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ELEMENTARY
LATIN GRAMMAR.
BY
ARCHIBALD
ONE OF THE CLASSICAL MASTERS
H.
IN
BRYCE,
LL.D.,
F.PINBURGIT.
*!
T.
Price
By Archibald
H.
Brtce,
LL.D.
GRAMMAR
Archibald H.
Brtce, LL.D.
By Archibald H. Bryce,
3d.
By Archibald
2s. 6d.
H. Bryce, LL.D.
Third
222 pages.
Price
HORACE.
Latin Lexicon," &c, Edited hy Dr. Freund, author of and John Carmichael, M.A., one of the Classical Masters of the
Higli School, Edinburgh. of Proper
3s. Gd.
"
With
12mo,
cloth.
Price
With
Price
T.
xzfntt.
This Work
is
who
limited
extent.
therefore contains
merely the
Some
type
tion,
usually
pupil
when he
is
farther advanced.
The Syntax has been less abridged than the other portions
of the work, because the natural connection of
parts rendered
is
its several
it
curtailment more
all
difficult;
and because
right that
be,
may
IV
PREFACE.
serious defects, have Syntax; which, though not free from the great merit of brevity, and of being easily committed to
memory.
To
appear
of
number
the entire book Paradigms has been given ; and throughout care has been taken, by simplicity of statement the
greatest
assisted
by the resources
of
Grammar
to
the young in
a manner at
once interesting
and impressive.
aniinte,
PART l.-ACCIDENCE.
Chapter
I.
Pago
9
...
9
11
11
Syllables Quantity
...
II.
Classification op Words,
III.
Inflexion:
12
IV. Substantives,
Sect.
I.
14
14
General Remarks,
First Declension,
II.
16
17
III.
Second Declension,
20
31
V. Fourth Declension,
VL
V. Adjectives,
Sect.
I.
Fifth Declension,
33
34
Inflexion of Adjectives,
...
34 42 46
50
II.
Comparison of Adjectives,
...
VI.
The Numerals,
VII. Pronouns,
Sect.
I.
Personal Pronouns,
Reflexive Pronouns,
50
51
51
II.
III. Possessive
Pronouns,
52
...
54 55
The
Indefinite Pronouns,
65
VI
CONTENTS.
CONTENTS.
Chapter
Vll
VIII.
The Genitive,
...
27
129 132
133
133 134
XII. Participles,
XIII.
The Gerund, XIV. The Imperative Mood, ... XV. Compound Sentences Principal Clauses,
XVI. Subordinate Clauses,
135 136
137
140
141
141
...
143
143
XXV. Ruddiman's
Rules,
146
APPENDIX.
Gender of Nouns,
Irregular Verbs,
157
161
169 170
JIkasures,
172 174
175
PART
I.
ACCIDENCE.
CHAPTEE
I LETTERS AND
SYLLABLES.
is
Capitals: -A, B, C, D, E, F, G,
II, I, J, K, L, M, N, 0, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, X, Y, Z.
Small:a,
Obs.
i
b, c, d, e,
f,
g, h,
i,
j,
k,
z.
1,
m,
n, o, p, q,
r, s, t,
u, v, x, y,
The Romans had originally only one form, i, for the vowel 1. and the consonant j; and one form, v, for the vowel u and the
consonant
Obs. 2.
Thus is not properly a letter, but only a breathing. the twenty-five letters of the Alphabet may be reduced to twentytwo.
letters are divided into
v.
3.
The
two
classes
Voivels
and Conso-
nants.
4.
The Vowels
u, y.
(Vocales,
i.e.,
e,
o,
10
5
Semi-vowels* , m,
n, r,
and the
sibilant s; or,
t,
(2.)
Mutesj},
b,f, v;
c, k,
qu, g, h, (j);
:
d.
fi.
Tlie
Mutes admit
of a double classification
viz.,
(1.)
According to
And
:
(2.)
and rough
or
flat.
Thus
viz., light
LAIUALS.
PALATALS.
c, h,
LINGUAL DENTALS.
t
p
b /,
7.
or
qu
g, (J)
d
(th)
v,{ph)
z are
h,(ch)
rough or
flat.
x and
(1.)
(2.) z to
and sometimes
to hs or qus.
8.
The Alphabet,
Six Vowels,
|"
then,
may be arranged
as follows
:
e, i, o,
(1.)
a,
u, y.
Five Semi-vowels,
(
I,
m, n,
r, s.
(2.)
Nineteen
|
Four Labials,
Six Palatals,
p,b,f,v.
c, k,
-l
Mutes
qu; g, h, (j).
(Two
Two Double
Lingual Dentals,., t,
x,
d.
z.
Consonants,
A diphthong is 9. The word Diphthong means "double sound." composed of two vowels combined together in pronunciation. Those of most common occurrence are ae, oe (both sounded e), and au; as, coenae, audio, ei, eu, oi, and ui are rare.
Obs.
When two vowels meet in a word, but are not to be taken as a diphthong, a mark of diaeresis (") is placed over the second: as, poeta, pronounced po-e-ta.
and, secondly, when it is once formed, this second property, and hence their n, r, are also called liquids.
vowel sound has two characteristics: First, it comes freely in pronunciation ; The semi-vowels possess it can be prolonged. name of half-vowels. The semi-vowels /, m,
SYLLABLES
WORDS.
11
SECTION M.-SYLLABLES-QUANTITY.
1.
2.
A A
Syllable
syllable
is
may
two or more letters sounded at a breath. Every syllable must contain one vowel sound; as, i, "go;" et, "and;" te, "thee;" " " of punishment ;" urbs, a city." poenae, 3. The quantity of a syllable is the time taken up in pronouncing it. Hence, as regards quantity, there are two kinds of syllables A syllable which is sometimes pronounced short, short and long.
or of
is
called variable.
is
short,
we mark
it
thussedeo;
that
it is
thus sedes;
long, with a horizontal stroke, tenebrae (i.e., either variable, with both, thus
that
it is
is
Hence a long
all
6. The quantity of a syllable generally depends on the vowel of that syllable. A vowel may be long either (1) by nature i.e., when it has absorbed, or is supposed to have absorbed, another vowel or a
consonant, as in diphthongs and contracted syllables or (2) when it stands before two consonants or a double consonant as, mellis. In the latter case it is said to be long by position.
CHAPTER
The
II. CLASSIFICATION
OF WORDS.
words which form the Latin language may be grouped in 1. eight classes, commonly called the Eight Parts of Speech. 2. Four of these suffer changes, or inflexion, on the final syllables,
The
Substantive (Noun).
Adverb.
Preposition.
Interjection.
Adjective (Noun).
Pronoun.
Verb.
Obs.
The inflexion of substantive?, adjectives, and pronouns is called Declension (decliiiatio) that of verbs, Conjugation (conjugatio).
;
Conjunction.
ll>
Substantive (Noun) is a word which is used as the name wc speak about: as, servios, slave; eyuus, horse; helium, war. duiniis, house \jilMUui, justice 4. (II). An Adjective (Noun) is a word which is used with a sub3.
of anything that
some quality or attribute, or to announce some bonus piier, a good boy tres equl, three horses. 5. (III). A Pronoun is a word which is used to supply the place of a substantive, or to point to some substantive going before or following as, ego, I tu, thou ; qui, who Me, that person. 6. (IV.) A Verb is that part of speech which is used to make an assertion about something as, mdgister laudat puerum, the master
stantive, to indicate
:
fact
as,
may
is
learn.
An
Interjection
a word which
!
is
used to express
!
some emotion
of the
mind
euge, bravo
heus, holla
CHAPTEE
1.
III.INFLEXION, ETC.
made on the terminations
of certain
Inflexion
is
the change
parts of speech, by means of which we are able to show how the words of a sentence are related to one another, how they are com-
is
* It must be borne in mind that there are other words which connect clauses and sentences together, such as Relative rionounsar.d Relative Adverbs.
GENDER
2.
NUMBER.
13
In the declinable parts of speech the inflexions are regulated " accidents " of the Gender, Number, and Case ; and in verbs, by by those of Mood, Tense, Number, and Person.
GENDER.*
Animals are divided into two classes or sexes, the male and the female. Things without life have no distinction of sex. And thus we have three classes of things viz., things of the male sex, things of the female sex, and things of neither sex. there is a corre4. In the names of things i.e., substantives sponding classification into Masculine Gender, Feminine Gender, and Neuter Gender. The word neuter means " neither." 5. The name of an individual of the male sex is called a mascu3.
line substantive
and of one of neither sex, a neuter substantive. 6. When a word can be applied eitber to the male or the female animal of a class, it is said to be of the Common Gender as, parens, a parent, (either father or mother ;) civis, a citizen, (either male or Such words are called female;) vates, a prophet, or prophetess. masculine when applied to males, and feminine when applied to
:
females.
7. An Epicene Noun is one which, while indicating an object that has sex, yet leaves the sex unspecified: as, aquila, an eagle; passer, a sparrow, t 8. Words are said to be of Doubtful Gender which are used some-
as,
dies,
a day,
NUMBER.
that change in the form of a declinable word by means of which we are able to indicate whether we are speaking of
9.
is
Number
one object, or of more than one. 10. There are two Numbers ; the Singular, used of one the Floral, of more than one. Singular comes from the Latin word
;
* For the Rules of Gender, see Appendix. names of animals, we find that some are always, or almost always, fern., as, vulpes, a fox; aquila, an eagle, <fec. ; while others are as regularly masc., as, passer, a sparrow; pitas, a fish; the Romans having, from some cause or other, associated with one class the male sex, and with another the female.
t In the
14
the form in which substantives, adjectives, and pronouns are used, for the purpose of expressing the relation in which
11.
Case
is
they stand to other words in the sentence. 12. There are six Cases, the Nominative, Genitive, Dative,
Accusative, Vocative, and Ablative.
CHAPTER
IV. SUBSTANTIVES.
SECTION
I.
GENERAL REMARKS.
1. A Substantive (Noun) is a word which is used as the name of anything that we speak about as, servus, a slave ; domus, a house
:
A Common
Substantive
is
name
to
members
dier, applicable to
any
any
4.
city.
Proper Substantive
special individual
;
is
a word which
used as the
name
:
of
some
as,
Romulus, Romulus
Roma, Rome
cephalus. 5. Substantives are divided into five classes, called Declensions, according to the system of inflexions adopted in forming their cases.
The
is
known by the
in-
flexion.
Every declinable word may be divided into two parts the stem and the inThe stem is that part which remains unaltered throughout all the cases The inflexion is that part which suffers change; as, mens- in mens-a. The stem of a noun may be ascertained by as, -ae, -am, -a, -arum, -is, -as, <fcc. taking away the inflexion of the gen. sing.; e.g., from mens-ae take away -a*, and mens- remains as the stem. In the paradigms of inflected words the stem is separated from the inflexion by a dash thus, mens ae. Stem is here used in a popular sense: the stem of me nsa is, strictly speaking, mensa-.
and numbers;
GENF^AL REMARKS.
6.
15
16
SECTION
II.
FIRST DECLENSION.
1.
The nouns
of this declension
in -a,
and
in
Singular.
Flural.
Nom.
Gen.
Mens-ae,
tables.
Bat.
Ace.
Voc.
Abl.
Mens-ae, a table's, or of a table. Mens-arum, tables', or of tables. Mens-ae, to or for a table. Mens-Is, to or for tables. Mens-am, a table. Mens-as, tables. tablet tables/ Mens-a, Mens-ae, Mens-a, from, with, in, or by a Mens-Is, from, with, in, or by
table.
tables.
2.
-as.
They
same stem
in the
Second Declension as, fili-a, f., a daughter but fili-us, a son, of the Second. So the adjectives, duo, two, and ambo, both, have in their fem. cludhus and ambubus.
;
Singular.
Plural.
Fili-ae, daughters.
Nom.
Gen.
Fili-a., fem.,
a daughter.
Fili-ae,
a daughter's, or of a
Fili-arum,
daughters',
or
of
daughter.
Dat.
Ace.
Voc.
Abl.
Fili-ae,
daughters/
daughter.
3.
Gender.
table
The
;
as,
mensa,
sailor.
but words denoting males are masc. as, nauta, a Also names of rivers in -a, as Sequana, the Seine. But
Allia, Albula,
4.
are fem.
Adjectives of this declension are declined exactly like substantives. Thus, Buna, fem. of Bonus, p. 35.
* Greek nouns, of all declensions, liave been omitted. They will be found in the Appendix, and more fully in the Larger Orammar of this Series. t As there is no Article in Latin, mensa may mean either a table or the. tabic,
SECOND DECLENSION.
Singular.
Plural.
17
Worn. B6n-a, fern., good (woman, &c.) Bon-ae, good (women, &c.) Bon-arum. Gen. Bon-ae.
Dat.
Ace.
Voc.
Bon-ae.
Bon-is.
Bon-am.
Bon-a. Bon-a.
LIST OF
Bon-as
Bon-ae.
Bon-is.
Abl.
WORDS TO BE DECLINED.
FEMININE.
like frjua, a mare. Serv-a, a slave.
Jqufl-a, an eagle.
MASCULINE.
Agricffl-a,
a farmer.
Co!leg-a, a colleague.
Poet-a, a poet.
Scrib-a,
Belg-a, a Belgian.
Naut-a, a sailor.
a scribe.
a diligent
she-
Luna
SECTION
III.
SECOND DECLENSION".
1.
Nouns
and
-mot.
The
-i.
Singular.
Plural.
Serv-I, slaves.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Voc.
Serv-i, of
Serv-5rum, of slaves.
Serv-Is, to or for slaves.
Serv-6s, slaves.
Serv-I,
slaves
!
Serv-e,
slave
Abl.
Serv-6, from,
tic.,
slave.
LIST OF
WORDS TO BE DECLINED.
Mai us,
Magnus, m. adj., great. {., an apple tree. Parvus, m. adj., small.
m., a branch.
J gnus,
m., a lamb.
Campus, m., a
Acinus, m.,
an
ass.
a wolt
Ramus,
18
2. Words ending in -r are declined like servits. They seem to have ended originally in -us, but the inflexion of the nom. and of the Thus voe. has been lost.
:
Singular.
Plural.
boy.
Piier-I, boys.
Nom.
Gen.
Piier, uiasc,
Puer-I, of
boy.
Puer-orum, of
Puer-os, boys.
Puer-I,
boys
/
boys.
Dat.
Ace.
Voe.
Puer-6,
to
or for a boy.
Puer-urn, a boy.
Puer,
boy/
Abl.
LIST OF
Asper, m.
adj.,
WORDS TO BE DECLINED.
m.
adj., free.
rough.
Liber,
Miser,
m.
adj.,
wretched.
Bacchus.
Liber-i,
-drum,
m.,
(no
sing.,) children.
3.
-r,
the
of the
is lost
nom.
is
not part of
the stem, but is merely euphonic, and as, (see note *, p. 20)
:
Singular.
master.
Plural.
Magistr-I, masters.
Magistr-I, of a master.
Dat.
Ace.
Voe.
Abl.
Magistr-orum, of masters. a master. Magistr-Is, to ox for masters. Magistr-iim, a master. Magistr-6s, masters. master.' masters/ Magister, Magistr-I, Magistr-6, from, dc, a Magistr-Is, from, <ic,
Magistr-6,
to or for
master.
masters.
LIST OF
Ager, m., a field. Alexander, m., Alexander.
I
WORDS TO BE DECLINED.
Capir, m., a he-goat. Niger, m. adj., black.
Sacer, Pujer, m. adj., slothful. m. adj., sacred.
4.
vir, he.
Similarly are declined vir, and its compounds, triumvir, decemLevir, a husband's brother, brother-in-law, is the only
-ir.
SECOND DECLENSION.
Singula r.
Plural.
Vir-I, men.
19
Nom.
Gen. Bat.
Ace.
Voc.
Vir-orum, of men.
Vir-Is, to or for men.
Vir-6 s, men.
Vir-i,
Vir,
man !
tic.,
men I
dc, men.
All.
Vir-6, from,
a man.
Vir-is, from,
5.
All words in
-um
are neuter.
:
The
following rule
must be ob-
Neuter nouns have the nom., ace, and and in the plural these cases end in -a.
Singular.
voc. alike in
each number
Plural.
Nom. Mal-um,
Gen.
neut.,
an
apple.
Mal-a, apples.
Bat.
Mal-orum, of
Mal-a, apples.
Mal-a,
apples.
A cc.
Voc.
Mal-um, an
Mal-iim,
apple.
apple!
apples/
All.
WORDS TO BE D1XLINED
n., n.,
Collum,
n.,
the neck.
Ovum,
Donum,
FOlium,
n.,
n.,
a
a
gift.
I'Oculum,
leaf.
Arvum
latum, a wide
field.
Ovum magnum,
6.
a large egg.
Gender.
Substantives in -us,
-er,
those in
7.
-um
are neut.
sing, like
in the
voc. plur. it has dii (contracted into di) as well as dei; dat. and abl., diis (contracted into dis) as well as deis.
Singular.
Plural.
De-i, Di-i, or Di, gods.
Nom.
Gen.
Le-us, m.
De-i, of
a god.
a god.
or for a god.
De-orum, of gods.
De-is, Di-is, or Dis, to or for gods.
Bat.
Ace.
Voc.
De-6,
to
De-iim, a god.
De-6s, gods.
Abl.
De-iis, god I gods! De-i, Di-i, or DI, He-Q,from, <bc, a god. De-Is, Di-is, or Dis, ./Vera, &c, gods. In poetry, and in solemn religious forms (as treaties, kc), Obs. the voc. sing, of other words in -u-s in often made like the nom.
20
8.
The masc.
in -us
has the same inflexions as servus; in -er, the same as puer or magister; and the neut. in -um, the same as malum. The fern, form
in
-S,
menace
tenera
belongs to the First Declension, and follows the inflexions of Thus, bonus (m.), bona (f.), and bonum (n.), good ; tener (m),
(f.),
and tenerum
(n.),
tender.
(See p. 35.)
SECTION
IV.
THIRD DECLENSION.
1.
may
be easily distinguished, even in the nom. but in the Third Declension it is so disguised, by the omission of consonants or the modification of vowels, that
it
the oblique* cases. The following arrangement groups the nouns of this declension in Seven Classes, according to the change which
takes place on the stem in the nom.
It will be ob2. The gen. sing, ends in -is, and the dat. in -i. served that the nom., ace, and voc. plur. are the same in form.
CLASS
3.
I.
THIRD DECLENSION.
LIST OF
Anser, anseY-is, m. or f., a goose. Arbor, arbffr-is, f., a tree.
Caesar, Caesar-is. m., Caesar. (No plur.) Consul,consul-is,m.,& consul
21
WORDS TO BE DECLINED.
f.,
Exul, exUlis, m. or
exile.
an
MuHer,
Pastor,
Sol,
mutter-is,
{.,
a
a
woman.
pastor- is,
m., m.,
Fur, furis, m., a thief. (Gen. plur. -um or -ium.) Gravior, gravior-is, m. and f. adj., heavier. (Abl. sing.
-e or -i; gen. plur. -um.)
shepherd.
Soils,
the
sun.
(Wants gen.
plur.)
in., fear.
Timor, timor-is,
4.
To
nouns
like pate)is
Iter,
n.,
nora, itiner.
Singular.
(3.)
Plural.
Fratr-es, brothers.
Nom.
Gen.
Fratr-um, of
brothers.
Dai.
Ace.
Voc.
Fratr-Sm, a brother.
Frater, Fratr-e,
brother.
brother/
Abl.
from,
dc, a
LIST OF
Aeciplter,
accipitris,
WORDS TO BE DECLINED.
f,
m., a
rain.
Mater, matris,
Pater, patris,
a mother. a father.
L'ter, utris,
m., a bag.
hawk.
Imber,* imbris,
va.,
iu.,
5.
p. 19, art. 5.
(4.)
Nom. Animal,
Qen.
Animal-ium, of animals.
Animal-ibus,
to
Dat.
Ace.
Voc.
Animal-i,
to
an animal.
animals.
Abl.
*
t
Imber, uter, and venter have -ium in the gen. plur. Imber has the abl. sing, in Neuters In -, -t, -al, and -ar, have -i in the abl. sing.
or
-i.
22
WORDS TO BE DECLINED.
n.,
Acquor,* acquOr-is,
sea.
n., tlie
light-
vas-a, -orum,
n.,
2nd Decl.)
Cadaver, cadaver-is,
corpse.
Calcar,
spur.
calcar-is.
n.,
a
a
Pa paver,
poppy.
Uber,
papaver-is,
n.,
venue.
n.,
tibPr-is,
an
(No
udder.
plur.)
6.
The
like honor,
adjective par, equal to, is declined in its ruasc. and in its neut. like animal. (See p. 39.)
and
fern,
CLASS
7.
II.
add a
stem
as,
Plural.
Urb-es,
cities.
(1.)
Nom.
Gen.
city.
Urb-ium, of
city.
cities.
Dat.
Ace.
Voc.
TJrb-I, to or for
TJrb-ibus,
to
or for
cities.
Urb-em, a
TJrb-s,
city.
city I
cities.'
A bl.
Obs.
TJrb-e,
from,
<Lx.
city.
TJrb-ibus, from,
<L-c, cities.
-ium
LIST OF
Orus,\ grit-is, m, or crane.
litems, hie*m-is,
f.,
WORDS TO HE DECLINED.
fnSp-is, m.,
f.,
Inops,
and
f.
|
Sus, X su-is,
pig.
m. or
is, i,
f.,
adj., poor.f
'
winter.
ab. pi.)
(Wants g.,
d.,
and
(or m.,)
'
Trabs, trdb
beam.
(2.)
Nom.
Gen.
Ret-e,
Plural.
Ret-ia, nets.
Dat.
Ace.
Voc.
Ret-ium, of nets.
Ret-ibus,
Ret-ia,
Ret-ia,
to or
for
nets.
nets.
nets!
Abl.
Ret-I, from,
fcc,
net.
Ret-ibus, from,
dc,
nets.
LIST OF
Orav-?, grav-ls,
n.
adj.,
WORDS TO BE DECLINED,
I
Ovil-e~,
dvil-is,
n.,
a sheepa
seat.
heavy.
Mari, mar-is,
n.,
the
sea.
n.,
a
[ ]
fold,
Sedii-e*, s?dil-is, n.,
Aequor, cadaver, fulgur, papavcr, and fiber have the gen. Grits and inops have -urn in gen. plur. Gen. plur. -um; dat. and abl. subus, contracted for suibus
See
p. 21,
note f.
THIRD DECLENSION.
23
8. As x is equal to cs or gs (see p. 10, 7), all nouns ending in dues; lex belong to this class as, dux legs.
:
Singular.
(3.)
Plural.
Leg-es, laws.
Leg-urn, of laws.
to ox for laws. Leg-es, laws. laws 1 Leg-es,
Leg-ibus,
Lex,
law
All.
(4.)
Leg-ibus, from,
<Lr.,
hues.
Nom. Dux, m.
Gen.
&c.
a leader.
Duc-es, leaders.
Due-is, of a leader.
Duc-um, of
&c.
leaders.
LIST OV
Arx, arc
is
WORDS TO BE DECLINED.
f.,
*
f.,
a citadel.
Cotyux, conjug-is, m. or
f.
and
a consort.
Felix,
felic-is,
,
f.,
peace.
plur.)
m. and
f.
f.
adj
happy.
a root.
formOsus, a
ADJECTIVE AND SUBSTANTIVE. Pax longa, a long peace. Hex saevus, a ciuel king. beautiful flock.
is
9.
similarly declined.
(See p. 39.)
CLASS
10.
III.
vowel inserted in the nom., between the stem and the inflexion
caed-es, for caeds, gen. in -ium.
caed-is.f
as,
The
Singular.
(1.)
Plural.
Clad-es, defeats.
Nom.
Gen.
Clad-es,
f.,
a defeat.
Clad-is, of
defeat.
Clad-ium, of defeats.
Clad-ibus, to or for defeats.
Clad-es, defeats.
Clad-es,
defeats/
Bat.
Ace.
Voc.
Clad-I, to or for
defeat.
Clad-em, a defeat.
Clad-es,
defeat!
All.
" Arx, ittrt'.r. audax, and felix have the gen. plur. ill -ium. The last three cf these have the abl sing, in -e or -!, though -i is more common.If the vowel were not inserted, the dental would either be rejected before s, or t
assimilated to
it.
24
WORDS TO BE DECLINED.
Vulpes, vulp-is,
Tales*
tat-ls,
{,, a m. or
fox.
,
a prophet
Singular.
(2.)
Plural.
Xom.
Gen.
Host-Is, m. or
f.,
an enemy. Host-is,
enemies.
Dat.
Ace.
Voc.
Host-is,
All.
Host-em, an enemy. Host-es, enemies. enemies I enemy/ Host-es, Host-e, from, dc. , an enemy. Host-ibus, from, dec., enemies,
LIST OF
WORDS TO EE DECLINED.
Collis, eoll-is,
river.
m., a
hill.
an
ear.
and
adj., short.
or , a citizen.
m. and f. adj., heavy. Litis, lev-is, m. and adj., light Mentis, ment-is, m., a month. Mitis, mil-is, m. aDd adj., mild.
Gravis, gr&v-is,
-i
Obs.
Some words
abl.
;
in -is have -im in the ace. sing., and and some have -em or -im, and -e or -i.
in the
] 1
Many adjectives
and
CLASS
12.
IV.
stem in the nom. as, sermo (for sermon), gen. sermonis; lac (for lacij, gen. lact-is; cor (for cord), gen. cord-is; po'ew.a (for poemat), gen. poemdt-is; rnel (for melt), gen. mell-is; 6s (for
letter of the
oss),
gen. oss-is.
Singular.
(1.)
Plural.
Sermon-es, conversations.
Nom. Sermo,
Gen.
rn.,
conversation.
Sermon-Is, of conversation.
Dat.
Ace.
Voc.
Sermon-I,
to conversation.
8ermon-em,
conversation.
All.
Sermon-es,
versations.
conversations/
venation.
Valts has
t
-um
in
-t
Amnis, avis, citis, and collis have either sing.; but gratis, levis, mitis, and brlvii have the gen. plur.
or
-'
only.
THIRD DECLENSION.
LIST OF
Latro, m., a robber. Ltgio, f, a legion.
Leo, m., a lion.
25
WORDS TO BE DECLINED
f.,
Oratio,
IWvo,
ai.,
a speech. a peacock.
icr.
reason.
Singular.
(2.)
Plural.
Cord-a, hearts.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Voc.
Cord-ibus,
Abl.
LIST OF
Dogma, dogmat-is,
opinion.
Fil, fell-is,
n., bilen.,
WORDS TO BE DECLINED.
lact-is, n.,
an
(No
Imc,
milk. (No
n.,
pi.)
a bone, (Gen.
n.,
Hit,
plur. in -turn.)
gen. plur.)
abl. plur.)
06s.
Words
-is,
plur. in
in -ma, like poema, usually make the dat. and abl. instead of -ibus ; as poematis, for poematlbus.
CLASS
13.
V.
or
in the
final
s: as, laus
f.,
praise
word n
frons (for fronts), gen. front-is, f., the forehead. In one is dropped; viz., sanguis (for sanguins), gen. sanguln-is,
Singular.
m., blood.
Plural.
Laud-es,
praise,':.
(1.)
Xom. Laus,
Gen.
f.,
praise.
Laud-is, of praise.
Laud-um, of praises.
Laud-ibus, to or for praises. Laud-es, praises.
Laud-es,
praises/
Dat.
Aec.
Voc.
Laud-I,
to or for praise.
Laud-Sm, praise.
Laus,
praise/
Abl.
(2.)
Nom, Frons,
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Voc.
Front-I,
to the forehead.
Front-Sm,
Frons,
the forehead.
forehead.'
dkc., the fore-
foreheads/
Abl.
2G
Plural.
Lapid-es, stones.
(3.)
A 'om.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Voc.
stones.
Lapid-em, a
lapis,
stone.
stone!
All.
Lapid-e, from,
&c, a
stone.
LIST OF
Adas,* aetat-is, f., age. Amans, amant-is, in. and
adj., loving.
WORDS TO BE DECLINED.
f., a dowry. /on I- is, m., a foun-
Dos, dot-is,
f.
Forts,
tain.
art.
!.,
safety.
{.,
Frons, frond-is,
f.,
a leaf.
f.,
(No
an
plur.)
CivXlas, cwitdt-is,
a state a
is
Gustos, cusldd-is,
m. or
f.,
{., f.,
the mind.
death.
virtue.
keeper.
14.
Obs.
All participles ending in -ns, as amans, loving; monens, advising, &c. ; and all adjectives of similar termination, are declined like nouns of this class. (See p. 40.)
CLASS
15.
VI.
in which the final
nom. nomen;
stein
as,
Singular.
(1.)
Nom. Nomen,
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Voc.
Nomm-a,
Nomen,
name!
<L-c,
All.
(2.)
Nomin-e, from,
n.,
Nom. Caput,
Gen.
a head.
Capit-is, of a Itcad.
Capit-i, to or for
Dat.
Ace.
Voc.
a head.
heads!
<fr.,
All.
*
<i-c,
Capit-ibus, from,
heads.
Adas and
-iuin.
have
have -nut oftener than -inm in the gen. plur. Amans and Cuslos, pes, and virtus have -um only; the reat Pars has -e, and sometimes -i, in the ubl. sing.
THIRD DECLENSION.
LIST OF
firmrii,
carmtn-it,
n..
27
WORDS TO BE DECLINED.
fluinXn-is,
n.,
Flumcn,
river.
a
n.,
NUmen,
mimln-is,
n.,
a
a
poem.
Sbilr,
ibOr-ts,
n.,
ivory.
Ordmeii,
grass.
yriimin-is,
m.
(Plur. rare.)
comb.
Grd men
[
comb.
CLASS
VII.
16. In the Seventh Class are ranged those nouns in which the final letter of the stem is changed, in the nom., into s: as, mos (for mor), gen. mor-is ; fios (for flor), gen. flor-is :
Singular.
(1.)
Plural.
Flor-es, /ewers.
Nom.
Gen.
Flos,
in.,
a,flower.
F16r-Is, of
Dat.
Ace.
Vuc.
Flor-I, to or for
a flower. a flower.
Flor-um, of flowers.
Flor-ibus,
Flor-es,
to
or for flowers.
Flor-em, a flower.
Flos,
Flor-es, flowers.
flower I
flowers!
dr., flowers.
All.
(2.)
Nam.
Gen.
Crus,
h.,
leg.
Dat.
Crur-um, of
leg.
Crur-ibus,
Crur-a, Crur-a,
to
or for
legs.
A cc.
Vnc.
Crus, a
leg.
legs.
Crus,
leg I
legs 1
legs.
All.
LIST OF
Aes,
aer-is,
n.,
WORDS TO BE DECLINED.
Os, or-is, n.,thc face,
brass.
(Wants gen.
Jus, fur-is,
*
.!/<<.,
plur.)
mouth.
(Wants gen.
Iiiis,
mouse.
Tellus, tcllUr-iS,
the earth.
COMPOUND VARIETIES.
17.
The Seven
comprehend
;
all
the impor-
many nouns
-i
in
-e
and
in the abl
sing.;
dat.,
and
28
not yet exemplified, which exhibit the peculiarities of more than one Thus (1.) Judex, which makes the gen. judlc-is, adds s to the class. stem, like the nouns of Class II.; and also changes the last vowel of
the stem, like those of Class VI.
princeps, gen. princXp-is
;
So and many
others.
(2.)
Homo,
cardo,
imago, and such like, drop the final n of the stem, like sermo, and change the last vowel of the stem, like Class VI. Class IV. and many others, omit t before s, like Class (3.) Miles, equSs, dives,
;
final vowel of the stem, like Class VI. vvlnus, funus, &c, change the last vowel of tempus, (4.) Corpus, the stem, as the nouns of Class VI.; and substitute s for r, like those Thus: of Class VII.
V.;
THIRD DECLENSION.
LIST OF WORDS TO BE DECLINED.
Arunilo, reed.
arundln-is,
eardin-is,
t,
29
a
a
{.,
an
Cardo,
m.,
maiden.
f.,
hall.
Obs.
Caro,
f.,
drops the
Singular.
(3.)
Plural.
Milit-es, soldiers.
Gen.
Dal.
Milit-um, of
Milit-ibus,
soldiers.
to or
for
soldiers.
A cc.
Voc.
Milit-em, a soldier.
Miles,
soldier
I
Milit-es, soldiers.
Milit-es,
soldiers!
Abl.
LIST OF
Cesp&, cespU-is, m., turf. COmfs, cOmU-is, m. or f., a
WORDS TO BE DECLINED.
Obsis, obsid-is,
m. or
f.,
man.
hostage.
companion
18
80
]f).
gravior,
niaso.
p. 38.)
and fem.
heavier, is similarly declined; the honor, and the neut. like corjms. (See
20. A few nouns are quite irregular, and cannot, be placed under any one of the above classes. Their forms are therefore given
separately
FOURTH DECLENSION.
31
ci.as
in the
Pure stem
Nominative.
IV. Last
letter
of stem dropped.
Consul.
Consul-is.
Honor.
Honor-is.
Serino.
Lac, .
Lact-is.
s.
Sermon-is.
Aetas.
II.
Z,e/ter
added
Laus.
Laud-is.
to stem.
Urb-s.
Dux
Aetat-i*.
o
p 4
Urb-is.
(=duc-s). Due-is.
Nomen,
III.
n.
Caput,
n.
Nomin-is.
Vowel
inserted.
Capit-is.
Nav-i-s.
Clad-e-s.
Clad-is.
Flos.
Arbos
{or Arbor).
Nav-is.
Flor-is. Arbor-is.
NOM.
STEM.
GEN.
(8.)
(4.)
Judex
(Judic-)
Judic-is.
Homo
Miles
(Homin-)
(Milit-)
Homin-is.
Milit-is.
VI
f.
Corpus
(Corpor-)
Corpor-is.
SECTION
V.
FOURTH DECLENSION.
1.
The nouns
Those
of the
or -a.
in -us are
Fourth Declension end, in the nom., in masc. or fem., and those in -a neut.
Plural.
Fruct-us, fruits.
-its,
Singular.
Nom. Fruct-us,
Gen.
m., fruit.
to or for fruit.
Fruct-us, of fruit.
Fruct-ui,
Dat
Ace.
Voc,
Fruct-um,
Fruct-us,
fruit.
fruit I
disc,
fruits!
All.
Fruct-u, from,
n.,
fruit.
Nom. Gen-u,
Gen.
knee.
Gen-ua,
knees. knees.
Dat
Ace.
Gen-uum, of
Gen-ibus,
to or for knees.
Voc
All.
Gen-ua, knees.
Gen-ua,
km
km
32
2.
the Second;
as follows
:
Singular.
Plural. Dom-us.
Dom-uum,
Dom-ibus.
or
domorum.
Dom-ui
Dom-iis.
{rarely domo).
Dom-fim.
Dom-ds
Dom-iis.
{or
domus).
Abl.
06s.
Dom-5
{rarely domu).
in -cus (and -cu),
Dom-ibus.
1. Words
and
a joint; partus, a birth; portus, a harbour; vZru, a spit; and one or two others, make the dat. and abl. plur. in -ubus, instead of -ibus. Portus and veru have also -ibus.
Obs. 2.
The
Arcus, acus, portus, quercus, ficus, add, and artus, Tribus, lacus, specus, too ; with vSm, pecu, partus.
LIST OF
a needle, Arcus, m., a bow. Cantus, m., a song. Cornu, n., a horn.
Acus,
{.,
WORDS TO BE DECLINED.
ifaniis,
NSrus,
V?ru,
n.,
spit.
3.
Gender.
The
nouns of
this declension
:-
generally masc.
(a)
(b)
But the
as, quercus,
an oak.
Acus, a needle. Anus, an old woman. Coins, a distaff (also masc.) Domus, a house.
Idus, (plur.), the Ides {lZth, or, in some cases, the 1 5th
Niirus, a daughter-in-laxo.
-i
(f.
or
of the month. )
Manus, a hand.
4.
Tribus, a
;
tribe.
Words
in -u are neut.
as, ge~nu,
a knee.
Domi
is
FIFTII DECLENSION.
33
SECTION
VI.
FIFTH DECLENSION.
1. The nouns of the Fifth Declension have the nom. and the gen. in -ei.
sing, in -es
SlNOULAR.
Plural.
Nom.
Gen.
Di-es, m. or
Di-ei, of
f.,
a day. a day.
da;/.
Di-erum, of days.
Di-ebus,
Di-es,
to or for days.
Bat.
Ace.
Voc.
Di-ei, to or for
Di-em, a day.
Di-es,
Di-es, days.
All.
Di-e, from,
f.
,
days I
Di-ebus, from,
R-es, things.
Ac,
days.
Nom. R-es,
Gen.
a thing.
hat.
Ace.
Voc.
R-erum, of
R-ebus,
R-es,
to
things.
or for things.
R-em, a
R-es,
thing.
thing/
etc.,
All
2.
R-e,/roro,
a thing.
R-ebus, from,
Dies and res are the only words of this declension which have
The seven
and
spes,
The
substantives, acies, effigies, fades, have the nom., ace., and voc. plnr. declension want the plur. altogether.
is long when a vowel goes before as, di-e-i; but
:
precedes
Obs.
2.
short
when a consonant
r-?-i, fid-S-i.
three,
All the substantives of this declension end in except a thing; spes, hope; and fides, faith, Plebes (another
-ies,
res,
form of
plebs), the
common
-es.
3.
Gender.
dies, a day,
fern.,
The words of the Fifth Declension are all fern., except which in the sing, is sometimes masc. and sometimes The compound merldies
is
masc.
WORDS TO BE DECLINED.*
Fades, a
face.
Jeies,
Fides, faith
See No.
2 of this Section.
34
2 Decl.
3 Decl.
4 Decl.
5 Decl.
Nom. Mens-a.
Gen. Dat.
Ace.
Voc.
Serv-us.
Serv-I.
Honor.
Honor-is.
Fruct-iis. Fruct-iis.
Fruct-iii.
Di-es.
Di-ei. Di-ei.
Mens-ae. Mens-ae.
Serv-6.
Honor-I.
Mens-am.
Mens-a. Mens-a.
Serv-iim.
Serv-8. Serv-o.
Honor-em. Honor.
Honor-e.
Fruct-um.
Fruct-us.
Fruct-ii.
Di-eni.
Di-es.
Di-e.
All.
Plural.
Nom. Mens-ae.
Gen. Dat.
Ace.
Voc.
Serv-I.
H6nor-es.
Fruct-iis.
Di-es.
Mens-as.
Serv-5s.
Serv-I.
Honor-es.
Honor-es.
Fruct-iis.
Fruct-iis.
Di-es. Di-es.
Mens-ae.
Mens-Is.
All.
Serv-Is.
CHAPTEE V. ADJECTIVES.
SECTION
I.
INFLEXION OF ADJECTIVES.
1. An adjective is a word \ised with a noun to denote some quality or attribute, or to indicate some fact as, bonus puer, a good boy ; tres equi, three horses.
:
2.
Adjectives
may
(1.)
as,
bdnum,
fem.,
neut., good:
tender
swift
celere,
neut., swift.
(2.)
Those which have two forms one common, and one for the neut.
for the
as,
gravis, fem., heavy; grave, neut., heavy: grdvior, masc, heavier grdvior, fem., heavier ; gravius, neut., heavier.
;
INFLEXION OF ADJECTIVES.
(3.)
35
:
Those which have only one form in the nora. for all genders as, filix, masc., happy; felix, fern., happy ftlix, neut., happy par, masc, equal par, fern., equal ; far, neut., equal sapiens, masc, wise ; sapiens, fern., wise ; sapiens,
;
:
neut., wise.
CLASS
3.
I.
masc is malum.
is
-us, -a, -urn (as bonus), the declined like servus, the fern, like mensa, and the neut. like Hence these are called adjectives of the First and Second In those of the Third Declension (as celer), the masc Declensions.
(p. 20),
the
When the nom. neut. ends in -e, the abl. sing, ends in -i.
Obs. Celer,
or ceteris.
deer, and such adjectives, have the masc. occasionally in -is: as, deer or dcris, masc; dcris, fern.; acre, neut.: so celer
BONUS,
m.,
BONA,
f.,
BONUM,
n.,
good.
36
INFLEXION OF ADJECTIVES.
LIST OF
(1.) AmaniJ-iis,
-a,
37
WORDS TO BE DECLINED.
(3.)
-urn,
(deserving) to
be loved.
Amatilr-us, -a, -urn, about to love.
Liber, liber-a, liher-um, free. Niger, nigra, nigrum, black. Nostcr, nostra, nostrum, our.
Amat-us,
Pulc/ier,pukhra, pulchrum, beautiful. Acer, or acris, acris, acre, sharp. CelS-ber, or -bris, Celebris, celebre, fa-
um, my.*
mous.
Piter, or pulris, puiris, putre, rotten. Vuliicer, or rolucris, volucris, volucre,
swift.
4.
The
in -ius,
sing,
following adjectives of this declension have the gen. sing. in the other cases of the -i, for all genders
like
bdnus;
whole.
viz.
Totus,
all,
Onus,
one.
none.
Kent.
Null-a.
Null-Ius.
Null-I.
Null-um.
Null-ius.
Null-i.
Null-am. Null-a
Plural.
Niill-ae.
Null-iim.
Null-6.
Null-a.
Null-arum.
Null-is.
Null-orum.
Null-is.
Null-as.
Null-is.
5.
Null-a.
Null-is.
Alius
is
another.
Neut.
Nom.
Gen.
Alius.
Alius.
Alii.
Alia.
Aliiid.
Alius.
Alii.
Alius.
Alii.
Dat.
Ace.
All.
Alium.
Alio
Aliam.
Alia.
Aliud.
Alio.
38
INFLEXION OF ADJECTIVES.
LIST OF
(1.)
39
WOUDS TO BE DECLINED.
(2.)
Bvlv-is,
-is, -e,
short.
Dulc-is,
Fort-is,
-is, -e,
-is, -e, -is, -e,
sweet.
more
learned.
brave.
every,
all
Omn-is,
CLASS
7.
III.
Third Declension. Thus, Adjectives of one form belong to the like honor (p. 20), and sapiens feliv is declined like lex (p. 23), par In the neut. of all these, the rule for the like (p. 25). frons
declension of neut. nouns
(p. 19, 5)
of course applies.
40
INFLEXION OF ADJECTIVES.
41
simple.
42
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.
43
5. The Superlative degree is used to indicate that one individual (person or thing), or set of individuals, possesses a certain quality or attribute in a greater measure than any other individual or set of
is
It must be noted that the Latins often use the comparative " rather " or " too " in degree as equal to English as, callidior, rather cunning, too cunning; i.e., more cunning than one ought
:
to be.
Ols.
2.
is
as, callidissimus,
G.
f.,
FOSITIVE.
44
8.
-r,
(1.)
When
as,
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.
45
IRREGULAR COMPARISON.
9.
Some
entirely different
of comparison from adjectives form the degrees from those of the positives as,
;
stems
Positive.
Comparative.
Melior,
better.
Superlative.
Pejor, worse.
Magnus,
great.
Maximus, Minimus,
greatest.
least.
Frugalior.
Senior.
Junior.
,
substantive in the nom., but in the ace, and gen. sing., and only in the neut. gender ; plur. it is a regular adjective, plures, plures, plura (or 2)luria),
gen. plur-ium, &c.
nequ-ior, nequ-issimus.
10.
A few
as,-
Positive.
Comparative.
Superlative.
Exter-us,
outside
fExtremus, (sometimes
-^
extimus,) the
last.
Posterior, further
back, later.
\
(Super-us), -a, -um, being
above.
1
'
Sup g rior)
higher.
highest.
11.
stem appears
Positive.
few adjectives have no proper positive, but the positive in adverbs or other indeclinable words as,
;
Comparative.
Anterior.
Citerior.
Superlative.
Citimus. Deterrimus. Intimus. Ocissimus. Primus.
(Intra, within.)
(ilKVi, swift.) (Pris, or prae, before.)
Propior. Sequior,
Ulterior,
Proximus.
(n.
sequius
[orsecius. Ultimus.
4G
An
number or amount. They are called Numerals. 2. The four principal classes of numerals are
(1.)
number
order in which
first (in
The Cardinal,
or chief Numerals, which express the of tilings absolutely: as, unus, one; duo, two, &c.
(2.)
as,
primus,
order)
(3.)
as, hint,
(4.)
deni, ten at a time, or ten each, or by tens. Multiplicative, or Adverbial Numerals, which indicate how
often a thing
i.e.,
is repeated as, ter mille, thrice a thousand, three thousand sexies, six times.
:
3.
Of the
but
all
those
from four up to one hundred are indeclinable. The hundreds, from two hundred up to one thousand, are regularly declined like the plur.
of bonus: as, ducent-i, -ae, -a; ducent-orum, -arum, -orum, &c. The Ordinals are regular adjectives, like bonus : as, terti-us, -a, -um;
terti-i, -ae, -i, 4.
&c.
is
Unus, one,
p. 37, 4)
43
ORDINALS.
Trieesimus, gesimus.
DISTKIBUTIVRS.
tri1
MIir.TIPLICATIV1C3 (ADV.)
or
30. Triginta.
TricBni.
Tricies.
40. Qu.ldraRlnta. Quadruge'simus. 50. QnlnqaSgtnta. Qulnquagesiimis. 60. Sexaginta. Sexagesimus. 70. SeptuiiRinta. Septuageslmus. 80. Octoglnta. Octogesimus. 90. Nontiginta. Nonagesimus. Centeslmus. 100. Centum. 101. Centum etun-"} or cent\ Centeslmus primus. us, urn unus. j 102. Centum et duo. Centesimus secundus. 200. Ducentl, ae, a. Ducentesimus. 300. Trgcenti, ae, a. Treeentesimus.
Quadragles. Qulnquagies.
Sexagies.
Septuagles. Octogies.
Nonageni. CentenL
[
Nonagies.
Centles.
Centeni
sin-
Centies semel.
Centeni Ducenl.
Trecenl.
bini.
400. Quadringenti,
ae, a.
Quadringentesimus.
)
Quadringeni.
Quingeni.
Sexceni.
Quadringenties.
Quingenties. Sexcenties.
Septingentiea.
ae, a.
a.
Quingenteslmus. Sexcenteslmus.
Septingentesimus.
SeptingenL
Octingeni.
800. OctinRenti,
ae, a.
Octingentesimus.
Octingenties.
900. Nongenti,
1,000. Mille.
2,000.
ae, a.
Nongentesimus.
Millesimus.
Nongenties.
Millies.
Duo
millia, or
Bis millesimus.
Blna
millia. millia.
Bis mi Hies.
bis mille,
}
Dena
Centena
millia.
10,000. Decern millia. Decies millesimus. 100,000. Centum millia. Centies millesimus.
7.
is
and
is
used
as
an adjective
e.g.,
mille milites, one thousand soldiers ; someused as a substantive, mille militum, one
millium, &c, and is almost always used as a substantive millia militum, two thousand soldiers.
06s.
e.g.,
duo
not found
a smaller number follows the thousands, the gen. is as, duo wAllia quingenti homines, two thousand five hundred men.
;
When
8.
first,
if
is
put
;
number come first, we must say, quinque et viginti, Above one hundred the larger just as in English, five and twenty. number precedes as, centum quadraginta quatuor, or centum et
but
;
e.g.,
eighteen,
NUMERALS.
49
are best expressed by nineteen, twenty-eight, twenty-nine, subtraction as, duodeviqinti, two from twenty, i.e., eighteen ;
:
&c
undetriginta, one from thirty, i.e., twenty-nine. 10. In expressing the year in which an event happened, the ordinals are used e.g., 1865 will be, anno millesimo octingentesimo
;
sexagesimo quinto.
11.
to indicate
numbers are :
50
A Pronoun
is
a word which
is
substantive, or to point to
lowing.
2.
classes of
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
The Personal or Substantive Pronouns. The Reflexive Pronouns. The Possessive Pronouns. The Demonstrative Pronouns. The Relative Pronoun. The Indefinite Pronouns. The Interrogative Pronouns.
SECTION
I.
are three
spoken to
(a)
person.
vos, you, indicating the person or persons
(b)
Tu, thou,
second person.
(c)
Se, him, her, it, them, indicating the person or persons, thing or things, spoken about third person.
2.
N.B.Se
since
it
is more frequently a reflexive pronoun than a personal, doe3 not introduce a person independently, but refers to the subject of its own clause (though sometimes to the subject of the principal clause). When a person or thing different from that represented by the subject is referred to, him, his, &c, must be expressed by the proper case of is, ea, id; ille, ilia, illud; or, The demonstrative, is, ea, id, is often used as the hie, haec, hoc.
PRONOUNS.
Singular.
1 Pcrs.
51
l'urs.
3 Pel's.
Norn.
Gen.
1 go,
/.
Tu, thou.
Tui, of
thee.
Mei, of me.
Dat.
Ace.
Voc.
Mini,
to or for
me.
Te,
thee.
Tu, Mow.
All.
from Te,
with, d-c,
tlice.
or in me.
Plural.
Nom. Nos,
Gen.
we.
Vos, ye or you.
<;/
themselves.
Dat.
Ace.
Voc.
Nobis,
to
or for us.
Vobis,
to or
or/or themselves.
Nos, us.
Nobis, with, from,
d-c, us.
Se, themselves.
All.
Se,
themselves.
SECTION
II.
self.
substantive pronoun se is more frequently used as a reflexive than as a personal pronoun, and refers (or is reflected lack) to the subject of its own clause (seep. 50, N.B.); thus, stultus sibi
The
inimicus
used
est,
the fool
is
an enemy to himself.
The form
sese is often
for the
sake of emphasis.
SECTION
III.
are regular adjectives like bonus or piger; as, Me-us, -a, -urn, my or mine; gen. me-i,-ae,
-i.
Tu-us,
-um, thy or thine,; gen. tu-i, -ae, -i. Su-us, -a, -um, his, hers, its, theirs; gen. su-i, -ae, -i. Noster, nostr-a, nostr-um, ours; gen. nostr-i, -ae, -i. Vester, vestr-a, vestr-um, yours; gen. vestr-i, -ae, -i.
-a,
52
SECTION
IV.
Demonstrative Pronoun
is
The demonstratives object, or the description of an object. or that are, hie, haec, hoc, this ; iste, ista, istud, that of yours, near you ; Hie, ilia, illud, that ; is, ea, id, this ; ipse, ipsa, ipsum,
to
an
same.
2. Hie, haec, hoc, this near me, refers to what is near the it speaker, or to what has been most recently mentioned. Hence It is declined as is called the demonstrative of the first person.
follows
54
7. is
compounded of is, ea, id, and the like is with -dem attached
suffix -dem.
It
is
declined
PRONOUNS.
55
SECTION
VI.
The
Interrogative Pronouns are, (a) Quis, quae, quod, or quid, who, which, or what (b) Qui, quae, quod, who, which, or what ?
(c)
(d)
2.
Some compounds
as,
relative
pronoun
Masc.
from
t'le
Singular.
Fem.
Plural.
Kent
Masc.
Fem.
Neut.
Nom.
Gen.
Quis.
Quae,
Cujus. Cui.
Quod or quid.
Cujus.
Cui.
Qui.
Quae.
Quibus, Quas.
Quae.
Quibus.
Cujus.
Cui.
Dat.
Ace.
Quae.
Quibus.
All.
3.
Qua.
Quo.
Quibus.
It interrogative qui is declined exactly as the relative. refers rather to the internal qualities and nature, while quis asks
The
merely for the name quis est, who what kind of a person is he ? what
:
is
he
what
is
his
is
SECTION
VII.
The
are,
Indefinite
They
(1.)
known
or specified.
Quis, quae, quod, or quid, any one, any; declined like the
interrogative.
(2.) (H.)
some one
used as a sub-
(4.) (5.)
used as an adjective.
siquid,
if
if
any one.
(6.) tiiqui,
siqua, siquod,
any.
5G
(7.)
(8.)
Quisqvam,
(9.)
whoever.
(10.) (11.) (12.)
or
quiddam, a certain
one.
Quispiam, quaepiam, quodpiam or quidjriam, any one. Qulvls, quaevis, quodvis or quidvis, any one you please.
Ncquis, nequa, nequid,
Quilllet, quaelibet, quodlibet or quidlibet, lest any one.
0?w. 1.
In aliquis and aliqui, siquis and ncquis, those forms which in the simple pronoun qui or quis end in -ae are made in -a; as siqua, for siquae, &c.
2.
G&s.
the plur.
Obs. 3.
Quisquam not used in the sing, fem., nor in any part of It used for any one, in negative clauses. For the declension of ullus, nullus, uter, neuter,
is
is
alius,
&c,
2.
Some words
in
called correlatives.
strictly speaking,
They
Demonstrative.
Talis, of that (or such a) kind.
Indefinite.
Tantus, so great.
(
Quantus,
Quot, so
so great as,
how
great.
Tot, so many.
with
\ Totidem, just so
06s.
many.
list
several others.
INTRODUCTORY.
1.
tion
2.
A VeiIb is that part of speech which is used to make an asserabout something. Verbs are divided into two classes, according to their meaning
:
(1.)
which the action or feeling is represented as Transitive, directed towards, or "passing over" to some object: as, /
in
strike the
VERBS.
(2.)
57
Intransitive,* in which (a) the action or feeling is repre" not sented as not directed towards, or passing over" to an
I
3.
4.
as,
I run; I walk ;
(b)
which
a state or
condition
is
expressed;
as,
run
is
not yugnatur, he
is
it
(the battle)
fought.
5.
DEroNEXT Verbs
part transitive
are those which have the inflexions of the meaning of the active. They are for the most verbs, though some of them are intransitive, and are those which have an active form
some
6.
reflexive.
as, vCipulo, I
am
beaten.
of
in
Semi-deponents are those which have some of their tenses the active form and some of the passive, with an active meaning
all
:
as,
fldere, to trust.
8. great many verbs of the passive voice are used in a reflexive sense: as, fallor, I deceive myself (i.e., I am deceived); vertor, I turn myself versor, I turn myself, I stay in, or frequent, a place
;
vehor, I ride
i.e.,
am
carried.
MOOD.
9.
four
Moods
viz.,
i.e.,
modes (modus) of
re-
Imperative, and Infinitive. 10. Besides these there are certain forms which partake of the
An
make complete
it
in the accusative case (or some other case, pen.. d:it., oi abl.), representing the object, whereas an intransitive verb does. Thus, he praises, does not make complete sense
till
addition.
is
the person or thing praised is mentioned; but, I run, I walk, require no such Many verbs are both transitive and intransitive: thus, exceilo, I go out,
beyond bounds, is transitive. derived from rcrburn, a word; VoiCB, from r-ox, a word, or saying; Activk, from the perf. part, of ago, to do; PASSIVE, from the perf. part, oi potior, to suffer; Tkaksitivk, from transeo, to pass over.
t
Verb
is
58
nature of the noun as well as of that of the verb, such as the Supine, Participles, and Gerund.
TENSE.
Tense means time. All time is divided into three great periods-past, present, and future. Hence there are three
11.
tenses, to indicate past time, present time, and future time. 12. Thus, the leading or principal tenses are, the Present, Present-
leading
Perfect,
fect, Pluperfect,
13.
and Future the secondary or subordinate are, the Imperand Perfect-Aorist. The present, future, and present-perfect are sometimes called
;
Primary tenses; imperfect, perfect-aorist, and pluperfect, are called the Historical tenses, because most frequently employed in the narration of events*
past
the
while the
There are two Numbers, Singular and Plural Persons in each number.
14.
and three
15. Verbs are divided, according to their stems and inflexions, into four classes, called Conjugations, which are distinguished by the termination of the present infinitive thus :
;
Third
... ...
Fourth
printed uniformly as if the stem of each ended in a consonant, i.e., as if am- were the stem of amare, mon- of monere, and aud- of audire,
as leg- is of
17.
lege~re. is the primary advantageous to
16. The stem of amare is, properly speaking, ama-; of monere, mone-; and of audire, audi-; but for convenience in conjugation, and for the purpose of avoiding confusion, the four classes are
While ama-, as seen in the present imperative, and proper stem of the whole verb, it will be found
make
the verb.
*
use of certain secondary stems appearing in different tenses of Thus, while ama- or am- is the stem of all presents and
But historians often ufe the present tense in narrating past events, to add vividlife to the story, by representing incidents as if passing before our eyes; "When this had been reported to Caesar, he loses no time in starting from us, Rome; he hastens into further Gaul, and reaches Geneva." Caes. Bell. Gall., Bk. /., 7.
ness and
VERBS.
imperfects,
59
(perfect) may be taken as a secondary stem runthe perfects and pluperfects and amat-, occurring in supines, future participle Act., and future subjunctives. 18. Thus there are four parts of the verb, which exhibit all the
amavall
ning through
and secondary), namely, the Present IndicaThese are Perfect Indicative, Supine, and Present Infinitive. called the Principal Parts, because when they are once known every other form of the verb may be readily ascertained.
possible stems (primary
tive,
19. The principal parts of the verbs which represent the fonr conjugations are as follows
:
CO
ELEMENTAKY LATIN
fiRAMMAl!.
Arao, Amavi,
SUBJUNCTIVE.
(or -o), / am loving. Ani-cis, thou art loving. Am-&t, he is loving. P. Am-amiis, we are loving. Am-atis, ye or you arc loving. Am-ant, they ore loving.
Am-o
Am-ein, / may love. Am-es, thou mayst love. Am-et, he may love. Am-emus, we may love.
Am-etis, you
may
love. love.
S.
Ani-abam, I was
loving.
Am-abanius, we were loving. Aiu-abatis, you were lovirig. Am-iibant, they were loving.
Am-afco, / shall love. Am-abls, thou wilt love.
Arn-abit, he will love.
Am-ar5t, he might love. Am-aremfis, ire might love. Am-aretls, you might love. Am-arent, they might love.
S.
P.
Am-abimus, we
Am-abunt,
shall love.
love.
Amaturus sim, / may Amaturus sis, thou mayst Amaturus sit, he may Amaturi simus, we may Amaturi sltis, you may Amaturi sint, they may
Amav-erim, I may have
Amav-eris, thou mayst have Amav-erit, he may have Amav-erimiis, wemeiyhave Amav-eritis, you may have
cZ
S.
Amav-I, I have
Amav-isti, thou hast Ainav-it, he has Amav-imus, we have Amav-istis, you have
-s
P.
j
1
g,
Amav-erunt
S.
(-ere),
they have
loved.
Amav-erlnt, they
may
have
Amav-eram, / had
Amav-8ras, thou hadst loved. Amav-er&t, he had loved. P. Arnav-Cramus, we had loved. Amav-Sratls, you had, loved. Amav-erant, they had loved.
Amav-fero,
I shall
Aruav-issem, / might or shd. Amav-isses, thou wouldst Amav-Isset, he would Araav-issemus, we should
Amav-Issetls, you would
Amav-Sris, thou wilt Amav-Srlt, he will P. Amav-Srimiis, we shall Amav-Sritis, you will Amav-erlnt, they will
VKRllK.
CI
VERBS FIRST
VOICE.
CONJUGATION".
Amatum, Anmre,
IMPERATIVE.
to love.
62
REGULAR VERBS
Principal Parts
Amor, Amatus
PASSIVE
VERBS.
63
FIRST CONJUGATION.
VOICE.
sum, Amari,
to be loved.
IMPERATIVE.
Gl
SECTION
III. REGULAR
VERBS
ACTIVE
Principal Parts
MonSo, Monui,
VERBS.
G5
SECOND CONJUGATION.
VOICE.
Monitum, Monere,
IMPERATIVE.
to advise.
CG
Moncor, Monitus
PASSIVE
VERBS.
67
SECOND CONJUGATION.
VOICE.
sum, Moneri,
to be
advised.
IMPERATIVE.
G8
Lego, Legi,
VERBS.
C9
THIRD CONJUGATION.
VOICE.
Lecturn, Legere, to choose.
IHP8&ATIYB.
70
REGULAR VERBSPASSIVE
Principal Parts
Legor,
VEKBS.
71
THIRD CONJUGATION.
VOICE.
Lectus sum, LSgi.
IMPERATIVE.
72
ACTIVE
Capio,
VERBS.
73
THIRD CONJUGATION.
VOICE.
Cepi,
Captum, Capere.
it
;
74
passive
Capior,
P jg on E
VERBS.
75
THIKD CONJUGATION.
VOICE.
Captus sum, Capi.
IMPERATIVE.
7G
VERBS.
FOUETH
VOICE.
CONJUGATION.
78
l.l'.MENTARY LATIN
GRAMMAR.
PASSIVE
Audior,
VERBS.
79
FOURTH CONJUGATION.
VOICE.
Auditus sum, Audiri,
IMPERATIVE.
to be heard.
SO
VERBS.
81
82
VERBS.
83
AT ONE VIEW.
VOICE.
IMPERATIVE.
81
CHAPTER IX.
Deponent Verbs are those winch have the inflexions of the Passive Voice known, as in other Regular Verbs, by
DErONENT VERBS.
85
DEPONENT VERBS.
but the meaning of the Active.
the favourite vowel.
The conjugation
to
is
admonish.
IMPERATIVE.
SG
DEPONENT
SECTION
III. THIRD
CONJUGATION L8qu-or,
INDICATIVE.
DEPONENT VERBS.
87
VERBS.
/ speak.
Principal Parts
IMPERATIVE.
88
CHAP.
Sum
is
X.,
SECT.
very irregular in those Tonses which are formed from tlie stem of the ends, not in -bam, but in -ram, like a pluperfect its future, not in -bo sum is for csum, sim for cairn, sunt for csunt, &c. In Latin s is often
;
Verb, because, being joined with perfect participles, it assists in com(from substantia, essence, or being), because it denotes existence.
SUM, I am.
INDICATIVE.
Principal
IRREGULAR VERBS.
89
IRREGULAR VERBS.
The imperfect indicative principal part; i.e., the present indicative. or -am, but in -ro, like a future perfect. The stern is properly es-, so that Sum is called an Auxiliary changed into r, so that from is for esam.
first
Verb
Parts
IMPERATIVE.
90
SECTION II.
Possum
is
is
of the adjective
s,
"
pott's,
able," and
:
retained
the
is
t is
assimilated to s
;
as,
perfect
of fui
omitted
as,
pot-ui for
Posse
is
for pot-csse.
POSSUM, I am
INDICATIVE.
able.
Principal
SUBJUNCTIVE.
S.
(I
may be
able, &c.)
IMPERF.(\ was
S.
able,
<fec.)
(I
P6t-eram, -eras,
-erat.
Poss-em,
Poss-emus,
FUT. (I
S.
shall
be
able, &c.)
able,
<fcc.)
Potu-i, -isti,
-it.
P. Potu-imus,
-ere.
-istis,
-erunt,
or
IRREGULAR VERBS.
91
IRREGULAR VERBS.
Whenever the parts of sum begin with an c, the t of potI am." In the potes, pot-cram; but possum for pot-sum, possim for pot-aim. is pot-fid. The imperative is wanting, and the present participle, poiens,
sum.,
"
Parts
Possum,
Potiii, Posse.
IJIPERATIYB.
SECTION
HL
::...:
::-
:
.
".
"j.i.-
-.
-i-
:i-t
':
---.'
z-.---
ht
he
::-.
'
-
v.
IEEZGULAZ 7
I
:
:
::.."!..:
nr-
04
SECTION IV.EO, J
Eo belongs
to ihe
go.
i-,
Principal
becomes
e-
Fourth Conjugation.
Its stem,
before
The imperfect
INDICATIVE.
IRREGULAR VERBS.
95
IRREGULAR VERBS.
Parts
Eo,
Ivi,
Itum,
Ire.
the vowels a, o, u: thus, present subjunctive earn for iam; present is ibam, and not i-c-bam ; and the future euds in -bo, and not in -am.
IMPERATIVE.
9G
SECTION V.
Fero
is
irregular in the Perfect and thus, fers for fer-i-s, fert for fer-i-t, ferre for fcr-e-re,
is
ACTIVE
FERO, I
INDICATIVE.
bring or bear.
Principal
IRREGULAR VERBS.
97
IRREGULAR VERBS.
Supine and derived tenses. In some parts it omits the connecting vowel: ferris (second singular present passive) for fer-6-ris.
VOICE.
Parts
Fero,
Ttili,
Latum, Ferre.
IMPERATIVE.
OS
IRREGULAR
PASSIVE
Piunoipal Paets
INDICATIVE.
Feror, Latus
IRREGULAR VERBS.
99
VERBS.
VOICE.
sura, Ferri, to be boime.
IMPERATIVE.
100
SECTION VI.
VOLO, 7 am
This verb
willing.
Peincipal
is irregular in the present indicative and present infinitive, and rcKre, which was syncopated into vcl're; and this, by assimilation vult and vultis, older writers use volt and voltis.
INDICATIVE.
IRUEOUIAR VERBS.
101
IRREGULAR VERBS.
Parts
full
of the liquids
and
r,
became
IMPERATIVE.
102
IRREGULAR
NOLO, / am
INDICATIVE.
IRREGULAR VERB8.
103
VERBS.
unwilling
(continued.)
IMPERATIVE.
104
SECTION IX.
FIO, I
am
made, or I become.
I
Principal
Fourth
make.
It is of the
fUbam, flam,
as,
&c.
But
it is
INDICATIVE.
IRREGULAR VERBS.
105
IRREGULAR VERBS.
Parts
Conjugation.
indicative, fit,
as,
letter
IMPERATIVE.
10G
SECTION X.
EDO, I
Edo
is
eat.
Principal Parts
;
but some of
its
INDICATIVE.
IREKGULAR VERBS.
107
IRREGULAR VERBS.
IMPERATIVE.
108
SECTION
XI.
DEFECTIVE VERBS.
1.
st
me
of their parts.
Tims,
Verbs. The following, however, are more largely defective, since they either want the present and derived tenses, or have only a few isolated parts, principally of the present stem. Thus, coepi, I and novi, I know, memini, I remember odi, I hate begin
; ;
;
have only the perfect (preterite) tense and the forms derived from it: from which circumstance they are sometimes called Prcteritive
Verbs.
2.
The
perfects are translated as presents, the pluperfects as perand the future perfects as futures.
The reason
of this change
is
evident
ini literally means, I have called to mind, I iiave conceived a hatred, i.e., I hate, &c.
remember;
odi,
DEFECTIVE VERBS.
109
PARTICIPLES.
PERFECT.
Coep-tua.
0-sus
{obsolete.)
(No-tus.)
FUTURE.
Coep-turus.
3.
0-6urus.
yes, has only the following parts
:
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE.
S.
P.
P.
Aias, Aiat.
,
Aiant.
IMPERFECT INDICATIVE.
S.
PARTICIPLE PRESENT.
Aiens, affirming.
P.
only used (like our, says I) in quotas the first ing the words of a person; and (2) that it never stands word of a clause that
it is
:
Of inquam
it
INDICATIVE.
PRESENT.
S.
P.
S.
IMPERFECT.
,
Inquiebat.
FUTURE.
S.
S.
Inquisti, Inquit.
Inquies, Inquiet.
IMPERATIVE.
Pres. Sing. Inque.
5.
|
INDICATIVE
110
C.
of
tli is
7.
thus
8. 9.
Avere, to hail, is found only in the infinitive and imperative; ave (or have), aveto, avete; infinitive, avere. Apage, plur. apagete, begone, are the only parts met with.
Cido
me.
;
salvebis.
11.
12.
Ausim,
ausis, ausit,
infinitive, valere,
,
aitsint, for
audeam, &c,
may
;
dare.
13. Fax-im, -is, -it, -Imus, -itis, -int, for faciam, I may do or fecerim, I may have done. Also Fax-o, -is, -it, for fecero, I shall have done ; , -itis, -int,
SECTION
XII.
IMPERSONAL VERBS.
1. Impersonal Verbs are used only in the third person singular, and have no personal subject i.e., have no substantive or substantive pronoun as their subject. They are like the English phrases,
it
snows,
2.
it
The
is
sonally ; as, accidit, it happens, from accido, I fall in with, happen on.
3. The mena
:
Pluit,
it
rains.
it
Ningit,
snows.
it
it
it
dawns.
lightens.
Grandinat,
hails.
Tonat,
it
thunders.*
it
grows dark.
The
Some
Thus we
and
in
IMPERSONAL VEKBS.
accusative of the person experiencing the feeling; as, Miseret me of you) :
Ill
me
Miseret (me),
uit.
am
ashamed;
est.
perf.
puditum
perf. piguit,
5. Some have a substantive as their subject, and are used in the third plural, with a neuter plural as subject ; as, Parvum parva decent:
Decet (me),
decuit.
it
becomes
me;
perf.
Libet,
est.
Ledecet (me),
perf.
it
dedecuit.
it is
Liquet,
6.
obvious
Some
singular,
personal verbs are used impersonally in the third person less different from that of the
personal forms
it is
of impor-
it
delights
fit,
happens.
it is
escapes me.
it
Accedit,
tion
to.
added
to,
or in addi-
Placet,
placitum
(ad), it con-
Praestat,
Restat,
it
remains.
Vacat,
Est,
in
it is
wanting.
it
Convenit,
Constat,
it suits.
is per-
it is
it is
known
or established.
m itted.
ExpSdit,
expedient.
7. Most verbs may be used impersonally in the passive voice. This usually happens in the case of intransitive verbs, which otherwise have no passive as, curritur, they run literally, it is run,
:
i.e.,
is
Thus, pugnatur, they fight, (the battle carried on;) pugnabatur, they were fighting; pugnatum est, they
running
is
taking place.
112
fought, &c.
est,
:
vivitttr, people live, (i.e.. life is maintained:) ventum they came, &c. 8. Impersonal verbs of the active form have no passive voice.
Most
of
infinitive complete,
thus,
OPORTET,
Indicative.
Present.
it
behoves.
Subjunctive.
Oporteat,
Oporteret,
it it
Oportet,
it behoves.
it
may
<
behove.
Imperf. Future.
Perfect.
Oportebat,
Oportebit,
behoved.
will behove.
might, behove.
it
Oportuit,
hoved,
it
behoved.
it
Oportuerit,
be-
it
may
it
IHupcrf. Oportuerat,
had
will
Oportuisset,
hoved.
might
[behove* I.
it
F. Per/. Oportuerit,
have
Infinitive.
Oportere,
to
to be expressed,
it is
put
in the accuit
behoves
CHAPTER XLADVERBS.
1.
An Adverb
is
a word which
is
adverbs, to modify their meaning in regard to time, place, manner, degree, &c: as, Turn praeerat exercitui; he at that time commanded
the army: Acriter pntgnant ; they fight keenly. 2. As to form, adverbs are of three classes Simple, Derivative,
:
and Compound.
3.
root
4.
Simple or primitive adverbs are such as cannot be traced to any as, saepe, often non, not nunc, now ; mox, presently. Derivative adverbs contain the stem of some adjective, substan; ;
Compound adverbs
are
made up
of two or
more words
as,
quam rem ; magnopere for magno opere; Many adverbs, especially those derived from
ADYERKS.
ject to comparison.
113
The comparative of the adverb is generally the nominative singular neuter of the adjectival comparative thus, this neuter, doctius, being used as the doctior, doctior, doctius,
From
ADJECTIVES.
Ill
KI.F.MENTARY LATIN
GRAMMAR.
ablative.
:
The
to,
Juxta., near
or beside.
of.
of.
Apud, near,
of.
Praeter, besides, excepting. Propter, on account of, close by. Secundum, next after, in accord-
ance with.
of,
beyond.
The
of.
of.
not with).
concerning.
Tenus, up
to,
as far as.
These
five
the
rest
accusative
or
is signified
the ablative
when
With the
in.
Ablntivc.
Sub, Super,
,
under.
upon, concerning. (under, beneath; generally with the accusative in either "l sense, rarely with the ablative.
without the knowledge
of.
Clam,
CONJUNCTIONS
INTERJECTIONS.
15
cam,
2.
et,
I read that I
may
learn.
as,
As
to
As
to use,
(1.)
Co-ordinative, which are employed to connect clauses that are on an equality with one another i.e., either
;
(a)
primary clauses, or
(b)
in the
et,
same
Such
are,
vel,
Subordinative
which
connect
a secondary clause to a
are, ut, si,
These
quum,
ne,
An
Interjection
is
a word which
is
mind, such as joy, grief, astonishment, contempt, &c. or euge, bravo begone eheu, alas ecce, h apage, away
of the
!
heus,
holla
2.
without influencing the syntax. Some of them, however, when used in connection with a noun, prefer a special case thus, 0, keu, proh, take a vocative of address, but an accusative of exclamation as,
;
:
formosepuer,
:
beautiful boy Heu me infelicem ! all, luckless me Ileus tu, holla, you there Vae, woe, prefers the dative (rarely the accusative) as, Vae mild, woe's me Hei mihi, ah me
!
Other parts of speech are frecpiently used as interjections as, hush miserum, infandum, monstrous! shame! pax, peace wretched \cito, quick Mehercule, by Hercules
3.
:
! !
116
PART
1.
II.
SYNTAX.
CHAPTER
and
2.
3.
I SENTENCES.
Syntax treats of the use of words in the formation of sentences, of the relation of sentences or clauses to one another. The word
literally
Syntax
means arrangement.
4.
5.
tions
as,
6.
Puer legit, et scribit ; the boy reads and writes. Puer legit, ut discat; the boy reads that he may learn. The sentences which go to make up a compound sentence
are
SUBJECT.
the definition of a sentence given above, it follows that every sentence must consist of two parts ; (1.) That which represents the person or thing spoken about ; That which is said about and,
7. (2.)
From
The Subject
and
is
is
the
name
is
an adjective
10.
A
A
Subjects are of three kinds, Simple, Compound, and Complex. subject is called Simple when it consists of only one sub:
stantive
as,
flies.
more
subject is called Compound when it consists of two or substantives connected by conjunctions, or supposed to be con-
nected; as,
Aquila et vultur volant; the eagle and the vulture fly. Pater, mater, films in horto ambulant; the father, mother, (and) son are walking in the garden.
SENTENCES.
12. subject is called Complex quotation, or clause as,
:
117
it
when
consists of a phrase, or
Quodlibrum
leg isti
(subj.)^ra'turn
gratifying to
est
is
mc
13. The subject is often enlarged by the addition of an adjective, substantive, or phrase, which serves to define it more closely, and
limit
its
signification:
as,
all
Gaul
is
divided.
Miltiades, Atiiexiexsis, filius Cmoxia,jlorebat; Miltiades, the Athenian, son of Cimon, was in good repute.
14.
The
perative mood,
subject to a verb in the indicative, subjunctive, or imis always in the nominative case; to a verb in the
Puer
15.
Equi currunt; the horses run. The Predicate is that which is asserted
(b)
of the subject;
and
is
a substantive, adjective, or participle connected with the subject by part of one of the verbs to be, exist, become, be named, be elected, and such like as, Aquila (subj.) vdlat (pred.) the eagle flies.
either (a) a verb, or
:
ln
the second example, the verb erat which connect3 the is called the Copula, or connecting link.
is
The
predicate
tive, substantive, or
Cicero (snbj.)
erat
phrase
as,
an adjec-
suamus orator
(pred.)
great orator.
Miles
(subj.)
hostem gladio
occidit (pred.)
COMPOUND SENTENCES.
17.
The
clauses of a
Compound Sentence
are either
(1.)
Principal
Subordinate or dependent. 18. A Principal Clause is one which makes a leading assertion its construction docs not depend on any other clause.
(2.) 19.
or independent; or,
Subordinate Clause
of,
is
planatory
as,
The
118
20. Obs.
Hence
Uy
self, but, to
it follows that a sabonliiiateclau.se cannot stand l>y itbe understood, must be accompanied by a principal clause.
:
21.
The
(a)
(b)
(c)
compound sentence are connected together conjunctions as, et, atque, ac, sed, aut, nam, &c. ]>y relative adverbs as, quare, unde, &c. By the forms of the relative pronoun, qui, quae, quod.
;
;
clauses of a
22. Clauses
et, ac,
23.
Obs. Hence
it
may
be either prin-
cipal or subordinate.
on which they depend by the forms of the relative pronoun, or by conjunctions and relative adverbs as, qui, quae, quod ;
cipal clauses
;
25. Subordinate clauses are generally introduced to express such circumstances as time, cause, result, purpose, condition, &c. 26. When the subject or the verb of a clause is suppressed, the
clause
is
as,
Miltiades direxit cursum, pervenitque, &c. (i.e., et Miltiades Miltiades steered his course, and (Miltiades) pervenit)
;
reached, &c.
CHAPTER
1.
II. AGREEMENT
OF SUBJECT AND
subject in
PREDICATE.
Rule I. A verb
agrees
with
its
number and
person: t as,
Curreham;
was running.
* See p. 115, chap. Xiii. U. t See Art. 14 of preceding chapter. X The person-endings of the Latin verb (see p. 59, Art. 20) are so distinctly
marked
that the personal pronouns are expressed only when particularly emphatic, as when cue individual is to be put in strong contrast to another. The subject is very often omitted in the third person also, when it is easily supplied by the contest.
AiillEEMENT OF SUBJECT
2.
AND PREDICATE.
has
a verb
in
119
the
plu-
Rule II. A
as,
ral
compound
subject*
Pater
et
/dirts in horto
in
ambulant; the
father
walking
3.
the garden.
of a
If the
is
members
the verb
as,
Ego
Si
tit
et
tit
et
Me sumus amid;
et
you and he
if
and
are
friends.
et
Cicero valemus;
Tnllia
and
you are
4.
and
I are well.
Exc. The verb often agrees with that member of a compound subject which is nearest to it as,
:
Amat
5.
te
pater,
et
mater, et/ratres
your mother
(too),
collective
:
in the plural
as,
may
have a verb
Pars cedunt; a part (i.e., some) give way. Decimus quisque ad supplicium lecti sunt ; every tenth man
was selected
6.
for
punishment.
subject
lar: as,
has
verb
in
the
singu-
Humanum
graceful.
est
errare
it is
natural for
man
to err.
is
Inerrdrepers&oerareturpeest;
to persevere in error
dis-
to a verb in
the infinitive
mood
is
Nuntiatum
them
*
t
est Caesari, eos conari iter /acere ; it was reported to Caesar that they are attempting to march, &c, literally,
to be
attempting
to
march.
That
2nd
See Art. 11 of preceding chapter. is, the verb is 1st pers. if one of the members of the subject be pers. if there are only -2nd and 3rd persons in the subject
1st pers.;
and
120
AND SUBSTANTIVE.
1. Rule I. An adjective* agrees with gender, number, and case as,
:
its
own
substantive t in
Puer
Ver
est sed/llus;
est
the boy
is
diligent,
Puella
est
sedula ; the
girl is diligent.
is
long.
If
an adjective
it
agrees with
in
as,
Amicus
eldest,
friend
is
present, but
3. Rule II. The relative pronoun X agrees with its antecedent substantive in gender and number, and also in person as,
:
the Carians,
who
at
Obs.
The
clause to which
case of the relative depends on the construction of the it belongs, according as the relative is subject or
Rule
III. When an adjective applies to two or more subwhether singular or plural, it is put in the plural num-
Pater
Tu
6.
et
frater
are famous.
When
different genders,
*
an adjective applies to two or more substantives of it takes the gender of the masculine substantive
used in
its
Adjective
is
ciples.
t By the term "own substantive," is meant the substantive in the same clause as the adjective, and modified by it. X It will be seen that the relative pronoun is simply an adjective in a subsequent clause referring to a substantive in a preceding one, and is therefore an example of the principle laid down in Art. 5 Tlie term adjective in this and the following articles includes the relative pronoun. See Note * above.
'.'.
APPOSITION.
121
rather than that of the feminine, and of the feminine rather than
of the neuter
:
as,
Pater
et
Matres
little
7.
E.rc.
But
is
children,
which
e fillis captus est; the daughter of Orgetorix, and one of his sons, was taken captive. Eae fruges atque fructus, quos terra gignit ; those crops and fruits which the earth brings forth.
OrgetorigU filia,
et
unus
Humanum
Dulce
et
est
errare;
est
it is
natural to
man
it
to err.
is
decorum
coming to die
9.
those
as,
to females, fern.
and
to things,
Boni
et sapientes ex urbe pulsisunt; the good and wise (men) have been banished from the city.
agree in case
as,
meae
Tullia,
Obs.
The same rule applies when the second substantive part cf the predicate as,
:
my
darling.
is
used as
Caesar erat summits impcrator; Caesar was a most distinguished commander, This kind of apposition occurs with X.Ji. (1.) Substantive verbs, (as, sum, exist o, fio, kc.) (2.) Passive verbs of naming and choosing, (as, nominor, crcor.) (3.) Verbs of seeming or being thought, (as, videor, existimor.) (4.) Verbs of gesture, (as, incedo.)
See Note
{, p.
120.
Two
Is
appended
to tlio
122
3.
to
two
or
more substan-
as,
Publius Scipio
Cneius
(i.e.,
The
Nominative
is
used to express the subject of the sentence, and p. 121, iv., (Seep. 117, Art. 14
;
The nominative
vdlo, nolo,
is
possum,
mala, coepi, videor: as, Miltiades non vldebatur posse esse prlvatus ; Miltiades did not appear to be able to remain a private citizen.
;
3.
son
The Vocative is used in expressions of address But the nominative often takes the place of the
as,
Fill !
vocative, even
in address.
2.
Rule
I.
Transitive
verbs govern
ject:
as,
Fugat
3.
But
many
ablative.
(See chaps,
and
ix.)
" * By the term govern," it is simply meant that the practice of the Latins was to put an accusative case after a transitive verb just as in English it is the practice to use that form of the substantive which we call the." objective" (accusative) case after
;
and prepositions: as, "He struck me," not, walked with him," not, " I walked with he."
transitive verbs
"He
THE ACCUSATIVE.
4. Any verb, whether it be transitive or intransitive, in the accusative, a substantive of kindred signification
123
may
:
as,
govern,
life.
Puer patrem
his father.
III. After verbs expressing or implying motion, the G. Rule names of towns and small islands, with domus, rus, and such terms, are put in the accusative, to indicate the " point to which :" as,
Pero&nit
Rediit
Lemnum;
he reaches Lemnus.
men were
sent to Delphi.
domwm;
he returned home.
Rus
7.
Obs. With
names of countries and large islands a preposition generally used (but the poets often omit the prep.): as, Revertitur in Asiam ; he returns to Asia.
is
8.
tion of time
of space
and dura-
Diem noctemque
9.
in salo
navem
night.
and a
accusative X as,
Ad eos ;
Apud
*
to them.
Jfelvetios;
among
the Ilelvetii.
But
(if
pcto, postulo, and quaero take the ablative with a prep., <tb, rfc, ex, &c. " is really an accusative ol t It will be observed that the "accusative of the thing
kindred signification, and therefore merely completes the meaning of the verb. t See p. 114, 8.
124
10.
The prepositions,
an
pressed:* as,
or
throughout"
ex-
Ire in
urbcm;
Navigat super
] I. Prepositions, when compounded with other words, often govern the same case as they do in the simple form as, Mil! Us ducem circumsteterunt; the soldiers surrounded their
:
general,
Exercitus
Rhenum
is
carried over
the Rhine.
12. Many intransitive verbs of motion, when compounded with the prepositions trans, circum, per, super, praeter, ad, cum, in, and thus subter, (and sometimes prae and ob,) become transitive,
take an accusative
as,
river.
Urbem obsident ; they besiege the city. The accusative is used (along with the
impersonal verbs miseret, poenitet, pudet, taedet, and piget. (See So dicet and ded&cet often take the accusative of the p. 128, 10.)
person.
14.
The
accusative
is
as,
Me miserum !
(or,
anything is given or communicated as, llonos Miltiadi tributus est; honour was awarded to Miltiades.
:
See
"
p. 132, 25.
for," signifying "in defence of," is to be translated by to die for one's fatliei land. ;
abl.
as,
Tin: dative.
125
3.
The
Obs.
In this example
while lupo denotes the remote object, whom the preparation is made.
the dative
Bonis
good,
5.
'Obs. 1.
The principle of "advantage or disadvantage" laid down in Arts. 3 and 4 is a very comprehensive one, and to it may be referred by far the greater number of instances in which the dative occurs. It is more especially manifest in the following classes of verbs:
(o)
help spare, indulge, &c. (b) To please; serve, obey threaten hurt, &c. (c) To trust, persuade, marry (of the (d) Most verbs compounded with one female); command,* &c. of the ten prepositions, ad, ante in, inter post, praesub, super con and ob ; and many verbs compounded with other
To consult
;
for,
;
prepositions
Obs.
2. The
;
sonally
G.
as, ab, circum, dc, ex, re- (inseparable). passives of verbs governing the dative are used imperas, Mild invtdetur; lam envied.
But the preposition is often repeated with its case, more particularly in verbs compounded with ad, con, in: as, Communicare aliquid cum aliquo; to make known to a person.
Inferre signa in hostes ; to advance against the enemy. Obs. Many of the verbs in the lists of Art. 5 are followed by an
accusative or ablative.
must consult
his Dictionary.
7. Umlcr one or other of the heads in Art. 5 are included sum (when used as equal to habeo) and its compounds, except possum: as, Est mild liber; I have a book.
l'rodest amicis;
lie
8. Rule signifying advantage or disadvantage likeness or unlikeness, govern the dative as,
:
II. Adjectives,
Utilis reipublicae ; profitable to the state. Similis patri ; like his father (in features, &c.)
*
and guberno, govern the ace, take the ace. with the dat.
120
9.
{a)
Friendly, useful,
(6)
Like
(in externals),
opposites.
10.
as,
to that of the
above adjectives
Convenienter naturae
11.
agreeably to nature.
datives are sometimes used after the verbs to be, give, come, send, impute, t &c. the one indicating the })erson benefited, and the other the object, end, or result of the action as,
;
:
Two
The
dative
is
a or ab :
as,
Mihi susceptum est ; it was undertaken by me. Minus probatus parentibus ; disapproved of by
Obs.
his parents.
est
;
So the dative
Moriendum
III.
est
is
as,
omnibus
all
must
die.
13.
Rule
Some
&c:
as,
e.g.,
Expedit reipublicae ; it is profitable for the Licet nemini peccare; no man is permitted
14.
is
state.
to sin.
est (there
is
The
as,
dative
is
sary
whom
something
neces-
Dux
15.
we need a commander.
Obs. It
which are usually " Verbs of comparing, giving, deplaced under the common rule, claring, and taking away, govern the dative with the accusative," the dative is simply a dative of the remote object, as explained in one or other of the preceding articles ; and the accusative is an
will be seen that in those constructions
The
dative
llei
is used with some interjections: mihi! ah, me Yae vobis ! woe to you
! !
as,
Hut tliose denoting fitness or unfitness more usually take the ace. with ad: as, Locus aplus ad insidias; a place fitted for an ambush. The verbs most commonly followed by a double dative are sum, do, duco, tnbuo, t verlo, aedpio, relinquo, deligo. 7itto, venio, habeo, J But Caesari may depend litre on auxilio.
THE GENITIVE.
127
The
tive;
house.
The
Whose
Of whom
Of what
put in the
genitive: as,
might apply
to
law and
But the genitives naturae and love in their widest acceptations. parentum limit the application of the others, and confine them to one kind of law and one kind of love.
3.
Hence the
as,
tic
as,
Regis
est leges
administrare ;
it
is
the laws.
Stulti est consilium contemn&re ; despise advice.
5.
it
Exc.
lar neuter
as,
est
in the
nominative singu-
Meum
6.
id procurarc ;
it is
my
Rule III. The word expressing the whole, a part of which * spoken of, is put in the genitive: as, Magna vis kominum; a great number of men.
* *
ir
This
is
it'
But
railed the partitive genitive. the adjective were of the third declension this
We
utilit,
wile, or aftquid
128
Ubicunque terrarum; in whatever part of the earth. vestrum ? which of you Doctissimus Romanorum ; the most learned of the Romans.
(^in's
/
Ols.
The words which usually govern such genitives are, (a) The nominative or accusative singular neuter of quantitative adjectives
and pronouns
;
as,
verbs of quantity
postea, intcrca.
muJtum, minus, nihil, id, quid, satis, nimisj of place eo, ibi, ubi;
(c)
&c.
(b)
Ad-
of time
All partitive words, of whatever kind substantives, adjectives, numerals, pronouns, the comparatives and superlatives of adjectives.
8.
Rule IV. Substantives indicating quality, nature, extent, &c, but in such cases they are accompanied by
:
an adjective
as,
of great talent.
is
evil.
.
Memor
10.
Such are, (a) Adjectives denoting knowledge, memory, certainty, inclination to, patience, and their opposites. (6) Verbs signifying to remember, pity, forget:* as, Miserere scrvorum; have
pity on the slaves, (c) Certain impersonal verbs, such as refert and interest, -^ as, Refert regis, it concerns the king and miseret, poenitet, pudct, laedet, and piget, to express the object which excites pity, shame, &c. as, Miscret me tui; I pity you.
11.
Rule
VI. The
and
Indigebat
opum ; he needed
full of
resources.
Plenus irae ;
anger. Similis patris ; like his father (in nature, disposition, &c.)
* Verbs signifying to remember or forget also take the ace. t But with these verbs the possessive pronouns are used in the forms mca, luu, Some scholars consua, nostra, vestra: as, Non mea refert, it does not concern me. sider these forms as the ablative singular feminine, agreeing with re; while others the as abbreviations for rem and inter rem est meam. (See regard phrases meamferl,
Key, Lat.
Gr., 910.)
J Adjectives of plenty or want also take the abl. 5 Adjectives of likeness or unlikeness also take the dat.
THE ABLATIVE.
12.
129
is
Price or value,
when
put
in
the
minor, &c
as,
magnus, plurimus,
the avaricious
i)lus,
Avarus
divitias
magni aestimat;
I
man
sets a
man
in
very
N.B.
is used to indicate the price, it is usually the ablative; and even with the adjectives noted in Art. 12 the ablative is often used.
If a substantive
in
put
14. Rule VII. The crime or ground of accusation is expressed in the genitive after verhs of accusing, condemning, and acquitting as,
:
occur
The name of a place where an event is said to put in the genitive, if the suhstantive be of the first or second declension, and the singular number:* as,
15.
Rule VIII.
is
Mortuus Habebat
16.
following phrases are also in the genitive :Domi, at Belli or militiae, at war, (in the phrase, Domi bellique) ; JIumi, on the ground.
The
home
The
Ablative
is
in English
we
indicate by
from, with,
Hence
it
denotes
2.
The cause
or reason
I
as,
{i.e.,
Ardeo studio ;
3.
hum
with
hy reason
:
or material
as,
of) zeal.
Interfecit hostem gladio ; he slew his enemy with a sword. Vivunt lacte et came; they live on milk and flesh.
4.
Articles
1, 2,
and
:
9,
may
be expressed
in
See chap.
ix. 21, p.
:_;.'.
130
Otherwise,
done, the
it is
which
5.
the word which expresses the cause why a thing in which it is done, or the instrument by done, is put in the ablative.
manner
Under one
or
and the like; also fretus, praedltus ; as, Fretus itumero copiarum ; relying on the number Ortus regibus ; descended from kings.
G.
of his forces.
But
is
if
the agent
:
(or
or ah
used
as,
ah exploratorUnis ; Caesar
is
certified
potior,
Rule II. The deponent verbs, utor, abutor, fruor, and vescor, take the ablative of the object: as,
Potiri imperio; to take possession of the sovereignty.
fungor,
N.B. Exc.
Ablatives
examples of the
But potior often takes the genitive Potiri Galliae ; to take possession of Gaul.
:
as,
is
9.
done
is
majorum; he
did
it
after the
manner
of his an-
expressed in English by as to, in regard to: Aeger pedibus ; diseased in the feet.
as,
Captus oculis ;
blind.
G alius
11.
Major natu;
Rule IV. The ablative denotes supply, with verbs and adjec:
as,
Germania fiuminibus abundat; Germany abounds Carebat nomine ; he was without the name.
Plenus ira;
*
in rivers.
full of anger.
Egeo and
iitdigro also
See chap.
viii. 11, p.
128.
THE ABLATIVE.
12.
131
Opus
Opus
est,
and usus
est,
may
:
14, p. 126)
mihi adjutore;
or,
Adjutor opus
mihi;
I reed a
when
helper.
The ablative expresses quality or property, 13. Rule V. conjoined with an adjective:* as,
of royal dignity.
est
Obs. 1.
But the
as, Minimo, for very little price in an indefinite way for much ; parvo, for little, &c.
maguo,
Obs. 2.
Under
this
iuis: as,
16.
used with comparatives and superlatives to express excess or deficiency of measure: as,
far.
Rule
VIIL The
ablative is used with the comparative degree with which the comparison is instituted as,
:
When quain is used in comparisons, the second substantive as, coupled to the first by it, and takes the same case Filia pulchrior est quam mater; the daughter is more beauti:
ful
(is).
19.
Rule IX.
of
as,
Caesar castra loco movit; Caesar shifted his camp from the place. Destiterunt hoc conatu; they abandoned this attempt.
20.
Rule
X. Place-from-which
est
viii
is
as,
Profectus
*
Athenis
S, p. 128.
See chap,
12, p. 129.
132
21. Rule XI. Place-where is expressed by the ablative, more especially in the names of towns or small islands, if the noun be of the third declension, or the plural number:* as,
Mortuus
est
Videbat se
Carthagine he died at Carthage. non tutum (esse) Argis; he saw that he was not
;
safe at Argos.
22.
Obs.
Many words not proper names of places come under this prindomus, rus,
locus, dcxtra, lacva
:
ciple; e.g.,
as,
Proficiscens
Eo
Kule XII.
loco
Time-when The
is
as,
fifth day.
Rule XIII.
Aflumine; from
the river.
25. super, govern the ablative when rest or position in or at is indicated; and subter, though rarely: % as,
he found
The "
ablative absolute
"
:
finished,
we
will play.
The
Infinitive
Mood
is
other cases.)
2.
infinitive.
know
This
is
THE SUPINES
PARTICIPLES.
133
infinitive is generally used in Latin where our idiom requires a present: as, Pollicitus est sc negotiant confect arum esse; he promised to finish the business.
4.
Rule
:
tive
as,
II.
The
infinitive
mood has
its
Pythia
Obs.
When the adjective or substantive is joined with the infinitive to complete the predicate, it is put in the same case as the
subject: as,
Petrus cupit esse rir doctus; Peter desires to be a learned man. Scio Pet rum esse virion doctum; I know Peter to be a learned man.
is
implying motion,
chosen
men went
and
is
Rule II. The supine in -u is simply an ablative of limitation,* used with adjectives, such as turpis, facilis, utilis, &c. and
:
as,
tell
and
in cases
finite verb.
ix. 10, p. 130.
Stc chap.
134
2.
participles
(2.)
liave
two
peculiarities
; (1.)
Tliey
denote
as their
time
and,
When
same case
verbs.
3.
The nominative
is
very
of
often used impersonally with the parts of the verb sum, the tlie person by whom the action must be done being
name
dative
as,
put in the
is
Moriendum
4.
est
omnibus ;
all
(a neces-
sity) to all.
is very often used in agreement with a noun (in except the nominative, and in all genders), instead of the gerund followed by the accusative as,
The gerundive
all cases
Ad eas
res
confciendas;
The Gerund
and
its
vocative,
is a regular noun, wanting the nominative and cases are treated accordingly. In use, the infinitive
:
thus,
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
.
is
useful.
is useful.
Ars scribendi
est utilis;
Charta scribendo
(
est utilis;
paper
is
"
(
Scribere disco; I learn writing. Inter scribendum disco; I learn during (or while) writing.
Abl.
*
\ve
often omitted
as,
Utendum
135
But
(a)
observe,
That the genitive of the gerund is governed l>y substantives and adjectives, though rarely, if ever, by verbs.
That the dative and accusative are seldom used with an Thus we can say, Scribendo accusative case following.
by writing letters but rarely Charta scribendo (dative) epistolas, or, ad scribendum In such cases the gerundive should be emepistolas. ployed, and be made to agree with the substantive ; as,
(ablative) epistolas,
est utilis
;
(b)
Charta
ad
scribendas
epistolas.
(c)
The
accusative gerund is only used with prepositions, and usually with ad, inter, and ob.
ablative gerund
is
((/)
The
of the instrument or manner, ab, de, ex, in; not with sine.
3.
The gerund governs the same case as its verb: as, Scribendi epistolas ; of writing letters.
Parcendo
victis; by sparing the contpuered.
The
Obs.
Imperative
command, a
verb, to give force to the command as, Noli imputare mihi; don't think of imputing to me.
2.
junctive
In counsels, commands, exhortations, or recpiests, the submood is very often used in the third person for the
;
imperative
indefinitely
and
:
also
in
when used
as,
Aut
or be
off.
36
COMPOUND SENTENCES.*
CHAPTER XV. PRINCIPAL CLAUSES.
Moodf is employed to represent a state or an action simply as a fact, cither in an affirmative, or a negative, or an interrogative form, it is used, (a) In principal clauses stating what is a fact, or assumed to
1.
be a fact
as, Turn Thraces eas regiones tenebant; the Thracians at that time possessed those parts, (b) In direct
:
questions J as, Quid agis? what are you doing hora est? what o'clock is it?
:
Quota
2.
an
.action
Since the subjunctive mood is employed to represent a state or in a doubtful or contingent manner, it is found in those
These are, (1.) A principal clauses which partake of this character. wish, command, or exhortation as, Valeas; may you be in good
:
Utinam possim ! would that I were able Bum vivimus vivamus ; whilst we live, let us live. (2.) A possibility as, Aliquis dicat; some one may (possibly) say. (3.) A supposition:
health
:
(farewell.)
as,
(4.)
Bies
A
A
On
(5.)
deficiat, si; the time (I suppose) would fail me were I, &c. concession: as, Sint haec falsa; (I grant) this may be false. question expressed doubtfully as, Quid agamus ? what can
:
we do
*
the nature of the Compound Sentence and its clauses, see chap, i., p. 117. to the Tenses of the indicative mood observe, (1.) That the imperfect is sometimes used as a peifect (perf. Aorist); (2.) That the future is occasionally as an imperative; (3.) That the pluperfect is often found where we might employed expect the same tense of the subjunctive: as, Truncus illupsus cerebro suslulerat; the trunk of a tree falling on my cranium would have killed me, (had not, <fec.) J Direct questions (i.e., questions not dependent on any word or clause going before) are asked by interrogative particles (adverbs or conjunctions) ne, nonne, num, Vtrum, an; guare, cur, guando, guomodo, vbi, &c. Or, secondly, by pronouns; as,
t
With regard
Interrogative particles: (a) Ne simply asks for information: Scribitne puer? is the boy writing? (b) Nonne expects the answer, Yes: Nonne putas? don't you think? (Yes.)
(c)
expects the answer, No: Num putas? do you think? (No.) Vtrum (titer, which of two) is used in double questions, followed by an; as, Utrum nosmet moenibm defendemus, an obviam hostibus ibimus? Whether shall we defend ourselves by our fortifications, or shall we go to meet the enemy? 2. Interrogative pronouns; as, Quis hoc fecit? who did this? Quid agis? what are you doing?
Num
(rf)
xxiii.
SUBORDINATE CLAUSES.
137
3. The Imperative Mood is used in principal clauses to express a command, a wish, an advice, or an exhortation as, A equam memento servare mentem; remember to maintain an
:
even mind.
Pasce capellas,
et
potum
pastas aqe,
et
inter
agendum
occur-
sare capro caveto: feed the she-goats; and drive them, when fed, to water; and whilst driving them, beware of
4.
The
the indicative.
by examining the
whether it be a conjuncbut the learner must remember that the same conjunctive word may express different ideas, and therefore introduce different kinds of clauses: thus quitm
first
word*
of the clause,
a relative pronoun
may
Hence con;
junctive words play an important part in subordinate clauses but the student must carefully guard against the too common error of In all supposing that the conjunctive word governs the mood.
cases
it is
mood
is
which decides not only what what conjunctive word must introduce
the clause.
may
2. In all subordinate clauses, in which the statement is represented as dependent on another statement, either as purpose, aim, consequence, condition, or imaginary comparison, the verb will be in the subjunctive mood.
3. It often happens that a fact is stated in a subordinate clause by a verb in the subjunctive mood. In such cases the secondary
The characteristic word is, in Latin, sometimes projected into the clause, hut very seldom further than the third place: as, Jilt, ilesperatit rebus, quum soliissent
naves; for
quum
illi,
<tc.
138
nature of the clause, which is connected with the leading clause, so as to be necessary to its completeness, seems to throw a shade of indefiniteness over it as,
:
it
happened
that,
&c,
Subordinate clauses
may be
2.
Ut or ne expresses a. purpose * as, Misit servum ad regem, ut ei nuntiaret; he sent a slave king, to tell him {i.e., for the purpose of telling).
:
to the
Themistocles
angustias quaerehat, ne mvltitudine circuiretur; Themistocles sought the straits, that he might not be surrounded by the large number (of ships).
Obs.
Hence
strive, wish,
3.
Ut or ne expresses a consequence or a result: as, Adeo angusto mart confiixit, ut multitudo navium exphcari non potuerit; he engaged in so narrow a sea, that (as a consequence) his multitude of ships could not be drawn out.
Obs.
Hence verbs of fearing are followed by ut or ne with the subjunctive; ut, to express the fear that a thing will not happen; ne, that it will.
4. Quo is sometimes used for ut to express a purpose, when the sentence contains a comparative (quo ut eo)
;
especially
:
as,
Caesar castella communit, quo facilius Helvetios p-ohibere ]iossit; Caesar erects forts in order that he may the more
easily be able to
keep
off
the Helvetii.
* A purjwse is not expressed in Latin by the infinitive, but either (a) by qui, with the subjunctive; or (b) by ut, with the subjunctive; or (c) by the supine; or (d) by the future participle; or (e) by the gerund or (/) by the gerundive; or (g) by causa or gratia, with the genitive.
;
CONDITIONAL CLAUSES.
5.
is
1 .>9
Qain ("in what manner not," "but that," "but," "without,") used after negative clauses :* as, Nemo est quinputet; there is no one but thinks.
Nemo
dubitabat, quia aliquid de pace esset scriplum; no one doubted but that some written proposal of peace had been
made.
Obs.
Quin
;
(2.)
&c.
(i.
is used, (1.) After verbs of hindering, as prohibeo ; After negative phrases, as non est dubium, nemo dubitat, (3.) After clauses expressing or implying a negative. is
Quominus f
as,
Nihil imped it quo minus hoc faciamus; nothing hinders from doing this.
Obs.
7.
tis
Quin
The relative pronoun expresses a purpose as, Servum misit ad regem, qui ei nuntiaret; he sent a the king to tell {i.e., who should tell) him.
slave to
S. Ut and ne are sometimes used in elliptical expressions, where in " English we might supply granting that," or some such phrase as, Nam, ut omittam Philippum; for, not to mention Philip.
:
dition
is
represented as certain
vis,
as,
Si
3.
dabo
you wish,
I will give
you
the
evidence.
condition
Conditional clauses have the verb in the subjunctive is represented as uncertain % or doubtful as,
:
if
; if
he [chance
to)
have anything, he
* When quin asks a (direct) question, it is joined with the indicative: as, Quin conscendimus equos? why don't we mount our horses? " t Quominus, literally, "in what manner the less; i.e., "so that not," "from." X This will always be the case when dum, dummodo, and modo mean "provided
that"
140
CHAPTER
1. Concessive Clauses, expressing a concession or admission, are introduced by such conjunctions as etsi, quanquam, tametsi, licet (which is properly a verb), quamvis, and sometimes quum.
2.
is
when a
fact
stated
:
sense
as,
etsi,
are
most common
in this
Eripuit telum, etsi gladius erat subductus ; he drew forth a weapon, though his sword had been abstracted. 3. Concessive clauses have the verb in the subjunctive when a mere possibility is expressed licet and quamvis almost always, and
;
as,
Quamvis
4.
si,
Me
felix
sit,
tamen, &c.
though
he be happy,
yet, &c.
The comparative conjunctions, velut, ac, si, quasi, tanquam &c, when used concessively (" as if," "as though,") take the
subjunctive, because necessarily implying a doubt: as, Quid testibus utor, quasi res dubia sit? why do I employ witnesses, as though the matter were doubtful.
by such conjunctions as quum, postquam, simulac, quando, dum, donee, ubi; and when indicating time, and nothing else, generally take the indicative as, Eo postquam Caesar pervenit; when (after that) Caesar
:
arrived there.
Quum
Gaul.
cession
implied, or
Quum
when time is expressed in a general way haec ita sint; since these things are so.
as,
CAUSAL CLAUSES
3.
RELATIVE CLAUSES.
is
141
Temporal clauses
quum
<c.
chosen
many
men were
when
(i.e.,
because)
occasionally qitando.
r
These conjunctions are joined with the indicative when the w riter states his own opinion, and represents it as the right one as,
:
Quoniam
Quippe
3.
Oiis.
unum;
it is
since there
is
Quippe
a small matter.
given
ironically
as,
Fat is :
since, forsooth, I
am
forbidden by the
4. The subjunctive is used when the writer repeats the opinion of another, or hints that the reason is not the right one as, Accusatus est proditionis, quod discessisset ; he was accused of
:
had
retired.
:
Quum, when
Quum
Ols.
sit
expressing the cause, takes the subjunctive as, in nobis prudeniia; since (i.e., because) there
is
wisdom
But quum
7.)
in us.
may
-a
is
stated
very strongly as
6.
Relative Clauses
when a
fact
is
stated dis-
tinctly
as,
qui missus
est; the
JS'untius,
142
3.
ments of another
Ilelvctii
as,
when
The
relative
pronoun
is
as,
when the
tell
the
The
relative
pronoun
is
followed by the subjunctive when the when qui is equal to ut ego, ut tu, ut
<&c, after
:
&c.
as,
is, talis,
Non
do
is
sum,
this,
qtii
(i.e.,
(=ut ego) hoc faciam; I am not I am not such [a one] who can do
the
man
to
this.)
6.
Dignus est, qui laudetur; he is worthy to be praised. The relative pronoun is followed by the subjunctive when the
:
clause expresses the ground, reason, or cause, qui being equal to as, cur, quod, or quum and a pronoun
Male
Obs.
7.
fecit
in
(i.e., because you think.) Hannibal, qui Capuae hiemarit ; Hannibal did
who think
wrong
Qui
is
The
when an inde-
finite
statement
nemo
est, nescio quis; as, Sunt qui putent; there are persons who think. Fuere qui crederent; there were persons who believed.
indicative
is
(1.)
When
persons or things are spoken of in a very distinct way as, Fuere complurcs, qui profecti sunt; there were many persons who (2.) In all senses by the poets and later prose (actually) started. writers: as, Sunt quosjuvat (Hon.); there are persons whom it
delights.
8.
The
relative
pronoun
is est,
is
condition or supposition
implied
as,
when a
Nihil bonum
thing
is
good, unless
quod hominem non meliorem faciat; nowhich does not make) a it makes (i.e.,
man
better.
143
CHAPTER
1.
(See
p.
136,
note %.)
2. Indirect questions are those which depend on some word or sentence going before ; they have the verb in the subjunctive as, Die, quid agas; tell me what you are doing.
:
Magna
fait contentio, utram moenibus se defenderent, an obniam irent hostibus ; there was an earnest discussion whether they should defend themselves by their walls, or whether they should go to meet the enemy.
1.
3.
Obs.
In
indirect questions
is
suggested in indirect
3
aa.
utrum
tie
an
n$ nS
nS nS
Wiiex
native conjunctions (et, ac, atque, sed, aat, nee, c), the verbs are generally in the same tense but they often vary in tense when some peculiarity of time or of action is to be represented by one or more
;
of
them
as,
accessisset
Quum
Lcmnum,
et vellet
tatem, et postulasset ;
and v:as wishing to reduce the inhabitants to submission, and had demanded, &c.
2.
When
general rule is, (a) That a primary tense in the principal clause is followed by a primary tense in the subordinate clause. In other words,
Present subjunctive, or Future > followed s Perfect subjunctive (for a l Present-perfect) action). by
are
i
"j
Present
completed
14-4
(/;)
historical
words,
tense in
In other
Imperfect
Perfect-aorist
") "J
are (Imperfect subjunctive, or ("1 > followed < <] Pluperfect subjunctive (for an action
Pluperfect
J )
Thus
(a)
by
I
(.
PRINCIPAL.
SUBORDINATE.
Scio {Scio
{Cognoscam Cognoscam
{Cognovi Cognovi
(
(
(
Sciebam Sciebam
Cognovi Cognovi
I
( (
= I know what you are doing. what you have done. egeris = I know agas = I shall discover what you are doing. what you have done. egeris = I shall discover agas = I have discovered what you are doing. egeris = I have discovered what you have done. what you were doing. quid ageres = I knew what you had done. quid egisscs = I knew = I discovered what you were doing. quid ageres what you had done. quid egisses = I discovered
quid quid quid quid quid quid
agas
PRINCIPAL.
SUBORDINATE.
Cognoveram Cognoveram
= =
I I
had discovered what you were doing. had discovered what you had done.
3.
When
its
tense of
a subordinate clause depends on an infinitive mood, the verb is regulated, not by the infinitive, but by the verb
infinitive
on which the
depends
as,
Dimicare
utile arbitratur,
veniant; he thinks it advantageous to fight before the Lacedemonians come to help them.
Dimicare
for the
of time or of action
:
Jienuntiat societatem nisi Alcibiadem tradidisset; he threatens to break off friendly relations unless he should have (at an
after time) delivered
5.
Historical Present.
A presert tense
;
up
Alcibiades.
is
and as such presents are virtually past tenses, they are often followed by a verb in the past tense of
the subjunctive
:
Decern praetores creant, qui exercitui praeessent; they elect ten generals to command the army.
SEQUENCE OF TENSES.
145
6. The present subjunctive is used in the subordinate clause after a past tense when the action is represented as continuing: as, Jlujus vitia emendata sunt adeo virtutibus, ut nemo anie-
feratur; his vices were to such an extent counterbalanced by merits, that no one is up to this day preferred to him.
7.
The
perfect subjunctive
if
the imperfect),
tinctly: as,
is often used (where we might expect the subordinate clause states a historical fact dis-
Tanto plus valuerunt Athenienses, tit decemplicem numerum kostium profiigarint ; the Athenians excelled so much that
they put to flight ten times the the enemy.
(i.e.,
their
own) number of
[Nepos often uses the perfect subjunctive where the imperfect would be more regular.]
8.
When
nate clause
the action or state indicated by the verb of the subordiis represented as over before the action of the principal
verb begins, the verb of the subordinate clause must be in the plu-
perfect*: as,
Putavit
se
esse potest'ate, si
amicis
would keep the Greeks in his power if he were to hand over {literally, should have handed over) the towns to their friends to guard them.
suis oppida ttienda tradidisset ; he thought that he
Quum
9.
venisset, dixit;
when he came
{i.e.,
had come), he
said.
future perfect (indicative) is often used in the subordinate clause to indicate that the action of the dependent verb must be over
before that of the principal verb begins
:
The
as,
Faciam,
si
mihifidem dederis;
have given)
I shall
do
it,
if
you give
{liter-
ally, shall
me
your promise.
to,
since in English
we do
10
14G
CHAPTER XXV.
RU DDIMAN'S RU LES.
In addition to the foregoing summary of Syntax, it lias been judged advisable to append Ruddiman's excellent Rules, which for very many years have been deservedlypopular among Scottish teachers; and which, though defective in several points, have the very great merit of being easily committed to memory. The notes to the Rules have been given only in part, as the most important facts which they state have already been laid down in the Syntax.
PART
:
I. CONCORD.
its
own
substantive
in
gender,
Femhw pulchra;
II.
Vir bonus ; a good man. a beautiful woman. Dulce pomuin; a sweet apple.
A verb
agrees with
its
subject in
as,
it:
as,
valere;
am
IV.Esse has
Petrus cupit
Scio
that
it
has before
it: as,
Pctrum
doctus; Peter desires to be a learned man. esse virum doctum ; I know that Peter is a learned
man.
V. The
gender, number, and person as, Vir sapit qui pauca loquitur; the
man
is
wise
who speaks
little.
Ego qui
VI.
scribo
who
write.
Two
ct
or
junctions
et,
ac,
:
more substantives singular, connected by the conatque, &c, generally have a verb, adjective, or
as,
relative plural
Petrus
Joannes qui sunt docti; Peter and John who are learned.
RUDDIMAX'S RULES.
VII.
147
Substantives
Cicero orator; Cicero the orator. Urbs Edinburgum ; the city Edinburgh.
N.B. The same occurs even when a substantive or passive verb is used: as. Ego sum discipulus: I am a scholar. Tu vocaris Joannes; you are called
John.
PART
(1.)
II. GOVERNMENT.
GOVERNMENT OF SUBSTANTIVES.
sig-
VTII. One substantive governs, in the genitive, another nifying a different thing: as, A mor Dei ; the love of God. Lex natHrae; the law of nature.
IX.
But
if
praise, dispraise, or any sort of distinction, joined be put in the genitive or ablative: as,
with
it,
it
may
Vir summae prudentiae, or summd prudentid ; a man of great wisdom. Puer probae indulis, or probd indole; a boy of a good disposition.
X. An adjective in the neuter gender, without a substantive, governs the genitive: as, Multum pecuniae ; much money. Quid rei est? what is the matter 1
signifying
is
Cekri opus
est
auxilio; there
AT unc
(2.)
GOVERNMENT OF ADJECTIVES.
XII.
Verbal
mind, govern the genitive: as, Avidus gloriae ; desirous of glory. Igndrus fraudis ; ignorant of fraud.
an
affection of the
Memor
beneficiorum
mindful of favours.
XIII. Partitives, and words placed partitively, comparatives, superlatives, interrogatives, and some numerals, govern the genitive plural: as,
Aliquis phi/osophorum ; some one of the philosophers. Senior frat rum ; the elder of the brothers.
148
XIV, Adjectives
Ut)lis bello
;
profit
as,
SimUis patri ;
XV. Verbal
Amandus,
adjectives in -bilis
or
as,
amahUis omnibus ;
by
all
men.
alta
XVII. The
object
degree
is
governs
the
instituted: as,
ablative
of
the
Dulcior melle; sweeter than honey. Pracstantior auro; better than gold.
XVIII. The adjectives, dignus, indignus, contentus, praeditus, captus, and fretus; also natus, satus, ortus, editus, and the like, govern the ablative: as,
Dignus honore
worthy of honour. Praeditus virlute ; endued with virtue. Contentus parvo ; content with little.
;
to his strength.
XIX. Adjectives
tive: as,
of plenty or
or abla-
Plenus irae, or ird full of anger. Jnops rationis, or ratione; void of reason.
(3.)
GOVERNMENT OF VERBS
it
(PERSONAL).
property, or
signifies
as,
possession,
duty,
Militum
est
rebelles ; it belongs to the king to punish rebels. suo duci parere; it is the duty of soldiers to obey their
general.
XXI.
possessive adjective, as
vestrum, regium,
tive: as,
meum, tuum, suum, nostrum, humanum, &c, may be substituted for the genithat.
Tuum est id procurare ; it is your duty to manage Humanum est errare; it is natural to man to err.
* See Syntax, chap.
vii. 8., p.
125.
ruddiman's rules.
XXII, Misereor,
miseresco, and satago, govern the genitive
149
:
a3,
Miserere avium tuorum ; take pity on your countrymen. Satagit rerum sudruni; be is busy with bis own affairs.
for
habeo
(to
I
;
XXIV. Sum taken for affero (to bring) governs two datives, the one of a person, and the other of a thing: as, Est mihi voluptdti ; it is {i.e., it brings) a pleasure to me.
XXV. Verbs
dative
:
as,
Fortuna favet fortlbus ; Fortune favours the brave. Nemmi nvceas; do hurt to no man.
Under this rule are comprehended verbs signifying, 1. To profit and hurt: as, commodo, placeo, noceo,
2.
officio,
&c.
But
To
laedo and offendo govern the accusative. favour or help, and the contrary: as, faveo, gratutor, ignosco, But juvo governs the accusative. auxilior, invideo, parco, &r.
serve,
S.
To command, obey,
and
resist: as,
4.
5.
To To
But jubeo governs the accusative. servio, resisto, dr. threaten or to be angry with : as, minor, indignor, irascor, <Lx.
trust: nsfido, confido, credo; also, diffido, despero.
satis, bene,
6.
and male:
7.
Sum, and
8.
Many
its compounds, except possum: as, adsum, prosum, d-c. verbs compounded with these ten prepositions: ad, antecum (cun), and ob: as, adsto, in, inter post, praesub, super
reminiscor,
and
oblivisoor,
govern
Recordor
lectionis, or lectionem; I
remember
I forget
my
lesson.
Obliviscor injuriae, or
injuriam;
an injury.
XXVIII, Verbs of accusing, condemning, acquitting, and admonishing, govern the accusative of a person, with the genitive of the crime or thing: as,
150
XXIX. Verbs of comparing, giving, declaring, and taking away, govern the accusative and dative: as, Comparo Virgilium Romero; I compare Virgil to Homer. Eripuit mcmurti; he rescued me from death.
XXX. Verbs
the
first of
of asking
a person, and the second of a thing: as, Posce Deum veniam; beg pardon of God. Docuit me grammat'icam ; he taught me grammar.
of filling, loading, binding,
XXXI. Verbs
and some
depriving, clothing,
Implet path-am mero; he fills the bowl with wine. Oaerat navem auro; he loads the ship with gold.
XXXII. The passives of such active verbs as govern two cases retain the latter case: as,
Accusor furti ;
am
accused of theft.
Doceor grammaticam ; I am taught grammar. Patera impletur mero; the bowl is filled with wine.
XXXIII. Substantives denoting price are put in the ablative: as, Emi librum duobus asslbus; I bought a book for two asses (i.e., coins). Vendldit hie auropatriam; this man sold his country for gold.
XXXIV. These
(adjectival)
genitives,
if?
tanti,
quanti,
pluris,
XXXV.Verbs
tives as these:
Aestlmo
te
of valuing govern the accusative with such genimagni, parvi, nihili, &c: as, magni; I value you much.
XXXVI.Verbs
ablative:
of plenty and scarceness generally govern the as, Abundat divitiis; he abounds in riches. Caret omni calpd; he is free from every fault.
XXXVII. TJ tor,
the ablative: as,
abutor,
fruor,
fungor,
potior,
vescor,
govern
Abutltur
gaudeo,
proslqwr, Ac; but the ablative after most of these may be referred to Rule LV. Note 2. Potior, fungor, vescor, epiitor, and pascor, sometimes govern the
ill),
am
accusative:
as,
Potiri
summam
as, Potiri
Potior sometimes
ruddlman's rules.
101
(4.)
XXXVIII. Impersonal
ExpMU
Licet
reipublicac;
it is
neminipeccare; no
man
concerns
it is
my
father.
all.
omnium;
the interest of
mea, tua, sua, nostra, vestra, are used instead of the genitives of the personal pronouns: as, JVon. mca refert; it does not concern me.
XL.
But
XLI. These five miseret, poenitet, pudet, taedet, and piget govern the accusative of a person, with the genitive of the object: as,
MisSret me tai; I pity you.
J'uenilet
me pecedti;
repent of
my
sin.
XLIL These four decet, delectat, juvat, and oportet govern the accusative of a person, with the infinitive: as,
Delectat
me
studere;
it it
delights
Non decet
XLIII.
te
rixdri;
The
principal agent, after a passive verb, is put in the the preposition a or ab; and sometimes in the
the world is governed by God. he seen by any.
nor
is
(5.)
adjectives.
XLV. Participles,
A mans
By
llule
first
supine, govern
th9
XXVI.
guile.
Carcnsfraude; wanting
By Rule XXXVI.
152
-dum
I
of
the
nominative case
with
Morioulum
est
all
Charta ui'dis scribendo; paper useful for writing. See Rule XIV.
XLIX. The gerund in -dum of the accusative case by the preposition ad, or inter: as, Promptus ad audiendum ; ready to hear. Attcntus inter docendum ; attentive in time of teaching. See Rule LXIX.
is
governed
ante,
circa,
domandum.
L.
The
ex, or in
as,
is
governed by the
Poena apeccando
See Rules
absterret;
LXX.
and LXXI.
in -do of the ablative case is used without a
preposition, as the ablative of manner, or cause: as, Memoria excolendo augetur ; the memory is improved by exercising
it.
Defcssus
sum ambulando;
am
LIL Gerunds
ciples in -dus,
their
substantives in gender,
PARTICIPLES.
Petenda
est
pax.
of verbs
participles,
Ad haec
kuddiman's rules.
LIII.-The supine in -urn plying motion: as,
is
153
LIV.
The
supine in -u
is
tell, or, to
I.
LV. The
tive
:
as,
cause, manner,
abla-
PaUco metu;
I
;
am
I
he did
own way.
Scribo calamo;
II. PLACE.
or at a place is put in the genitive if the noun be of the first or second declension, and singular number: as
LVL In
Rome.
are also used in the genitive:
as,
Mortuus
est
Kote.Humi,
centia fraga.
Viro.
and
belli,
IJumi ncu-
LVIL In
noun be
number: as,
accusative: as,
Athens.
is
Athenas; he went
to
LIX. From
Laodiced
or
by (through) a place
as,
rus, of
towns:
Manet domi; he
stays at
home.
Domum
revert'dur ; he returns home. Vvvit rure, or ruri; he lives in the country. Rediit rure; he has returned from the country.
154
LXL To
provinces,
and
:
all as,
generally added
other places,
Ifatus in Italid, in Latio, in urbe, JLc; born in Italy, in Latitat), in a city, &c. Abiit in Italiam, in Latium, in urbcm, dr.; be has gone to Italy, to Latiuni, to a city, &c. See Rules LXIX., LXX., LXXI., and LXXII.
accusative,
as,
passuum; the
city is thirty
III.-TIME.
LXIIL Substantives
ablative:
as,
LXIV. Substantives denoting continuance of time are put in the accusative or ablative, but oftener in the accusative: as,
Mansit paucos dies ; he stayed a few days. Sex mensibus abfuit ; he was absent six months.
LXV. A substantive and a participle, whose case depends upon no other word, are put in the ablative absolute:* as,
darkness
flies
we
will play.
IX VI. Adverbs
adverbs
:
as,
are joined
to
verbs,
adjectives,
and
other
Bene
scribit;
he writes well.
Note
, p.
132.
ruddiman's rules.
LXVII. Some adverbs
genitive
:
155
as,
of time, place,
illius diei; the day before that day. Ublque gentium; everywhere. Satis est verborum; there is enough of words.
Pridic
LXVIII. Some
tives: as,
elegantly of
to
all.
By Rule XIII.
Vivcrc convenicnter naturae;
to
live
agreeably
nature.
By
Rule XIV.
II. PREPOSITIONS.
LXIX. The
sative:
as,
to the father.
Adpatrcm;
LXX. The
tive: as,
prepositions
a,
ab,
abs,
&c,
govern
the
abla-
Note.
as,
Crurum
tenia.
when motion
to
a place
signified: as,
Eo
in scholam ; I go into the school. Sub moenia tendit ; he goes under the walls. Incldit super agmina; it fell upon the troops.
LXXIL When
or ablative:
is
signified, in
and
as,
I
sit,
or,
in the
Sedens super arma; sitting above the arms. Subter litore; beneath the shore.
LXXIIL A preposition often governs position that it does out of it: as,
Adedmus scholam; let us go to Excdmus schold; let us go out
the school.
the
of the school.
156
LXXIV. The
tive,
interjections 0, heu,
fair
boy
lieu
me miscrum!
am
mihi! ah ine
to
you
IV. CONJUNCTIONS.
LXXVI. The conjunctions et, ac, atque, some others, couple independent words or dependencies of the same word: as,
Honora patrem
Nee
et
IXXVII. Tit, quo, licet, ne, utlnam, and dummodo, are generally joined to the subjunctive: as, Accldit ut terga vertZrent; it happened that they turned their backs. Utlnam sapercs; I wish you were wise.
APPENDIX.
GENDER OF NOUNS.
Note.The
following Utiles will guide the pupil to the principal classes of words and of terminations belonging to the different Genders. The more common Exceptions are also given; but the limits of the book forbid an exhaustive For more complete lists consult the Larger Grammar chapter on this subject belonging to this Series.
I.
I.
The
Vlr, mail
of male beings are masculine: as, Caesar, Caesar; Taurus, bull. of rivers, winds,
Path;
father;
(fluviiis,
ventiis, and mensis being masc): as, Tibirls, the Tiber; Oarumna, the Garonne; Jqu'lo, the north wind; Aprllis, April. Exc The following river-names are feminine: Alliii, Albiila, MulrOna, Styx,
and
Lethe.
III. The names of many mountains are masc. (mons being masc): as, Othrys. But they generally follow the gender of the
termination: as, Atlas, m.
;
Ida,
f.
Soracte, n.
fern.:
as,
Mater, mother;
Midler, woman.
V. Most of the names of countries, islands, towns, trees, and precious stones are fern.: as, Aegyptua; Salamts; llhodus; Tyrus; Quercus, an oak Sm&ragdus, an emerald. Exc. 1. Names of countries ending in -urn or -a (plur.) are neut. as, Lfitium;
;
:
BactrS.
Exc. Exc.
in -i, -drum, are masc. as, Pldlipp-i, -drum. in -um, -e (gen. -it,) -ur, -on, and -a, -orum (plur.), are neut.: Tarentum; Caer-e, -is; Tibur; /lion; Leuctr-S, -Orum. Exc. 4. Several in -o are masc, as, Sulmo, Vesontio, Xarbo, Hippo, &c.
2.
:
3.
Those
Names of towns
as,
VI. Nouns which may denote either the male or the female are said to be of common gender: as, C'tvis, a citizen; Parens, a parent;
Conjux, a wife or husband; Dux, a leader.
158
II.
ArrENDix.
SPECIAL RULES. GENDER DECIDED BY THE TERMINATION.
FIRST
DECLENSION.
fern.; in -as and -es, masc: as, Those Mcnsa, a table; Epitome, an abridgment Aeneas; Anchises. in -e, -as, and -es, are Greek. Exc. 1. Names of men, and their designations, are masc.: as, Cinna, Cinna;
I.
Nouns
in -a
and
-e
are
Exc.
2.
POeta, a poet; Auriga, a coach driver; Nautii, a sailor. Names of rivers in -a are masc. as, Sequana, the Seine.
But see
above, Rule
II.,
with Exception,
p. 157.
SECOND DECLENSION.
II. Nouns ending in
garden
;
-iis, -er,
and
-Ir
Jgifr,
1.
field
of
Exc.
in -us are generally fern, (see above, Corinth; PopSlus, a poplar tree. Exc. 2. The following words are fern., viz.: Alcus, the belly; Cultis, a distaff (rarely m.); Humus, the ground; Vannils, a corn fan. Exc. 3. Greek words in -us retain their Greek fern, gender: as, MtSthSdUs. a method ; Carbasus, (in the sing.), fine flax. Exc. 4. Three nouns in -us are neut., viz. Virus, poison ; P&agus, the sea; and Vulgus (also m.), the common peopje.
Names
Rule
V., p. 157)
as, Corinthus,
as,
Malum, an
apple.
A.
IV,
Words Ending in a
:
THIRD
DECLENSION.
Vowel.
:
V.
Nouns
as,
sea.
are
masc:
Sermo,
conversation;
Ordo, order; Cardo, a hinge; Margo, a margin. Exc 1. Abstract nouns ending in -do and -io are fern.;
also those in -go: as, Magnitudo, greatness; Cupido, desire, (also m as a proper name); LarAlso, Ratio, reason; Oratio, speech; gitio, bribery; Virgo, a maiden. RSgio, a district ; Caro, flesh. Leglo, a legion Exc. 2. Some nouns in -o, though names of towns, are masc. (See p. 157, V., Exc. 4.)
;
VI.Nouns ending in
mlsyos), vitriol.
-y are
neut.:
as,
Misy
(gen.
m'si/is,
or
B.
VII.
ER.
;
Nouns ending
in
masc:
as,
Venter,
the belly
Exc.l.
Exc.
Many
Career, a prison.
-er are neut.:
Cadaver, a corpse;
Papaver, poppy;
2.These arefem.
Mater, a mother.
(see
woman;
GENDER OF NOUNS.
than
159
VIII. ES. Nouns in -es, which have a syllable more in the gen. in the nom. (i.e., "increasing nouns,") are masc: as, Pes, pedis, a foot Fanes, piiritiis, a wall.
;
ExcThe
(Compes), compfdis, a fetter; SSgSt, sejetis, a following are fem. crop; Merces, merctdis, a reward; QuiSs, tjuietis, rest, and some others.
:
masc:
as,
Honor, honour;
Exc. 1. Several In -or, pen. -itris, are neut. as, Ador, (-Oris,) spelt; Aeoudr, the sea-plain; MarmOr, marble. So also, Cur, cord-Li, the heart. Exc. 2. These are fem. by Rules V. and IV., p. 157: Arbor, a tree; SdrOr,
sister;
Uxdr, wife.
as,
X. OS. Nouns in -os are generally masc: custom Flos, flons, a flower.
;
Mos,
gen.
moris,
Exc. 1. These are fem.: Cos, Exc. 2. These are neut.: Os,
cotis,
oris,
a whetstone; and Dos, dotis, a dowry. the mouth; and Os, ossis, a bone.
few are
fem.): as,
FEMININE TERMINATIONS.
XII.
state.
AS.
Nouns
as, As, assis, an as (a Roman coin); Elephds, an elephant; GigCts, a giant; Mas, marts, a male; Yds, vddis, a surety. Anas, a duck, is common. Exc. 2. The following are neut: Yds, vasis, a vessel; Fas, and Ne/as.
XIV. ES. Nouns in -es, which do not increase, are fem.: as, Caedes, caedis, slaughter; C'lddes, clddls, defeat. Exc. 1. One word is common, viz.: Pdlumbcs, a wood-pigeon. Exc. 2. The names of rivers in -es are masc. by Rule II., p. 157: also, Yerres, a
boar.
in
-is
masc: as, Amnls, a river; Axis, an axle; CoOts, a hill; a sword; Fasds, a bundle; FlnTs, an end, (also f. in a sing.;) Funis, rope; Fustls, a club; Ignis, fire; Lapis, hipldls, a stone; ensis, a month; Orbis, a circle; Pdnis, bread; Fuels, a fish; Fulvls, pulare
Crtnis, hair; Ensis,
Many
a post; Sanguis, sanguinis, blood; Unguis, a nail. Also a few others of rare occurrence. Exc. 2. Some are common: as, Cants, a dog; Anguis, a snake; Corbls, a basket Clunls, a buttock.
veris, dust; Poslis,
;
XVI. X. Nouns in -x are generally fem. as, Pax, pdcis, peace Nex, necis, death Radix, rddicis, a root Nox, noctis, night Lex, legit, a law Vox, vocis, a voice; Arx, arcis, a citadel.
:
Exc. 1. Most of those in -ex are masc: as, Grex, gregis, a flock. Exc. 2. The following, with a few others, are masc: Cdlix, a cup; Fornix, an arch; Tradux, a vine-branch.
GO
APPENDIX.
XVII. Nouns ending in -s, preceded by a consonant, are generally fern.: as, Vrbs, a city; Jlicms, winter; Daps, da-pin, a feast (lens, a race; Mens, the mind; Frons, frontis, the forehead Frons, frond is, a
;
;
an acorn; Ars,
a mountain; Om*,atooth;
Orient,
111.
NEUTER
in
-1
TERMINATIONS.
are ueut.: as, Lac,
lactis,
in -c
milk;
mullet
salt;
XX. N. Nouns
Exc These
Pectin, peclfnis, a comb; Flamen, a priest; Tlbicen, a flute-player; Con.icen, a horn-blower, <tc
are masc.
XXI. AR. Nouns in -ar are neut.: as, Calcar, a Exc One word is masc, viz.: Lar, a household god.
XXII.
spur.
TJE.
a
Nouns
rSbSris, strength.
Exc The
hawk
following are masc: FUr, furis, a thief; Vultur, a vulture; Aslur, Turtiir, a turtle-dove; and Fur/fir, bran.
;
XXIII.
in -us are neut.: as, Vulnus, vulneris, a wound; Jus, juris, law. ; Exc. 1. Two are masc Lepfis, lepSris, a hare; and Mus, mfiris, a mouse. Exc. 2. These are common: Sus, a pig; and Grus, a crane.
US.
Nouns
Exc.
3.
The
marsh; Pe~cus, pecudis, cattle; Salus,salutis, safety; Stnectus, sencclutis, old age; Servltus, bondage; Telliis, teliuris, the earth; and Virtus, virtulis, virtue.
XXIV. T. Nouns
FOURTH DECLENSION. XXV. US. Nouns in -us are masc. as, Fruetiis,
:
fruit
Exc.
Grddiis, a step.
house; Llus, (pi.), porch; Tribus, a tribe; and (by Rule IV., law; and Socrus, a mother-in-law.
AcOs, a needle; Anils, an old woman; DSm&s, a the ides of a month; JUdniis, the hand; Portiriis, u
p. 157), Niirus,
a daughter-in-
XXVI.
U.
Nouns
in
-ii
FIFTH
DECLENSION.
in -es are fem.: as, Res, a matter. The following are excepted, viz.: Dies (sing.), m. or Dies
f.
;
(plur.),
m.;
Meridies, mid-day, m.
IRREGULAR VERBS.
161
CONJUGATION* OF VERBS
MORE OR LESS IRREGULAR
IN
162
3.
APPENDIX.
Perfect in
-i (vi);
Supine in -turn,
cavere,
favere,
fovere,
to take care,
to favour,
Caveo,
cavi,
favi,
fovi,
Faveo,
F5veo,
cautum, fautum,
fotum,
to cherish,
to
to
Moveo
Voveo, Paveo,
movi,
vovi,
motum,
votum,
movere,
vovere, pavere,
move,
vow.
pavi,
to fear.
IRREGULAR VERB3.
B. Guttural
163
Stems.
164
APPENDIX.
C Dental
Perfect in -si
;
Stems.
Supine in -sum.
Cedo,
IRREGULAR VERBS.
fido,
165
166
APPENDIX.
E. Stems Ending
Cerno,
in R.
IRREGULAR VERBS.
Cresco,
167
1G8
APPENDIX.
Third Conjugation.
Amplector,
GREEK NOUNS.
169
GREEK NOUNS.
The subjoined table sets forth at one view the most important of Greek nouns as declined in Latin
:
varieties
NOMINATIVE.
170
APPENDIX.
THE CALENDAR.
1. According to the reformed Calendar of Julius Caesar (b.c. 45), the Our names for year was regulated almost as at present with ourselves.
the months are merely adaptations from the Februarius, Martius, &c.
2.
Roman
names, Januarius,
3.
1. The Roman year originally began on the 1st of March; hence the fifth month was called Quinctilis, the sixth Sextilis, the seventh Septembris, &c. Obs. 2. But in the time of Augustus the names of the fifth and sixth months
Obs.
were changed to Julius and Augustus, in honour of the two great Caesars who had made so important alterations on the Calendar.
4. The Romans did not count the days of the month right on, as we do; but selecting three fixed periods in each month, subdivided their months into three portions, and computed the days in each portion as so many
These periods were as follows (a) The Calends, or 1st day of the month. of the month; (b) The Nones, or 5th day
:
i.e.,
(c)
(See Art. 6.) The Ides, or 13th day of the month: which, divided the month into nearly equal parts. (See Art. 6. )
the Ides.
6.
Obs. In the four months, March, May, July, and October, which were originally two days longer, the Nones fell on the 7th, and, consequently, the Ides on the 15th, as expressed in the following rhyme:
"In March, July, October, May, The Nones fall on the seventh day."
7.
The day
(a)
of the
In the ablative
as,
(b)
28th December ; Quinto die ante Kalcndas Januarias, the or shortly, V. Kal. Jan. By the phrase Ante diem quintum Kalendas Januarias; or
shortly, a. d. V. Kal.
Jan.*
was expressed by Kalendis Januariis, or Kal. Jan.; the 2nd by quarto ante Nonas Januarias, or IV. Non. Jan., or a. d. IV. Non. Jan.; the 3rd by tertio ante Non. Jan., or III. Non.
8.
The
ante Non. Jan.); the Jan., &c. the 4th by pridie Nonas (i.e., pridie 5th by Nonis Jan.; the 6th by octavo ante Idus Januarias, or VIII. The 13th was exthe 7th by VII. Id. Jan., and so on. Id. Jan., &c. 14th by XIX. Kal. Feb., i.e., XIX. pressed by Idibus Januariis; the ante Kalendas FebruariasJ the 31st by pridie Kal. Feb.; the 30th by
; ;
seems
to
die quinto.
THE CALENDAR.
9.
Obs.lt
will be observed, by reference to the following tuble, p. 172, that there occurs no "second day before the Nones, Ides, or Culends" of any month. This arises from the circumstance that the Romans counted inclusively; and the day which they reached. i.e., both the day from which they started Thus in the above example the 5th of January (the Nones) is counted one, the 4th (pridie) two, and the 3rd three.
10.
To reduce an English
found useful
If the date
:
date to a
Roman
will be
one, the
(1.)
fall
Rule I. Subtract the number of the given day from the number of the day on which the Nones or Ides occur, and add one (for the inclusive reckoning). Ex. Thus In January the Nones are on the 5th; and if we wish to know how to express the 2nd, we subtract 2 from 5, which leaves 3; to this we
add
(2.)
1,
JYon. Jan.
Rule II. Subtract the number of the given day from the number of days in the month, and add two (for inclusive reckoning).
See Art. 11. Ex.Thus
11.
06s.
if
we wish
we add
2,
12.
1. As we count to the Calends of February, this forms an extra day beyond the month (January) in which our date lies, and so it becomes necessary to add another day besides the one for inclusive reckoning. Obs. 2. These rules may be briefly expressed in the rhyme, " In Nones and Ides add only one, But in all Calends two; And then subtract the number given; You'll find the date quite true."
making 13;
13. In leap year the 24th February was counted twice {i.e., a day intercalated between the 24th and 25th February,) and the added day
was was
expressed thus: a. d. lissextum Kal. Mart. bissextilis, and our term bissextile.
14.
Obs.
This added day did not affect the earlier days of February, for the 23rd
called, as before, VII. Kal.
was
15.
VIII.,
and so
on.
The days
2. 3.
of the
week were,
(or
(Dies Solis
"\
Monday
Tuesday
5.
Wednesday Thursday
Friday
6.
7.
Dies Veneris
Saturday
172
APPENDIX.
MONEY.
173
ROMAN
1
COINS.
1 Sestertius, 1
1
asses), asses),
1 5.
Aureus,
But
unit of calculation.
in the later days of the Commonwealth, the sestertius was the great It was equal to 2^ asses, or about 2d. of our money.
174
APPENDIX.
2 125
Gracilis,
1 Passus,
Passus,
...
1 Stadium,
1 Milliare,
is
Obs.
An English mile
1700 yards.
ABBREVIATIONS.
175
ABBREVIATIONS.
I. PRAENOMINA,
A.,
OR FIRST NAMES.
Mam., Mamercus.
N. or Num., Numerius. P., Publius.
Q.,
S.
Aulus.
Quintus.
Decimus.
Lucius.
K., Kaeso.
L.,
M., Marcus.
M'.,
Mauius.
Tiberius.
Resp., Respublica.
S.P.O..R.,
Senatus
Populusque
Romanus.
X.V., Decemvir.
III. EPISTOLARY.
D.,
S.,
S.V.B.E.E.V.
Si vales,
bene
est,
ego valeo.
S.V.G.V., Si vales gaudeo.
dicit.
Valeo.
V., Vale.
IV. MISCELLANEOUS.
A.U.C.,
Ab
D.D.,
Anno
Dono
dedit.
Libertas.
Deo Optimo Maximo. F.C., (a) Faciendum curavit. H.C.E., (a) Hie conditus est.
D.O.M.,
H.S.E.,
(a)
O..B.F.F.Q.S.,
felix
faustumque
B.C.,
Senatus consultum.
Hie situs
est.
(a)
Used on tombs.
(6), p.
1
*See Note
>
176
APPENDIX.
V.-MODERN ABBREVIATIONS.
A.B. or B.A., Artium Baccalaureus, Bachelor of Arts.
A.C., {a) Christ. L.B.,
To
the
Anno Domini, In the year of our Lord. A.M. or M.A., Artium Magister, Master of A rts. Cet., Cetera, The rest.
A.D.,
Cf.,
Legum
Doctor, Doctor of
Baccalaureus,
Bachelor of Medicine.
Confer, Compare.
(6)
MS., Manuscriptus
(scil..
liber) or
Codices, Copies. D., Doctor, Doctor. D.D., Doctor of Divinity. Del., Dele, Blot out. Ed., Editio, Edition. Edd., (b) Editiones, Editions.
E.g., Exempli gratia,
Codd.,
Manuscriptum,
Novum Testamentum,
Testament.
The
New
Postscriptum,
Postscript
see.
For example.
the rest.
is.
{written after).
Q.v.,
Etc., H.e.,
I.C.,
Et cetera,
And
Quod
vide,
Which
Hoc
est,
That
{this)
Jesus Christ.
S.T.B.,
In
the
same
J.U.D., Juris Utriusque Doctor, Doctor of Laws. Id., Idem, The same.
I.e.,
I.q.,
V.T.,
Vetus
Old Testament.
" Before Christ" is very often indicated by the English initials, B.C. (6) In abbreviations like Edd., LL.D., MSS., the second of the doubled letters for a separate word, but indicates the plural number; or does not stand S) (d, L, hence there should be no point between the doubled letters.
'