DESCRIPTIVE - instrumental scale of seismic activity by. Assoc. Researcher Eng. Dr.

Ivan Daskalov

Continuous history of human striving to reduce the severe consequences of earthquakes is closely related to how to determine their seismic impact (intensity). Currently this is done by the instrumental magnitude scale of Richter and by descriptive parts of the scales of intensity that has 12 degrees. Only Japanese scale Omori has seven degrees. Comparing the different scales of intensity is found that with the exception of Japan in the other scales there are a substantial overlap (1). Practically the first stage of Japan covers grades I and II of the twelfth stage, the seventh grade, respectively, XI and XII, while others have an appropriate overlap. In principle the Richter scale shows by conventional units the separate seismic energy in the epicenter and the other defines the degree of intensity on the surface of earthquake. Using magnitude on the Richter gives a relatively realistic picture of the seismic intensity only in epitcentral area where soil conditions and depth of the seismic outbreak are equal. In other cases, the results cant further be used as defined magnitude is constant and independent from the hypo-central distances and soil conditions on building sites. Analysis of the descriptive parts of other scales indicates that they are elaborated after the systematization of a large number of observations associated with the reaction of people, damage to buildings and environmental impact. Because of their subjectivity these scales are continually adjusted and supplemented. When searching for a link between levels and registered physical quantities mainly paying attention to the maximum accelerations, velocities and amplitudes of displacement. It was found that a relatively close relationship in this direction is observed when using the speed of movement (2). However, the obtained results are not necessary for the practice accuracy. Therefore, to determine intensities on the surface are still used only descriptive parts of relevant scales. Physical and mechanical point of view of seismic waves represents the process of transfer of deformation. It follows that the magnitude of these deformations on concrete construction sites most fully characterizes the seismic effects on them. Seismic waves undergo a dynamic terrain loading and unloading. According to wave mechanics, the relative deformations in this case are determined by the expression: E=V/Cp Where: E is the relative deformation in dynamic loading and unloading. V is the velocity of movement, m / s. Cp speed of spreading of longitudinal elastic waves, m / s. From the expression (1) follows that only the registration of transfer speed is a necessary but not sufficient condition for determining levels of seismic effects (intensity). Instrumental and visual observations strongly suggest that in identical hipo-central distances and magnitude of earthquake, seismic impacts very substantially depend on the specific soil conditions on site. This is clearly illustrated by the different speeds of propagation of longitudinal elastic waves in the ground. Mainly for this reason in the rock sections relative deformations are much smaller than those in non rocky soil. Numerous studies indicate that the relationship between levels of seismic effects and relative deformation is the type: (1)

I = 3,3219 lgE + 19,2876

(2)

Where: I was the degree of seismic effects (intensity) in twelfth-degree scales (MM, MSK-64, EMS-98)

Description instrumental scale of the seismic activity By Assoc. Researcher Eng. Dr. Ivan Daskalov www.dinamin.net

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Comparison of results taken throughout the last 40 years in Sweden with results established here

Velocity of movement, mm/s 9 13 18 18 25 35 35 50 70 30 55 100 40 80 150 60 115 225

Speed of spreading of longitudinal elastic waves, mm/s 1000- 1500 1000-1500 1000-1500 2000-3000 2000-3000 2000-3000 4500-6000 4500-6000 4500-6000 1000-1500 2000-3000 4500-6000 1000-1500 2000-3000 4500-6000 1000-1500 2000-3000 4500-6000

Result for typical residential buildings no visible cracks no visible cracks no visible cracks no visible cracks no visible cracks no visible cracks no visible cracks no visible cracks no visible cracks small cracks in plaster, crumbles small cracks in plaster, crumbles small cracks in plaster, crumbles visible cracks visible cracks visible cracks serious cracks serious cracks serious cracks

Relative deformation acording to expression (1) 9,00-6-6,00-6 1,30-5-8,00-6 1,80 -1,20

-5 -5

Degree of seismic impact according to expression (2) 2,52-1,94 3,05-2,47 3,53-2,94 2,53-1,94 3,00-2,41 3,48-2,90 2,31-2,41 2,83-2,41 3,31-2,90 4,26-3,68 4,14-3,55 3,83-3,41 4,68-4,09 4,68-4,09 4,24-4,00 5,26-4,68 5,20-4,62 5,00-4,58

9,00-6-6,00-6 1,25 -8,33

-5 -6

1,75-5-1,17-5 7,78 -5,83

-6 -6

1,11-5-8,33-6 1,55 -1,17

-5 -5

3,00-5-2,00-5 2,75 -1,83

-5 -5

2,22-5-1,67-5 4,00 -2,67

-5 -6

4,68-5-2,67-5 3,33 -2,50

-5 -5

6,00-5-4,00-5 5,75 -3,83

-5 -5

5,00-5-3,78-5

Description instrumental scale of the seismic activity By Assoc. Researcher Eng. Dr. Ivan Daskalov www.dinamin.net

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Despite substantial overlap analysis in the twelfth degrees scales showed that the most complete systematization of signs to determine effects of the turmoil on the ground, is seen in the scale MSK-64 and its supplements. After connecting descriptive parts of this scale of instrumental defined relative deformations caused by seismic waves then the scale becomes a descriptive tool and as a means MSK-64 D (deformation). Due to the fact that natural and technogenic earthquakes have common large upper in-variants fully applies to them (3). After comparison with that used in Japan seven-stage scale in basis of which is that of Omori, the relationship between intensities and instrumentally recorded relative deformations yield the approximate form:

I = 2,222 lgE +12,555 (3) where: I was the degree of seismic effects (intensity) in seven-stage scale used in Japan.

Special practical interest is the comparison of the link, according to the expressions (1) and (2) with published dimensions conducted in the last 40 years in Sweden (4). So the first part of Table 1 are given the recommended speed of movement in different soil conditions characterized by the magnitude of the speeds of movements in different soils conditions, characterized the velocity spread value longitudinal elastic waves and observed damage in the typical residential buildings. In second part of the table are shown the results obtained under the expressions (1) and (2) upon the same sources. Although data from the first part of the table are represented in the widely observed margins there are lack of visible cracks in buildings to 3.53 degree, to the extent that small cracks 4.26, cracks visible to the extent and serious cracks 4.68 to 5.26 degrees. There is a clear full convergence of designated levels of seismic effects in the descriptive parts of twelve-stage scales. It should be noted that results obtained under the expressions (1) and (2) are significantly more detailed and correspond more fully with the descriptive parts of twelve-stage scales.

Descriptive-received instrumental scale has already successfully used to determine levels of seismic effects in the expected intensification of seismic focuses and regulation on the Richter magnitude of shocks to technogenic to safety level. Based on that new methodological approach is proposed for zoning Macro-seismic upon activation of outbreaks of Sofia, Kresna, Gorna and Popovishko-Chirpan seismogenic nodes (5,6,7,8). Established results are confirmed by the effects of already passed earthquakes in those areas. After adjustment of the magnitude on the Richter in technogenic earthquakes located near existing facilities is provided seismic protection of sources of river.Zlatna Panega, reservoir "Lehchevo, arched bridge of the south road junction of town of Veliko Tarnovo, the extension of the Sofia subway - Subproject Connector Dragan Tsankov, the extension of WPS Studen kladenz "and others. Conclusions: From the foregoing can be drawn the following conclusions: 1. Relatively close relationship between the instrumental registrations and descriptive levels of seismic effects (intensity) is observed when using the maximum values of the velocity movement. However, the obtained results do not bear necessary for practice accuracy. Therefore, to determine levels of seismic effects on the surface are still used only the descriptive parts of the relevant scales. 2. Necessary and sufficient condition for determining the rates of instrumental seismic impact is seen in the registration of the relative deformation in the dynamic loading and unloading due to seismic waves. On this basis was developed a descriptive instrumental scale that already is applied to natural and technogenic earthquakes.

3. After a small volume of preliminary exploratory work on the ground, which are located on seismic monitoring stations provide an opportunity for simultaneous registration of magnitude on the Richter and extent of seismic impact on this region. This yields a full dimension of the resulting earthquake phenomenon.

Description instrumental scale of the seismic activity By Assoc. Researcher Eng. Dr. Ivan Daskalov www.dinamin.net

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References: 1. Rijkova, Sn. Earthquake disaster and source of knowledge. Technik, Sofia, 1981 2. Newmark N.; Rosenblueth - Fundamentals of Earthquake Engineering. Stroiizdat, M. 1980 3. Daskalov, Ivan. Scale invariant in the study of turmoil. Magazine Mining and Geology, 5, 2004 4. Olofson, O.S. Applied explosive technology for construction and mining. Translated by Dino Nitro Med AD, 2005 5. Daskalov, Ivan; Minev, St., Kutzarov, B. Conception assess the expected level of seismic effects on Sofia Magazine Mining and Geology, 4, 2003 6. Daskalov Ivan, Opportunity to reduce the effects of seismic effects on Veliko Tarnovo , Magazine Mining and Geology, 4, 2006 7. Daskalov, Ivan; Kutzarov, B. Expected impact of the turmoil Macroseismic arising Struma zone Annual issue of Mining Geology University, 2007 8. Daskalov Ivan, If an outbreak of stepped-Popovishko Chirpan seizmogenen unit, Magazine Mining and Geology, 4, 2009

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