Arunachal Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh (Hindi: , pronounced [ratl pr ] ( listen)) is a state of India, located in the far northeast.

It borders the states of Assam and Nagaland to the south, and shares international borders with Burma in the east, Bhutan in the west, and the People's Republic of China in the north. The majority of the territory is claimed by the People's Republic of China as part of South Tibet. The northern border of Arunachal Pradesh reflects the McMahon Line, a controversial 1914 treaty between the United Kingdom and a Tibetan government, which was never accepted by the Chinese government, and not enforced by the Indian government until 1950. Itanagar is the capital of the state. Arunachal Pradesh means "land of the dawn lit mountains"[1] in Sanskrit. It is also known as "land of the rising sun"[2] ("pradesh" means "state" or "region") in reference to its position as the easternmost state of India. Most of the people native to and/or living in Arunachal Pradesh are of Tibeto-Burman origin. A large and increasing number of migrants have reached Arunachal Pradesh from many other parts of India, although no reliable population count of the migrant population has been conducted, and percentage estimates of total population accordingly vary widely. Part of the famous Ledo Burma Road, which was a lifeline to China during World War II, passes through the eastern part of the state. Contents:- History/ Early history/ Drawing of McMahon line/ Conflicts between China and India/ After the war/ Geography/ Climate/ Subdivisions/ Economy/ Languages/ Demographics/ Transport/ Education/ Tourism/ State/ Symbols History Early history

The history of pre-modern Arunachal Pradesh remains shrouded in mystery. It is popularly believed, and may be speculatively assumed, that the first ancestors of most indigenous tribal groups migrated from pre-Buddhist Tibet two or three thousand years ago, if not before, and were joined by Tibetic and Thai-Burmese counterparts later. The earliest written references to Arunachal are popularly believed to be found in the Mahabharata, Ramayana and other Vedic legends. Several characters, such as, King Bhismaka, are believed to represent people from the region in the Mahabharata; however, since corroborating information is unavailable, and since place-names cannot be verified at that historical time-depth, such associations are to a large extent speculative. For example, there is no evidence whatsoever that the name Bhismaka plausibly associates with any indigenous Arunachali tribes or languages at all. Oral histories possessed to this day by many Arunachali tribes of Tibeto-Burman stock are much richer, and point unambiguously to a northern origin in modern-day Tibet. Again, however, corroboration remains difficult. From the point of view of material culture, it is clear that most indigenous Arunachali groups align with Burma-area hill tribals, a fact that could either be explainable in terms of a northern Burmese origin or from westward cultural diffusion. From the perspective of material culture, the most unusual Arunachali group by far is the Puroik/Sulung, whose traditional staple food is sago palm and whose primary traditional productive strategy is foraging. While speculatively considered to be a Tibeto-Burman population, the uniqueness of Puroik culture and language may well represent a tenuous reflection of a distant and all but unknown pre-TibetoBurman, Tai and Indo-Aryan past. Recorded history from an outside perspective only became available in the Ahom chronicles of the 16th century. The Monpa and Sherdukpen

do keep historical records of the existence of local chiefdoms in the northwest as well. Northwestern parts of this area came under the control of the Monpa kingdom of Monyul, which flourished between 500 B.C. and 600 A.D. This region then came under the loose control of Tibet and Bhutan, especially in the Northern areas. The remaining parts of the state, especially those bordering Myanmar, came under the titular control of the Ahom and the Assamese until the annexation of India by the British in 1858. However, most Arunachali tribes remained in practice largely autonomous up until Indian independence and the formalization of indigenous administration in 1947. Recent excavations of ruins of Hindu temples such as the 14th century Malinithan at the foot of the Siang hills in West Siang are somewhat automatically associated with the ancient history of Arunachal Pradesh, inasmuch as they fall within its modern-day political borders. However, such temples are generally south-facing, never occur more than a few kilometers from the Assam plains area, and are perhaps more likely to have been associated with Assam plains-based rather than indigenous Arunachali populations. Another notable heritage site, Bhismaknagar, has led to suggestions that the Idu (Mishmi) had an advanced culture and administration in pre-historical times. Again, however, no evidence directly associates Bhismaknagar with this or any other known culture. The third heritage site, the 400-year-old Tawang Monastery in the extreme north-west of the state, provides some historical evidence of the Buddhist tribal peoples. Historically, the area had a close relationship with Tibetan people and Tibetan culture, for example the sixth Dalai Lama Tsangyang Gyatso was born in Tawang.[3] Drawing of McMahon line British map published in 1909 showing the Indo-Tibetan traditional border (eastern section on the top right)

In 1913-1914 representatives of China, Tibet and Britain negotiated a treaty in India: the Simla Accord.[4] This treaty's objective was to define the borders between Inner and Outer Tibet as well as between Outer Tibet and British India. British administrator, Sir Henry McMahon, drew up the 550 miles (890 km) McMahon Line as the border between British India and Outer Tibet during the Simla Conference. The Tibetan and British representatives at the conference agreed to the line, which ceded Tawang and other Tibetan areas to the British Empire. The Chinese representative had no problems with the border between British India and Outer Tibet, however on the issue of the border between Outer Tibet and Inner Tibet the talks broke down. Thus, the Chinese representative refused to accept the agreement and walked out.[citation needed] The Tibetan Government and British Government went ahead with the Simla Agreement and declared that the benefits of other articles of this treaty would not be bestowed on China as long as it stays out of the purview.[5] The Chinese position was that Tibet was not independent from China, so Tibet could not have independently signed treaties, and per the Anglo-Chinese (1906) and Anglo-Russian (1907) conventions, any such agreement was invalid without Chinese assent.[6] Simla was initially rejected by the Government of India as incompatible with the 1907 Anglo-Russian Convention. However, this agreement(Anglo-Russian Convention) was renounced by Russia and Britain jointly in 1921, thus making the Simla Conference official.[citation needed] However, with the collapse of Chinese power in Tibet the line had no serious challenges as Tibet had signed the convention, therefore it was forgotten to the extent that no new maps were published until 1935, when interest was revived by civil service officer Olaf Caroe. The Survey of India published a map showing the McMahon Line as the official boundary in 1937.[citation needed] In

1938, the British finally published the Simla Convention as a bilateral accord two decades after the Simla Conference; in 1938 the Survey of India published a detailed map showing Tawang as part of NEFA. In 1944 Britain established administrations in the area, from Dirang Dzong in the west to Walong in the east. Tibet, however, altered its position on the McMahon Line in late 1947 when the Tibetan government wrote a note presented to the newly independent Indian Ministry of External Affairs laying claims to the Tibetan district (Tawang) south of the McMahon Line.[7] The situation developed further as India became independent and the People's Republic of China was established in 1949. With the PRC poised to take over Tibet, India unilaterally declared the McMahon Line to be the boundary in November 1950, and forced the last remnants of Tibetan administration out of the Tawang area in 1951.[8][9] The PRC has never recognized the McMahon Line, and claims Tawang on behalf of Tibetans.[10] The 14th Dalai Lama, who led the Tibetan government from 1950 to 1959, said as recently as 2003 that Tawang is "actually part of Tibet".[11] He reversed his position in 2008, saying that it was part of India.[11] Conflicts between China and India Main article: Sino-Indian War The NEFA (North East Frontier Agency) was created in 1954. The issue was quiet during the next decade or so of cordial Sino-Indian relations, but erupted again during the Sino-Indian War of 1962. The cause of the escalation into war is still disputed by both Chinese and Indian sources. During the war in 1962, the PRC captured most area of Arunachal Pradesh. However, China soon declared victory, voluntarily withdrew back to the McMahon Line and returned Indian prisoners of war in 1963. The war has resulted in the termination of barter trade with

Tibet, although in 2007 the state government has shown signs to resume barter trade with Tibet.[12] After the war Arunachal Pradesh became a separate state of India in 1986. Of late, Arunachal Pradesh has come to face threats from certain insurgent groups, notably the National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN), who are believed to have base camps in the districts of Changlang and Tirap.[13] There are occasional reports of these groups harassing local people and extracting protection money.[14] Geography Arunachal Pradesh is famous for its mountainous landscape. The Himalayas bordering Arunachal Pradesh Much of Arunachal Pradesh is covered by the Himalayas. However, parts of Lohit, Changlang and Tirap are covered by the Patkai hills. Kangto, Nyegi Kangsang, the main Gorichen peak and the Eastern Gorichen peak are some of the highest peaks in this region of the Himalayas. At the lowest elevations, essentially at Arunachal Pradesh's border with Assam, are Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests. Much of the state, including the Himalayan foothills and the Patkai hills, are home to Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests. Toward the northern border with China, with increasing elevation, come a mixture of Eastern and Northeastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests followed by Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows and ultimately rock and ice on the highest peaks. In 2006 Bumla pass in Tawang was opened to traders for the first time in 44 years. Traders from both sides of the pass were permitted to enter each other's territories, in addition to postal workers from each country.

The Himalayan ranges that extend up to the eastern Arunachal separate it from Tibet. The ranges extend toward Nagaland, and form a boundary between India and Burma in Changlang and Tirap district, acting as a natural barrier called Patkai Bum Hills. They are low mountains compared to the Greater Himalayas.[15] Climate The climate of Arunachal Pradesh varies with elevation. Areas that are at a very high elevation in the Upper Himalayas close to the Tibetan border enjoy an alpine or Tundra climate. Below the Upper Himalayas are the Middle Himalayas, where people experience a temperate climate. Areas at the sub-Himalayan and sea-level elevation generally experience humid, sub-tropical climate with hot summers and mild winters. Arunachal Pradesh receives heavy rainfall of 80 to 160 inches (2,000 to 4,100 mm) annually, most of it between May and September. The mountain slopes and hills are covered with alpine, temperate, and subtropical forests of dwarf rhododendron, oak, pine, maple, fir, and juniper; sal (Shorea) and teak are the main economically valuable species. Sub-divisions Arunachal Pradesh is divided into sixteen districts, each administered by a district collector, who sees to the needs of the local people. Especially along the Tibetan border, the Indian army has a considerable presence due to concerns about Chinese intentions in the region. Special permits called Inner Line Permits (ILP) are required to enter Arunachal Pradesh through any of its checkgates on the border with Assam. Dorjee Khandu is Chief minister of Arunachal Pradesh Districts of Arunachal Pradesh: * Anjaw District

* Changlang District * East Kameng * East Siang * Kurung Kumey * Lohit District * Lower Dibang Valley * Lower Subansiri * Papum Pare * Tawang District * Tirap District * Upper Dibang Valley * Upper Subansiri * Upper Siang * West Kameng * West Siang Economy The chart below displays the trend of the gross state domestic product of Arunachal Pradesh at market prices estimated by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation with figures in millions of Indian Rupees. Year Gross State Domestic Product 1980 1,070 1985 2,690 1990 5,080 1995 11,840 2000 17,830 Arunachal Pradesh's gross state domestic product for 2004 was estimated at $706 million in current prices. Agriculture primarily drives the economy. Jhum, the local word for a shifting cultivation widely practiced among the tribal groups, is now less practiced. Arunachal

Pradesh has close to 61,000 square kilometers of forests, and forest products are the next most significant sector of the economy. Among the crops grown here are rice, maize, millet, wheat, pulses, sugarcane, ginger, and oilseeds. Arunachal is also ideal for horticulture and fruit orchards. Its major industries are rice mills, fruit preservation units, and handloom handicrafts. Sawmills and plywood trades are prohibited under law.[16] Arunachal Pradesh accounts for a large percentage of India's untapped hydroelectric power production potential. In 2008, the state government of Arunachal Pradesh signed deals with various Indian companies planning some 42 hydroelectric schemes that will produce electricity in excess of 27,000 MW.[17] Construction of the Upper Siang Hydroelectric Project, which is expected to generate between 10,000 to 12,000 MW, began in April 2009.[18] Corruption in Arunachal Pradesh is endemic, and reputed to be among the worst in India. During 2009 elections, the Arunachal Times reported that virtually all of the leading candidates had reported personal fortunes to the equivalent of several million US dollars - in a state with no income tax and where the average per capita income is only a dollar or two per day. The failure of Arunachali people to hold their leaders accountable has led to tremendous drains on the economy and a crumbling infrastructure. Another missed economic opportunity is that of tourism. Boasting a scenic natural beauty that equals and in some respects surpasses that of other Himalayan regions such as Sikkim, Bhutan, and Nepal, Arunachal Pradesh's strict and expensive "Restricted/Protected Area Permit" scheme ensures both that no more than a trickle of foreign tourists are able to visit the state each year, and that revenues so obtained go directly into the pockets of government officials and affiliated tour operators. Little if any benefit from tourism is able to

reach the general population, which remains in general relatively impoverished. Languages Modern-day Arunachal Pradesh is one of the linguistically richest and most diverse regions in all of Asia, being home to at least thirty and possibly as many as fifty distinct languages in addition to innumerable dialects and subdialects thereof. Boundaries between languages very often correlate with tribal divisions - for example, Apatani and Nyishi are both tribally and linguistically distinct - but shifts in tribal identity and alignment over time have also ensured that a certain amount of complication enters into the picture - for example, Galo is and has seemingly always been linguistically distinct from Adi, whereas the earlier tribal alignment of Galo with Adi (i.e., "Adi Gallong") has only recently been essentially dissolved. The vast majority of languages indigenous to modern-day Arunachal Pradesh belong to the Tibeto-Burman language family. The majority of these in turn belong to a single branch of Tibeto-Burman, namely Tani. Almost all Tani languages are indigenous to central Arunachal Pradesh, including (moving from west to east) Nyishi/Nishi, Apatani, Bangni, Tagin, Hills Miri, Galo, Bokar, Lower Adi (Padam, Pasi, Minyong, and Komkar), Upper Adi (Aashing, Shimong, Karko and Bori), and Milang; only Mising, among Tani languages, is primarily spoken outside Arunachal Pradesh in modern-day Assam, while a handful of northern Tani languages including Bangni and Bokar are also spoken in small numbers in Tibet. Tani languages are noticeably characterized by an overall relative uniformity, suggesting relatively recent origin and dispersal within their present-day area of concentration. Most Tani languages are mutually intelligible with at least one other Tani language, meaning that the area constitutes a dialect chain, as was once found in much of Europe; only Apatani and Milang stand out as

relatively unusual in the Tani context. Tani languages are among the better-studied languages of the region. To the east of the Tani area lie three virtually undescribed and highly endangered languages of the "Mishmi" group of Tibeto-Burman, Idu, Digaru and Miju. A certain number of speakers of these languages are also found in Tibet. The relationships of these languages, both amongst one another and to other area languages, are as yet uncertain. Further south, one finds the Singpho (Kachin) language, which is primarily spoken by large populations in Burma, and the Nocte and Wancho languages, which show affiliations to certain "Naga" languages spoken to the south in modern-day Nagaland. To the west and north of the Tani area are found at least one and possibly as many as four Bodic languages, including Dakpa and Tshangla; within modern-day India, these languages go by the cognate but, in usage, distinct designations Monpa and Memba. Most speakers of these languages or closely related Bodic languages are found in neighbouring Bhutan and Tibet, and Monpa and Memba populations remain closely adjacent to these border regions. Between the Bodic and Tani areas lie a large number of almost completely undescribed and unclassified languages, which, speculatively considered to be Tibeto-Burman, exhibit many unique structural and lexical properties that probably reflect both a long history in the region and a complex history of language contact with neighbouring populations. Among them are Sherdukpen, Bugun, Aka/Hruso, Koro, Miji, Bangru and Puroik/Sulung. The high linguistic significance of all of these languages is belied by the extreme paucity of documentation and description of them, even in view of their highly endangered status. Puroik, in particular, is perhaps one of the most culturally and linguistically unique and significant populations in all of Asia from proto-historical and anthropological-linguistic perspectives,

and yet virtually no information of any real reliability regarding their culture or language can be found in print even to this day. Finally, there is an unknown number of Tibeto-Burman languages of Nepal-area origin spoken in modern-day Arunachal Pradesh, including Gurung and Tamang; not classified as "tribal" in the Arunachali context, such languages generally go unrecognized, while their speakers are largely viewed as itinerant "Nepalis". An unknown number of Tibetan dialects are similarly spoken by recent migrants from Tibet, although they are not generally recognized or classified as tribal or indigenous. Outside of Tibeto-Burman, one finds in Arunachal Pradesh a single representative of the Tai language family, namely the Khamti language, which is closely affiliated to the Shan dialects of northern Burma; seemingly, Khamti is a recent arrival in Arunachal Pradesh whose presence dates from 18th and/or early 19th-century migrations from northern Burma. In addition to these non-Indo-European languages, the Indo-European languages Assamese, Bengali, English, Nepali and especially Hindi are making strong inroads into Arunachal Pradesh. Primarily as a result of the primary education system - in which classes are generally taught by Hindi-speaking immigrant teachers from Bihar and other Hindi-speaking parts of northern India - a large and growing section of the population now speaks a semi-creolized variety of Hindi as its mother tongue. Demographics Main article: Demographics of Arunachal Pradesh Population Growth Census Pop. % 1961 337,000 1971 468,000 38.9% 1981 632,000 35.0%

1991 865,000 36.9% 2001 1,098,000 26.9% Source:Census of India[19] First ever census was carried out in 1961. Arunachal Pradesh can be roughly divided into a set of semi-distinct cultural spheres, on the basis of tribal identity, language, religion, and material culture: the Tibetic area bordering Bhutan in the west, the Tani area in the centre of the state, the Mishmi area to the east of the Tani area, the Tai/Singpho/Tangsa area bordering Burma, and the "Naga" area to the south, which also borders Burma. In between there are transition zones, such as the Aka/Hruso/Miji/Sherdukpen area, which provides a "buffer" of sorts between the Tibetic Buddhist tribes and the animist Tani hill tribes. In addition, there are isolated peoples scattered throughout the state, such as the Sulung. Within each of these cultural spheres, one finds populations of related tribes speaking related languages and sharing similar traditions. In the Tibetic area, one finds large numbers of Monpa tribespeople, with several subtribes speaking closely related but mutually incomprehensible languages, and also large numbers of Tibetan refugees. Within the Tani area, major tribes include Nishi, which has recently come to be used by many people to encompass Bangni, Tagin and even Hills Miri. Apatani also live among the Nishi, but are distinct. In the centre, one finds predominantly Galo people, with the major sub-groups of Lare and Pugo among others, extending to the Ramo and Pailibo areas (which are close in many ways to Galo). In the east, one finds the Adi, with many subtribes including Padam, Pasi, Minyong, and Bokar, among others. Milang, while also falling within the general "Adi" sphere, are in many ways quite distinct. Moving east, the Idu, Miju and Digaru make up the "Mishmi" cultural-linguistic area, which may or may not form a coherent historical grouping.

Moving southeast, the Tai Khamti are linguistically distinct from their neighbours and culturally distinct from the majority of other Arunachali tribes;They are religiously similar to the Chakmas who have migrated from erstwhile East Pakistan.They follow the same Theraveda sect of Buddhism.The Chakmas consist of the majority of the tribal population.Districts of Lohit,Changlang,Dibang and Papumpare have a considerable number of Chakmas. They speak a linguistic variant derived from Assamese and Bengali. Their language is more similar to Assamese . Assam also have a large population of Chakmas who reside in the district of Karbi Anglong , Nagaon and Kachar. however, they also exhibit considerable convergence with the Singpho and Tangsa tribes of the same area; all of these groups are also found in Burma. Finally, the Nocte and Wancho exhibit cultural and possibly also linguistic affinities to the tribes of Nagaland, which they border. In addition, there are large numbers of migrants from diverse areas of India and Bangladesh, who, while legally not entitled to settle permanently, in practice stay indefinitely, progressively altering the traditional demographic makeup of the state. Finally, populations of "Nepalis" (in fact, usually Tibeto-Burman tribespeople whose tribes predominate in areas of Nepal, but who do not have tribal status in India) and Chakmas are distributed in different areas of the state (although reliable figures are hard to come by). Buddhism is practiced by 13% of the population. Shown here is a statue of the Buddha in Tawang, Arunachal Pradesh. Literacy has risen in official figures to 54.74% from 41.59% in 1991. The literate population is said to number 487,796. An uncertain but relatively large percentage of Arunachal's population are animist, and follow shamanistic-animistic religious traditions such as Donyi-Polo (in the Tani area) and Rangfrah (further east). A small number of Arunachali peoples have traditionally identified as Hindus,

although the number is growing as animist traditions are merged with Hindu traditions. Tibetan Buddhism predominates in the districts of Tawang, West Kameng, and isolated regions adjacent to Tibet. Theravada Buddhism is practiced by groups living near the Burmese border. Around 19% of the population are said to be followers of the Christian faith,[20] and this percentage is probably growing due to Christian missionary activities in the area. A law has been enacted to protect the indigenous religions (e.g., DonyiPoloism, Buddhism) in Arunanchal Pradesh against the spread of other religions, though no comparable law exists to protect the other religions. Transport The state's airports are located at Daparjio, Ziro, Along, Tezu and Pasighat. However, owing to the rough terrain, these airports are mostly small and cannot handle many flights. Before being connected by road, they were originally used for the transportation of food. Arunachal Pradesh has two highways: the 336 km (209 mi) National Highway 52, completed in 1998, which connects Jonai with Dirak,[21] and another highway, which connects Tezpur in Assam with Tawang.[22] As of 2007, every village has been connected by road thanks to funding provided by the central government. Every small town has its own bus station and daily bus services are available. All places are connected to Assam, which has increased trading activity. An additional National Highway is being constructed following the famous Stillwell Ledo Road, which connects Ledo in Assam to Jairampur in Arunachal. Education The current education system in Arunachal Pradesh is relatively underdeveloped. The state government is expanding the education system in concert with various NGOs like Vivekananda Kendra.

The state has several reputable schools, colleges, and institutions. There are also trust institutes like Pali Vidyapith run by Buddhists. They teach Pali and Khamti scripts in addition to typical educational subjects. Khamti is the only tribe in Arunachal Pradesh that has its own script. Libraries of sciptures are located in a number of places in Lohit district, the largest one in Chowkham. Rajiv Gandhi University is the premier educational institution, the only university in the entire state. Additionally, there are 7 government colleges in different districts, providing students a higher education. NERIST (North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology) plays an important role in technical and management higher education. The directorate of technical education conducts examinations yearly, so that students who qualify can continue on to higher studies in other states. The state has two polytechnic institutions, namely Rajiv Gandhi Govt. Polytechnic, located at Itanagar, and Tomi Polytechnic College, located at Basar. Sl. No. Name of Colleges Location Year of establishment 1 Rajiv Gandhi Govt. Polytechnic Itanagar 2002 2 Tomi Polytechnic College Basar 2006 Tourism Across section of Changlang town. A view of Tawang monastery. Arunachal Pradesh attracts tourists from many parts of the world. Tourist attractions include Tawang, a beautiful town famous for its Buddhist monastery, Ziro, famous for cultural festivals, the Namdapha tiger project in Changlang district and Sela lake near Bomdila with its bamboo bridges overhanging the river. Religious places of interest include Malinithan in Lekhabali, Rukhmininagar near Roing (the place where Rukmini, Lord Krishna's wife in Hindu mythology, is said to have

lived), and Parshuram Kund in Lohit district (which is believed to be the lake where Parshuram washed away his sins). Rafting and trekking are common activities. A visitor's permit from the tourism department is required. Places like Tuting have wonderful, undiscovered scenic beauty. Anjaw district Anjaw District is an administrative district in the state of Arunachal Pradesh in northern India. It is a newly created district, having been created on 16 February 2004 under The Arunachal Pradesh Reorganization of Districts Amendment Bill. The district borders China on the north. Hawai, at an altitude of 1296 m above sea level, is the district headquarter, located on the banks of the Lohit River, a tributary of the Brahmaputra River. It is the easternmost district in India.[1] Contents:-Administrative units/Tribes/Rivers/Agriculture Administrative units The district has seven Administrative Units: * Hayuliang * Hawai * Manchal * Goiliang * Walong * Kibithoo * Chaglogam Tribes The Mishmi, and the Zakhring[2] (formerly called Meyor) are the main tribes in the district. Rivers The main rivers are the following:[1] * Lohit River (called Telu by local Mishmis) * Lam River

* Tidding River * Dalai River * Krowti River * Dichu River * Lati River * Klung River * Dav River * Telua River * Ampani River * Sarti River Agriculture The main crops are maize, millet, rice, beans, cardamom, orange, pears, plum, and apple. Itanagar Itanagar About this sound pronunciation (helpinfo) (Hindi: ) is the capital of the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh. Itanagar is situated at the foothills of Himalayas. It comes administratively under Papum Pare district. As a capital city, Itanagar is well connected with the rest of the country by road and air communications. There is a helicopter service between Guwahati and Naharlagun (Itanagar). Buses are available from Guwahati. The nearest railway station is Harmoti in Assam. Interesting places around are historical fort called Ita-fort which dates back to the 15th century (after which the city is named), legendary Ganga Lake or Gyakar Sinyi and the new Buddhist temple known as Buddha Vihar consecrated by the Dalai Lama. As of today, Itanagar has two churches. Important economic activities include farming and agriculture. Contents:- Geography/ Demographics Geography

Itanagar is locat at 2706N 9337E / 27.1N 93.62E / 27.1; 93.62.[1] It has an average elevation of 440 metres (1443 feet). Demographics As of 2001[update] India census,[2] Itanagar had a population of 34,970. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Itanagar has an average literacy rate of 69%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 75%, and female literacy is 61%. In Itanagar, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age. Major tribal groups in the area include the Nyishis, Adis, Galos, Apatanis and the Miri's Changlang district The Changlang district is located in Arunachal Pradesh, located south of the Lohit district and north of the Tirap district. It falls in a region that receives high rainfall .The region is rich in wildlife with different kind of floura and founa.The district has both plains and highlands .Most of the plains are in the valley of Dihing.The area is sometimes prone to floods .The Dihing is the main source of fishes for the local people.The fresh water fishes are very much in demand they hardly reach major towns nearby like Tinsukia, Doomdooma, Digboi and Dibrugarh.Though the region is one of the most populous in Arunachal Pradesh ,there is hardly any Hospital.Its a great challenge for the patients to be taken to good hospitals in Assam .There is no good road transport in the region.The people are commuting on the roads that Oil India Limited build some decades back. Changlang is populated by tribal groups, namely Tutsa, Tangsa, Nocte, Singpho and the Lisu. Sizeable communities of the Tibetans[1], Chakma, Hajong and Bodo. The Tibetan refugees are clustered at Choephelling Tibetan Refugee settlement in Miao, which was set up in 1976 has hosts a population of 2200.[2]

There are reports of Naga militants (NSCN) infiltrating into Changlang and Tirap, frequently carrying out campaigns to encourage the locals to make Changlang as part of Nagaland, an offer which many of the locals rejected, including the Naga Wancho and Nocte.[3] Frequently, violence is imposed on the locals,[4] and there are reports of cases of harassing the local populace and forcing them to convert to Christianity.[5][6] The Namdapha Tiger reserve is located in Miao town of this district. The other places to visit are World War II cemetery in Jairampur, IndoMyanmar border town Nampong and Pangsau Pass. Another place of interest is Bordumsa where the rich culture of the Tais and Singpho exist. Administrative Division The Changlang district has four Sub-Divisions namely Changlang, Miao, Jairampur and Bordumsa. Changlang Sub-Divisions (Chanlang Block) covers four circles, namely Changlang(14,718 people), Khimiyang (3,506 people), Namtok (3,085 people) and Yatdam. Miao Sub-Division (Khagam-Miao Block) covers three circles namely Miao (20,266 people), Kharsang (9,509 people) and Vijoynagar (3,988 people). Jairampur Sub-Division (Nampong-Manmao Block) covers four Circles, namely Nampong (4,424 people), Manmao (3,814 people), Jairampur (7,836 people) and Rima-putak. And Bordumsa Sub-Division (Bordumsa-Diyun Block) has got only two circles Bordumsa (25,369 people) and Diyun (28,907 people). Total, there are thirteen Circles, four Blocks and four Subdivisions in Changlang district. There are two municipalities Changlang (6,469 people) and Jairampur (5,919 people)

East Kameng district The East Kameng district is located in Arunachal Pradesh, India. It shares an international border with Tibet in the north, a state border with Assam and district borders with West Kameng, Papumpare and Kurung Kumey, who bifurcated from Lower Subansiri on April 1 2000. Under the Chinese sovereignty claim, East Kameng would fall under the jurisdiction of Cuona of Shannan Prefecture of the Tibet Autonomous Region. Contents:- Geography/ Economy/ People/ Koro/ History/ Tourism Geography Like West Kameng, the East Kameng climate ranges from arid in the tundra of the north through a cool temperate climate to a humid subtropical climate in the southern sub-himalayan hills bordering Assam. Economy Most tribes practise a form of slash and burn agriculture known as Jhum. After clearing the land, crops like barley and rice are planted, and fruit trees are planted to make orchards. Fishing activities first started between 1965-66 and gained momentum in November 1980, when the Fishery Department first started functioning independently. As of today, the Fishery development activities are headed by a District Fishery Development Officer, who was originally the Superintendent of Fisheries. However, this department was understaffed. Funds were also given for rural agriculture and Paddy-cum-Fish Culture activities. With the advancement of modern technology, horticulture based on apples and oranges is becoming increasingly popular. Today, temperate and sub-tropical fruits are planted in orchards with chemical fertilizers. People

East Kameng is inhabited by various tribes of similar origin but with distinct cultures and beliefs, practising the Donyi-Polo religion. The most populous of these, the Nishi, are scattered throughout the entire district. Other tribes, especially the Miji, Sulung and the Aka, are found in regions near the Kameng river. Since independence, much of the population has relocated to the district capital, Seppa. With the coming of modernism, festivals such as the Sarok of the Aka, Nyokum of the Nishi, Jonglam-Ponklam and Chindang of the Miji and the Gumkum-Gumpa are celebrated in full flair in Seppa. Koro Main article: Koro language (India) The Koro is a Tibeto-Burman language spoken by approximately 800 1200 people in the East Kameng district who live among the Aka (Hruso), but their language is distantly related, with distinct words for basic vocabulary.[1][2] Although it has resemblances to Tani further to the east, it appears to be a separate branch of Tibeto-Burman.[3] Koro is unlike any language in the various branches of the Tibeto-Burman family.[4] Researchers hypothesize it may have originated from a group of people enslaved and brought to the area.[5] Koro was recognized as a separate language in 2010 by a linguistic team of David Harrison, Gregory Anderson, and Ganesh Murmu while documenting two Hruso languages (Aka and Miji) as part of National Geographic's "Enduring Voices" project.[1] It was apparently noticed by earlier researchers.[6] History The area around the Kameng river has at various times come under the control and influence of the Mon kingdoms, Tibet and the Ahom kingdom. Aka and Nishi chiefs would exert control over the area whenever no major political powers dominated the area.

The Kameng Frontier Division was renamed as the Kameng District. The Political Officer was also redesignated as the Deputy Commissioner of Kameng. However, for political reasons, the Kameng district was bifurcated between East Kameng and West Kameng on June 1, 1980. Tourism East Kameng has some tourist attractions. One of these is the Pakhui Tiger Reserve, with a wide range of wildlife. Seppa, the capital, hosts beautiful tribal dance festivals that adds color to the natural landscape. The Himalayas can be viewed from the hill stations of Bameng, Chayangtajo and Pakke-Kessang. East Siang district East Siang is an administrative district in the state of Arunachal Pradesh in India. The district headquarters are located at Pasighat. The district occupies an area of 4,005 square kilometres (1,546 sq mi) and has a population of 87,430 (as of 2001). Various tribal groups of the Adi people live in various parts of the district. The local people traditionally follow Donyi-Polo, although a sizeable minority have been converted to Christianity. Kurung Kumey district Kurung Kumey is the newly created fifteenth district of the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh, with its district headquarters in Koloriang. Lohit district Lohit is an administrative district in the state of Arunachal Pradesh in India. The district headquarters are located at Tezu. The district occupies an area of 11,402 km and has a population of 143,478 (as of 2001). This area was one of the last territories to be brought under British control after the punitive Abor and Mishmi Expedition in the first decade of the 20th Century, and was known earlier as the Mishmi Hills. The district is named after the Lohit River, from the Sanskrit Louhitya,

reddish- or rust-coloured, and consists of the river valley and hills/mountains to the North and South. The area is highly inaccessible, and it was only in 2004 that a permanent bridge has been made operational across the Lohit at the holy site of Parashuram Kund, giving round-the-year connection to Tezu. East of Tezu (about 100 km) lies the small town of Hayuliang, and this is slated to become the headquarters of a new district. The road along the Lohit runs right up to the small garrison town of Walong just south of the China border, site of the famous Battle of Walong in 1962. Lohit is the home of the Adi, Zekhring, Khampti, Deori, Ahom, Singpho, Chakma and Mishmi tribes. A small group of Tibetan refugees have settled in Lohit since the 1960s. The Zekhring are Tibetan Buddhists; the Khampti ,Chakmas and Singpho are Theravada Buddhists, and the Mishmi are mainly Animists.The Chakmas inhabit a land which is surrounded in all side by two mighty rivers, the Kamlang to the north and Guri Kamlang to the south. There is no proper bridge on Guri Kamlang which can connect the people to Chowkham. They have to walk on a swinging bridge on which its very difficult to carry goods. Every election time the people demand for a new permanent bride over the Guri Kamlang but none of the elected MLAs sufficed to their demands. Ahoms are residing at Namsai and Mahadevpur circle of Lohit district. The Singphos are very few in numbers in comparison to the other tribes. This can be blamed to its not mingling with the other societies.[citation needed] The Singhpos do not make houses near each other and seeing houses in proximity to other houses are rare. They like to stay isolated and have a likeliness to stay peaceful.[citation needed] On 16 February 2004, Anjaw district was carved out from the northern part of Lohit district bordering Tibet and Myanmar, with its

headquarters at Hawai. Anjaw was carved out under The Arunachal Pradesh Re-organization of Districts Amendment Bill. Lower Dibang Valley District The Lower Dibang Valley district is an administrative district in the state of Arunachal Pradesh in northeastern India. It was carved out of the Dibang Valley district. The district headquarters of the district is Roing. Before it was carved out in December 16, 2001, Anini was the district headquarter. Lower Subansiri district Lower Subansiri is an administrative district in the state of Arunachal Pradesh in India. The district headquarters are located at Ziro. The district occupies an area of 10,135 km and has a population of 97,614 (as of 2001). It is bounded on the north by the Upper Subansiri District of Arunachal, on the south by Papum Pare District of Arunachal Pradesh and Assam, on the east by West Siang and some part of Upper Subansiri, and on the west by East Kameng District of Arunachal Pradesh. Contents:- People/ Festival People This district is inhabited by Nyishis and Apatanis. Festival Major local festival of the district are Nyokum, Boori-Boot and Dree Festival. Papum Pare district Papum Pare is an administrative district in the state of Arunachal Pradesh in India. The district headquarters are located at Yupia. The district occupies an area of 2875 km and has a population of 121,750 (as of 2001). The headquarters of the state is located at Itanagar, which is also located at Papum Pare. Papum Pare is inhabited by members of the Nishi and the Mikir, who are traditionally followers of Donyi-Polo.

Some members of the Nishi tribe are followers of the Baptist sect of Christianity. Tawang district Tawang district is an administrative district in Arunachal Pradesh in India. Contents:- Geography and Administration/ People/ Economy/ History/ Attractions/ Tawang Monastery/ Other attractions/ Tension between China and India/ Notes Geography and Administration Th Tawang istrict is roughly locat aroun latitu 27 45 N an longitu 90 15 E at th northw st xtr mity of South Tib t. Elevations range between 6,000 to 22,000 feet, and inhabitants are found at lower altitude, where they enjoy a cool temperate climate. The district was carved out of the West Kameng district, which adjoins it to the south and east. Bhutan borders Tawang to the west whereas Tibet is to the north of the district. The district occupies an area of 2,085 square kilometers and has a population of 38,924 (as of 2001), almost 75% of which are considered "tribal", i.e. belonging to the native Monpa, Bhotia, Adi, etc.[1] The sensitivity of the border area brings Tawang a heavy military presence. In winter, Tawang frequently experiences heavy snowfall.[2] Tawang Town with monastery in background. People A sizeable population of 20,000 live in Tawang town. The dominant ethnic group are the Monpa, who inhabit all of the 163 villages. The Tibetan are also found in small scattered numbers throughout Tawang. The Takpa, a small tribal group, are found in small, scattered numbers in the West and the North.[3][4][5] Most of the people, which includes the Monpa, Takpa and the Tibetans, are Tibetan Buddhist by religion. Pre-Buddhist Bn and

Shamanist influence is also evident. Festivals that include Losar, Choskar, and Torgya are held annually. The Dungyur is also celebrated in every three years of the Torgya. Both the Dungyur and Torgya festivals are celebrated at the Tawang Monastery with traditional gaiety and enthusiasm. Economy Most of the tribes depend on agriculture for a living. Owing to Tawang's cold climate, farmers breed yak and sheep, although in lower altitudes crops are also planted. History Prior to the construction of the Tawang Monastery, Tawang was traditionally inhabited by the Monpa people, who reigned over the Mon Kingdom that stretches from Tawang to Sikkim. The Mon kingdom was later absorbed into the control of neighbouring Bhutan and Tibet. Tawang Monastery was founded by the Merak Lama Lodre Gyatso in 1681 in accordance with the wishes of the 5th Dalai Lama, Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso, and has an interesting legend surrounding its name, which means "Chosen by Horse". The sixth Dalai Lama, Tsangyang Gyatso, was born in Tawang. Tawang was once a part of Tibet. The 1914 McMahon Line awarded Tawang to India, with Tibet relinquishing several hundred square miles of its territory, including the whole of the Tawang region, to the British.[6] It came under effective Indian administration on February 12, 1951, when Major R Khating led Indian Army troops to relocate Chinese squatters. India assumed control and sovereignty of the area and established democratic rule therein[7] to end the oppression of the Monpa.[8] Elections have taken place regularly and democratic state legislature elected peacefully. During the Sino-Indian war of 1962, Tawang briefly fell under Chinese control. The valiant last stand of Mahavir Chakra awardee Jaswant

Singh Rawat took place in Tawang. After the voluntary withdrawal of Chinese troops, Tawang again came under Indian administration. In recent years, China has routinely voiced its claims on most of Arunachal Pradesh, especially Tawang, and both nations have regularly accused the other of troop incursions of a few kilometers or less. Manmohan Singh, India's prime minister, has stated categorically that Tawang is an integral part of India, repeating this to the Chinese prime minister when the two prime ministers met in Thailand in October 2009. Today, Tawang serves as a center for tourist attractions, thanks to the well-preserved beauty of the Tawang Monastery. Attractions Tawang Monastery Main article: Tawang Monastery Tawang Monastery. Part of a series on Tibetan Buddhism Guru Rinpoche - Padmasambhava statue.jpg History Timeline Related-topics Schools Nyingma Kagyu Sakya Gelug Bn Key concepts Three marks of existence Skandha Cosmology Sasra R birth Bodhisattva Dharma Dependent origination Karma Major figures Gautama Buddha Padmasambhava Je Tsongkhapa Dalai Lama Panchen Lama Lama Karmapa Lama Rinpoche Geshe Terton Tulku Practices and attainment

Buddhahood Avalokit vara Four stag s of nlight nm nt Tantric yoga Paramitas Meditation Laity Major monasteries Changzhug Drepung Dzogchen Ganden Jokhang Kumbum Labrang Mindroling Namgyal Narthang Nechung Pabonka Palcho Ralung Ramoche Sakya Sanga Sera Shalu Tashilhunpo Tsurphu Yerpa Major festivals Chotrul Duchen Dajyur Losar Monlam Sho Dun Texts Kangyur Tengyur Tibetan canon Mahayana sutras Nyingma Gyubum Art Sand mandala Thangka Ashtamangala Tree of physiology Outline Comparative studies Culture List of topics Portal Dharma Wheel.svg vi wtalk it Tawang Monastery was founded by the Mera Lama Lodre Gyatso in accordance to the wishes of the 5th Dalai Lama, Nagwang Lobsang Gyatso. The monastery is of the Gelugpa sect is the largest Buddhist monastery in India. It is associated with Drepung Monastery in Lhasa.[9] The name Tawang means Chosen Horse. It is also known by another Tibetan name, Galden Namgey Lhatse, which means a true name within a celestial paradise in a clear night. Boys playing in last melting snow at Sela Top. Other attractions In addition to the Tawang monastery, the town has a Handicrafts Center, which was started to promote the small-scale industries for local handicrafts. The center has a fine range of woolen carpets and

shawls, amongst other things. People may also purchase rather inexpensive but good chubbas and shoes. Sela Top Pass, just adjacent to Tawang rises steeply and is full of snow for most of the year. Tension between China and India In 1914, the McMahon line was drawn by the British India government and the independent Tibetan government (see Simla Accord (1914)). On that basis, Tawang legally became a part of India. The Dalai Lama fled to India via Tawang. China staked its claim over Tawang as it had a sizable Tibetan population and was previously a part of Tibet. India has rebutted these claims. China objected to the visit of the Dalai Lama to Tawang in November 2009, although the Dalai Lama had visited Tawang several times after leaving Tibet in 1959. India rejected Chinese objection and said that the Dalai Lama was an honoured guest and could visit any place in India. The Dalai Lama visited Tawang on 8 November 2009. He was received and welcomed by the democratically elected Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh and the people of Arunachal Pradesh. The residents of Tawang were elated to have the Dalai Lama among them. They painted their houses afresh and spruced up the town. The whole town wore a festive look. About 30,000 persons including those from neighbouring countries, Nepal and Bhutan, attended his religious discourse. Tirap district The Tirap district is located in the southeastern part of the state of Arunachal Pradesh in India. It shares a state border with Nagaland and Assam, an international border with Myanmar and a district border with Changlang. Contents:-Geography/People and Religion/History/Tourism Geography

The elevation ranges from 200 meters in the northwest to 4,000 meters in the Patkai Hills. In Tirap district Nocte is the most populated tribe, they have the majority in the area. In Tirap district the educational institute known as Ramakrishna Mission School plays a major role to uplift the education system of Tirap. People and Religion Much of the tribal population consists of the Naga related Nocte, Konyak and Wancho, who traditionally followed Hinduism and Animism, although most of them have converted into Christians. Smaller communities of Tutsa, Tangsa and Singpho can be found in the district as well. Festive fairs and festivals such as the Loku of the Nocte, Oriya or Ojiyele of the Wancho and the Pongtu festival of the Tutsa are celebrated in full flair. Along with these festivals Durga Puja is also celebrated here. Christianity was first introduced in Arunachal Pradesh in the district of Tirap. Borduria became the first village to observe silver jubilee of Catholic Church in the state in 2004. Tirap boasts a number of Christian missionaries from Nagaland and other parts of India. These had resulted in significant proportions of the Hindu Nocte tribe to convert to Christianity, especially in its stronghold in Khonsa. However, Nagabased militant contingency plans was not supported by Neiphiu Rio, the chief minister of Nagaland.[1] History Since time in memorial, Tirap has been inhabited by ancestors of the indigenous tribes. Tribes such as the Nocte came to settle in the area during the 16th century, at the time of reign of the Ahoms. The Japanese troops invaded and controlled the area for a brief period in 1945, until the collapse of the Japanese empire. After their collapse Suman Gope came to the power. Of late, Tirap has also been a major target for the NSCN, a Naga rebel group who aims for creation of

Greater Nagaland, using military force. It is also said that Baptist missionaries subtly supports these rebel groups.[2] Tourism The vibrant folk-culture of the indigenous tribes has attracted many tourists to visit Tirap. However, due to prevailing militancy, there has been a low tourism in the district. Dibang Valley district The Dibang Valley is a district of Arunachal Pradesh[1] named after the Dibang River[2] or the Talon as the Idus call it. The river originates in the mountains of China and flows through the length of the valley which is named after it. The major population of this district consist of the Adis (padams) and the idus. The capital of this district: Anini, is the northernmost district capital in Northeast India. In fact this district contains the northernmost point of Northeast India The Idus have a story narrating the first journeys undertaken in course of migration. The story conveys names and location of the CheethuHuluni or the twelve rivers that the Idu people came over in the region and settled around. The first accounts of the Idus or the Mishmis as the Ahoms called them are found in the narrations given by the neighbouring Ahoms. The Mishmis inhabited the deep jungles of what is now the Dibang valley. The district has been divided further into lower and upper Dibang Valley for administrative convenience. The headquarters of the two districts are Roing[3] and Anini respectively. Roing is a newborn town in the plains of the Mishmi hills. It is a beautiful place with picturesque nature and beautiful climate. However Anini is a hilly place lying in the mountains close to the frontiers of China. Upper Subansiri district Upper Subansiri is an administrative district in the state of Arunachal Pradesh in India. The district headquarters are located at Daporijo. The

district occupies an area of 7032 km and has a population of 54,995 (as of 2001). Members of the Tagin, Hill Miri and Galo are found in the district. The important towns are Daporijo, Dumporijo, Taliha, Nacho, Siyum, Maro etc. Upper Siang district Upper Siang is an administrative district in the state of Arunachal Pradesh in India. The district headquarters are located at Yingkiong. The district occupies an area of 6188 km and has a population of 33,146 (as of 2001). Various tribal groups of the Adi people and the Memba tribe live in the district. The Adi follow generally follow Donyi-Polo, and the Memba are followers of Tibetan Buddhism. The district is the location of the massive Upper Siang Hydroelectric Project. History At one point of history this place was part of Tibet and known as Pemako. Majority of people here are follower of Buddhism and considered H.H. the XIV Dalai Lama as their spiritual head. People here are called by different name such as Memba, Khampa, Sherpa, Adi, Tsanglha, and Lhoba but they are all part of Pemako and original people of the region. It is sad that policy of " Divide and Rule " is still used here today. On the other side of the border i.e. Tibet, Chinese used the same policy of "Divide and Rule ".It is a request to the people of region to unite togather, help each other and survive the 21st century and future. It is important to demand Government of India and Government of China to invest in educational opportunity for the people of this region or whole of Arunachal Pradesh and region of Metok, Nyintri, Minling in inside Tibet. West Kameng district

West Kameng is a district of Arunachal Pradesh in India. It accounts for 8.86% of the total area of the state. Under Chinese sovereignty claim, West Kameng falls under the jurisdiction of Cuona County of Shannan Prefecture of the Tibet Autonomous Region. The name is derived from the Kameng river, a tributary of the Brahmaputra, that flows through the district. Contents:- People/ Geography/ Topography/ Climate/ Administration/ Economy/ History People West Kameng comprises five major tribes: Monpa (which makes up 78% of the district's population and includes Dirang, Bhut, Lish, and Kalaktang Monpa), Miji (Sajolang), Sherdukpen, Aka (Hrusso), and Khowa (Bugun). Minority tribes include Takpa, Lishipa, Chugpa, and Butpa. Most of the inhabitants are Buddhist, though the Aka, Khowa, and Miji have indigenous religions and those tribe members follow a mix of Buddhism, Hinduism, and Donyi-Polo (a form of Animism). Geography West Kameng lies approximately between 91 30' to 92 40' East longitudes and 26 54' to 28 01' North latitudes. The district shares an international border with Tibet in the north, Bhutan in the west, Tawang District in the northwest, and East Kameng district in the east. The southern border is shared with Sonitpur district and Darrang district of Assam. The Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary is located in West Kameng. Topography The topography is mostly mountainous. Much of West Kameng area is covered with the Himalayas. The highest peak in the district and state is Kangte. Climate

Like East Kameng, the West Kameng district experiences an arid tundra or a cool temperate climate in the north. Snow fall occurs from midNovember to February. Administration The district is divided into three subdivisions, Thrizino, Rupa and Bomdila, and twelve administrative circles, including Dirang, Bomdila, Kalaktang, Balemu, Bhalukpong, Jameri, Sinchung, Nafra, Thrizino, Rupa, Thembang, Shergaon. The four development blocks are Dirang, Kalaktang, Nafra-Buragaon, and Thrizino. Economy Like most of Arunachal Pradesh, Jhum, or shifting cultivation, is practised among the tribes who live in lower elevations where there is a temperate or subtropical climate. Horiculture is practised as well. Small industries such as textile and handicraft factories can be found. History The area around the Kameng river has traditionally came under the control of the Mon kingdom, Bhutan, Tibet and the Ahom kingdom. Lamaism got a strong foothold among the tribal groups as early as in the 7th century, where the Kachen Lama constructed the Lhagyala Gompa in Morshing. Whenever loose control was exerted over the area, small, feudal chiefdoms ruled by the Monpa and the Sherdukpen kings dominated control over the area. This can be evidenced in the fact that ruined fortresses like those in Bhalukpong constructed in the 10th to 12th century and the Dirang fort, which was constructed in the 17th century to defend against invasions from neighbouring chiefdoms. Upon the arrival of the British, the entire area became what was known as the North-East Frontier Agency. It was renamed as the Balipara Frontier tract in 1919, with its headquarters based at Charduar in Assam. In 1946, the district area was carved out of the Balipara, with

the name Sela Sub-Agency and its headquarters continued to be Charduar of Assam. Following the independence of India, the Sela Sub-Agency was renamed as the Kameng Frontier Division. Its headquarters were later transferred to Bomdila in 1954. However, with the invasion of Tibet in 1950, Tibetan refugees started populating the area. Furthermore, with the invasion of the Chinese troops into this area, many historical mounments were either destroyed or defaced. The Kameng Frontier Division was renamed as the Kameng District. The Political Officer was also redesignated as the Deputy Commissioner of Kameng. However, due to political reasons, the Kameng district was bifurcated between East Kameng and West Kameng on the June 1, 1980. The Tawang district, which initially belonged to part of the district, was separated on the October 6, 1984. West Siang district West Siang is an administrative district in the state of Arunachal Pradesh in India. The district headquarters are located at Along. The district occupies an area of 8325 km and has a population of 103,575 (as of 2001). Various tribal groups of the Adi people, Memba and Khamba tribes live in the district. The Adi follow generally follow Donyi-Polo, although some have embraced Baptist Christianity in recent years. The Memba and Khamba are followers of Tibetan Buddhism. A well-known Tibetan Buddhist temple, Mechuka Gompa, is located in the western part of the Memba-speaking Mechuka district of West Siang. Ziro Ziro is a census town in Lower Subansiri district in the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh. Contents:-Geography/Demographics/Education/What to see/Best Times to Visit Ziro

Geography Ziro is the district headquarter of Lower Subansiri district and is one of the oldest towns in Arunachal Pradesh. It was the headquarters of the undivided Subansiri district comprising of the present districts of Upper Subsansiri, Kurung Kumey, Lower Subansiri and Papum Pare. It is locat at 2738N 9350E / 27.63N 93.83E / 27.63; 93.83[1] at an elevation of 1688 metres (5538 feet) to 2438 meters (8000 feet). Its cool weather in summer is its major attraction. It is famous for its pine clad gentle hills around it and rice field all around. Ziro is home to the Apa-Tani tribe. Apa-Tanis have few unique special characteristic features which differs from other tribes in Arunachal Pradesh and India. Few of these special characteristic features are: (A) Apa-Tanis are permanently settled in one place whereas other tribes are nomadic in nature move from one place to another in search of fertile lands. They travel vast area of forests and settle temporarily for not more than four to five years in one place. (B) Apa-Tanis cultivate permanent wet land cultivations whereas other tribes practice dry land cultivations by clearing the forests by burning the jungles. (C) Apa-Tanis used to practice facial tattoos before; now they have dropped this custom few decades back. Apatani tribal women in Hija Village, Ziro. Demographics As of 2001[update] India census[2], Ziro had a population of 12,289. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. In Ziro, 17% of the population is under 6 years of age. Education Ziro has highest numbers of Schools in Arunachal Pradesh. There are more than hundred private and Government Schools and one college run by Christian missionary. Ziro has an average literacy rate of 66%,

higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 72%, and female literacy is 60%. What to see This article is written like a travel guide and may require cleanup. Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style. (January 2011) Apatani rice plains at Ziro *Paddy cum fish culture:- This practice of rearing fish in the paddy field is one unique feature for which Ziro is known all over, but more than that the hallmark of Apatani agriculture is its traditional irrigation system which has made the paddy cum fish culture possible. After transplanting of paddy from the nursery in wet rice cultivation field (W.R.C.), the fish fingerlings are put in Pakho/Hetey (channels in paddy field for drainage of water) at knee-deep height that are kept for 23 months before harvesting of fish[3]. Though there is hardly any gap in the agriculture calendar of the Apatanis but the main activities i.e., sowing starts in February with harvesting in October.The rearing of fish in the paddy field starts from May and its harvesting is done from July to September. *Tarin Fish Farm:- About 3.5 km from Hapoli Town, one can see beautiful high altitude fish farm where breeding of high altitude fishes is done. The fingerlings are sold during paddy cultivation season. *Ziro Putu:- Also called as Army Putu by the localites it is a Hillock at old Ziro where an Army cantonment was located in sixties but shifted later. From this hillock on can hav bir s y vi w of Ziro vall y. Th Airstrip is also located beneath this hillock in the midst of the scenic paddy field. *Shiva Linga at Kardo:- It is about 4 Km away from Hapoli town. The height of Shiva Lingam is 25 ft with 22 ft width[3]. Large number of devotees visit it every day.

*Talley Valley:- It has diverse flora and fauna ranging from sub-tropical to alpine forests. It is covered with impenetrable vegetations marked by giant silver fir trees, a variety of rhododendron, orchids, ferns and varieties of bamboo. This biodiversity hot spot is approximately 32 Km north east of Ziro and makes a perfect route for trekking. Best Times to Visit Ziro The best times to see, feel and be the part of an Apatani is in the month of January during 'Murung rituals', in the month of March during 'Myoko rituals' and from 4 to 7 July in 'Dree Festival'. Besides these rituals and festivals, visit during the agriculture seasons from February to October would be a unique experience for it is one of its kind in the entire world which has even been vouched by UN officials Bomdila Bomdila is the headquarters of West Kameng district in the state of Arunachal Pradesh in India. Tourist attractions of Bomdila include Buddhist temples, craft centres, the district museum, a sports complex, trekking, hiking and the Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary. Contents:-Geography/Demographics Geography Bom ila is locat at 2715N 9224E / 27.25N 92.4E / 27.25; 92.4[1]. It has an average elevation of 2217 metres (7273 feet). Demographics As of 2001[update] India census[2], Bomdila had a population of 6685. Males constitute 54% of the population and females 46%. Bomdila has an average literacy rate of 69%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 75% and female literacy of 63%. 13% of the population is under 6 years of age. It is inhabited by the Monpa, Sherdukpen, Miji and Aka tribes. Tawang Town

Tawang (Tibetan:

; Wylie: Rta-dbang, Hindi:

) is a small town

situated at an elevation of approximately 3,048 meters (10,000 feet) in the northwestern part of Arunachal Pradesh, India. The town once served as the district headquarters of West Kameng district, and became the district headquarters of Tawang district when it was formed from West Kameng. Contents:-Geography/Demographics/Tourism/Political importance/Military importance/Footnotes Geography Tawang town is located approximately 555 km (345 miles) from Guwahati. Tawang has an average elevation of 2,669 meters (8,756 feet). Demographics As of the 2001 India census,[1] Tawang had a population of 38,924. Males constitute 54% of the population and females constitute 46%. Tawang has an average literacy rate of 63%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 70%, and female literacy is at 55%. In Tawang, 17% of the population is under 6 years of age. Tourism The 8m tall statue of the Sakyamuni Buddha in the Tawang Monastery. Tawang Monastery was founded by the Mera Lama Lodre Gyasto in accordance to the wishes of the 5th Dalai Lama, Nagwang Lobsang Gyatso. It belongs to the Gelugpa sect and is the largest Buddhist monastery in India. The name Tawang (Tibetan: ; Wylie: Rtadbang) means Horse Chosen.[2][2] It is said to be the biggest Buddhist monastery in the world outside of Lhasa, Tibet.[3] It is a major holy site for Tibetan Buddhists. Tipi Orchid sanctuary in Tawang houses thousands of varieties of orchids.

Visitors to Tawang require special Inner line permits from the government which are available in Kolkata, Guwahati, Tezpur, and New Delhi. Most of the travel from the plains is on a steep hill road journey, crossing Sela Pass 4,176 metres (13,700 feet). Tourists can travel there from Tezpur, Assam, which is 12 hours by road. Tezpur has direct flights from Kolkata. Guwahati, Assam, is 16 hours by road. In June 2008, a daily helicopter service from Guwahati was started by the Arunachal Pradesh government. Road travel to Tawang from Tezpur, Assam, is by buses, private taxis and shared taxis. It is an arduous journey: most of the road is loose tarmac and gravel giving way to mud in many places. However, it is a scenic journey of nearly 12 hours, crossing Bomdila Pass 2,438 metres (8,000 feet), peaking at Sela Pass 4,176 metres (13,700 feet), Jaswant Garh and, finally, Tawang. Government buses often break down (usually on the way up) and passengers end up hitchhiking in private cars and taxis. En route, local food is available, especially meat and vegetarian momos and cream buns. Hilarious road safety signs posted by the Border Roads Organization keep the traveller entertained throughout the journey. When the 14th Dalai Lama fled from Tibet, he crossed into India on 30 March 1959 and spent some days resting at Tawang Monastery before reaching Tezpur in Assam on 18 April.[4] Tawang Monastery is said to be the biggest Buddhist monastery in the world outside of Lhasa, Tibet.[5] Political importance Tawang was once a part of Tibet. In 1914, the MacMahon line was drawn by the British and Tawang became a part of India (see Simla Accord (1914)). It came under effective Indian administration on February 12, 1951, when Major R Khating led Indian Army troops to relocate Chinese squatters. India assumed sovereignty of the territory

and established democratic rule therein to end the oppression of the Monpa. Elections have taken place regularly and the democratic state legislature elected peacefully. During the Sino-Indian war of 1962, Tawang fell under Chinese control. The valiant last stand of Mahavir Chakra awardee Jaswant Singh Rawat took place in Tawang. After the voluntary withdrawal of Chinese troops, Tawang was once again under Indian administration. In recent years, China has occasionally voiced its claims on Tawang and Chinese troop incursions continue to occur frequently. India has rebutted these claims by Chinese government and the Indian prime minister has stated categorically that Tawang is an integral part of India. He repeated this to the Chinese prime minister when the two prime ministers met in Thailand in October 2009. China objected to the visit of the Dalai Lama to Tawang in November 2009 though the Dalai Lama had previously visited Tawang several times since he left Tibet in 1959. India rejected Chinese objection and said that the Dalai Lama was an honoured guest in India and could visit any place in India. The Dalai Lama visited Tawang on 8 November 2009. About 30,000 persons including those from neighbouring countries, Nepal and Bhutan, attended his religious discourse.[6] He was received and welcomed by the Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh and the people of Arunachal Pradesh. The residents of Tawang painted their houses afresh and spruced up the town. The whole town wore a festive look.[7] Military importance Tawang is the base for Parvat Ghatak Commando School, one of Indian Army's elite high altitude warfare training schools. Several domestic and international units have been trained in high altitude special operations at this school. Daporijo

Daporijo is a census town in the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh. It is the headquarters of Upper Subansiri district. Daporijo is located at an elevation of 600 m above sea level. Contents:-Demographics Demographics As of 2001[update] India census[1], Daporijo had a population of 15,468. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Daporijo has an average literacy rate of 59%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 66% and, female literacy is 51%. In Daporijo, 19% of the population is under 6 years of age. Daporijo is Headquarter of Upper Subansiri District which is home land of four ethnic groups viz. Galo, Tagin, Hillmiri and Nah tribes. And of different belief background viz. Christianity, Donyi Poloism and Animism. Pasighat Pasighat is the headquarters of East Siang district in the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh. Situated at 155 meters, with its scenic splendours Pasighat is Arunachal's oldest town and also the district headquarters of East Siang. Contents:-History/ Geography/ Economy/ Demography/ See also History Pasighat was founded in 1911 A.D. by the Britishers as a gateway to administrative convenience of the greater Abor Hills and area north. Primarily it was a settlements of Pasi and Minyong communities who are still living in the villages in and around Pasighat. Prior to the known settlement, the present area was inhabited by Mishing people who shifted to Assam plains. Geography Pasighat is locat at 2804N 9520E / 28.07N 95.33E / 28.07; 95.33[1]. It has an average elevation of 153 metres (501 ft). The area experience tropical humid climate during summer and dry mild winter.

The place is known for receiving highest rainfall in a single year. In fact Pasighat and area around it receive heavy rainfall every year during monsoon season starting from May till September. The unique trough like features surrounded by high hills on all three sides make this place ideal for attracting rain bearing cloud which comes in from Assam plain. The rain bearing wind gets obstructed by the hills and brings heavy downpour. Winter is marked by cold dry local seasonal wind which blows throughout the winter. This factor contributes in making this place fog free even in winter. Bhramaputra emerges from the foothills under the name of Dihang or Siang. It enters India as Dihang west of Sadiya town in Arunachal Pradesh.Flowing southwest, it receives its main left bank tributaries, viz., Dibang and Lohit; thereafter, it is known as the Brahmaputra. Then it races across the Pasighat [north of Assam] heading for the Assam plains as the mighty Brahmaputra. Economy Agriculture is the main occupation of local people. Rice is the main foodcrop produced in the area. There are several large tea gardens in the vicinity of the town which attracts workers from all over the region. Lumbering was a big sustaining industry till the Supreme Court clamped down on the industry during nineties. There is also a bit of tourism in Pasighat, being the oldest town in Arunachal Pradesh. Agriculture, Horticulture, and tourism continues to be the main source of economy for the town. Demography The Vivekananda Kendriya Vidyalaya school in Pasighat As of 2001 India census[2], Pasighat had a population of 21,972. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Pasighat has an average literacy rate of 64%, higher than the national average of

59.5%: male literacy is 71%, and female literacy is 56%. In Pasighat, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age. Pasighat is predominantly inhabited by the Minyong Adi people who are known for their colourful Ponung dance and war dance called Taapu. Pasighat is also ideal for adventure sports activities. The Daying Ering Wildlife Sanctuary is 13 km away and is worth visiting. The archaeological site of Malinithan (100 km) is linked to the legend of Lord Krishna and his wife Rukmini. The dismembered head of Sati (Parvati) is said to have fallen at Akashiganga (100 km according to ancient Hindu myths. This is a highly sacred place for Vaishnavites. Tezu Tezu is a census town and the headquarters of Lohit district in the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh. The ancient inhabitant of this land of valley and rivers are the Mishmi tribes.[citation needed] The Mishmi tribes have traditions and customs dating back to the times of Mahabharata.[citation needed] According to sacred Hindu traditions, Lord Krishna's first queen Rukmini was a Mishmi Damsel.[citation needed] The major Mishmi God is Ringyajabmalu and the major Mishmi festival is known as Tamladu puja.[citation needed] It is celebrated each year on the 15th of February.[citation needed] People from all communities and all walks of life are invited to join in the celebrations.[citation needed] The Holy Parsuram Kund is also nearby and thousands of Hindu pilgrims from all over India, and also from neighbouring countries, come to take a holy dip and wash away the sins of millions of births.[citation needed] This is accompanied with a fair at Tezu and takes place every year during the month of January.[citation needed] The road communication is through Tinsukia and the nearest airport is at Mohanbari.[citation needed] There is also a small airport at Tezu itself but service is very erratic and is mostly used for V.I.P.s and officials.[citation needed] The

major agricultural products are mustard, ginger and oranges.[citation needed] Contents:-Geography/Demographics/Tibetan diaspora Geography T zu is locat at 2755N 9610E / 27.92N 96.17E / 27.92; 96.17.[1] It has an average elevation of 185 metres (606 feet). Demographics As of 2001[update] India census,[2] Tezu had a population of 15,014. Males constitute 55% of the population and females 45%. Tezu has an average literacy rate of 68%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 74%, and female literacy is 61%. In Tezu, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age. Tibetan diaspora Tezu also has a sizable population of Tibetan community of about 2000 mostly residing in a settlement called by local name as Lama Camp, Tibetans settled here since 1960s after fleeing Chinese persecution in their homeland Tibet, till date they have maintained their own custom and tradition, they have built monasteries, health center, nursing home, schools etc.with fund coming from Govt and other funds.Lama Camp is located in Tindolong about 6 km (4 mi) from Tezu Bazaar and has 5 camps each camp represent different regions of Tibet mainly Kham kongpo and Pemako. Along Along is a census town and headquarters of the West Siang district of the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh. It is located about 150 km from Likabali which is at the border of Assam and Arunachal Pradesh. Along is a valley and is extremely beautiful as far the scenic grandeur of this place is concerned. It has mountains all around with two rivers flowing through it - the Sipu and Siyom. Both these rivers converge at Belun

Ghat and ultimately meet the Siang which is one of the biggest rivers in Arunachal Pradesh. Contents:-Geography/Demographics/Tourist attractions Geography Along, now known as Aalo is locat at 2810N 9446E / 28.17N 94.77E / 28.17; 94.77.[1] It has an average elevation of 619 metres (2030 feet). Demographics As of 2001[update] India census,[2] Along had a population of 16,834. Males constitute 56% of the population and females 44%. Along has an average literacy rate of 69%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 75% of the males and 61% of females literate. 15% of the population is under 6 years of age Tourist attractions Tourist attractions include the Ramakrishna mission campus, Patum bridge, Darka village, river rafting at Siyom River, Kamki Hydropower Dam and Orange orchards. Seppa Seppa (formerly known as Salpa) is the headquarters of the East Kameng district in the state of Arunachal Pradesh in India. Sapla means 'marshy' land in the local dialect. It lies on the bank of Kameng River and there is a helipad there.[1] It is located 160 kilometers (99 mi) from Itanagar and 213 kilometers (132 mi) from Tezpur (Assam) connected by motorable road.[2] Map p 22 Demographics As of 2001 India census[3], Seppa had a population of 14,965; males constituted 53% of the population and females 47%; 21% of the population was under 6 years of age; the average literacy rate was 53%lower than the national average of 59.5%, with 64% male literacy and 41% female literacy.

Naharlagun Naharlagun is a picturesque town situated in the foothills of Himalayas in the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh, 10km the capital city of Itanagar, it is at an altitude of 200 metres from sea level. Surrounded by mountains, Naharlagun is a small town which sees annual long monsoon rains.weather is basically sub-tropical with hot and humid summer and pleasant winter. Best season to visit is from November to March. Demographics As of 2001[update] India census[1], Naharlagun had a population of 26,912. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Naharlagun has an average literacy rate of 69%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 74%, and female literacy is 62%. In Naharlagun, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age.