution with mains water for disinfecting vessels and containers (once only at start-up for vessels holding ion exchange resins) at 20 mg/L available chlorine (a maximum strength for this purpose) one part of 10% hypochlorite solution should be mixed with 5000 parts water, which is equal to 200 ml of hypochlorite solution per cubic meter of water. If disinfection is carried out using bleaching powders, tablets or granules based on calcium hypochlorite (they can contain 50% - 70% available chlorine by weight) ensure that the materials are kept under dry conditions before use. Some available chlorine is lost during storage follow the manufacturers instruction especially regarding dose rates and shelf life. Assume a maximum of 50% available chlorine for calculations. For a maximum 20mg/L available chlorine, 1g of powder, granules, etc should be added to 25 litres of mains water. The disinfection solution should be left in the system for a minimum of 24 hours, then the system should be flushed out with clean mains water. For softeners, the solution may be added to the brine (salt) tank or cabinet and injected into the vessel with the brine. When all the brine is drawn out of the brine tank or cabinet, turn off the mains electrical supply to the control head (if fitted) and close all isolating valves. After the contact period (See above) restart the regeneration procedure and carry out two further complete regenerations to remove all traces of excess chlorine.

For further guidance see the British Standard BS 6700.

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13

HYGIENE Anyone who connects into a water supply line carries a serious responsibility to ensure that contamination does not occur as a result of their actions. Individuals suffering from any stomach (gastric or enteric) complaint must not be permitted to work on installations involving the interception of a water supply line. Water should be considered as a foodstuff and work should be carried out to the highest possible standard, using only materials that are listed in the Water Fittings and Materials Directory for use with potable water.

14

HANDOVER Having completed the installation and start-up operations, it is very important that the customer be advised on the actual day-to-day operation of the softener. At least one copy of the softener manufacturer or suppliers instruction literature should be given to the customer. For industrial/commercial uses an example of a daily log sheet could be included. In particular, draw the customers attention to any statements regarding the types or grades of salt that are considered most suitable for the softener model installed. Explain that the equipment has a finite ion exchange capacity and that changes in water conditions or usage may affect the settings that have been established. Give written notice to the purchaser stating the water supply hardness that has been used to determine the settings established during installation. Explain the operation of the bypass valve arrangement and ensure that the valves are identified if appropriate. Complete the guarantee details, noting any settings or unusual characteristics.

15

PERFORMANCE DATA Each installation shall be provided with a RATING PLATE showing the minimum information as indicated in Fig 5.

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RATING PLATE MAXIMUM SERVICE FLOW: RATED SERVICE FLOW: . MAXIMUM DRAIN FLOW: . MAXIMUM PRESSURE: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . m3/h m3/h m3/h bar bar bar
o

MINIMUM WORKING PRESSURE: PRESSURE DROP @ MAX FLOW:

MAXIMUM WATER TEMPERATURE: . RATED SOFTENING CAPACITY:

(Using kg salt/regeneration)

kg CaCO3

Fig. 5

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APPENDIX A

DOMESTIC UNVENTED HOT WATER STORAGE SYSTEMS IN HARD WATER AREAS

Issued in collaboration with MODUSSE The Association of MANUFACTUERS OF DOMESTIC UNVENTED SUPPLY SYSTEMS EQUIPMENT 12 Appletons, Hadlow, Tonbridge, TN1 0DT

Current Water and Building Regulations permit Unvented Hot Water Storage Systems which are now installed in many parts of the United Kingdom. This Document sets out basic information which has been agreed between British Water and MODUSSE (Association of Manufacturers of Domestic Unvented Supply Systems Equipment). It is hoped that this is helpful guidance to specifiers and installers on design and softener requirements for the types of water heating systems listed below. 1 Types of System Water heating systems can be broadly divided into three types: 2 2.1 Vented Storage Systems (i.e., those with a cold water storage cistern - the majority of those installed) Instantaneous Systems, unvented Unvented Water Heating Systems with storage

Systems Flow Requirements Potential Design Requirements Each system group has its own flow and pressure requirements. Three examples of house design types, each with a typical complement of water using appliances, are given below: House Type - 1 Bathrooms (1 bath & shower) - 2 Bathrooms - 3 Bathrooms Possible Maximum Demand** 85 l/min (8 Flow Units)* 129 l/min (12 Flow Units) 173 l/min (16 Flow Units)

* One WC, or one basin, or one hose connection, etc equals a Flow Unit. Flow Units are used by MODUSSE members to size systems. ** Flow rates derived from Table 3 in BS.6700:1997 British Standard, Specification for Design, installation, testing and maintenance of services supplying water for domestic use within buildings and their curtilages.

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2.2

Actual Design Requirements However, the statistical chance of all appliances being used together is remote; thus the above demands have been adjusted by factors to show the probable flows as follows:

House Type - 1 Bathrooms - 2 Bathrooms - 3 Bathrooms Note 1:

Probable maximum demand** 60 l/min 65 l/min 69 l/min

If special high usage showers are installed then these guide figures could be exceeded. The above flow figures are for mixed hot and cold water measured downstream of the water softener and hot water cylinder.

Note 2:

3 3.1

Water Softener Requirements Based on the demands predicted in section 2.2, if the mains water pressure is 3 bar and above, there should be minimal changes to design of currently manufactured water softeners. Most of the changes are limited to the provision of suitably sized inlet and outlet connections to the softener. Using the three types of system shown in section 1.1, the following is recommended: a) Vented Storage Systems These are the majority. As the mains water is fed through a float-operated valve in a cold water cistern, no change is necessary to the current practice of using 10-15 mm bore fittings (including any hose fittings). Instantaneous Systems, unvented (including Combi boilers - a direct water heating system combined with a central heating system). These installations are flow limited by the heater itself: thus softener installation pipework of 12 to 15 mm bore (including any hose fittings) should be adequate. Generally, instantaneous heaters require a dynamic inlet pressure of 1 bar minimum. This pressure is required at a flow calculated thus: Flow (litres/minutes) = Kilowatt rating of Heater 2 eg 24kW = 12 l/min c) Unvented water-heating systems WITH storage The guide flow requirements for water softeners are 50 l/min measured downstream of the water softener at 1 bar dynamic pressure drop maximum. This will probably necessitate the use of 22mm copper pipe, or equivalent pipework, connections to the softener and the softener internals. Water softener manufacturers should state the actual pressure drop in their technical literature.

b)

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3.2

In a hard water area, hardness will be deposited whenever water is heated. Softened water improves the efficiency of heating systems just 1/16 (1.6mm) of scale buildup will cause a 12% loss in heating efficiency. MODUSSE state that: For instantaneous heaters, water softeners, or other proven methods of scale reduction, are ESSENTIAL in hard water areas. For unvented storage heaters, water softeners, or other proven methods of scale reduction, are RECOMMENDED in hard water areas.

3.3

When a water softener is installed in conjunction with an unvented system, an unsoftened mains water tap (usually at the kitchen sink) should be provided and labelled Drinking Water.

Whilst the Associations do their best to ensure that any information that they give is accurate, no liability or responsibility of any kind is accepted by the Associations, their Members, Servants or Agents.

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