High Power Antenna Design for Lower Hybrid Current Drive in MST

M.A. THOMAS*, D.R. BURKE, J.A. GOETZ, M.C. KAUFMAN, and S.P. OLIVA University of Wisconsin-Madison

RFP Benefits from Current Profile Control

Antenna Power Flow

Resistive MHD computation (DEBs code) shows reduced tearing

Redesigned Impedance Matching Section

Modelling Full Antenna

Exploded View of High Power Antenna

Instrumentation flange Vacuum flange Power feedthroughs

Klystron Beam Power Supply is Being Upgraded for 300 kW Operation

Schematic of 100 kV Pulse Forming Network

Inductor Simulation & Testing

Brooks coil inductors (air core) have been constructed Output voltage waveform is in agreement with simulation
0 -10 Load Voltage [kV] -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 10

Counter-current launch

Co-current launch

3 k

3 k VA 955 klystron

Glassman -125kV 30mA Power Supply CROWBAR 1000

SWITCH

SPICE simulation @ 100 kV L = 4.4 H

ad hoc force near reversal surface to mimic parallel current healed flux surfaces appear in the core inductive current profile control (PPCD) shows increased Te, e, decreased fluctuations, and > 100 keV x-rays rf waves (LH and EB) are accessible, despite overdense plasma (pe2 / ce2 >> 1) Variation in coupling with plasma density and power input Good power coupling, ~ 1 - 5% remaining at output port

Load Voltage [kV]

3D electromagnetic simulation using CST Microwave StudioTM

simple model to match impedance of interdigital line to 4 cm diameter feeds larger coaxial feed requires addition of third transition element

k = .10

k = .16

k = .16

k = .16

k = .11 4.4 H 370 mH

0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 0

Problems generating efficient mesh due to range of scales (300:1) working with CST to address the problems end elements will be tunable to correct for curvature effects

Impedance matching section Front cover with aperture Radiating elements with power sampling loops underneath Radiating elements & impedance matching detail
1000

2.3 H

1.9 H

1.9 H

2.0 H

2.0 H

2 mF

2 mF

2 mF

2 mF

2 mF

2 mF

1.4 k 2 mF

Pulse Testing @ 93kV L = 4.4 H

Work Supported by U.S.DoE Contracts DE-FG02-96ER54345 & DE-FG02-05ER54814 *Presently at TomoTherapy, Incorporated

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15 Time [ms]

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Abstract
Rf current drive has been proposed as a method for reducing the tearing fluctuations that are responsible for anomalous energy transport in the RFP. A system for launching lower hybrid slow waves at 800 MHz and n|| ~ 7.5 is now in operation at 80 kW on MST. The antenna is an enclosed interdigital line using /4 resonators with an opening in the cavity through which the wave is coupled to the plasma. Although present operation is limited by available transmitter power, a new antenna has been developed for higher power capability. Design improvements include larger vacuum feedthroughs, better impedance matching, and rf instrumentation on all resonators. Full instrumentation will allow more detailed power deposition measurements. The goal is a modular design which can handle 300 kW per antenna and presents a VSWR of 1.4 or better without external tuning.

LH Waves for Current Drive in MST

LH waves used for current drive and heating Ray tracing (GENRAY) and Fokker-Planck (CQL3D) calculations performed deposition controlled by n||, , and launch location predicted efficiency is relatively high

High Power Antenna Design

Input VSWR Design Goal Satisfied

Full Instrumentation of High Power Antenna

High Power Antenna Ready for Installation

50

SPICE Simulation of 100 kV PFN

LHCD Plans

S-Parameter Magnitude

VSWR 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1

40

Increase power handling capability to ~ 300 kW

[dB]

20 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 760 780 800 820 840 Frequency [MHz] S21 S11
STUDIO

300 kW system operational in spring 2006 third generation antenna ready for installation pulse forming network under construction Coupling and loading measurements at moderate power ( 300 kW) antenna and wave propagation studies to confirm correct wave wave-plasma interaction studies (with improved x-ray detection) CQL3D used to help interpret results Extend studies to > 500 kW antenna optimization estimate current drive efficiency density limit, fast electrons, etc. Design and implement 1 - 2 MW LHCD experiment to reduce fluctuations

larger vacuum feedthrough longer impedance-matching section Achieve VSWR < 1.4 remove need for external tuning better directivity Improve instrumentation vector measurement of each antenna element better calibration of loops density measurement with Langmuir probes

Load Voltage [kV] 795 800 805 Frequency [MHz] 810

30

20

edge current drive

P [W / cm3]

core heating

1.0 790

10

Simulation shows good feed impedance match with 3-element design low reflection over wider bandwidth than with a 2-element design external tuners, used on previous antennas, should be unneccessary dummy load has VSWR = 1.05 Rf sampling loop in cavity backplane for each antenna element amplitude and phase calibration will be done prior to final assembly will allow for improved power flow, phase, and damping length measurements

-10 0

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time [ms]

Lower hybrid antenna awaiting: end limiter tile installation & Langmuir probe wiring final cleaning installation into MST
initial HV pulse length of 30 ms; can be increased to 50 ms PFN can drive second tube when available for > 500 kW total power

Experimental Status
Second generation LHCD antenna has been operated in MST for over 2 years (see Kaufman, BP1.00053) antenna now routinely operated at 80 kW input power (limit of transmitter) plasma loaded dispersion of slow wave structure measured antenna loading measured with and without BN limiter

Interdigital Line Antenna Concept

New Vacuum Feedthrough

Good Directivity on Slow Wave Structure

1.4 Rod voltage [arb] 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 790 Rod Phase Difference [degree] -60 -70 -80 -90 -100 -110 -120 790 795 800 805 Frequency [MHz] 810
1 2 3 4 5

Edge Density Measurement & Control

Langmuir probes are embedded in the end limiter tiles

S-Parameters of Antenna Measured

10 S-Parameter Magnitude S11 S21 0 [dB] -10 -20 -30 -40 740

PFN Construction Underway

Ignitron Switch Stack Brooks Coil Inductor (Air Core) 100 kV Capacitor

Summary

80 kW travelling wave LH antenna operational on MST Power handling and coupling to plasma improved

760

780 800 820 Frequency [MHz]

840

860

HXR produced - generation mechanism under study coupling improved in enhanced confinement plasmas Interdigital Line Detail Antenna for 300 kW operation ready for installation vacuum feedthrough diameter increased from 2 to 4 cm redesigned impedance matching section for larger coaxial feeds rf instrumentation on all radiators with improved calibration Power supply being constructed for 300 kW system higher voltage and longer pulse-length Traveling wave design produces slow wave with n|| ~ 7.5 and E || B rf power is fed through coaxial ports impedance matched to end elements and rods wave launch direction is reversed by interchanging driven and terminated ports

4 cm and 2 cm copper and alumina coaxial vacuum feedthroughs

feedthrough manufacturing in furnace

1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5

2.0

300 kW antenna ready for installation

VSWR

Antenna loading can be altered with a localized gas puff

1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2

100 kV power supply under construction

Larger power feeds for next antenna to increase power handling 2 cm design operates successfully at 80 kW (250 MW / m2) 4 cm feed should allow for > 300 kW operation in-house large vacuum furnace constructed for brazing new feedthroughs

795 800 805 Frequency [MHz]

810 Port 1 Feed

1.0 790

Linearity of dispersion improved over present antenna lower amplitude ripple along interdigital line achieved wideband match with 3-element design reduces phase ripple
Port 2 Feed

795 800 805 Frequency [MHz]

810

Crowbar Diode Stack Capacitors and inductors tested Ignitron switch and crowbar operational Mounting superstructure construction beginning

Goal of VSWR 1.4 well satisfied Fine tuning of rod spacing performed

Conduction Pipe

Puff Valve

External tuning should not be required