Chapter 8

CNS

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ORGANIZATION OF NERVOUS SYSTEM

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The Nervous System

Central Nervous System (CNS) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Brain

Spinal Cord

Motor Neurons

Sensory Neurons

Somatic Nervous System

Autonomic Nervous System

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

The Spinal Cord

Central Canal Gray Matter

Dorsal Root Dorsal Root Ganglion

White Matter

Dorsal Root

Peripheral Nerve

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DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN

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Embryonic Development

Forms as a tube! Ectoderm (skin, nervous system): neural tube by day 20 Part of ectoderm where fusion occurs becomes neural crest
which then forms PNS ganglia.

by 4th week:
Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain

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CNS

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Embryonic Development

(continued)

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TECHNIQUES

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Neurobiology: Neurons trying to understand themselves!

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We have mapped many functions to discrete parts of the brain.

Frontal Lobe

Parietal Primary Motor Primary Lobe Area Sensory Area Premotor leg Area trunk Sensory arm Association Higher Area Intellectual hand Functions Visual face Association tongue Area Speech Primary Language Motor Visual Comprehension Area Primary & Formation Area Auditory Area Memory Temporal Lobe Occipital Lobe

The Cerebral Cortex

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Info comes from

Surgeries Accidents Illness Anatomy (autopsies) Open brain studies Animals Live Imaging

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Imaging
CAT scans: soft tissues xrays PET scans: positron emitting fluid glucose metabolism, blood flow. MRI and fMRI blood flow magnets spin protons, radio waves are emitted

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Imaging
NOTE: PET and MRI look at blood flow what might they be missing?!

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PET
Stroke Damage

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Live imaging

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Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Summation of brains electrical activity. Used clinically to diagnose epilepsy and brain death.

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STRUCTURES OF THE BRAIN

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CNS
CNS = Brain plus spinal cord - Gray matter consists of neuron cell bodies and dendrites. - White matter (myelin) consists of axon tracts. - Ventricles - CSF secreted by meninges, cushions brain - Skull protects - No pain sensors! - Blood-brain barrier.

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CNS
Cell bodies in CNS: nuclei Cell bodies in PNS: ganglia Nerves: bundles of axons!

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Brain myths

We use only 10% of our brains. Its all downhill after a certain age.

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Brain facts

We are concious of only a small percentage of what the brain knows! Its not the size, its the connections!

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Things you can do without a brain

Your gut has a mind of its own (enteric nervous system) Reflex arcs.

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Brain

100 billion neurons. 10x more glial cells! Weighs about 1.5 kg, uses 20% of blood flow.

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Brain

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Brain
Prosencephelon (Forebrain) Telencephalon (cerebrum) Diencephelon (thalamus, hypothalamus) Mesencephalon (Midbrain) Rhombencephalon (Hindbrain) Metencephalon (pons, cerebellum) Myencephalon (medulla)

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Brain

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BRAINS
Embryonic
Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain

Shark Goose Human

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FOREBRAIN

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CEREBRUM

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Cerebrum
Telencephalon= cerebrum Largest portion of brain (80% mass). Responsible for cognitive mental functions. Five lobes. Cortex (2-4 mm of gray matter) White matter and basal nuclei (gray)

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Cerebrum

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Cerebral Cortex
Cerebral cortex: Characterized by numerous convolutions. Elevated folds: gyri. Depressed groves: sulci.

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Cerebral lobes

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Cerebrum
Central sulcus= between frontal and parietal lobes.

Frontal lobe:
precentral gyrus: motor neurons.

Parietal lobe:
Poscentral gyrus: somatesthetic sensation (cutaneous touch, pain, heat, muscles and joints). MAP of motor and of sensory control (homunculus)

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Cerebral Cortex

(continued)

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Cerebral Cortex

Temporal lobe:
auditory centers that receive sensory fibers from cochlea. Interpretation and association of auditory and visual information.

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Cerebral Cortex
Occipital Lobe:
Primary area responsible for vision and coordination of eye movements.

Insula:
Implicated in memory encoding. Integration of sensory information with visceral responses. Coordinated cardiovascular response to stress.

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Cerebrum
Basal Nuclei gray matter located deep within white matter. Corpus striatum
Functions in the refinement of voluntary movements. Parkinsons: degeneration of neurons that connect caudate nucleus to substantia nigra of midbrain

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Cerebrum

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Language
Aphasia: speech and language disorder due to head injuries and strokes. Speech impediment: vocal cord or tongue injury.

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Language
Brocas area: articulation of speech. Damage: slow to speak, comprehension is fine Wernickes area: language comprehension. Damage: rapid speech, word salad To read, hear words: visual, auditory -> Wernickes (concept of words) To speak: Werknickes -> arcuate fasciculus -> Brocas -> motor

Angular gyrus: Center of integration of auditory, visual, and somatesthetic information.

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Emotion and Motivation

Hypothalamus/ limbic system. Limbic system:
Includes amygdala and hippocampus, (and cingulate gyrus and fornix) smell

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Emotion and Motivation

Rage, aggression:
Amygdala and hypothalamus.

Fear:
Amygdala and hypothalamus.

Feeding:
Hypothalamus (satiety centers).

Sexual drive and behavior:

Hypothalamus and limbic system.

Goal directed behavior (reward and punishment):

Hypothalamus and frontal cortex.

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Memory
Many structures, including: Medial temporal lobe: Hippocampus Prefrontal cortex

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Memory
Consolidation of short-term memory into longterm memory.
Requires activation of genes.
growth of dendritic spines.

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Long-Term Potentiation
synaptic learning.
Change in excitability.

Hippocampus (in medial temporal lobe) Glutamate is NT. NMDA receptors (Ca++ channels), postsynaptic changes NOS -> NO -> retrograde messenger-> presynaptic changes

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Diencephalon

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Thalamus
Thalamus:
Acts as relay center through which all sensory information (except olfactory) passes to the cerebrum.
Lateral geniculate nuclei:
Relay visual information; stripes!

Medial geniculate nuclei:

Relay auditory information.

Epithalamus contains:
Choroid plexus where CSF is formed. Pineal gland which secretes melatonin (circadian rhythms).

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Hypothalamus
Contains neural centers for hunger, thirst, and body temperature. Contributes to the regulation of sleep, wakefulness, emotions, sexual arousal, anger, fear, pain, and pleasure. Stimulates hormonal release from anterior pituitary. Produces ADH and oxytocin. Coordinates sympathetic and parasympathetic reflexes.

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Pituitary Gland
Posterior pituitary:
Stores and releases ADH (vasopressin) and oxytocin.

Hypothalamus produces releasing and inhibiting hormones that are transported to anterior pituitary.

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MIDBRAIN

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Midbrain
Visual, auditory reflexes
See out of corner of eye, move head; startle at a sound

Substantia nigra:
motor coordination, Parkinsons

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HINDBRAIN

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Hindbrain
Hindbrain: connects spinal cord to rest of brain. Metencephalon:
Pons:
Connects other parts. several nuclei associated with cranial nerves respiratory centers.

Cerebellum:
little brain Receives input from proprioceptors (joints, muscles, tendons). Refinement/coordination of movement.

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Hindbrain
Myelencephalon Medulla (oblongata) All descending and ascending fiber tracts between spinal cord and brain pass through it. Vital centers: control of breathing, heart, blood vessels.

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RAS
Reticular Activating System (reticular formation) network of nuclei and nerve fibers within hindbrain (medulla, pons), midbrain, forebrain (thalamus and
hypothalamus).

Maintains wakefulness and alertness Turned off (by hypothalamus) to sleep Anaesthesia, alcohol, tranquillizers Coma

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Continue to engage the RAS and onto lab!