EXPERIMENT NO.

04
OBJECT Determination of chloride content of water in different samples of water. OBSERVATION Sample Aquafina Aquavida Tap Water Distilled Water Tripple distilled water AQUAFINA Initial Reading (ml) 0 0 0 AQUAVIDA Initial Reading (ml) 0 0 0 TAP WATER Initial Reading (ml) 0 0 0 DISTILLED WATER Initial Reading (ml) 0 0 0 Final Reading (ml) 0.9 0.8 0.8 Difference (ml) 0.9 0.9 0.8 Concordant Reading (ml) 0.9 Final Reading (ml) 2.2 3.0 3.0 Difference (ml) 2.2 3.0 3.0 Concordant Reading (ml) 3.0 Final Reading (ml) 1.3 1.5 1.3 Difference (ml) 1.3 1.5 1.3 Concordant Reading (ml) 1.3 Final Reading (ml) 0.8 0.8 0.9 Difference (ml) 0.9 0.8 0.9 Concordant Reading (ml) 0.9 pH 7.9 7.5 7.9 7.83 7.00

TRIPLE DISTILLED WATER Initial Reading (ml) 0 0 0 CALCULATION CHLORIDE CONTENT Chloride (mg/l) = Where A = sample reading B = triple distilled water reading N = normality of silver nitrate Sample Aquafina Aquavida Tap water Distilled water A (ml) 0.9 1.3 3.0 0.9 B (ml) 0.8 Chloride Content (mg/l) 4.9984 24.9922 109.9659 4.9984
(A - B) N 35.45 1000 ml of sample

Final Reading (ml) 0.8 0.8 0.8

Difference (ml) 0.8 0.8 0.8

Concordant Reading (ml) 0.8

CHLORIDE AND SULFATE Almost all natural waters contain chloride and sulfate ions. Their concentrations vary considerably according to the mineral content of the earth in any given area. In small amounts they are not significant. In large concentrations they present problems. Usually chloride concentrations are low. Sulfates can be more troublesome because they generally occur in greater concentrations. Low to moderate concentrations of both chloride and sulfate ions add palatability to water. In fact, they are desirable for this reason. Excessive concentrations of either, of course, can make water unpleasant to drink. Chloride is commonly found in streams and wastewater. Chloride may get into surface water from several sources including: Wastewater from industries and municipalities Wastewater from water softening Road salting Agricultural runoff Produced water from gas and oil wells The EPA Secondary Drinking Water Regulations recommend a maximum concentration of 250 mg/1 for chloride ions and 250 mg/1 for sulfate ions (expressed as Cl- and S04--, not as CaC03). Sulfate is a constituent of TDS and may form salts with sodium, potassium, magnesium, and other cations. Sulfate is commonly found in nature and can be present at concentrations of a few to several hundred milligrams per liter. Water containing calcium sulfate ions is likely to have a characteristic taste ... somewhat bitter and astringent. In fact, it has been compared to the way dissolved gypsum might taste in water. When 30 to 40 grains per gallon of calcium sulfate are dissolved in water, most people can detect the taste. If equal amounts of magnesium sulfate or sodium sulfate are dissolved in water, the taste would not be noticeable. Both possess definite laxative effects in concentrations above 30 grains per gallon. In this way, they can be troublesome especially to people not accustomed to such water. In addition to their laxative properties and possible medicinal taste, sulfate water can mean extreme hardness, large amounts of sodium salts or acidity. Alone or together, these can pose special problems in the conditioning of water. Chlorides give water a salty taste. At what concentrations does chlorine become noticeable? It depends upon the individual. In large concentrations chlorides cause a brackish, briny taste that definitely is undesirable. Although chlorides are extremely soluble, they possess marked stability. This enables them to resist change and to remain fairly constant in any given water unless the supply is altered by dilution or by industrial or human wastes. Both chlorides and sulfates contribute to the total mineral content of water. As indicated above, the total concentration of minerals may have a variety of effects in the home. High concentrations of either sulfate or chloride ions add to the electrical conductivity of water. Chlorides and sulfates can be substantially removed from water by reverse osmosis. Deionization (demineralization) or distillation will also remove chlorides and sulfates from water, but these methods are less suitable for household use than reverse osmosis. Drinking

pure water allows our body to naturally heal and cleanse our body properly. Water is the only way for our body to flush toxins from our system, which is a key to preventing disease. If the water already contains chlorine and other chemicals it has less of an ability to carry out the toxins in our body. If the water we drink is contaminated, our kidneys and liver are left to be the filter. Dont forget amount of water we drink is just as important as the quality of the water, so drink up and stay hydrated! COMMON EXPOSURES TO CHORINE: Absorption through skin from water and from the air Drinking & Eating Breathing in the fumes that chlorine can create

It should be noted that the dangers of chlorine exposure also exist for people who do not normally swim, but instead choose to sit by the pool sunbathing or socializing. In some instances, non-swimmers have tested positive for high levels of trichloramines. What all of this means is that people need to be more aware of some of the seemingly innocent dangers that they are commonly exposed to. Chlorine, by many schools of thought, has become a dinosaur for swimming pool sanitation. There are alternative methods that can be used to keep pools disinfected, including silver-copper ion generators. The risk of developing cancer is 93% higher in people who drink or are otherwise exposed to chlorinated water? Chlorine is a potential health hazard to both children and adults, and it is an issue that should be taken quite seriously. REFERENCES http://www.freedrinkingwater.com/water-education2/76-chloride-sulfate.htm http://www.globalhealingcenter.com/water/chlorine