Aim

To Study the Transformers Principle, Types and its Applications.

INTRODUTION
Transformer is a static electromagnetic device that magnetically changes electric energy from one circuit to another circuit without changing in its frequency. It can in current. In Step-up transformer,the energy is transformer into higher voltage increase or decrease the voltage level in the circuit with a similar decrease or increase whereas in the Step-down transformer, the energy is transformed into lower voltage. It is a device that has no moving parts, which converts an alternating voltage given

another AC voltage, increasing or decreasing its value, without changing the frequency. Unlike the auto-transformer , a transformer has a galvanic isolation between the input (primary) and output (secondary), ie no driver only electrically connects the two parts.

It is equipped with one or more windings (winding) primary and one or more

secondary windings. The operating principle is based on the energy transfer by mutual inductance (electromagnetic induction): AC primary winding path which creates a into power. The transformation ratio is influenced by the number of turns of the magnetic field that is "captured" by the secondary winding which then transforms back primary winding with respect to the number of turns of the secondary winding. For transformation ratio will be about 10. By applying a voltage of 240V primary,

example, if the secondary winding has 50 turns as the primary winding has 500, the secondary issue a voltage of about 24V. In practice, the energy transfer can not be total, a certain amount is lost. The transformer has a characteristic indicating this property, it is the coupling coefficient, which can be optimized by choosing materials and forms that go. Sometimes, elementary and secondary, there may be only one by its nature, can not transmit DC voltage and is limited to the transfer of AC winding, but with one or several taps. It is important to remember that the transformer voltages, including the range of amplitude and frequency depend on its type. There HF, etc..

are several kinds of processors dedicated to various areas: audio sector, high voltage,

Types of Transformer
Mains transformer 3 phase transformer <=> 2 phases High-voltage transformer Current transformer Auto Transformer

Polyphase Transformer Audio Transformer Instrument Transformer

Mains transformer

This type of transformer is commonly used in the production of power sector alone, switching control systems, providing equal power, less heat, a smaller footprint, and often a range of input voltages greater. being equal to the input voltage.

mostly in amateur. Industrial side, this type of component is more often replaced by

Note: Sometimes, a transformer is used only for issues of isolation, the output voltage

3 phase transformer <=> 2 phases

It is a bit peculiar transformer specially designed for use with three-phase primary and secondary phases with two or vice versa. There are two types of cabling windings to ensure this function: "Connection Leblanc" and "Connection Scott."

High-voltage transformer
Used in cars (to produce sparks candles that trigger the explosion of the fuel), in televisions (EHV transformers for very high voltage needed to operate the CRT) in

certain consumer gadgets such as "balls plasma "or Tesla transformer (transformer this kind of processors (when they are operating regime) can be dangerous, even deadly, so extreme caution is required.

high voltage and high frequency) that produce arcs very long (over a meter). Handling

Current transformer
This is a component whose principle is also based on the transfer of electromagnetic in the circuit which it is desired to know the consumption. Sometimes it is the power energy between two windings, with the difference that the primary is arranged in series wire of the circuit to be measured is the primary of the transformer (in this case, there is no winding, a thread can just stay right), the secondary being added by the means of a clamp which can be closed around (clamp). The interest of this method is that it is not necessary to interrupt the power supply circuit for inserting a measuring instrument.

Principle of operation
Mutual induction principle is followed in the working of the transformes. Transformer has two windings which are magnetically coupled with its core. When one of the established in both the windings. windings called primary is energized with a sinusoidal voltage, an alternating flux is According to Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction, an emf is induced in the from primary circuit to the secondary circuit through electromagnetic induction.

secondary winding which is called mutually induced emf. Thus energy is transferred

Transformer core
It magnetically couples the two windings of the transformer. By using silicon steel as the material, Hysteresis loss in the core is reduced. In order to reduce the eddy current loss, the core is laminated. Each laminations is of thickness 0.35mm to 0.5mm.

Types of core
There are two types of cores, namely, core type and shell type.

Core type
In this type of transformer, the windings surround a considerable part of the core. The individual laminations of the core are cut in the form of L shaped long strips.

Shell type
In the shell type transformers, the core surrounds a considerable part of the windings.

Other parts
Other necessary parts of transformer are as follows:
o o o o o

A suitable container Bushings Breather

An insulating medium Conservation

Container
A suitable metallic container is used for housing the assembled core and the windings. help of corrugated sheets. Better cooling can be obtained by increasing the surface area of the container with the

Insulating medium
The transformer windings and the metallic container are insulated from one another by a suitable insulating medium. The transformer oil not only provides insulation but also helps to dissipate the heat due to iron ad copper loss occulting in the transformers.

Bushings

All the transformer leads are brought out of the container through suitable bushings.

Conservator
The function of conservator is to allow contraction and expansion of oil without exposing it to the outside air.

Breather
It is a box containing calcium to absorb moisture of air entering the conservator as it is well known fact that the insulating property of the transformer oil is lost even if a breather. small amount of moisture enters in it. So the dry air is allowed to pass in through this

Sections in transformers
Core Primary winding

Secondary winding

Working principle
When we give supply to the primary winding in the transformer one current will be flowing in the primary winding, this will be creating one flux, this flux will flow in the the secondary winding, if we short the secondary winding by connecting the load current will be flowing in the circuit, hence the circuit is closed.

core and this flux will be cut by the secondary winding, this will create the voltage in

Terms

Primary Voltage: V1 Primary Current: I1 Primary Turns: N1

Secondary Voltage: V2 Secondary Current: I2 Secondary Turns: N2

Equation of the Transformer

I1/ I2 = V2/ V1 = N2/ N1

This Equation is called as Transformation Ratio (K).

EMF equation of the Transformer

Erms = 4.44 f N a B Where Erms = RMS Voltage f = Frequency N = Number of turns

a = Cross sectional area

B = Magnetic flux density

Classification of Transformers
Voltages (V to kV) Frequency

Power Capacity (VA to MVA) Cooling Type (Air, Water, Fan, Oil Cooled)

 Winding (Step down, Step Up, Multiple Windings)

Application (Impedance Matching, Power Supply, Stabilizer)

Construction
Cores

Laminated steel cores

Permeability silicon steel cores are used in the transformers of power and audio types. Most common of laminated cores are E-Shaped and I-Shaped.

Toroidal cores

Silicon steel or Permalloy is used in the transformers. This transformer built like a ring shaped types.

shaped core. These types of transformers are more efficient when compared to the E-I

Coolant
If temperature inside the transformers (power transformer) increases it will damage the winding insulation. Small transformers will produce less heat only for that natural air circulation is enough. But for large capacity transformers transformer oil is used as insulation as well as cooling of that also.

Terminals
Small Transformers will have wire leads will be connected to the coil ends and terminals.

brought out to the circuit connections. Large Transformers may have heavy bolted

Applications
In General electrical power is getting generated at one place getting transmitted by cables and finally distributed with respect to the consumers.

Suppose for example Power generation is 11kV from neyveli we will not transmit that 11kV. We will step up that voltage to 110 kV and again step it down to the 11kV when it reaches the receiving end.

This is due to reduce the cable size; if we increase the voltage current will be

reduced due to current only cable size is getting selected. So small size of cables are used. So cost is getting reduced. In this method one step up transformer as well as step down transformer is used. This is the main advantages of the Transformers.

With the sharp increase in demand for electric power, power transformers in 400 KV ratings were produced as early as 1950. In the early 1970s unit ratings as large as 1100 MVA were produced and 800KV transformers were manufactured in the early 1980s.

A transformer is a static piece of equipment with a complicated electromagnetic circuit inside. The energy is transferred from one electrical circuit to another through the magnetic field. During this transfer of electric energy the voltage only varies and the In its simplest form, a transformer consists of two conducting coils having a mutual inductance. In an ideal case it is assumed that all the flux linked with the primary winding also links the secondary winding. But, in practice it is impossible to realize this condition as magnetic flux cannot be confined. The greater portion of the flux winding. Depending upon the particular application and type of connection, a flows in the core while a small portion called the leakage flux links one or the other transformer may have additional windings apart from the two conventional windings. There are two types of transformers available. They are * Step-up Transformer * Step-down Transformer

power remains constant. The transformer works on the principle of Mutual induction.

Step-up Transformer:

It is used to step-up the voltage to the required value. For example, from the

generating station, if some 11KV is produced then it is stepped up to 230 KV using step-up transformer. It is because when 11KV is transmitted, most of the power will go as a transmission loss. So, A step-up transformer is used here. Step-down Transformer: consumer.

It is used to step-down the voltage at the receiving end and making it available to the

For industries, institutions, etc., about 400 to 440V line is given. For households it is about 230V.

INDEX
Acknowledgements Aim Introduction Types of Tranformer Mains transformer 3 phase transformer <=> 2 phases High-voltage transformer Principle of Operation Transformer Core Types of Core Core Type Current transformer

Other Parts

Shell Type A suitable container Bushings Breather

An insulating medium Conservation Sections in Transformers Working Principle Construction Application

Acknowledgements
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my physics mentor Mr Devendra Sir, for his vital support, guidance and encouragement without which this project would not have come forth. I would also like to express my gratitude to the other staffs of the Department of Physics for their support during the making of this project.

Certificate
This is hereby to certify that the original and genuine investigation work has been carried out to investigate about the subject matter and the related data collection and investigation has been completed solely, sincerely and satisfactorily by NITIN KUMAR of CLASS XII B, Govt. Boys Sr. Sec. School No. 3, Sarojini Nagar, New Delhi regarding his project titled Transformer Principle,

Types and its Applications.

Teachers Sign.

ON

Name Class

Nitin Kumar 12th B

Roll No. 9752452 Teacher Devendra Sir http://www.facebook.com/nitinkumarnik Govt. Boys Sr. Sec. School No. 3