Leadership and Motivation

Leadership

Meaning and importance

Leadership qualities
Leadership theories
Leadership styles
Managerial grid

Motivation

Meaning and definition

Motivational factors
Theories of Motivation
 Leadership

Leadership is the process of influencing and supporting

others to work enthusiastically towards a common
goal/objective

Importance of Leadership:

• Motivating employees
• Creating confidence
• Building morale
• To introduce change
• To represent employees
• To exercise coordination
 Leadership Qualities

Personal Traits: Managerial Traits:

Confidence Knowledge of aspects of

Initiative management
Innovation Technical Knowledge
Communication skills Administrative ability
Intelligence
Decisiveness
Foresight
Responsible
Empathy
 Leadership Theories

Trait theory:

• It advocates the thought that there are a few traits that

identify a leader from a non leader

• The traits can be innate (natural) or acquirable

• Innate traits include: Physical features, intelligence,

emotional stability, human relations, empathy,
objectivity, motivating skills, technical skills,
communicative skills, social skills
Situational Theory:

Importance is given to the situation in which leadership is

exercised

Here, the effectiveness of leadership is directly dependent

on the factors of the leader as well as the factors of the
situation

The situational factors can be: sub ordinate’s

characteristics, leader’s situation, group factors,
organisation factors like climate, culture etc.
Behavioral theory:

• Researchers Katz, Maccoby and Morse came to a

conclusion that leaders need to perform 2 major
functions:

5) Task related functions

7) Group maintenance functions (Social functions like

mediating disputes etc)
Fiedler’s contingency model

• Identified leadership styles on two dimensions: Task

directed style
• and human relations style

• Task directed styles is where the leader derives

satisfaction out of task performance

• Human relation style is concerned with achieving good

interpersonal relations

• He concluded that the concept of an ‘ideal leader’ was

baseless
Path Goal Model:

• This model attempts to predict the leadership

effectiveness

• The main function of a leader is to clarify and set goals

with sub ordinates, to help them find best path to
achieve goals and remove obstacles in their
performance

• The leader will adopt a different leadership style based

on the situation

• Leadership styles are participating, supportive,

directive and achievement oriented
 Leadership Styles

• Autocratic:

No communication with sub ordinates, takes decisions

and gives orders, workers work under fear and stress,
does not entertain questions by followers

• Democratic/participative:

Empathy, respects employees, good listener, delegates

authority, believes in participative management, open
to suggestions, flexible, attracts loyal sub ordinates
• Laissez-faire:

Passive leader, freedom to subordinates in decision

making, limited guidance by the leader, no motivation
or encouragement provided, indifference towards
responsibilities as a leader

• Functional/Intellectual:

Expert with sound technical knowledge, gets respect

from subordinates due to intellect, gives correct
guidance to employees, considers problems and judges
on merit
• Bureaucratic:

No innovation and flexibility, function strictly within

the framework of organisational rules and regulations,
mechanical decision making, delays in functions

• Situational:

Adjusts his style according to the situation, studies the

situation before adopting the style, which can range
from dictatorship to democracy, flexibility, result
oriented, combination of many types of leadership
 Managerial Grid

• Studies leader behaviour and its impact on groups

• Considers two factors: Concern for production and

Concern for people

• A leader’s style is combination of both factors, which

are represented on a grid

• Out of 81 possible combinations of these factors, 5 are

illustrated (1.2, 1.9, 5.5, 9.1, 9.9)
 Motivation

• Motivation is the act of stimulating someone or oneself

to get a desired course of action

• It is needed to raise the morale of the employees,

retain the existing employees, reduce absenteeism,
improve employee performance on the job etc

• Motivational factors or stimulators can be monetary or

non monetary in nature
 Monetary factors

The monetary factors motivate an employee to a large

extent. But after a certain point, money stops motivating
employees. Hence, these factors need to be supported by
non monetary factors of motivation too.

Some of the common monetary incentives:

• Attractive pay package/wages

• Bonus, liberal incentives
• Allowances (LTA, overtime, medical etc)
Some of the common non monetary incentives:

• Job security
• Job enrichment
• Recognition for good work
• Delegation of authority
• Fair opportunity to excel
• Fair treatment by management
• Congenial working conditions
• Designation and status
 Theories of Motivation

Traditional Theories

3. ‘Be Strong’ theory - Believes that fear and punishment

drive workers towards efficiency

5. Efforts and rewards theory - Based on the piece rate

system of wage payment

7. Monastic theory - Assumes that workers are motivated

by money alone

9. Carrot and stick theory - Believes that workers are

motivated by rewards as well as fear of punishment

11.Paternalistic theory - Managers are fair and firm and

are responsible to fulfill all the job related needs of the
employees
Modern Theories

3. Maslow’s theory of motivation - It states the different

human needs and their hierarchy. The theory explains
the hierarchy of human needs in form of a pyramid,
starting from physiological needs to self actualisation
needs

5. McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y - The theory refers

to traditional approach to management at Theory X and
the professional approach as Theory Y. It defines the
two theories on the assumptions made about
human/employee nature by both the approaches

7. Herzberg’s two factor theory - The theory states that

attitude of the people towards their work is related to
two factors-hygiene factors and motivating factors