Line Codes

On-off signaling

Nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ)

Return-to-zero (RZ)

Bipolar return-to-zero (BRZ)

Split-phase (Manchester Code)

Differential encoding

Line Codes

Line Codes
On-off signaling: symbol 1 is represented by transmitting a pulse of constant amplitude for the duration of the symbol, and symbol 0 is represented by switching off the pulse Non-return-to-zero (NRZ): symbols 1 and 0 are represented by pulses of equal positive and negative amplitudes. Return-to-zero (RZ): symbol 1 is represented by a positive rectangular pulse of half-symbol width, and symbol 0 is represented by transmitting no pulse. Bipolar return-to-zero (BRZ): Positive and negative pulses of equal amplitude are used alternatively for symbol 1, and no pulse is used for symbol y 0. A useful p property p y of BRZ signaling g g is that the p power spectrum of the transmitted signal has no DC component, and relatively insignificant low-frequency components for the case when symbols 1 and 0 occur with equal probability.
Line Codes 2

Line Codes
Split-phase (Manchester Code): symbol 1 is represented by a positive pulse followed by a negative pulse, with both pulses being of equal amplitude and half half-symbol symbol width. For symbol 0, the polarities of these two pulses are reversed. The Manchester code suppresses the dc component and has relatively insignificant low-frequency components, regardless of the signal statistics. Differential encoding: a transition is used to designate symbol 0, whereas no transition is used to designate symbol 1. It is apparent that a differentially encoded signal may be inverted symbol 1. 1 It is apparent that a differentially encoded signal may be inverted without affecting its interpretation. The original binary information is recovered by comparing p g the p polarity y of adjacent j symbols y to establish whether or not a transition has occurred. The differential encoding requires the use of a reference bit.

Line Codes

Line Codes
Differential encoding: The encoded differential data are generated by
en = d n en 1

where is a modulo 2 adder or exclusive OR gate (XOR) operation. The received encoded data are decided by where the tilde denotes receiving-end data
 =e n e n 1 d n

Line Codes

Example of Differential Coding

Encoding:
Input sequence Encoded sequence dn en 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

Reference digit

Decoding (with correct channel polarity):

Received sequence Decoded sequence
n e  d

0 1

1 1

1 0

0 1

0 0

0 0

1 1

Decoding (with inverted channel polarity):

Received sequence D d d sequence Decoded
n e

1 1

0 1

0 0

1 1

1 0

1 0

0 1
5

 d n

Line Codes

Differential Coding
Each digit in the encoded sequence is obtained by comparing the present i input bit bi with i h the h past encoded d d bit. bi A binary bi 1 is i encoded d d if the h present input bit and the past encoded bit are of opposite state, and a binary 0 is encoded if the states are the same. This is a great advantage when the waveform is passed through thousands of circuits in a communication system and the positive sense of the output is lost or changes occasionally as the network changes, such as switching between several data paths.

Line Codes