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Chapter 2 Introduction to GSM/DCS/PCS Systems

Introduction
Cellular telecommunication is one of the fastest growing and most demanding telecommunications applications ever. Digital cellular solutions are successfully competing with traditional wire networks and cordless telephones. Eventually, digital cellular mobile telephones will be the universal way to telecommunicate. CME 20/CMS 40 is a GSM-based system operating in the 900, 1800, or 1900 MHz range (there is a common platform for CME 20 and CMS 40: Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) and American National Standards Institute (ANSI). It is a "total system" solution including switching centers, location registers, base station controllers, and base transceiver stations, as well as facilities for centralized operations and maintenance and mobile stations (handsets). The system ensures that operating companies receive the benefits of a full system standard with open interfaces, complete security, and roaming, among others. CME 20 and CMS 40 are designed to provide users with advanced telecommunication services according to technical specifications. Also, to meet demands made by operating companies (sometimes referred to as "operators" and "carriers" in some countries) for flexible network solutions, innovative charging, service segmentation, service creation, and easy Operation and Maintenance (O&M). Ericsson has been designing cellular radio systems since the 1970s, and offers network products for all major cellular standards - such as the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) system, the Total Access Communication System (TACS), Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), Digital AMPS; the Personal Digital Cellular (PDC) standard (Japan), and the Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) standard GSM 900, Digital Communication System (DCS) 1800, and the Personal Communications System (PCS) 1900.

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System Nodes and Related Equipment

Refer to Table 2-1 for system frequency ranges. System GSM 900 DCS 1800 PCS 1900 Table 2-1. Frequency Ranges Frequency 890-960 MHz 1710-1880 MHz 1850-1990 MHz

GSM 900 is strong in radio coverage. DCS 1800 and PCS 1900 are strong in radio capacity. Additionally, GSM and DCS is often offered by combined license (PCS 1900 is the GSM standards American version). See Figure 2-2. CME 20 / CMS 40 consists of the following: The Switching System (SS), where most call processing and subscriber related functions are implemented The Base Station System (BSS) where radio related functions are concentrated The Mobile Intelligent Network (MIN) which is the provider of customized subscriber services and service management A network management system in the form of the Operation and Maintenance System (OSS), for centralized network maintenance and operation A network planning tool, the Ericsson Engineering Tool (EET) for quick, convenient network planning on the radio end Gateway products like the Service Order Gateway (SOG) and Billing Gateway (BGW) for centralized subscriber data handling. The CME 20 / CMS 40 also has adjunct system parts: for example, it supports Message Centers, transport networks (Digital Cross Connect (DXX)) and microwave links.

AUC
Management Center

EIR

OSS
Gateway Products Network Management System

Other PLMNs HLR ILR

BGW MSC/VLR

PSTN

EET

SOG

PSPDN GSPDN
Base Station System

Network Planning Tool Network Management Products MIN Network

BSC

ISDN

BTS

BTS

BTS

SCP

GSM800

DCS1900

Purchase 1900

Figure 2-1. The CME 20/CMS 40 and its Different Groups

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The Switching System (SS)

The Switching System contains the following nodes: The Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC) performs telephony switching functions. A special Gateway MSC (GMSC) function co-ordinates traffic from other networks. Functions for switching, network interfacing, common channel signaling, toll ticketing, etc., are also included. The GSM Inter Working Unit (GIWU) for data communication is also implemented in the MSC. The Visitor Location Register (VLR) is a database containing information about all Mobile Stations currently located in the MSC area. The VLR is always integrated with the MSC. The Home Location Register (HLR) is a database that stores and manages subscriptions. It contains permanent subscriber data such as subscription types, subscribed services, and so forth. It also stores information about a subscriber's location. The HLR can be integrated in the same node as the MSC, or can be implemented as a separate node. The Interworking Location Register (ILR) offers roaming between mobile telephony systems complying with different standards. The possibility to offer intersystem roaming to subscribers gives operating companies a new, competitive edge. The ILR is a stand-alone node: it will be co-located only with an AMPS Authentication Center (AUC). The Authentication Center (AUC) provides authentication and encryption parameters required to assure Mobile Station (MS) user identity and to ensure call confidentiality. The Equipment Identity Register (EIR) is a database containing information about mobile equipment identities in order to prevent Mobile Station (MS) unauthorized use. (The EIR is often located in the same node as the AUC, but it can be implemented as a separate node.)

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The Base Station System (BSS)

The Base Station System contains the following nodes: The Base Station Controller (BSC) is a high capacity switch responsible for radio functions such as hand-over, managing radio network resources, and handling cell configuration data. It also controls radio frequency power levels in RBSs (BTSs), and Mobile Stations (or, mobile telephone handsets). The Base Transceiver Station* (BTS) is radio equipment needed to serve one cell (according to GSM). Radio Base Stations (RBSs), however, are the equipment needed to serve many cells. The traffic interface between the BSC and the BTS is the Abis interface. Typically, one MSC in the Switching System supervises one or more BSCs, which in turn can control a number of BTSs.

NOTES
CME 20 and CMS 40 has ETSI (CME 20) 32 channel a-law, and ANSI (CMS 40) 24 channel (-law ("bit-stealing") that serves BTSs at 900, 1800, and 1900 MHz (bit rates are 2 Mbit/s for CME 20 and 1.5 Mbit/s for CMS 40, respectively). The MSC/VLR, HLR, ILR, MIN as well as BSC are all AXE applications. The AXE is a flexibly applied, high capacity switch that is the basic building block in Ericsson Public Land Mobile Networks (PLMNs), Public Switched Telephone Exchanges (PSTNs), Public Data Networks (PDNs) and Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDNs). Using AXE technology gives network operators a proven telecommunication base when setting up their network and ensuring continued technical development in the system. Having system nodes AXE based also makes operation and maintenance easier, since the same maintenance skills that apply to AXE also apply to the MSC, HLR, the ILR, BSC, and SCP.

Mobile Intelligent Network (MIN)

The MIN is a concept consisting of all possible Intelligent Network (IN) nodes. MIN provides intelligent network services to cellular network users. It is also the foundation for service creation and management in the network. It lets the operating company to differentiate its services in the market. The MIN executes service logic and consists, among other nodes, of the Service Control Point , which is a vital MIN network node that can serve as a stand alone node or be integrated with the Service Switching Point (SSP), or stand separate from the MIN, altogether.

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Operation and Support System (OSS)

The Operation and Support System (OSS): a network management product and tool based on system node software making it possible to centralize operation, support, and management of a network. The basic functions can always be accessed from local operation and maintenance terminals. But higher level network administrative tasks can be performed from one or multiple Operation and Maintenance Centers (OMC), Network Management Centers (NMCs), or both, through the OSS. The OSS is necessary for efficient network management as the network rapidly grows. The OSS also provides functions for radio network configuration management, as well as network and radio traffic measurements, post processing, display, and report generation.

Ericsson Engineering Tool (EET)

The Ericsson Engineering Tool (EET): a software-based network management product that engineers use as a cell planning tool, and that can interface with the OSS. EET allows for planning and managing a radio networks resources.

Gateway Products
The Service Order Gateway (SOG): connects an operating companys Customer Administrative System (CAS) to the various system nodes. The Billing Gateway (BGW), which connects an operating companys Customer Billing System to the various system nodes.

Adjunct System Parts

GSM-based systems can access or use the following adjunct parts. Message Center: Different Message Systems can be connected to the network. The messaging system stores and passes on messages such as voice mail, fax mail, short text messages (GSM/paging), electronic mail, etc. Digital Cross Connect (DXX): Ericsson's DXX transport network solution is a highly flexible system of modular hardware and management software designed for quickly deploying and broadening public telecom transport networks. DXX is an ideal transmission solution for all mobile communications networks, whether they carry digital or analogue cellular, PCN or paging services. Microwave Links (Mini Link): Mini link (microwave) products are available for use with GSMbased systems. Mini links integrate completely with existing telecom (like wire line) networks, adding new levels of "short-haul" radio flexibility to networks, or point to point transmission of voice and data. Microwave links are easy to install, are flexible, and are reliable in all climates.

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Features
The cellular mobile telephone system provides communication to and from Mobile Station subscribers by providing various basic telecommunication services. Each system release (1.0, 2.0, etc.) witnesses an increase in new basic and optional functionality. Feature development is driven by customer demands and feedback. System development also incorporates product enhancements such as new hardware, network node integration, increased capacity, customer services, continuing staff education and training, and guaranteed system reliability.

System Capabilities
For the User
The system provides its users with an extensive set of services and facilities, such as: Roaming, or, a Mobile Station's ability to move freely throughout the entire service area, irrespective of the network operator. Integrated voice and data communication. Not only does the system give its users excellent mobile voice communication, it also enables data communication handling to and from Mobile Station subscribers. Security. Subscriber authentication, transmitted information encryption, and using temporary subscriber identities in the network protects the user against false call charges and ensures total privacy. (Security aspects of the system are catered to via equipment validity checking in the EIR.) An extensive set of Supplementary Services for call forwarding, call barring, multiparty conversations, and so on. The Short Message Service makes it possible to send a short text (alphanumeric) message to, or from, Mobile Stations. (The short message service can be viewed as an advanced form of alphanumeric paging.) A wide variety of Bearer Services (BSs) up to 9.6 kbit/s. In addition to normal call handling functions necessary to support the services and facilities just mentioned, the system also implements generic features like network wide hand-over. In order to ensure the connection continuity as a Mobile Station moves, an active call can be handed over between: Physical channels within one cell Cells controlled by the same BSC BSCs connected to MSC MSCs belonging to the service area.

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For the Operating Company

The system also ensures optimum performance and economy for the network operating companys staff: Operation and maintenance functions inherent in the MSC/VLR, HLR, and the BSC are virtually identical to the functions in a general AXE telephone exchange. These functions provide continuous exchange performance supervision and statistics collection, as well as automatic reconfiguration during restarts. Centralized network management for all system parts is available via the OSS, including dedicated applications for managing a network. Remote control and supervision of RBSs from the BSC (including software updates that decrease the need for RBS site visits) is also provided by the system. Submultiplexing and transcoding in the BSC minimizes the transmissions to Radio Base Stations, and so reduces costs. (Four voice channels are submultiplexed into one PCM channel.) Drop/Insert functionality and Digital Cross Connect (DXC) in RBSs makes it possible to connect numerous RBSs (BTSs) on the same 1.5 or 2.0 Mbit/s PCM path allowing for a very efficient and redundant transmission network topology. Discontinuous Reception (DRX) and Uplink Discontinuous Transmission (DTX). All paging requests are transmitted at predefined time intervals, allowing the Mobile Station to switch off the receiver between paging intervals. Additional battery power is saved with a voice activity detector that suppresses the handset's transmissions during speech pauses. Frequency hopping, Downlink Discontinuous Transmission (DTX), intra cell hand-over, and dynamic mobile and radio base station power control. These functions maintain cells' call quality levels as the number of subscribers grows in a network. Mobile Station subscriber activity supervision. A Mobile Station subscriber will automatically be pointed out and not paged if the subscriber has been inactive (or is in an idle state) or is beyond coverage for a certain time period. Such call supervision decreases the load on paging channels and instantly tells other networks the Mobile Station user cannot be reached. Charging for both voice and data traffic (including Short Message Services) is done on a per call basis using toll ticketing. Accounting functions collect and administer data needed for remuneration purposes between operating companies (that is, network operators).

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Telecommunication Services
Basic telecommunication services can be divided into two main categories: Teleservices and Bearer Services. These "basic services" are augmented by various Supplementary Services, such as call forwarding, call transfer, and so on. A Teleservice lets the MS subscriber communicate with another subscriber (usually voice, fax, and Short Message Services). A Bearer Service lets the MS subscriber send data (transmitting signals between two access points that provide an interface to the network). The system is also designed to enable operating companies to distinguish their services from the competitions using Ericsson innovative, or customer-defined, services based on Ericssons mobile Intelligent Network (IN) techniques. Mobile Intelligent Networks (MINs) let an operating company define personalized new services for delivery to Mobile Station subscribers in different customer segments (business, residential, etc.).

Teleservices
The system provides the following Teleservices: Telephony Emergency calls Dual Tone Multi Frequency Short Message Service, mobile originated/point to point Short Message Service, mobile terminated/point to point Automatic facsimile service Gr.3 in transparent mode

Telephony All subscribers are able to receive and originate calls independently of where in the entire service area they are located. Telephony is normally two-way voice communication between Mobile Station (MS) subscribers, and is the most fundamental service. Emergency Calls Emergency calls are initiated by dialing a simple emergency call procedure. An emergency call can be made without using a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card in the MS. If the subscriber uses the emergency function in the MS to set up the call, there is no called number to charge. DTMF Dual Tone Multi Frequency (DTMF) tone generation provides means to send digits from a Mobile Station to a remote end. By sending these digits an MS can request the services provided by the remote end. The digits are sent through the network in the form of tones. DTMF tones are not generated by the MS, but by the MSC/VLR due to distortion otherwise introduced by a speech coder.

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Short Message Service The Short Message Service (SMS) provides a means of sending text messages of limited size (containing up to 160 alphanumerical (that is, both text and number (characters) to and from Mobile Stations. The SMS makes use of a Service Center (SC), which acts as a store and forwarding center for short messages. The SMS comprises two basic services: Mobile terminated (from an SMSC to a Mobile Station). Mobile originated (from a Mobile Station to an SMSC).

Mobile Terminated SMS The mobile terminated SMS can transfer a short message from the SMSC to a Mobile Station. It also provides information about the delivery of the message. Information is either a delivery report, which confirms the delivery of the short message to the recipient, or a failure report, which informs the originator that the short message was not delivered, and the reason why. Mobile Originated SMS Mobile originated SMS will transfer a short message submitted by the MS to an SC. It will also provide information about the delivery of the short message either by a delivery report or a failure report. Interworking MSC for SMS (SMS-IWMSC) is an MSC capable of receiving a short message from within the PLMN and submitting it to the recipient SC. SMS-GMSC and SMS-IWMSC are located in all MSC/ VLR nodes. Cell Broadcast Short Message Another short message service type is the cell broadcast facility, where a short message is forwarded to all Mobile Station subscribers in a geographical area. Typical types of messages (93 characters or less) may include, for example, traffic delay warnings, bad weather ahead, etc., for boaters, surfers, or drivers, and so on. Automatic Facsimile Gr.3 The automatic (autocalling/autoanswering) fax Gr.3 in the transparent mode is supported by CME 20 / CMS 40. This means that fax connections may be established to or from group 3 apparatus. Bearer Services With a Bearer Service, the network provides a transmission path between two access points and also a user-to-network interface. The network will be responsible for delivering in one interface what was received in the other. Interworking attributes may be defined for the support of Bearer Services over transit networks. The system supports both transparent and non-transparent data services. A transparent data service is characterized by a fixed delay (no flow control seen or handled by the network and known user traffic throughput) and an error rate that may vary. A non-transparent data service includes the flow control and the Radio Link Protocol (RLP), which gives a variable delay, but a lower and more constant error rate over the radio interface.

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Within the network, all connections are circuit switched. This does not, however, prohibit circuit switched connections to be set up through the Packet Switched Public Data Network (PSPDN) access node in the network in order to utilize a packet switched connection to an end subscriber. This requires, though, a Packet Handler or similar resources within the fixed network. Data on Internet and Video Conferencing Connecting to private data networks or to the Internet directly from cellular networks is now frequent. The next step in data services will be to enable users to access two time slots within the Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) frame to double the data rate. Ericsson is already developing solutions for the data market that will offer multimedia and Internet connectivity. General Packet Radio Services (GPRS) will soon be available. Operators will also later be able to offer bandwidth on demand, dynamically allocating up to 8 time slots to meet 64 kbps user requirements. Using full bandwidth will permit services such as multimedia access, video conferencing, and CD quality sound. Traffic to PSTN or 3.1 kHz Services in ISDN Applicable data traffic to the PSTN will be modem and fax calls. For connections via PSTN, a modem is selected in the Interworking Unit (IWU) and so the information transfer capability will be 3.1 kHz. In case of incoming calls from a PSTN, multi-numbering is used for this selection. On the other hand, if the call is mobile originated, the selected service and modem used will be indicated in the bearer capability. The ISUP trunk will offer 3.1 kHz transmission media for modems and fax applications in the ISDN network. Traffic to PSPDN The PSTN can be used as a transit network for basic Packet Assembly/Disassembly (PAD) access (asynchronous services) or basic packet access utilizing an Access Unit (AU) (synchronous services) to the Packet Switched Public Data Network (PSPDN). Packet services utilize the bit-oriented synchronous non-transparent or transparent service. User data rates to be supported are 2400, 4800 and 9600 Kilobits per Second (kbit/s). Traffic to CSPDN The Circuit Switched Public Data Network (CSPDN) is reachable through PSTN or ISDN, but depends on the provision of interworking in these transit networks. Traffic Between MSs Data traffic inside the PLMN also must pass through the IWU to handle the V.110 protocol used for rate adaptation in the radio path. Basic PAD Service Access from an MS to a PSPDN is possible via a PAD in the switched telephone network. Rates between 300 and 9600 bit/s are supported. The basic PAD access refers to the use of existing PADs in the PSPDN via PSTN. The circuit switched asynchronous service is used for accessing a PAD outside the PLMN.

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Alternate Speech/Fax Service This service enables alternation between speech and fax within one call set up.

Supplementary Services
The Switching System supports a comprehensive set of Supplementary Services that can complement and modify Teleservices and Bearer Services. Supplementary Services can be activated by commands (operator) or by subscriber procedures (subscribers themselves). Supplementary Services lets the operator define certain services, as well as call restrictions under certain conditions throughout the mobile network. (Some examples are operator determined barring, regional subscription services, etc.) In order to be able to provide the MS subscriber with the ability to modify or interrogate Supplementary Services, the system needs some basic functions. These functions enable the subscriber to control which services they want to activate, deactivate, or interrogate among those they subscribe to. Subscribers can control Supplementary Services in order to register, erase, activate, deactivate, or make inquiries. Heres a short list: Call Forwarding Call forwarding lets the subscriber forward incoming calls to another number in any number of Mobile Station subscriber situations. (The calling party may be notified by a recorded announcement before the call is forwarded.) Call Restriction Call restriction enables the MS subscriber to prevent certain calls being made using their MS subscription. There are 2 different kinds of call restrictions: barring of outgoing calls and barring of incoming calls. Both of these prevent or allow local or international calls. (The calling MS subscriber is notified when a call is not permitted.) Advice of Charge The Advice of Charge (AOC) service lets an MS subscriber estimate a calls charge. AOC I (Information), is given to the user as information only, and AOCC (Charging) is for charging purposes. (AOC Supplementary Services constitute part of the MS subscriber data received from the HLR.) Call Hold Call hold lets a subscriber interrupt an existing call and subsequently resume the call, if desired. (Call hold applies to both Telephony and Bearer Services.) Call Waiting Call waiting lets an MS subscriber be notified about an incoming call even if busy. (The subscriber can subsequently either answer, reject, or ignore the incoming call.) The call waiting service applies to all services using a CSPDN connection (except for emergency calls and Short Message Services).

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Multiparty Service The multiparty service enables an MS subscriber to establish simultaneous communication between three, and up to six, other subscribers. An MS subscriber who is active on a call can, for example, hold that call, make an additional call to a third party, switch from one call to the other, or join the two calls together in a three way conversation. Calling Number Identification Presentation/Restriction These Supplementary Services supply the called party with the calling partys ISDN number. The restriction service lets the calling party restrict this presentation. The restriction takes precedence over the presentation. If the calling line identity cannot be delivered, reasons why are sent. Calling line identification restriction can be subscribed to permanently or temporarily. As a temporary service, it is possible to suppress the identity on a per call basis. Connected Line Identification Presentation/Restriction These Supplementary Services supply the calling party with the ISDN number of the actively connected party. The restriction service enables the connected party to restrict this presentation. Closed User Group The closed user group service enables MS subscribers connected to the PLMN/ISDN to form Closed User Groups (CUGs) - to and from which access is restricted. This lets a subscriber group telecommunicate between themselves. User to User Signaling User to user signaling lets an MS subscriber send or receive a limited amount of information to or from another subscriber over the channel.

Other Features
Operator Determined Barring Operator determined barring refers to means used by the service provider (for example, an operating companys client, such as a trucking company) to bar its MS subscribers (that is, their employees) from outgoing calls, for example, that are either local, international, premium rate, or are roaming outside a home PLMN. (Operator-specific barring and barring Supplementary Services are also enabled.) Regional Subscription Regional subscription restricts MS subscribers from roaming into certain location areas. This is a special kind of subscription that splits the home PLMN as seen by the subscriber into the subscription area and the rest of the home PLMN. Handling Unstructured Data Unstructured data handling allows end to end Supplementary Services operations between the MS and the HLR following specific operating company rules. These operations are sent transparently through the MSC/VLR, which supports the feature.

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Ericsson Innovative Features

Ericsson-developed, or innovative, features offer customers a service level beyond those allowed by basic network standards. A few are listed below. Single Personal Number The single personal number feature arranges efficient call forwarding to other networks when the Mobile Station subscriber cannot be reached in a network. A subscriber can be reached by one directory number even though the Mobile Station subscriber may have subscriptions many different networks. Immediate Call Itemization Immediate call itemization (also called "hot billing") is used when toll ticketing records copies for certain subscribers need to be sent immediately to the subscribers premises. This is done in order to bill a third party for using a handset rented from them, or for other reasons where it is necessary to have call data output quickly. Other innovative services include: Local Subscription Dual Numbering

Ericsson IN Services
IN services in Ericsson are often divided between mobile IN services and fixed IN services: but both are executed on the same platform. With Ericsson IN, services are no longer lines of software code, created, extended or modified to provide added functionality. Services are now built from easily understood functional modules (Service Independent Building Blocks, or "SIBs"). Design cycles no longer takes years. Only weeks and days are discussed from service concept to service realization. This is the Ericsson mobile "Intelligent Network" concept, and it is driven by user (operating company or their clients, or both) demands. Services can be customized using service scripts and end user control of service scripts is allowed. Created services can be given trial periods to test feasibility or popularity - or both. Due to the dynamic nature of Ericsson mobile IN, no complete list of subscriber services can be given. But a few services are listed below: Private Numbering Plans Private numbering plans allow user groups to define a common short code numbering plan, which they can use to simplify communication amongst themselves. Virtual private numbering plans can be created which encompass both fixed and Mobile Station subscribers. Other cellular virtual private numbering plans include originating call barring, terminating call screening, and Closed User Groups.

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Universal Access Number This service lets subscribers have only one access number for numerous locations. The number is independent of area codes. Additionally, this service can be used with freephone services. Account Calling This service (also known as Account Card Calling Service) lets a user call from any terminal in the network and have the call charged to their own account instead of the account of the terminal used. Universal Personal Telecommunications This service takes away the fixed relationship between the user and the line, telephone, or other MS to make a connection. Users of this service will have a universal personal telecommunications number. When the universal personal telecommunications number is dialed, the network will find out where the number is registered at the particular moment, whether the universal personal telecommunications number owner wishes to receive or make calls, forward them, and so on. Charging, subscription, and service profiles are all related to the universal personal telecommunications number. Premium Rate Premium rate makes it possible for an operating companys client to offer service users access to information via their MS handsets. In return, the service user pays a fee for the call that is higher than the fee for a normal call. (The fee is split between the client and the operating company). Freephone Services These involve businesses connecting to the mobile network and being prepared to pay the cost for all incoming calls to certain (such as advertised) numbers. There is also a personal freephone service, where the subscriber is allocated a special Personal Identification Number (PIN) which they then distribute to people they would like to have call them (for example, on business cards). Credit card calling access numbers with a PIN number make credit card calls possible, too. Personal Number Service The personal number service makes it easier for a person to be reached in a cellular network. The subscriber only needs one number (PIN). The personal number service then translates the PIN number dialed into the one most likely to find the subscriber, given their daily and weekly activities (known as their "profile"). A destination in another network (or a voice mailbox) can be selected if the call still fails to connect. Location Dependent Services These can be made from the Mobile Station subscribers location so that they can receive the correct information based on where they happen to be. (For example, traffic and tourist information could be always accessed via a single national number and the callers location used to provide very accurate local information on such matters.) National retail outlets, restaurant chains, car repair companies, and so on, could have a single number (universal access number) which uses the callers location to divert their calls to their nearest branch. Additionally, talking directories could provide the nearest service of interest to the caller. Economy Calls Using a pre-defined "cheap call area" and information about the callers location, a calculation can be applied to find out if the subscriber is calling from inside or outside this designated area. If the subscribers

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are outside the cheap call area, they can be warned that the call will be expensive, and they must affirm their intention to continue. (This service allows cellular operating companies to compete with fixed operating companies by charging fees similar to, or even below, fees charged by the fixed operating companies.) Service and Number Integration Between Networks (Flexible Routing) This can be offered in order to make the move from an analogue mobile network to a digital one easier, as the subscriber can retain their old number. (Intelligent routing between the two networks can be used to locate the subscriber and number translation can ensure that the correct subscription is reached.)

Network Functions
One of the most fundamental tasks in a mobile telephone system is to continuously keep track of where the MSs are located. This is a consequence of the need to route an incoming call to the MSC, BSC, and finally to the BTS that has the best possibility of establishing the radio path to the MS. Each subscriber is assigned a unique International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) when they enter a subscription. The IMSI is the piece of information that uniquely identifies the subscriber within the network. Consequently, the IMSI is used by the HLR and the VLR to keep track of the subscriber. Location Updating Location updating takes place in order to inform the location registers where in the network the MS subscriber is situated. Hand-over When a subscriber moves between adjacent cells during conversation, the call is automatically switched to the new cell. This changing to a new channel (in another cell) is referred to as hand-over. Hand-over can also take place during call set-up. Hand-over will take place irrespective of whether or not the new and old cells are served by the same BSC or MSC. Roaming The subscriber will be able to be reached and make calls wherever they are within the entire service area. This feature is called roaming. (The roaming feature depends on agreements made between neighboring operators.)

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Interfaces and Signaling

PSTN and ISDN Interfaces
ISDN User Part (ISUP) The signaling systems used between an MSC/VLR and the PSTN or ISDN are individually designed to meet the requirements of the exchange to which the MSCs are connected. The MSC is integrated in the fixed network as an ordinary fixed ISDN exchange. It has, for call set-up, the same interface as the fixed network exchanges. The signaling is done according to CCITT Telephone User part (TUP) or ISDN User Part (ISUP) Channel Associated Signaling (CAS) The CAS signaling system used between an MSC/VLR and the PSTN is standard register signaling MFC R2 digital, and the line signaling system based on CCITT R2 PCM. Signaling Within the Switching System The Mobile Application Part (MAP) provides the necessary signaling procedures required for information exchange between the MSC and the location registers, and between the MSCs. MAP uses Signaling System 7 (SS7) for transferring information; that is, Transaction Capability Application Part (TCAP), Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP) and Message Transfer Part (MTP). The Ericsson MAP is the enhanced version of MAP, as it enables information about Ericsson innovative services to be transferred through the network.

The A and Abis Interfaces

Base Station System Application Part (BSSAP) Signaling over the A-interface, or, between the Switching System and the Base Station System, is done by using the Base Station System Application Part (BSSAP). The Ericsson BSSAP is made according to GSM specifications. The amount of options in the specifications may require verification between different vendors equipment (some have been verified). There is also signaling over the Abis interface (that is, between the BSC and the RBS). Traffic management on a radio signaling link has also been implemented according to the GSM standard. RBS operation and maintenance is implemented using a proprietary Ericsson protocol giving additional functionality for (as an example) RBS configuration and error handling.

The Air Interface

See Figure 2-3. Signaling between the RBS and the Mobile Station takes place over the air interface (radio interface). The signaling uses a protocol hierarchy for Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) levels 1, 2, and 3, which is referred to as the Link Access Protocol on Dm (LAPDm) channel.

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ILR

Other PLMNs

MAP TUP ISUP

OSS
X25

X25

HLR

AUC

PSTN PSPDN

TUP MFC ISUP

MAP

EIR MSC/VLR
MAP TUP

CSPDN

ISDN

TUP IN ISUP

ISUP

MC
MAP

MIN
A

Other MSCs

Other VLRs

BSSAP

Air Interface

BSC
Abis

RBSs

Figure 2-2. GSM 900 / DCS 1800 / PCS 1900 Interface

System Capacity
The main part of the processor load is related to signaling load, the complexity of call set-ups, and advanced updating and registration procedures. A considerably smaller part of the processor load is call related, which means that the traditional call measuring unit, Busy Hour Call Attempts (BHCA), will not be clear-cut. All capacity figures are highly dependent on the traffic model assumed in the calculations: the call capacity will be unique per network and exchange, and Ericsson can perform capacity calculations for each specific case. A key factor behind the systems call success is MSC/VLR and BSC processing power. If subscribers in a specific area suddenly double, the load on the processors will be more than doubled. In any case, doubled subscriber density will require smaller cells, thus (for example) increasing hand-overs per call, and putting additional loads on the processors -especially in the BSC. The AXE central processor APZ 212, the most

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powerful processor in telephone switching today, enables operating companies to implement high capacity, multiple MSC networks in subscriber dense metropolitan areas. The smaller APZ 211 is cost efficient in small-to-medium sized systems, and can be used for portable combined MSC/BSC nodes located in rural areas or in temporary locations.

MSC/VLR Capacity
Ericsson MSCs are themselves high capacity switches. This is mainly due to the well-proven AXE system architecture in combination with high capacity AXE processors. MSC/VLR call capacity depends a great deal on a specific networks functionality and traffic mix. The traffic mix is based on operating companyspecific data regarding the network architecture, the function level, and Mobile Station subscriber behavior within the network. Each operating company has considerable influence on call capacity for their MSC. This influence depends on what APZ processor is used, an operators charging strategies, network functionality chosen, what kinds of Supplementary Services their users prefer, and parameters (authentication, IMEI check, triplet reuse, etc.).

HLR Capacity
HLR call capacity depends on these factors: Memory dependent factors are triplet amounts for storing in the HLR (depending on the AUC capacity to produce triplets in real time), whether or not backup memory for direct reload is used, and data amount per subscriber for storage (which increases when new services are introduced). Processing dependent factors are what APZ processor is used, the traffic model, the traffic intensity (for example, in many location update requests, the data amount per subscriber to be sent), how many times different kinds of services are used, and the mobile originating and mobile terminating call ratio.

ILR Capacity
The ILR is a high capacity node capable of supporting a large number of subscribers. This is achieved by using the well-proven AXE architecture with the high capacity processor APZ 212 20 (traffic handling is predicted to increase compared to APZ 212 10 and APZ 212 11). Like the HLR, the capacity of the ILR is dependent on a number of factors such as subscriber behavior and network configuration. Memory guidelines are based on an Ericsson GSM and AMPS traffic model, where the traffical behavior is taken from the GSM HLR and authentication and mobility are taken from an AMPS traffic model for Ericssons AMPS HLR.

BSC Capacity
Ericsson BSCs are based on the same high capacity APZ processors as the MSC, VLR and HLR. BSC hardware can be dimensioned according to actual traffic requirements. The maximum configuration serves up to 512 Transceiver Units (TRUs) in 512 cells. However, BSC capacity will be unique per customer and exchange. Traffic profiles (models) made for the various APZs used by CME 20/CMS 40 BSCs and MSC/VLRs and HLRs can be obtained from Ericsson.

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System Components
AXE
The AXE plays an important role in the system where nodes like MSC, BSC, and MIN, etc., are shown as being AXE "based.". See . AXE is used in PLMNs and PSTNs that support the system. Functions in these PLMNs and PSTNs are built from the same basic hardware units and use the same common software modules as AXE. The differences between the various applications are handled by additional software modules and sometimes by modified hardware units. The AXE system comprises a set of specified functions that are implemented as function blocks. A function block consists of hardware or software units performing a specific function. A related set of function blocks is described as an AXE subsystem, such as the Charging Subsystem (CHS) or the Mobile Telephone Subsystem (MTS). On the next higher structural level the subsystems form the AXE switching part (APT) and the control, or computer, part (APZ) in AXE. The APT switching system contains all subsystems dealing with traffic handling operation and maintenance, charging, and other switching oriented tasks. The APZ control system contains all control computers hardware and software units employed by the AXE system.

The Switching System

MSC/VLR, GMSC, and the Interworking Unit (IWU) The MSC is the system "heart". It handles call set up, call routing control, and call termination; manages inter MSC hand-over, Supplementary Services, and collects charging and accounting data. The VLR is a "visiting Mobile Station" database containing temporary information about all Mobile Stations served by an MSC. The MSC and VLR are always integrated in the same node. This is due to the extensive signaling between the two nodes for each call set up, which would otherwise place a very high load on the signaling link. The interface between the MSC and VLR is therefore completely internal within the AXE system. The MSC also has gateway functionality towards external Public Switched Telephone Networks (PSTNs). In this role, the MSC acts as a GMSC incorporating many AXE applications. The Interworking Unit (IWU) is integrated in the MSC and supports all data services offered by the system. (IWU consists of hardware and software.) The MSC can be combined with a BSC, and MSC, VLR, and HLR functionality can be completely integrated in the combined MSC/BSC node. HLR The HLR is a "home subscriber" data base responsible for all subscriber related data, whether "dynamic" data (temporary) like subscriber location or Supplementary Services; or permanent (subscriber numbers). The HLR also has a large call handling responsibility for terminating calls. HLRs guarantee flexible numbering plans and easier subscriber data administration handling.

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The HLR can be implemented as a "stand alone" node or can be integrated with the MSC/VLR. The HLR is itself a high capacity node equipped for high customer availability. As an integrated MSC/VLR/HLR node, it will be a suitable solution to small or beginning operators and easily fit into a possible combined MSC/BSC node. ILR The ILR consists of the AMPS Home Location Register (HLR), parts of the PCS 1900 Visitor Location Register (VLR) and interworking functions. When a PCS 1900 subscriber roams into an area where there is only AMPS coverage, the AMPS VMSC will, based on the analysis of the subscribers number, notify the ILR. The ILR is seen as an AMPS HLR from the AMPS networks point of view. The ILR will, in turn, notify the subscribers PCS 1900 HLR. This will cause the HLR to download the subscribers profile to the ILR and the ILR will map the subscribers PCS services into the corresponding AMPS services. The ILR then passes the subscribers profile on to the AMPS VMSC. The PCS 1900 HLR now considers the subscriber roaming in the ILR since the ILR is seen as a VLR from the PCS 1900 HLRs point of view. The ILR, however, knows the exact AMPS VMSC where the subscriber is located. Initial ILR versions will pertain only to AMPS users: PCS 1900 users will be accommodated later. AUC/EIR The AUC and the EIR can be regarded as databases within a PLMN. The AUC provides the HLR with authentication and ciphering (or, encryption) parameters (triplets). The basic EIR function is to prevent unauthorized Mobile Station (handset) use by checking their statuses against black, gray, and white equipment lists. The white list contains information about the allowed International Mobile Equipment Identities (IMEIs). The gray list contains information about suspected identities. The black list contains information about prohibited identities. The AUC and EIR are software products which run on a VAX computer platform. The AUC and EIR can be combined on the same computer platform.

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The Base Station System

Ericssons powerful Base Station System (BSS) concept makes optimum use of limited frequency spectra. To provide the best BSS solution, Ericsson uses a high capacity Base Station Controller (BSC) which serves a larger area, and allows more powerful intra BSC algorithms to be employed. The Ericsson locating and Hierarchical Cell Structure (HCS) algorithms ensure that traffic is distributed to the cell best capable of handling the call and can, in the case of single cell congestion, distribute the traffic to other cells with spare capacity with minimum impact on the end user. The Ericsson BSS also contains functions for fast, accurate, and reliable call hand-over to the correct cell or channel.

BSC
The BSC handles all radio-related functions in the system, and is the BSSs centerpoint. The BSC can manage the entire radio network, handling connections to Mobile Stations (and hand-overs); it administrates BTSs (RBSs), and handles the radio transmission network, as well as RBS remote control. An important reason for having a powerful BSC that can handle many RBSs is the need to use available radio resources efficiently (frequencies, time slots drop/insert, sound quality in the RBSs, etc.). When a large BSC controls a radio network, it can efficiently level out temporary imbalances in the traffic load. The BSC also helps supervise circuits towards the MSC and orders faulty circuits blocked. BSC transmission efficiency is one of the most important operating company concerns for reducing operation costs, and measures to reduce the amount of physical transmission links per site have been taken. Furthermore, half rate bolsters overall capacity. The BSC uses macrocells as overlaid and underlaid cells, and a microcell and umbrella cell combination. This allows handling fast moving vehicles with Mobile Stations in them in macrocells, serves "hotspots" where cells are overloaded with calls in microcells, and fills in hotspots with umbrella cell coverage. The best location for a BSC on the transmission path between MSC and the RBS varies from network to network. In many cases, using a combined MSC/BSC node will be an attractive solution for smaller operating companies. The large BSCs handle up to 512 cells (TRUs) and use a larger capacity APZ. The smaller combined MSC/ BSC is intended for lesser call capacity, will be portable, and is ideal for beginning mobile operating companies. (If a small operating company later purchases a large BSC, the combined MSC/BSC can be used as an adjunct to it - or as a transportable standby.) Transmission costs are lower in the combined MSC/BSC than in the large BSC due to shared premises for all the nodes (MSC/VLR/HLR, AUC/EIR, etc.), but measures to reduce the amounts of transmission links and bolstered overall transmission efficiency on the Abis interface have been made, in any case. Operation and maintenance costs are also low, as personnel requirements are fewer for the combined MSC/BSC.

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Radio Network Management

A radio network must be frequently reconfigured to accommodate subscriber growth (10,000 new customers entering a network per week can occur). With the introduction of a half rate speech coder, traffic capacity in the radio network is increased. The Ericsson BSC includes advanced functions for administrating the radio network (that is, cells and their logical channels). To provide a basis for reconfiguration decisions, statistics on the number of lost calls, successful/unsuccessful hand-overs, traffic per cell, etc., are continuously collected by the BSC. (These data can be more centrally accessed and processed in the advanced network configuration functions (for example, in the parameter consistency check function in the cellular network administration feature (using the Ericsson Operation and Support System.)

Handling Connections to Mobile Stations

During call set up, a logical channel is allocated to the connection, based on information about an available channels characteristics. When the connection has been established, signal strength and speech quality are monitored by the Mobile Station and the Transceiver Unit (TRU) and are reported to the BSC. The decision to initiate a hand-over of the connection can then be taken autonomously by the BSC. The BSC ensures good resource use by making the right decisions for the RBS regarding hand-over, etc.

Radio Base Station Management

Strict Ericsson RBS (BTS) transceiver orientation leads to a master/slave relationship between the BSC and the transceivers (that is, all major activities in the RBS are orchestrated by the BSC). The BSC sets TRU configurations and frequencies for each cell. The BSC thus receives a set of logical channels that can be allocated to connections with Mobile Stations. The TRUs are then supervised by internal software tests and loop tests on the speech path. A detected failure results in an automatic TRU reconfiguration, thereby keeping the logical channel set intact.

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Base Transceiver Stations (BTSs)

RBS
Two main RBS types are available for the CME 20/CMS 40: the RBS 200 family and the RBS 2000. Many types of Radio Base Stations (RBS) are available in these two groups. The differences between RBSs are mainly related to the frequency band, the number of TRUs, and to either indoor or outdoor placement. Table 2-2. System RBS Types Placement Indoor Placement GSM 900 RBS 200 RBS 2202 G (6 TRU) RBS 2101 G (2 TRU) RBS 2301 G (2 TRU) RBS 20 RBS 204 RBS 2101 G (2 TRU) RBS 2102 G (6 TRU) RBS 2103 G (6 TRU) RBS 2301 G (2 TRU) DCS 1800 RBS 205 RBS 2202 D (6 TRU) RBS 2101 D (6 TRU) RBS 2301 D (2 TRU) RBS 2101 D (2TRU) RBS 2102 D (6 TRU) RBS 2301 D (2 TRU) PCS 1900 RBS 2202 P (6 TRU) RBS 2101 P (2 TRU) RBS 2301 P (2 TRU) RBS 2101 P (2 TRU) RBS 2102 P (6 TRU) RBS 2301 P (2 TRU)

Outdoor Placement

Note: The suffix G means "GSM", the suffix D, "DCS", and P, "PCS". The main RBS functions are: Radio transmission, including frequency hopping Radio signal reception from Mobile Stations, including equalizing and diversity functions to compensate for fading effects Quality measurements. Measurements made by the MS of the downlink quality and the signal levels from surrounding RBSs are sent to the BSC. Uplink quality is also regularly reported to the BSC Time alignment measurements Transceiver and MS power control Multiplexing on the radio path, channel coding, interleaving, and encryption/decryption. Broadcasting system information and paging messages Receiving channel requests from Mobile Stations.

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Ericssons RBSs are TRU oriented (that is, they have minimal equipment common to a number of TRUs), thus achieving redundancy. A hardware fault at the radio site will just affect one TRU at a time. The RBS consists of a cluster of autonomous TRUs. The software stored in TRU RAMs is controlled, loaded, and upgraded from the BSC, thus eliminating the need for on-site RBS visits. This remote control capability also includes automatic tuning in the combiner in case frequency planning is changed. Strict transceiver orientation means that faults will be isolated per TRU and will not affect adjacent TRUs in the same RBS.

RBS 200
The RBS 200 functional units are: The Transmission Radio Interface (TRI), a switch that enables a very flexible cross connection between the BSC and several Transceiver Groups (TGs). The TRI extracts the time slots in the 2 Mbit/s circuit that are allocated to the units in the RBS (BTS) and forwards the remaining time slots to other equipment (for example, to the next RBS). The Transceiver Subsystem (TRS), which includes all radio equipment at the BTS (RBS) site. One or many TGs, which include all the radio equipment connected to one transmission antenna. Each group can have up to 16 transceivers connected to the same transmitter antenna and each transceiver can serve 8 full rate duplex channels. The RBS (BTS) has a motor driven transmitter combiner that combines signals from transmitters to one antenna. The combiner is self-tuning. The Local Maintenance Terminal (LMT) is used for on site operation and maintenance purposes. The LMT can be directly connected to each transceiver group in the field.

RBS 2000
See . The RBS 2000 supports numerous configurations for radio network planners (who are provided with a choice of RBS configurations allowing flexible system "roll out" options). RBS development in this regard for supporting micro and pico cell structures will continue with fast locating and hand-over to keep call connections intact for slow-moving Mobile Station users, such as pedestrians, as well as for MSs moving rapidly by in vehicles. shows two configurations that are possible with Ericsson RBSs.

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BSC

BSC

Figure 2-3. Two Possible BSC-RBS Network Configurations in CME 20 / CMS 40 Tree Configuration (Over) and Mashed (Bottom) The RBS 2000 is a compact RBS family that has a transport module with a transport element containing digital cross connect functionality. RBS 2000 installation is simple and quick (1 hour or less from installation to operation including handset test): RBS 2000 is thus a "turn-key" RBS solution. Due to RBS 2000 cost efficiency, it will be possible to consider using sector sites in rural areas where an omni-site would normally be the first choice. RBS 2000 maintenance is reduced due to having a single transceiver as the smallest Replaceable Unit (RU). Half rate speech channels are hardware-prepared, and will be available in RBS 2000 by upgrading software, only. The four main advantages with the RBS 2000 are: Low site ownership costs. Flexibility for different capacity needs. Being able to locate the RBS at a variety of sites. Being able to achieve a rapid network roll out.

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Functional units in the RBS 2000 are: Distribution Switch Unit (DXU), which provides a system interface to the 1.5 Mbit/s PCM link and cross connects individual time slots to selected transceivers. It also extracts synchronization information from PCM links and generates a timing reference for the RBS. The Transceiver Unit (TRU) is a single replacement unit for easy handling. The TRU includes all functionality needed for handling 8 time slots in one Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) frame, such as timing reference generation, signal processing, radio receiving and transmitting, and power amplification. Combining and Distribution Unit (CDU): is available in many types, and combines transmitted signals from various transceivers and distributes received signals to all transceivers. A Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) can be used optionally on receiving antennas in order to compensate for loss in the antenna feeder and to lessen receiver noise. Power Supply Units (PSU) are replacement units with defined interfaces. Battery back up (internal or external) may be connected to the PSU. The Energy Control Unit (ECU) controls and supervises all power equipment and regulates the environmental conditions inside the cabinet within prescribed RBS operating conditions.

Micro RBS
Ericsson is introducing a new RBS 2000 family member: the RBS 2301: a weatherproof GSM 900, DCS 1800, and PCS 1900 RBS. Through this Micro RBS, operating companies now have a cost-efficient solution for increasing channel capacity or coverage in limited areas (a Hierarchical Cell Structure with micro and macro base stations provides extra coverage, quality, and capacity as the hot spot micro cell networks evolve towards a very high capacity micro cell). This approximately 25-30 kilogram in weight RBS can support up to two transceivers, giving a total of 15 traffic channels. The cabinets low volume yields an impressive 15 liters per transceiver, or 3.3 liters per Erlang (subscriber). It provides a system interface to the 2/1.5 Mbit/s link and cross connects individual time slots to transceivers. The RBS 2301 is small, lightweight, and attractively encased, making it an ideal indoor RBS (pico) solution. It supports most CME 20 / CMS 40 software (observe that the first version does not support half rate).

Fixed Cellular Solutions

Radio access technology is a quick way for getting an operator digitally accessed. Fixed cellular consists of a complete overlay cellular network for accessing the PSTN. System functionality to support differentiation of services, access, priority, and charging is enabled. Fixed cellular allows new operators to compete with existing operators. Operators can modernize in a digital way, cheaply and quickly.

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Adjunct System Parts

Message Centers
The CME 20 / CMS 40 allows the use of different messaging systems. In order to guarantee system functionality, Ericsson is verifying the function of different vendors products. A message system should provide a multimedia messaging infrastructure that reaches mobile handsets, pagers, fax machines, etc. The system shall link with PSTNs, as well as PLMNs. A user should be able to store messages in the infrastructure, and then distribute these messages to other media. The message "kernel" is the platforms core: all message traffic flows through it. Messages can be stored in any media that is capable of such storage (from mobile handsets, computers, etc.). These messages can be communicated between different media (for example, mobile phone to computer, and vice versa). Switching between media (for example, from mobile phone to computer) while in, for example, a phone conference is also possible.

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