Maths C Semester 1 Tutorial Book PDF

MathematicsC
Semester1
TutorialBook 2013
UNSWFoundationStudies UNSWGlobalPtyLimited UNSW SydneyNSW2052

Copyright2013
Allrightsreserved.Exceptunderthe conditionsdescribedintheCopyrightAct 1968ofAustraliaandsubsequent amendments,thispublicationmaynotbe reproduced,inpartorwhole,withoutthe permissionofthecopyrightowner.
MATHEMATICS C
Tutorial Book Exercises SEMESTER 1
Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Unit 4 Unit 5
Basic Number and Algebra Review The Number Plane, Functions and Graphs Differential Calculus Logarithmic and Exponential Functions Sequences and Series Revision Exercises
UNIT 1
Basic Number and Algebra Review
1-1 1-2A 1-2B 1-3A 1-3B 1-4A 1-4B 1-5 1-6 1-7 1-8 1-9 1-10A 1-10B 1-11A 1-11B 1-12A 1-12B
Practice in use of Casio Fx-82AU PLUS Calculators Terms in Mathematics The Real Number System (Sets 1 & 2) Sets Further Sets Venn Diagrams and Word Problems Linear Equations in One Variable Linear Inequalities in One Variable Operations with Surds (Radicals) (Sets 1 & 2) Indices Factoring of Algebraic Expressions Operations with Algebraic Fractions Simultaneous Equations Absolute Value Definition and Equations Absolute Value Inequalities Quadratic Equations (Sets 1 & 2) Completing the Square (Sets 1 & 2) Introduction to Polynomials The Remainder and Factor Theorems
-1-
EXERCISE 1-1 PRACTICE IN USE OF Casio fx-82AU PLUS CALCULATORS
SET UP YOUR CALCULATOR to MATHS mode Press: SHIFT SET UP 1
Math will appear on the screen. This mode is much better to use than with fractions.
LINE mode, especially when we want to work
THE CURSOR key The cursor key is marked with four arrows LEFT arrow RIGHT arrow UP arrow DOWN arrow
REPLAY
MEMORY To put a number into the memory say 2505 press:
2505
SHIFT
STO
M+
2505 M will appear on the screen. This will go when you start to do a calculation. The symbol M will appear on the screen. This means that there is something in the main memory. To recall this number later press: RCL M+
To clear the main memory press:
SHIFT
STO
M+
0 M will appear on the screen. This will go when you start to do a calculation.
USING THE CALCULATOR Example 1 To calculate 3.5 x
3.5 4
42
4
press: SHIFT
42
You will get 7.370512032
-2-
Example 2
To calculate SHIFT
87 press: 2
87
SHIFT

4
Example 3 87 2
1 To calculate 87 4 + 2 5
press: + SHIFT =
x 1 5
4 x
( )
Example 4 5.41
To calculate (5.41 10 15 ) (1.25 10 3 ) press:
10 x
( )
15
1.25
10 x
( )
You will get 4.328 10 12
-3-
Exercises Calculate:
1.
1 3.73
974 (1.0775) 6
Answers [not rounded]

100 or 0 2680965147 373
1524 272554
97 33868822
1
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
2 240
(8.6 10 ) (4.97 10 )
15
1 730382294 10 14
1 276549587
38.6 1.529 8 .8 3 .3
1 . 5
5
0 1795871221 5 656854249 2 114742527 0 01308599297
22
4
20
5 6
9.
8 4.3
1 2 . 5 + 3 .7 2
2
10.
50 or 0 05015045135 997
117 19 or 1 193877551 or 1 98 98
11.
4 2 5 4 7 3
2 13 2 1 41 1 2 3 3 1 2 3 5 3
12.
266536 2084
(ANSWERS to questions 13-20 are at the end of this exercise)
13.
Write each of the following correct to 3 significant figures : (a) (c) 33 262 351 2 009 62 (b) (d) 0 006 247 3 the product of 436 2 and 0 724
14.
Write in scientific notation (standard form) correct to 3 significant figures: (a) (c) 220 000 0 004 368 (b) (d) 9 630 000 0 072 13
-4-
15.
Do the following calculations and give each answer in scientific notation using 2 significant figures : (a)
(7 32 105 ) (6 4 10 2 )
(b)
(8 9 10 6 ) (3 62 10 4 ) 6 74 105 (5 26 10 3 ) (7 8 10 2 )
(c) (d) 16.
Find the value of each expression to 4 significant figures : (a)

(c) (e)
9.5 0 6063 (0 417) 2 0 1 (b)
(5 423) 2
18 927 5 3 17 42 13 81 9 7
(3 1) 2 + (4 16) 2 2 3 1 4 16 0 176 Decrease $34.60 by 8 %
2 1
. )6 974 (10775 (16 8) 2 + (12 9) 2

Increase $48 by 12%
(d) (f)
(b)
17. 18.
(a)
An estate agent charges 5% commission on the first $15 000 of the sale price of a property, and 3% on the remainder. What commission does the agent receive for the sale of a house for $278 000? Metal costing $497 per tonne is sold at 83 cents per kilogram. If there is a wastage of 3 5%, find the profit as a percentage of the cost. The area of a square field is 17 64 hectares. Find the length of the field in metres. [ 1 hectare = 10 4 m 2 ]
19.
20.
ANSWERS (questions 13-20)
13.(a) 33300000 14.(a) 2 20 10 5 15.(a) 4 7 10 8
(b) (b) (b)
0 00625 9 63 10 6 2 5 10 2
(c) (c) (c)
2010 4 37 10 3 8 2 10 2
(d) (d) (d)
316 7 21 10 2 4 1 10 2
16.(a) 331 2 (e) 448 7 17.(a) $53.76 18. $8640
(b) (f) (b)
2 209 4 730 $31.66
(c)
1524
(d)
3 759
19. 61 2%
20. 420 m
-5-
EXERCISE 1-2A TERMS IN MATHEMATICS (The answers to these questions can be found in Part A, Part B and Part D of The Terms in Mathematics booklet)
1. Complete these statements by inserting the correct word or words: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Numbers which are in the set consisting of positive whole numbers are called or . Numbers which are in the set consisting of positive and negative whole numbers and zero are called . Numbers which can be represented in the form of a fraction are called . Numbers which can not be represented in the form of fractions are called . Rational and irrational numbers together are called . 7 Consider the fraction . The top number, 7 is called the and the 10 bottom number, 10 is called the . If one or more digits after the decimal point in a number is repeated endlessly then the number is called a . A fraction in which the numerator is greater than the denominator is called an fraction. A fraction in which the numerator is smaller than the denominator is called a fraction.
(g) (h) (i)
(j) (k)
a b is called the of the number ,where a and b are integers. b a In the example 27 3 = 9 ,
The number The divisor is the number .. The dividend is the number .. The quotient is the number ..
(l)
When we divide 14 by 4 we get 3 and 2 is left over. The number The number The number The number 14 is called .. 4 is called.. 3 is called .. 2 is called ..
(m) (n) (o) (p) (q) (r) (s)
A number whose only factors are itself and 1 is called a . Whole numbers that can be divided exactly by 2 are called Whole numbers that do not have 2 as a factor are called In the expression 7 x , the number 7 is called the and x is called the A comparison of quantities of the same kind in a given order is called a Consider the example D = 5T . When two quantities D and T are related in this way they are to one another. 500 Consider the example S = . When two quantities S and T are related in this T way they are to one another.
-6-
2. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i)
List all the prime factors of 30. Find the reciprocal of 7. List the first three multiples of 4. Find the highest common factor (HCF) of 30 and 42. Find the lowest common multiple (LCM) of 6 and 9. Write 16% as a decimal. Write 0.035 as a percentage. Write 1.5 as a fraction in the simplest form. Write 12% as a fraction in the simplest form. 1 (j) Write as a decimal. 8 3 as a percentage. (k) Write 16 (l) Express the ratio 12 : 30 in the simplest form. (m) Express 36 km/h in m/s.
3. Express each of the following using appropriate mathematical symbols: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) Three plus two. Four times six. The sum of x and 5 is equal to 3. The difference between 10 and 3. Subtract x from y. The product of 2 and x is equal to 5. The quotient of x and 7. x is greater than 3. y is less than or equal to 5. m is negative.
w is positive. p is at least 5. n is at most 7. k does not exceed 5. x is between 1 and 8. y is no more than 6. z is no less than 10. m is greater or equal to 3 and less than 9. (s) p is greater then 3 and less or equal to 1 . (t) k is non-negative.
(k) (l) (m) (n) (o) (p) (q) (r)
4. Insert the appropriate inequality symbol in the space: (a) If p 2 , then p + 8 . 2 + 8 . (b) If x < 3 , then x y . 3 y . (c) If y > 4 , then y 10 . 4 10 . (d) If x < 5 , then x (2) . 5 (2) . (e) If w 1 , then w 4 . (1) 4 . (f) If y 7 , then y (5) . 7 (5) .
2 1 & , 0, , 16, 7 , 1, , 53 5. From 14, 2 , 11, 9 , 0 12, , , 25, 3 6 find the following: 5 3 3 (a) integers. (g) even integers. (b) a recurring decimal. (h) a multiple of 7. (c) a terminating decimal. (i) rational numbers. (d) composite numbers. (j) a surd. (e) prime numbers. (k) irrational numbers. (f) perfect squares. (l) a number which is not real.
-7-
EXERCISE 1-2A ANSWERS
1.
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l) (m) (n) (o) (p) (q) (r) (s)
natural numbers or counting numbers integers rational numbers irrational numbers real numbers numerator, denominator recurring decimal improper proper reciprocal 3, 27, 9 dividend, divisor, quotient, remainder prime number even numbers odd numbers coefficient, pronumeral ratio directly proportional inversely proportional (b) 1 7 (c) 4, 8, 12 (h) 3 2 (d) 6 (i) 3 25 (e) 18 (j) 0.125
2.
(a) 2, 3, 5 (f) 0.16 (k) 18.75%
(g) 3.5% (l) 2 : 5 (b) 4 6 x (g) 7 (l) p 5 (q) z 10 (b) <
(m) 10 m/s (c) x + 5 = 3 (h) x > 3 (m) n 7 (r) 3 m < 9 (c) > (d) 10 3 (i) y 5 (n) k 5 (e) y x (j) m < 0 (o) 1 < x < 8
3.
(a) 3 + 2 (f) 2 x = 5 (k) w > 0 (p) y 6
(s) 3 < p 1 (t) k 0 (e) (c) 0.12 (f)
4. 5.
(a) (a) 14, 11,
(d) >
9 , 25, 0, 16, 1, 53 (e) 11, 9 , 53 (i) 14, 11, (k) , 7,
& (b) 3.6
(d) 14, 25, 16 (h) 14 (j) 7
(f) 25, 0, 16, 1 (g) 14, 16 2 1 & , 0, 16, 1, 53 9 , 0.12, , , 25, 3.6 5 3 3 (l)
2
-8-
EXERCISE 1-2B THE REAL NUMBER SYSTEM Set 1
1.
To which set [rational or irrational] do the following belong?

(a) (e) 3 7 16 (b) (f) 01
(c)
(d)
21 4
0 4621
2.
Answer T(true) or F(false): (a) 25 > 23 (b) 1 > 0 3 3 (c) 2 16 < 2 17
3.
Illustrate each of the following on a number line:
(a)
(c)
x<2
1 x < 1
(b)
(d)
x 1
x 2 x 1
Set 1 ANSWERS
1. (a) rational 2. (a) F 3.(a) 2 (c)

1
(b) rational (b) T
(c) irrational (c) F (b)
(d) rational
(e) rational
(f) rational
1 (d) 1
-9-
EXERCISE 1-2B THE REAL NUMBER SYSTEM Set 2
1.
Indicate which of the following statements are true (T). If the statement is false, give an example to show that it is false. (a) All real numbers are irrational (b) All rational numbers are real numbers
2.
List the elements in the following sets: (a) x is an even number between 3 and 5. (b) x is an odd number between 4 and 6. (c) x is an integer between 1 and 2.
3.
To which sets [integers, rational, irrational, real or not real] do the following belong? (a) 3 (b) (c) 4
(d) 7 3 (e) 7 3 (f) 3 7 (g) 6 2
4.
Insert the correct sign [ < , > , = ] (a) 6 8 (b) 7 9 (f) 1 67 1 3 5 1 2 (c) 4 (g) 1 2 1 3
(d) 4
(h) 3 4
3
6 8 2 003
(e) 2 (i) 1 6 5.
(j) 2 03
2 02
(k) 2 03
Find the reciprocals of the following: 1 7 (a) 3 (b) (c) (d) x 6 5 List the following in ascending order (starting with the smallest): 1 1 (a) 1, 9, , 5, 8, 18. (b) , 2 , 4, 0 25, 3 1, 5 3
Set 2 ANSWERS
6.
1. (a) F
(b) T
2. (a) {2, 4,}
(b) {1, 3, 5}
(c)
{}
(d) Irrational, Real
3. (a) Integer, Rational, Real (b) Irrational, Real (e) Rational, Real 4. (a) < (g) > 5. (a) 1 3 (b) > (h) = (b) 6 or 6 1 (i) < (c) 5 7 (f) Irrational, Real (c) < (d) < (j) < (d) (e) > (k) <
(c) Unreal (f) >
(g) Integer, Rational, Real
1 for x 0 x
6. (a) 18, 1, 5 , , 8 , 9
1 1 (b) 4, 2 , 3 1, , , 0 25 3 5
-10-
EXERCISE 1-3A SETS
1.
Write down the infinite sets from the following: (b) B = the set of positive integers (a) A = {1, 2, 3} 1 1 1 (c) C = { , , ,.......... } (d) D = { 1 x 9 }, x an integer. 2 3 4 Write down the equivalent sets from the following sets: A = {Tom, Sam, John} B = {1, 3, 5, 7} C = {the set of even integers between 2 and 10}. Write down the equal sets from the following: A = {3, 6, 9} B = {6, 9, 3} C = the set of positive multiples of 3 less than 12. Write down all the subsets of {5, 10, 15}.
2.
3.
4. 5.
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, B = {1, 3, 4} and C = {0, 1, 4}. Write down T (true) or F (false) for each of the following:
(a) A B (d) A A (g) B (b) (e) (h)
B A 0 B B C = {1, 4}
(c) (f) (i)
3C B=C CA
6.
U is the set of positive integers greater than 2 and less than 13. P = {3, 6, 9, 12,} and Q = {5, 10}. Write down the following sets: (c) P Q (b) Q (a) P (d) P Q (e) P Q (f) ( P Q) X is the set of even positive integers less than 8 and Y is the set of odd positive integers less than 9. Find: (a) n( X Y ) (b) n( X Y ) (c) n( X ) + n(Y )
The Venn diagram below shows the number of elements in each set. Use the diagram to find the number of elements in each of the indicated sets:
U
7.
8.
A 35 40 5 20
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)
A U A B A B A B
(g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l)
A B A B ( A B) ( A B) A B U
9.
A is the set of multiples of 3 less than 20 and B is the set of multiples of 4 less than 20. Find: (a) n( A B) (b) n( A B) (c) n( A) + n( B)
-11-
10.
(a) Given n( A) = 5, n( B ) = 7 and n( A B) = 3, find n( A B ). (b) If n( P) = 13, n(Q) = 9 and n( P Q) = 16, find n( P Q).
11.
X and Y are disjoint sets. If n ( X ) = 23 and n (Y ) = 15, find:

(a) n ( X Y ) (b)
n ( X Y ).
12.
Given n ( A) = 5 , n ( B) = 12 and A B, find: (a) n ( A B) (b)
n ( A B).
(c)
n( A B )
13.
In sets A and B, n(U ) = 50, n( A) = 20, n( B ) = 15 and n(( A B )) = 23. Find n( A B). Name the shaded sets in each of the following. (a)
14.
(b)
U A B
(c)
(d)
U A B A B
15.
U is the set of positive integers less than or equal to 60 A is the set of multiples of 3 B is the set of multiples of 4 Using a Venn diagram when necessary find :
(a) n(U ) (b) n( A) (e) n( A B) (f) n( A B) (c) n( B) (g) n( A B ) (d) n( A) (h) n(( A B ))
16. 17.
Explain the difference between the following sets , {} , {0} . (a) Write down the shaded region in set notation. (b) Describe the shaded region in words.
U A B
-12-
1. 4. 5.
B and C
2.
A and C
3.
A, B and C
{5} {10} {15} {5, 10} {10, 15} {5, 15} {5, 10, 15}
(a) (d) (g) F T T (b) (e) (h) T T T (b) (d) (f) (b) (b) (e) (h) (k) (b) (b) (b) (b) 7 100 60 35 40 9 6 38 12 (c) 7 (c) (f) (i) F F T
6.
(a) (c) (e)
P = {4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11}
Q = {3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12}
P
0 40 75 20 40 1 9 0 5
{3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 12}

U.
7. 8.
(a) (a) (d) (g) (j)
(c) (c) (f) (i) (l) (c)
7 60 5 95 0. 10
9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
(a) (a) (a) (a) 8 (a) (c)
A B
A
(b) 20 (f) 30
(b) (d) (c) 15 (g) 15
A B
( A B) (d) 40 (h) 55
15.
(a) 60 (e) 5
16.
is the empty Set and contains no elements
{}
is a set containing the one element 0
{0} is a set containing the one element

17. (a)
( A B ) ( A B ) or ( A B ) ( A B )
(b) The elements in A or B but not both.
-13-
EXERCISE 1-3B FURTHER SETS VENN DIAGRAMS AND WORD PROBLEMS
1.
For P = {1, 2, 3, 4}, Q = {2, 4, 6} and R = {3, 4, 5, 6}, find the sets: (a) P (Q R) (c) P Q R (b) (d)
P (Q R) PQ R
2.
Name the shaded set below. (a)
(b)
3.
In a group of 50 students there are 30 who study Maths, 25 who study Physics and 20 who study both of these subjects. Use a Venn diagram to find the number who study: (a) (b) (c) Physics only. neither Maths nor Physics. at least one of these subjects.
4.
In a class of 30 students, there are 19 who watch cartoons on TV , 12 who watch the news on TV, and 5 who watch both cartoons and the news on TV. Illustrate these results on a Venn diagram and calculate the number who watch the news or cartoons on TV. An investment club has 200 members, 135 of whom invest in either bonds or shares. 90 invest in bonds and 75 invest in shares. Find the number who invest in both bonds and shares. The school newspaper reports that the combined membership of the Drama Society and the Poetry Club was 53 students. If 33 students are members of the Drama Society and 21 are members of both groups, find the total membership of the Poetry Club. In a class of 30 students, 11 play soccer, 19 basketball, 8 tennis, 6 soccer and basketball, 4 basketball and tennis, and 5 soccer and tennis. 3 play all three sports. Find the number who do not play any of these sports. In a class of 20 students, 15 like hamburgers and 11 like steak sandwiches. If 4 students do not like either of these, find the number of students who like both hamburgers and steak sandwiches.
5.
6.
7.
8.
-14-
9.
A survey of 69 students prior to installing a vending machine gave the following facts: 42 38 24 20 12 13 5 drink tea drink coffee drink soup drink both tea and coffee drink both tea and soup drink both coffee and soup drink tea, coffee and soup
Use a Venn diagram to find the number of students who: (a) drink only coffee (c) drink only tea and coffee (e) drink none of these three. 10. In a group of 140 tourists, it was found that 88 had visited America, 90 had visited Japan, 76 had visited Thailand, 48 had visited both America and Japan, 43 had visited both America and Thailand, 50 had visited both Japan and Thailand, and 19 had visited all three countries. Illustrate the information on a Venn diagram and use it to find how many of the tourists had not visited any of the countries. In a class of 50 students, 38 study Maths, 26 study Economics and 8 students do not study Maths or Economics. Find the number of students who study both subjects. In a class of 50 students, 30 play soccer, 22 play badminton and 9 play rugby. None of the rugby players play soccer but 4 rugby players play badminton. Six students do not play any of these sports. Find the number of students in the set B R and find the number of students who play soccer and badminton. In a city with two newspapers, the Times and the Herald, 300 people are asked which newspaper they buy each day. Of these people, 50 people said they bought the Times, 110 people said they bought the Herald and 160 said they did not buy a newspaper. Calculate how many bought: (a) both newspapers (c) the Times but not the Herald 14. (b) either the Times or the Herald (d) one newspaper only (b) (d) drink only soup drink exactly two of them
11.
12.
13.
If A = {x : x 3} B = {x : x 2} C = {x : 0 < x 4} Graph on separate number lines the sets (a) A (e) A C (b) D (f) B D (c) A B (g) A C (d) A B
D = {x : x > 1}
(h) A C
15.
Use the addition rule for sets to find how many positive integers less than 2000 are not divisible by either 6 or 10. Use the addition rule for sets to find how many integers between 2000 and 10 000 are divisible by 15 or 21.
16.
-15-
17.
D = {x : 3 x 2} E = {x : x < 1 x > 3} Graph on separate number lines the sets:

(a) D (b) D E (c) D G
G = {x : x > 1 x 4}
18.
If A={even integers} and B={ multiples of 5} and U={1, 2, 3, . . ., 1000} find (a) n( A) (e) n( B ) (b) n( B) (f) n( A B ) (c) n( A B) (g) n( A B ) (d) n( A B)
19.
By using Venn diagrams to illustrate the sets on the LHS and RHS prove the following results for sets A and B: (i) ( A B) = A B (ii) ( A B) = A B
20.
In a marketing survey of 1 200 commuters, questions were asked about morning radio listening habits. The results showed that 900 people said yes to listening to talkback radio, 600 said yes to listening to music radio and 400 said yes to listening to both. Let T = {commuters who said yes to talkback radio} And M = {commuters who said yes to music radio} Find the number of commuters in each of the following sets and describe the set in words. (a) T M (d) T M (b) (e)
(T M )
T M
(c) (f)
(T M ) (T M ) (T M )
-16-
EXERCISE 1-3B ANSWERS
1. 2. 3. 4. 7. 9. 10. 13. 14.
(a) {1, 2, 3, 4, 6} (a) X Y Z (a) 5 (b) 15 (c) 35 26 4
(b) {2, 3, 4} (b) X Y Z
(c) {4}
(d) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
5. 8.
30 10
6.
41
(a) 10 (b) 4 (c) 15 (d) 30 (e) 5 8 (a) 20 (a)

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
11. (b) 140
22 (d) 120
12. 18, 13
(c) 30
(b)
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
(c)
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
(d)
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
(e)
-1 0 1 2 3 4
(f)
-4 -3
-1
-2
0
2
-1
1
0
2
3
1
3
3
4
4
5
5
(g)
-2
(h)
1 4
15. 17.
1533 (a)
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1
16.
0 1
838
2 3 4 5
(b)
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
(c)
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
18. 20.
(a) 500 (b) 200 (c) 100 (d) 600 (e) 800 (f) 400 (g) 400 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) 1 100, the set of commuters who listen to either talkback or music. 100, the set of commuters who do not listen to either talkback or music. 800, the set of commuters who do not listen to both talkback and music. 200, the set of commuters who listen to music but not talkback. 500, the set of commuters who listen to talkback but not music. 700, the set of commuters who listen to either talkback or music, but not both.
-17-
EXERCISE 1-4A LINEAR EQUATIONS IN ONE VARIABLE
1.
Solve the following equations: (a) (c) (e) (g) (i) (k)
2a 5 = 9
(b) (d) (f) (h) (j) (l)
2c + 5 =7 6 2b 7 = 5 2m + 3 = m + 4 9a + 8 = 3a + 44 3y + 4 =
2x = 11 3 2y 3= 4 5 3t + 13 = 1 5 x 2 = x + 17 12 y 3 y = 4 y + 30 3 7 t = 1 . 4 8
y + 19 2
2.
Solve by first removing the brackets: (a) 4( x 3) = 12 (c) (e) (g)
(b) (d) (f) (h)
3(a 12) = 2a 8(3n + 2) = 4(5n + 10) 172 (t + 18) = 5(t + 20) 2 + 3(c + 6) = 3(2c + 8) .
2(3d 5) = 3(4d + 1) 5( g 3) = 7 g 9 40 5(7 x) = 3( x + 1)
3.
Solve the following equations: 3x =2 (b) (a) 5 3a + 4 (d) =2 (e) a x+2 x (g) (h) = 2 3 2 2y 1 y + 2 (k) (j) = 2y + 3 y 1 (m) (p)
6 =3 x 5 x 11 3x = 6 12 8 t 3t 4 =6 2 2 3v 2v + =0 4 3 3 2 =5 y+2 3 3x + 2 9 x + 4 = x 1 3x 2
d d =1 2 3 a +1 a (f) + =7 2 3 b +1 b 1 (i) = 3 2 6 7 (l) +2= +5 x 2x

(c) (o) (r) 1 1 1 + =1 m 2m 3m 3 x 2 x . = 1+ x 4 + x
x 5x + 4 = 3 3 2 y 4 + =1 y+2 y+6
(n) (q)
4.
Change the subject of the formula to the letter indicated in the brackets : (a) (c) (e) (g) (i)
v = u + at
2 2
[t ]
(b)
V = u + 2a s
1 S = ut + at2 2
r= V h
[a ]
[a ]
P = 2(l + w) [w]
(d) (f) (h)
A = r l + r2
S= A 6
[l ]
[ A]
[h]
A = 2(l w + w h + l h) S= a (r n 1) r 1
[ w]
a + b 37 = a b 12
[a ]
-18-
(j)
[a ]
Form an equation for each of the following and then solve the equation.
5. 6. 7. 8.
My father is three times as old as I am. If he is 26 years older than I am, find our ages. Two people have $840 between them. If one person has six times as much as the other, find the amount that each one has. A rectangle is 6 cm longer than it is wide. Find its dimensions if its perimeter is 64 cm. Six kilograms of an inferior tea is mixed with three kilograms of a superior tea which costs $2 a kilogram more. The total price of the mixture is $24. Find the price per kilogram of the inferior tea. Two bike riders, Tom and Alice, start at 2 p.m. riding towards each other from 40 kilometres apart. Tom rides at 30 km/hour and Alice rides at 20 km/hour. If they meet after t hours, find when and where they meet. A man is twice as old as his son. If 9 years ago, the sum of their ages was 66 years, find their present ages. A woman notices that a tank is 2 3 full. After emptying out 400 litres, it is now full. Find the amount of petrol the tank holds when it is full.
1 4
9.
10. 11. 12. 13.
Fred is 25 years older than John and in 5 years time he will be twice as old as John. Find their present ages. A bank teller notices that he has 50 coins altogether, all of which are 5 cent or 10 cent coins. He finds that the value of the coins is $4 20. Find how many of each he must have. One tank holds 300 litres more than another. If the larger one is two-thirds full, it holds as much as the smaller one when it is full. Find the capacity of each tank. The sum of three consecutive numbers is 84. Find the numbers. A certain journey took 40 minutes to complete. If half the distance was travelled at an average speed of 100 km/hour and the other half at an average speed of 60 km/hour, find the length of the journey. A small town has a population of 300. There are 15 more women than men, and 75 more children than women. Find the number of men, women and children. Anne, Bill and Jack share the oranges on a tree. Anne takes one-quarter of the oranges, Bill takes 15 and Jack has the rest. If Anne has 3 more oranges than Jack, find the number of oranges which were on the tree. John and Paul are motorists travelling in opposite directions from two places 600 kilometres apart and they meet after 4 hours. If Johns average speed is twice Pauls, find their average speeds. Bill has $36 000 to invest. If part of the money is invested at 10% and the rest at 15%, how much should be invested at each rate to yield 12% on the total amount? A calculator manufacturer has fixed costs of $24 000 and variable costs of $6.20 per calculator. The calculator is sold to retailers for $8.70 each. How many calculators must be manufactured and sold to break even?
14. 15. 16.
17. 18.
19.
20. 21.
-19-
1.
(a) (e) (i)
7 1 6 6
(b) (f) (j) (b) (f) (b) (f) (j) (n) (r)
16 4 6 36 9 2 7
1 2
(c) (g) (k) (c) (g) (c) (g) (k) (o)
18 1 6
1 2
(d) (h) (l)
17
1 2 3 4 4 1 2 2
2.
(a) (e)
2 1
6 16 2 5 6 3 7
1 6
(d) (h) (d) (h) (l) (p)
3
3 2 5 10 13 0 1 3
1 3
3.
(a) (e) (i) (m) (q)
4
4
5 6 2
4 5 1 2
1
5
8 17
4.
vu (a) t = a 2( S ut ) (e) a = t2 49 b (i) a = 25
P (b) w = l 2
(f) A = 6S 2 (j) a =
A r2 V 2 u2 (c) a = (d) l = r 2s V A 2lh (g) h = (h) w = 2 2(h + l ) r
S (r 1) rn 1
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.
I am 13 and my father is 39 $120, $720 13 cm wide and 19 cm long $2 2 48 p.m. 24 km from Toms starting point Son is 28 and father 56 960 litres John is 20 and Fred is 45 16 five cent coins and 34 ten cent coins 600 and 900 litres 27, 28, 29 50 kilometres 65 men, 80 women and 155 children 24 John 100 km/h and Paul 50 km/h $21 600 at 10% and $14 400 at 15% 9 600 calculators
-20-
EXERCISE 1-4B LINEAR INEQUALITIES IN ONE VARIABLE
1.
Solve the following inequalities: (a) 3a 5 2 (c) 2 2 x 10 (e) 4 6 m 9 3 2y (g) 4 <5 3 2( x 1) 5( x 4) (i) 1 3 2 (b) (d) (f) (h) (j)
11 2b > 3 y+3 1< <7 2 3 < 5 2x < 9 3a 2a > 2 5 3 2 5 ( x 5) ( x + 2) 1. 3 6
2.
Find solution sets for each of the following: (a) (b) (c) (d)
10 < 3 2a 1 5 3b 2 <4 4 5 4 x > 7 2y 3 2 5
{ a is a positive integer } { b is a negative integer } { x is a natural number } { y is a real number }
3.
Form an inequality and solve for each of the following. (a) The sum of two consecutive positive integers is greater than 26 and less than 37. Find all the possible values of the smaller of the two integers. A committee is to have 3 more women than men and the number on the committee must be at least 7 but no more than 15. Find the possible number of women on the committee. The lengths of the three sides of a triangle are all integers. The base of the triangle is 4 centimetres less than the sum of the other two equal sides. The perimeter is an integer less than 80 centimetres. Find the possible lengths of the base. The sum of three consecutive integers is greater than 7 and less than 25. Find the possible values of the smallest of these integers. The result obtained when a certain number added to 5 is divided by 5, is not more than the result when the same number added to 13 is divided by 9. Find the largest value this number can be. A manufacturer has fixed costs of $3 000 and variable costs of $40 per item. The items are sold for $60 each. How many items must be manufactured and sold to make a profit of at least $1 000 but less than $6 000 ?
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
-21-
1.
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j)
a 1
b<4
1 x 5
1 < y < 11
3 m 2
2 < x <1
6 < y 4
a < 30
1 2
x5
7 11
x 36
2.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 } { 1, 2, 3 } {1, 2 } { y 3 1 } 2
3.
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)
13, 14, 15, 16, 17 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 2, 4, 6, . . . , 36 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 5 at least 200 but not more than 449.
-22-
EXERCISE 1-5 OPERATIONS WITH SURDS (RADICALS) Set 1
Simplify where possible: 1. 12

8. 5 6 6 6
2.
108
9.
(4 7 ) 2 (2 3 ) 3
3 2 3
10.
3.
3 2 +
3 2 2
11.
) )
4.
5 3 + 3
12.
2 5 2 3 5
5.
20 5
13.
( (2
2 +
)2 )2
6.
2 5
14.
5 3 2
7.
3 2 3
Rationalise the denominator in each of the following:

15. 5 3 4 3 2 17. 2 6+ 5 3 42 3
16.
18.
EXERCISE 1-5 Set 1 ANSWERS
1. 2 3 6. 2 10 11. 6 3 3 5 15. 5 3 3
2. 6 3 7. 6
3.
2+ 3
4. 5 3 + 3 9. 112 13. 9 + 2 14 17. 26 5 31
5.
5 14. 38 12 10 18. 32+ 3 2
8. 180 12. 4 5 30 16. 2 2 3
10. 24 3
-23-
EXERCISE 1-5 Set 2
1.
Simplify : (a) (d) (g)

3 3 5+2 5 12 27
(b) (e) (h)
8 2 2 2 3+ 3 128 98 + 75
(c) (f)
2 53 2 2+ 8
2.
Expand and simplify : (a) 3 (2 3) (b) (d) (f) 2 5 (3 5 3 ) ( 2 + 3 )( 3 5 ) ( 6 1) 2 (c) ( 7 5 )( 7 + 5 ) (e) (2 3 3 5 )(2 3 + 3 5 )
3.
Express each of the following in simplest form with a rational denominator : (a) (d) 1 2 1 3+ 2 (b) (e) 3 3 4 3 5 (c) (f) 15 2 5 2 3 2 +2 3
4.
Simplify
1 1 . 3 1 3+2
5.
If x = (a)
7+ 5 find the value of : 7 5 1 x+ x

50 18 in the form
(b)
x2 +
1 . x2
6. 7. 8.
Write
x where x is an integer.
Write (3 5 + 2 3 ) 2 in the form a + b where a and b are integers. If (2 7 2 )(3 2 + 7 ) = x and y. If a + b 2 = of a and b.
x + y where x and y are integers, find the value of
9.
1 1 where a and b are rational numbers, find the value 2 2+ 8 2 2 + 2 2+ 2
10. 11. 12.
Show that If
is a rational number.
x+2 =
2 72 , find the value of x. 3
Rationalise the numerator of
x+h x . h
-24-
1.
(a) 3 (e)
2 3
(b) 4 (f) 3 2 (b) 30 2 15 (f) 7 2 6 (b) (e)
(c) 6 10 (g) 3 (c) 2
(d) 3 5 (h) (d)

2 +5 3 6 + 3 10 15
2.
(a) 2 3 3 (e) 33
3.
(a) (d)
2 2
3 2
(c) (f)
2 ( 3 + 5 )
3 5 2 3 2 2 3 3
4. 6. 8.
3 33 2
8
5. 7.
(a) 12
57 + 2160
(b) 142
x = 350,
y=8
9.
a = 0, b =
1
1 3
11.
x = 30.
12.
x+h + x
-25-
EXERCISE 1-6 INDICES
1.
Simplify, writing the answers in index form with positive indices: (a) 3a 4 2a 6 (c) 12m 5 2m 3 (e) 4 3 4 3 (g)
(2m 2 n3 )3 (3mn 2 ) 2 36m8n8
(b) (d) (f) (h)
2(a 2 b 3 ) 2 5(ab) 0 20a 5 b 4 5a 2 b 4 ( y 2 )4 y3
3a 4b3 (2ab 4 ) 2 (3a 2b3 )3

3
(i) (k) 2.
16 x 4 y 12 (2 p 2 q 3 ) 2 4 p5q7
(j) (l)
27 a 3 b 6 ab 2 25 x 4 y 8
(2 xy ) 3
Express in simplest form: (a) (2 x 2 )0 (b)

2 x0 .
3.
Simplify the following: (a) a 3 a 3 (c) 12b 5 6b

2 3 5
1
(b) (d)
4x 2 2x
1 2
( y6 )3
(64 x 3 y 6 ) 3 .
1
(e) (8 x 3 ) 3 4.
(f)
Find the exact value of the following, without the use of the calculator: (a) 64
2
1 2
(b) (e)
3
27 3 25
1 2
2 3
(c) (f) (i)
5 2
(d) 8 3
16 2 (g) 25
16
3 4
3 4
(h)
27 8
81 16
5.
Find the value of x, given that: (a) 3x = 81 (d) 3x = 27 (b) (e)

8x = 2
(c)
2x =
1 16
2x =
1 . 8
6.
If m = 2, n = 3, p = 4, evaluate: (a) m3 + n3 (d) (6mn)

3 2
(b) (e)
p 2 + m 2
(c)
(mp) 3
1 . p
-26-
7.
If a = 4, b = 8, c = 9, evaluate the following: (a) a 2 + c 2 (d) (2b)

1 4
1 1 1
(b) (e)
(ab) 5 (2bc) 2 a 2 .
1 3
(c)
1 2
+b
1 3
8.
Use your calculator to evaluate the following: (a) 784

1 2
(b)
1
729
1 3
(c)
5
1 81
1 4
(d) 12167 3
4
(e) (h)
8 000 3 (0 01)
3 2
(f) (i)
(0 125)
2 3
(g) 243 5 9.
(0 04) 2 .
Solve the following equations: (a) (c) (e) (g) x

w 4 = 81 3 y = 8
5 k3
2 3
(b) (d) (f)

1 3
z 3 + 125 = 0 4 p =2
= 32
1 6
3 2
= 1000
= 16 9 for x > 0 a 2 (b + 3)
10.
Express each of the following without negative indices. (a)

5 x 1
(b)
(c)
(x
+ y 1
11.
Solve the following exponential equations : 1 (a) 2 x = 64 (b) 3 25 x = (c) 2 x + 6 2 x = 56 27 x+2 2 1 (d) 2 x 1 = (e) = 2 (16 x ) 32 4
t
12.
In a NSW country town the population, P, is given by the formula P = 1000 2 3 , where t is the number of years elapsed since 1960. (a) (b) (c) Find the population in 1960. What is the population in 1969? In what year is the population of the town 64 000 people?
-27-
EXERCISE 1-6 ANSWERS
1.
(a) (e) (i)
6a 10 46 4x 2 y 6
(b) (f) (j)
10a 4 b 6
y 11
(c) (g) (k)
6m 2 2n 5 1 pq
(d) (h) (l)
3 (b) (b) (e) (b) (e) (h) 1 3 9 4 4 2 4
4a 3 4b 2 9 5y 8x
2. 3.
(a) (a) (d) (a) (d) (g)
1
a y2
2
8 2x 3
(c) (f) (c) (f) (i)
2b 4 xy 2
4.
4 64 125
1 5 4 9 (c) x = 4
1 25 1 8 8 27 (d) x = 3 2 (e) x = 3 2
5.
(a) x = 4
(b) x =
6.
(a) (d)
35
216
(b) (e) (b) (e) (b) (e) (h) (b) (e)
(c)
7.
(a) (d)
5 1 2 28 23 81
w = 3
(c)
8.
(a) (d) (g) (a) (d) (g)
9 3 2 10 6 1 000
z = 5 k = 8
(c) (f) (i)
3 4 78 125 (c) (f)

y = 512 1 y= 100
9.
p = 16 x=
2 3 (b)
10.
(a)
5 x
x=6
(b + 3)
x =1
a2
(c)
xy x+ y
x=3
11.
(a) (d)
(b) 7 2 (e) (b)
(c) 3 4 (c)
-28-
x=
x=
12.
(a)
1 000
8 000
1978
EXERCISE 1-7 FACTORING OF ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
1.
Factorise the following by taking out a common factor: (a) (c) (e) (g) (i) (k) (m)
5m + 5n 12 xy + 16 yz
3 + 6x
5a 3 25a 2b at 2 + 2at + 5t x 2 6x 5m 2 + m ( p + q)
(b) (d) (f) (h) (j) (l) (n) (p)
3x 2 + 6 x 81a 3 27a 3x 2 y + 5 xy 2 4 x3 5 x 2 + 2 x 7ab 7bc + 21b 4 y 2 + 12 y a (b + c) + d (b + c)

p (q r ) s (r q ).
(o) ( x + y ) 2 z ( x + y )
2.
Factorise the following by grouping in pairs: (a) (c) (e) (g) (i) (k)
ab + ac + bd + cd 2 xy 3 yz + 4 x 6 z
8b 80c b 2 + 10bc ab 2 + ac b 2 d cd y3 + 3 y 2 + y + 3 8mn 12n 10m + 15
(b) (d) (f) (h) (j) (l)
ab + 3bc + 4a + 12c x3 3x 2 + 2 x 6
3x 2 9 xy xy + 3 y 2 x(a b) + y (b a) xy + y 2 x y 6a 2 15a 4a 2 b + 10ab.
3.
Use the difference of two squares method to factorise the following: (a) (c) (e) (g) (i) (k) (m)
x2 y 2 49 m 2 4m 2 9n 2 25a 2b 2 4c 2 1 16 p 2 q 2 a 4 b4 (m + 3n) 2 p 2
(b) (d) (f) (h) (j) (l) (n)
a 2 16 16a 2 81 49a 2 121b 2 x2 y 2 z 2 x 4 100 c 4 16d 4 (a + 4) 2 (a + 2) 2 .
4.
Factorise the following completely: (a) 2a 2 18 (c) 242 x 2 32 y 2 (e) 15a 60a 3 (b) (d) (f) 3a 4 48 45 x 2 y 2 80 R 2 r 2
-29-
5.
Factorise the following: (a) (c) (e) (g)

x 2 + 7 x + 12 x 2 7 x + 10 m2 + m 6 p 2 + 4 p 77
(b) (d) (f) (h)
a 2 + 10a + 21 x 2 x 72 a 2 12a + 35 b 2 + 5b 36 .
6.
Find the factors of the following: (a) (c) (e) (g) (i) (k) 3x 2 + 5 x + 2 2 x 2 11x + 12 6a 2 7 a 3 18b 2 9b 2 12 7c 10c 2 6 y 2 5 y 21 (b) (d) (f) (h) (j) (l) 2x2 + 7 x + 3 2 x 2 + 5 x 12 12 x 2 + 7 x 12 4 3x x 2 12 x 2 7 xy + y 2 12 x 2 + 8 xy 15 y 2 .
7.
Factorise completely: (a) (c) (e) (g) (i)
4a 2 4a 48 3 y 2 + 15 y 42 12 x 2 88 xy + 28 y 2 a 2 b 3ab 10b 12 y 3 + 4 y
(b) (d) (f) (h) (j)
2m 2 + 24m + 72 6t 2 + 33t 63 6d 2 + 30d 36 6 x 4 23x 3 18 x 2 40m 2 30mn 45n 2 .
8.
Factorise completely the following sums and differences of two cubes: (a) (d) (g) (j)
x3 8 64m 3 27 n 3 4 x 3 + 32 7x3 y3 7
(b) (e) (h) (k)
a 3 + 27 8a 3 + 1 2a 6 128b 9 x6 y6
(c) (f) (i) (l)
125 t 3 5a 3 5 a 3b + 216b (x + 1)3 + (x 1)3
9.
Factorise the following completely by the most appropriate method: (a) (c) (e) (g)
2 x 3 8x 1 x 72 x 2 a 2 b 2 + 2a 2b
12a 30b + 4a 2 25b 2
(b) (d) (f) (h) (j)
6 x 2 33 x + 45 z3 7z z 2 + 7 9 x 2 4 y 2 + 12 x + 8 y
x2 + 2x + 1 9 y 2
(i) 4m 2 25n 2 + 36 24m
25 y 2 x 2 + 6 x 9
-30-
1. (a) (c) (e) (g) (i) (k) (m) (o) 2. (a) (c) (e) (g) (i) (k) 3.
5 ( m + n) 4 y (3x + 4 z ) 3 (2 x 1) 5a 2 (a 5b) t (at + 2a + 5) x ( x 6) m (5m + p + q) ( x + y) ( x + y z ) (a + d ) (b + c) (2 x 3 z ) ( y + 2) (b 10c) (8 b) (b 2 + c) (a d ) ( y + 3) ( y 2 + 1) (2m 3) (4n 5)
(b) (d) (f) (h) (j) (l) (n) (p)
3x ( x + 2) 27 a (3a 2 1) xy (3 x + 5 y ) x (4 x 2 5 x + 2) 7b (a c + 3) 4 y ( y + 3) (b + c) (a + d ) (q r ) ( p + s) (a + 3c) (b + 4) ( x 3) ( x 2 + 2) ( x 3 y ) (3x y ) (a b) ( x y ) ( x + y ) ( y 1) a (2a 5) (3 2b) (a + 4) (a 4) (4a + 9) (4a 9) (7a + 11b) (7a 11b) ( x + yz ) ( x yz ) ( x 2 10) ( x 2 + 10) (c 2 + 4d 2 ) (c + 2 d ) (c 2d ) 4 (a + 3)
(b) (d) (f) (h) (j) (l)
(a) (c) (e) (g)
( x + y) ( x y) (7 + m) (7 m) (2m + 3n) (2m 3n) (5ab + 2c) (5ab 2c) (i) (1 + 4 pq ) (1 4 pq) (k) (a 2 + b 2 ) (a + b) (a b) (m) (m + 3n + p) (m + 3n p )
(b) (d) (f) (h) (j) (l) (n)
4. (a) 2 (a + 3) (a 3) (c) 2 (11x + 4 y ) (11x 4 y ) (e) 15a (1 + 2a ) (1 2a ) 5. (a) (c) (e) (g) ( x + 4) ( x + 3) ( x 5) ( x 2) (m + 3) (m 2) ( p + 11) ( p 7) (b) (d) (f) 3 (a + 2) (a 2) (a 2 + 4) 5 (3xy + 4) (3xy 4) (R + r) (R r) (a + 7) (a + 3) ( x 9) ( x + 8) (a 7) (a 5) (b + 9) (b 4)
(b) (d) (f) (h)
-31-
6. (a) (c) (e) (g) (i) (k) 7.
(3x + 2) ( x + 1) (2 x 3) ( x 4) (3a + 1) (2a 3) (6b + 1) (3b 2) (4 5c) (3 + 2c) (3 y 7) (2 y + 3)
(b) (d) (f) (h) (j) (l)
(2 x + 1) ( x + 3) (2 x 3) ( x + 4) (4 x 3) (3x + 4) (4 + x) (1 x) (4 x y ) (3x y ) (6 x 5 y ) ( 2 x + 3 y )
(a) 4 (a 4) (a + 3) (c) 3 ( y + 7) ( y 2) (e) 4 (3 x y ) ( x 7 y ) (g) b (a 5) (a + 2) (i) 4 y (3 y 2 + 1) 8.
(b) (d) (f) (h) (j)
2 (m + 6) 2 3 (2t 3) (t + 7) 6 (d + 6) (d 1)
x 2 (2 x 9) (3 x + 2)
5 (4m + 3n) (2m 3n)

(b) (a + 3) a 2 3a + 9 (f) 5(a 1) a 2 + a + 1 (h) 2 a 4b
2
( ) (c) (5 t )(25 + 5t + t ) (e) (2a + 1)(4a 2a + 1) (g) 4( x + 2 )(x 2 x + 4) (i) b(a + 6)(a 6a + 36) (k) (x y )(x + xy + y )( x + y )(x (l) 2 x (x + 3)
(a) (x 2 ) x 2 + 2 x + 4
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(d) (4m 3n ) 16m 2 + 12mn + 9n 2
xy + y 2 = ( x y )( x + y ) x 4 + x 2 y 2 + y 4
(j) 7( xy 1) x y + xy + 1
2 2
)(a
) )
+ 4a 2b 3 + 16b 6
9.
(a) 2 x( x 2 )( x + 2 ) (c) (e) (g) (i) (1 9 x) (1 + 8 x) (a b) (a + b + 2) (2a 5b) (2a + 5b + 6) (2m 6 5n) (2m 6 + 5n)
(b) (d) (f) (h) (j)
3(2 x 5)(x 3)
( z 1) ( z 2 7) (3x + 2 y ) (3x 2 y + 4) ( x + 1 + 3 y) ( x + 1 3 y) (5 y x + 3) (5 y + x 3)
-32-
EXERCISE 1-8 OPERATIONS WITH ALGEBRAIC FRACTIONS
1.
Simplify the following by factorising and dividing: (a) (d) 8 4x 4 x 2 25 x 2 + 3 x 10 (b) (e)
x2 x 6 2x 6 3 a 9a a 3 27
(c) (f)
6 x 2 11x 10 2x 5 2 2t 6t 20 2t 3 + 16
2.
Simplify the following: (a) (c) (e) 9x3 y 3 y 2 6x 3x 2 y 2 z 2 6 xz 3 3 4 y z 8x 16 y 2

2 x 2 + x 15 x 2 + 6 x + 9 x 2 49 x 2 + 3 x 28 x 2 4x 6 x 2 15 x
(b) (d)
8a 3b 4ab 5 15
a3 + 1 a2 a a 2 6a + 5 a 3 a 2 + a
3.
Simplify the following: (a) (d) (g) 2a a + 3 3 2a 4a + 5 15 3r 7r r + 5 10 2 (b) (e) (h)

b 2b + 2 3 3e e 2 4 3s 5s s + 4 6 3
(c) (f) (i)
x x 3 6 7 y 3y 4 8 x 2 x 5x . + 3 5 6
4.
Simplify the algebraic fractions: (a) (c) (e) (2 x + 1) ( x 5) + 3 3 2 ( y 3) 3 ( y + 1) + 5 10 4 (3 t ) 3 (t 2) 5 10 (b) (d) (f)
a 5 a + 2 + 3 6 2 (3x 1) (1 x) 3 2 3 (2c 3) 3 (4 3c) . 8 4
5.
Simplify: (a) (c) (e) 1 1 + (b) x y x+ y 1 1 (d) 2 2 x 4x + 3 x 1 1 1 1 + 2 2 2 x 5 x + 6 x 4 x + 3 x 3x + 2 3 2 a b a +b a+4 1 + 2 a + 3 a + 5a + 6
-33-
6.
Simplify: (a)
x3 + 1 x2 x x 2 6x + 5 x3 x 2 + x m3 1 8m 3 2 m 3 m 27 m + 3m + 9
(b)
6a 2 + 6 a3 1 a4 1 a 2 + a + 1 a 3 3a 2 a 3 + a 2
(c)
(d)
3y 2 + 2 y + 4 2 y +1 y3 1 y2 + y +1 y 1
7.
In each of the following exercises, find a simple rational expression in lowest terms equivalent to the rational expression given. 1 x 1 + x
x
(a)
1 y 1 y
(b)
t t 1 1+ t +1 x+ y xy xy x+y xy 1+ x+y
x2 1 y2 x2 2x +1 y y2
(c)
1+ x 1 x 1 x 1+ x 1 1 1+ x 1 x 1 b 1 a b a+
2 x 1 x2 + x x2 + x 2 1+
(d)
1 x 1 1 x 1 1 x+h x h
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
8.
Write each expression below as a simple rational expression with only positive exponents (i.e. positive indices) (a) x 1 y 1 x2 y2 b 2 a 2 a 2 b 2 ba 1 + ab 1 (b) a 1 + b 1 a 2 + b 2 x 1 + y 1 1 1 x y
1
(c)
[x
+ y 1
(d)
(e)
-34-
1.
(a) (d)
2 x 1 x5 x2 3x 2 y 2 a 11y 8 3x 4 3 15 x 7 6
(b) (e)
x+2 2
a (a + 3) a + 3a + 9
2
(c) (f)
3x + 2
t 5 t 2t + 4
2
2.
(a)
(b)
6a 2 (c)
1 2x 2
(d) x 6 5s 4
a +1 a5 2a 3 23 x 30 (c) (f)
(e)
x7 3( x + 3) 5e 4
3.
(a) (f)
(b) (g)
7b 6 4r 5 (b) (e)
(c) (h)
(d) (i)
(e)
4.
(a) (d)
3a 8 6 30 11t 10
7y 9 10 12c 33 8
5.
(a) (d)
2x (x y )(x + y ) 2 a+2
(b) (e) 6 a 3
a + 5b (c) (a b )(a + b ) x (x 1)(x 2)(x 3)

(c)
m m 27
3
4 (x 1)(x 3)(x + 1)
6.
(a)
x +1 x5 yx y+x ba + 1 ba 1
1 xy( x + y )
(b)
(d)
3 y 1
3
7.
(a) (f)
(b)
t +1 2
(g)
(c)
1 x ( x + h)
(d) (h)
x +1 x+y xy xy y+x
(e) (i)
2y xy
x+2 . x
8.
(a)
(b)
ab 2 + ba 2 b2 + a 2 yx . y+x
(c)
(d)
b2 a 2 ab
(e)
-35-
EXERCISE 1-9 SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS
1.
Solve the following pairs of simultaneous equations, using the elimination method: (a) 2 x + y = 11 3x y = 9 (b)
a + 2b = 9 a + 5b = 21
(c)
7 m 4n = 1 3m + 4n = 5
(d)
x + y = 14 3x 2 y = 2
3x 7 y = 2 9 x + 5 y = 32
(e)
p 4q = 8 2 p + 5q = 3
5a + 2b = 10 4a + 3b = 15
(f)
2 p + 3q = 15 6 p q = 11 15 x + 7 y = 5 11x + 10 y = 28
(g) 2.
(h)
(i)
Solve the following simultaneous equations by the substitution method: (a)
y = x+3 y = 3x 7 p =6q 3 p 2q = 8
(b)
4a b = 11 b = 7 5a 3m + 2n = 4 n = 7 m + 19.
(c) 3.
(d)
Solve the following simultaneous equations by a suitable method: (a) 3x y = 0 4 x + 2 y = 12

a 3b = 2 5a 2b = 10
(b)
2a 3b = 8 5a + 4b = 43
(c)
m 2n = 3 5m + 2 n = 2 3m 4n = 3 n = 1 m.
(d) 4.
(e)
y = 3 2x x 2 y = 19
(f)
Form two simultaneous equations for each of the following word problems, and solve them to answer the question. (a) (b) Find two numbers whose sum is 88 and whose difference is 44. A party was held for 80 people at which they could have either a hamburger or a pizza. If there were 4 times as many hamburgers as pizzas, calculate the number of each needed for the party. A business has 5 times as many junior workers as it does senior workers. If the weekly wage for a senior is $440 and a junior is $320, find the number of each employed if the total weekly wage bill is $30 600. In 5 years time a mother will be twice as old as her daughter. 5 years ago she was 3 times as old as her daughter. Find their present ages. A group of 41 people go to the theatre and the total cost of the tickets is $2 955. If adult tickets cost $87 and child tickets cost $51, how many adults and how many children go to the theatre?
(c)
(d)
(e)
-36-
5.
Solve simultaneously (a) 6 2 x y = 36 2 x + y = 128
(b)
8x 4 y = 4 7 y x = 1 7
1.
(a) x = 4 y = 3 (d) x = 6 y = 8 (g) x = 3 y = 1
(b) a = 1 b = 4 (e) p = 4 q = 1 (h) a = 0 b = 5 (b) a = 2 b = 3 (d) m = 2 n = 5 (b) a = 7 b = 2 (e) x = 5 y = 7
(c) m = 1
1 3 n=2 2 8 (f) p = 2 4 q = 3 4
(i) x = 2 y = 5
2.
(a) x = 5 y = 8 (c) p = 4 q = 2
3.
(a) x = 1 2 y = 3 6 (d) a = 2 7 8 b =1 13 13
(c) m =
1 5 n = 1 12 6
(f) m = 1 n = 0
4.
(a) 66 and 22 (b) 64 hamburgers and 16 pizzas (c) 15 seniors and 75 juniors (d) Mother is 35 and daughter is 15 (e) 24 adults and 17 children
5.
(a)
x=3, y=4
(b)
x = 0 , y = 1
-37-
EXERCISE 1-10A ABSOLUTE VALUE DEFINITION and EQUATIONS
1.
Evaluate the following: (i) (iv) (vii) 9 5 9 9

2
(ii) (v) (viii)
59 5 2 5 + 9
(iii) (vi) (ix)
59 25 5 5 9
2.
Simplify: (i) (iii) 29 35 + 2 5 + 2 6 3 4

2
(ii) (iv)
2 3
39 2 7 +50
3.
(i) (ii)
(a) If x 7 , then x 7 = ? Simplify x 1 + x for (a ) x > 1,
(b) If x < 7 , then x 7 = ? (b) x < 0, (c ) 0 < x < 1
4.
Solve the following absolute value equations algebraically:

(i) x = 3 (iv) x + 3 = 10 (vii) 5 4 x = 17 (ii) 4 x = 24 (v) 2 x 3 = 13 (viii) 6 x 5 = 25 (iii) x 2 = 0 (vi) 3x 24 = 0 (ix) 1 1 1 = , x 1 2x 3 3 2
5.
Solve the following equations algebraically:

(i) (iii) (v) (vii) 2 x 3 = 3x 7 x = 4+ x 4 7 x = 3x + 16 3x +5 = 2 x +8 (ii) (iv) (vi) (viii) x 3 = 9 2x 7 x 4 = 3x + 16 3x 4 = 9 2 x 6 x + 3 2 x +1 = 0
6.
Solve the following (note: check the validity of your answers) (i) (iii) (v) (vii)
x +1 = x
2 x = 13 x x + 2 = 2x 5 3x + 1 = 2 x + 4
(ii) (iv) (vi)
x = x +1
2x 5 = x + 2 3 x 4 = 2 x 11
(viii) 4 2 x = x 2
-38-
1.
(i) 9 (ii) 4 (iii) 14 (viii) 14 (ix) 45 (ii) 19 (b) 7 x
(iv) 4
(v) 10
(vi) 5
(vii) 81
2. 3. 4.
(i) 5 (i) (a) x 7 (i) 3, 3 (v) 5, 8 (ix) 0, 3
(iii) 25 (ii) (a) 2 x 1 (iii) 2 1 (vii) 3,5 2 (iii) 2 1 (vii) 6 ,1 5 x=
(iv) 13 (b) 2 x + 1 (c)1
(ii) 6,6 (vi) 8
(iv) 13, 7 1 (viii) 3 , 5 3 (iv) 1 2,5 (viii) 4,2 1 2
5.
(i) 2,4 (v) 1 2,5
(ii) 4,6 13 (vi) 5, 5 (ii)
6.
(i) (v)
No solution 7 only
1 1 (iii) 13, 4 2 3 (vi) No solutions ( x 3, x 7)
(iv) 1, 7 (vii) 1, 3
(viii) 2 only
EXERCISE 1-10B ABSOLUTE VALUE INEQUALITIES
1.
Solve the following absolute value inequalities: (i) x 3 (iv) x + 4 4 (ii) (v) x3 >2 x+2 <8 (iii) x 1 < 5
2.
(a) (b)
(i) (iv) (vii) (x) (xiii)
Find all real x satisfying the conditions, and graph each solution set on separate number lines.
2x 8 x + 6 < 15 4 x + 3 > 19 2x 4 6 7x 3 > 4 (ii) (v) (viii) (xi) (xiv) 6x 6 2 x + 1 < 19 5x 2 3 4x 1 > 9 3 x 4 > 13 (iii) (vi) (ix) (xii) (xv) 2x 3 < 7 3 x 2 10 2 x + 5 < 13 2 x + 6 < 12 5 2x 9
-39-
1.
(i)
{ x:3 x 3}
4 x 4 x 1 or x 1 2 < x < 5 21 < x < 9 10 < x < 9
(ii) {x : x < 1} {x : x > 5} (v) { x:10 < x < 6}

(i)
(iii) { x:4 < x < 6}
(iv) { x: x 8} { x: x 0} 2.
(i) (ii) (iii)
4
(ii)
1
(iii)
1 5
2
(iv) (iv)
21
(v) (v)
10
(vi)
x 2
2 or x 4 3
(vi)
2
(vii)
2 3
x < 5
1 or x > 4 2
(vii)
5
(viii)
1 2
1 x 1 5
(viii)
(ix)
9 < x < 4 1 x 5 x>2 1 or x < 2 2
1 5 4
(ix)
9
(x) (x)
1
(xi) (xi)
2
(xii)
9 < x < 3
1 2
(xii)
1 (xiii) x < or x > 1 7
(xiii)
(xiv) x < 3 or x > 5
1 7
2 3
(xiv)
3
(xv)
5 7
2 3
2 x 7
(xv)
-40-
EXERCISE 1-11A QUADRATIC EQUATIONS Set 1
1.
Solve the following: (a) (c) (e) ( x 6) ( x + 3) = 0 (7 y ) (4 y 3) = 0 2 m ( 6 m) = 0 (b) (d) (f) (3 x + 1) ( x 4) = 0 a (3a 5) = 0 (2 x 5) 2 = 0 .
2.
Solve the following quadratic equations by factorising: (a) (c) (e) (g) (i) (k)
x 2 7 x + 12 = 0
(b) (d) (f) (h) (j) (l)
a 2 4a 21 = 0 m 2 + 3m = 0 3x 2 6 x = 0 4x 2 9 = 0 12 x 2 = 31x 20
y 2 17 y + 72 = 0
b 2 6b + 9 = 0 3x 2 + 7 x 6 = 0 6 x 2 = 6 5x 6b 2 + 29b 5 = 0
6 g 2 + 24 g = 0 .
3.
Use the quadratic formula to solve the following, giving your answer correct to two decimal places: (a) (d)
x 2 4x 1 = 0 5x 2 2 x 4 = 0
(b) (e)
y 2 + 3y 5 = 0
2x 2 + 7x + 2 = 0
(c) (f)
x2 7x 3 = 0 7x 2 = 4x + 1 .
4.
Use the quadratic formula to solve the following, giving your answer in simplest surd form: (a) (d)
m 2 6m 1 = 0 b 2 7b + 3 = 0
(b) (e)
x 2 + 10 x + 10 = 0 4x 2 + 7x + 2 = 0
(c) (f)
x 2 + 2x 5 = 0 3x 2 + 2 x 4 = 0 .
5.
Solve the quadratic equations by the method you think is the simplest in each case. If the roots are irrational, give your answer correct to two decimal places. (a) (c) (e) (g) (i) (k) ( x 3) 2 = 0
2 x 2 5 x 12 = 0 x 2 5x = 2
(b) (d) (f) (h) (j) (l)
2 y 2 = 32
4 x 2 12 x + 9 = 0
4 y 2 36 y = 0 (2m + 5) 2 = 81 18 p 24 3 p 2 = 0 (2 x + 3) 2 = ( x + 4) ( x + 3) .
(5 x 2) (2 x + 3) = 0
5a 2 8a 21 = 0 5x 2 9 x + 2 = 0
-41-
6. 7.
The sum of a number and its reciprocal is 2
1 . Find the number. 12 1 The sum of the first n counting numbers is given by S = n(n + 1) . Find the value of 2 n when S = 105 .
8.
The length of a rectangle is 5cm longer than its width. If the area is 66cm, find the width. Find two consecutive even integers if the sum of their squares is 164. What must be the dimensions of a rectangle to have a perimeter of 60 metres and an area of 125 square metres? A ball is thrown vertically upward with its height h metres after time t seconds, given by h = 8t t 2 . Find when the ball is first at a height of 12 metres. The sides of a right-angled triangle are given by x cm, (2 x 1) cm and (2 x + 1) cm. Find the length of the hypotenuse. Solve the following pairs of simultaneous equations: (a)
(d)
9. 10.
11.
12.
13.
x2 y = 0 y = 2x + 3
x 2 + y 2 = 13 3x 2 y = 0
(b)
(e)
3 x y 11 = 0 y = x 2 5x + 4
x y =1 x 2 + xy = 6
(c)
x+ y =3 x 2 + y = 2x + 3
-42-
EXERCISE 1-11A Set 1 ANSWERS
1.
(a) (d)
6, 3 0, 5 3
(b) (e) (b) (e) (h) (k) (b) (e) (b) (e)
1 ,4 3 0, 6
(c) (f) (c) (f)
7, 5 2
3 4
2.
(a) (d) (g) (j)
4, 3
7, 3
3 3 2
8, 9
0, 3 2 , 3 3 5 4 , 4 3
4 24, 0 24 1 12, 0 72 3 10 7 37 2 3 3 2 2 3 , 5 2 2, 4
(i) (l) (c) (f) (c) (f)
0, 2 2 3 , 3 2
0, 4 7 41, 0 41 0 76, 0 19 1 6 1 13 3 3 ,4 2 0, 9 7 ,3 5 0 47, 2 14
1 , 5 6 1 19, 4 19 0 31, 3 19 5 15 7 17 8
3.
(a) (d)
4.
(a) (d)
5.
(a) (d) (g) (j)
(b) (e) (h) (k)
4
5 37, 0 37 2, 7
(c) (f) (i) (l)
1 54, 0 26
6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.
3 4 , 4 3 n = 14 6 cm 8, 10 5m x 25m 2 seconds 17 cm (a) x = 3, y = 9 ; x = 1, y = 1 (c) x = 0, y = 3 ; x = 3, y = 0 (e) x=2, y=1 ; x = 3 5 ,y = 2 2 (b) (d) x = 3, y = 2 ; x = 5, y = 4 x = 2, y = 3 ; x = 2, y = 3
-43-
EXERCISE 1-11A Set 2
1. 2.
By putting ( x 1) = m, solve for x : Solve the following equations: (a) x x 14 x x + 24 = 0

2 2
( x 1) 2 5( x 1) + 6 = 0.
1 (c) x + = 4 x
(b) 12( x + 1) 2 25( x + 1) + 12 = 0 3. 4.
(d) 4 x 2 3x = x 2 3x x 4 5x 2 + 4 = 0.
) (
By substituting x 2 = m, solve the equation Solve the following equations:

(a) (b) x 4 14 x 2 + 45 = 0 x 6 9x 3 + 8 = 0
(c) x 4 11x 2 12 = 0 (d) x 2 5x 1 + 6 = 0
5. 6.
By substituting 2 x = m, solve the equation Solve the following equations:

(a) ( b) 22x 9 2 x + 8 = 0 4 x 10 2 x + 16 = 0 (c) (d)
2 2 x 6 2 x + 8 = 0.
2 2 x 3 2 x + 2 + 32 = 0 2 2 x+2 = 9 2 x 2
7.
(a) (b)
32 x +1 28 3 x + 9 = 0 8 2 2 x +2 + 1 = 3 2 x + 2
(c)
2 3 x 12 2 2 x + 32 2 x = 0
1. 2. 3. 5. 7.
x = 3,4
(a )
3,1,2,4 4.(a)
(b)
1 1 , 4 3
(c)
1,1
(d) 1,0,3,4 (d) 1 1 , 3 2
x = 1,2
5 ,3 (b) 1,2
(c) 12 = 2 3
x = 1,2 6.(a) (a)
0,3 (b)
(b)
1,3
(c) (c)
2,3 x = 2,3.
(d) 1, 2
x = 1,2
x = 2,3
-44-
EXERCISE 1-11B COMPLETING THE SQUARE Set 1
1.
For each of the following, complete the perfect square. (a) (c) (e)
x 2 + 6 x............ = (x + .......)
2
(b) (d) (f)
m2 10m............ = ( m.........)
t 2 +..........+100 = (t .........)
2
2
a ............ = ( a.........) a 2 + 23
x 2 5x............ = ( x.........) 1 y 2 y +........... = ( y ........) 2 2

2
2.
Express each of the following in the form ( x h) 2 + k :

(a) (c) (e) x2 2x + 6 x 2 6 x 20 x2 + x +1 (b) (d) (f) x 2 + 4 x + 11 x 2 + 3x + 9 x2 x 5
3.
Express each of the following quadratic functions in the form k ( x h) 2 :

(a) (c) (e) 9 4x x2 x x2 3 2 x2 + 6x (b) x 2 + 12 x 5 (d) 1 5 x x 2 3 (f) 9 x x 2 2
4.
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) (b)
Find the minimum value of ( x 1) 2 For what value of x does the minimum value of ( x 1) 2 occur? Find the minimum value of the expression ( x 1) 2 + 4 Find the minimum value of the expression 2( x 1) 2 3. Find the greatest value (maximum value) of ( x 5) 2 . Find the maximum value of 7 ( x 5) 2 and the value of x for which this maximum value occurs.
5.
6.
By completing the square, find (i) (ii) the maximum or minimum value of each of the following quadratic expressions. the value of x for which the maximum or minimum occurs.
(a) (c) 7. 8. 9. 10.
x2 + 6x + 3 4 + 8x x 2
(b) (d)
2x 2 4x + 5 12 x 2 x 2 3
The minimum value of x 2 4 x + k is 5. Find the value of k . For what values of x is 4 + x 2 4 x positive? Show that x 2 + 6 x + 10 is always positive for all real values of x. Find the minimum value of the function f ( x ) = 3x 2 + 8 x + 2 .
-45-
EXERCISE 1-11B Set 1 ANSWERS
1.
(a) x 2 + 6 x + 9 = ( x + 3) 2 (c) t 2 + 20t + 100 = ( t + 10) 2

a +(1 = (a + 1 (e) a 2 + 2 3 3) 3)
2 2
(b) m2 10m + 25 = ( m 5) 2
5 5 (d) x 2 5x + ( 2 ) = (x 2 ) 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 (f) y 2 y + = y 2 4 4
2.
(a) ( x 1) 2 + 5 3 27 (d) x + + 2 4
(a) 13 ( x + 2 ) (d)
2
(b) ( x + 2) 2 + 7 1 3 (e) x + + 2 4
(b) 31 ( x 6)
2 2
(c) ( x 3) 2 29 1 21 (f) x 2 4
11 1 (c) x 4 2 (f) 87 9 x+ 4 2
2 2
3.
29 5 x + 4 2 (b) 1
(e) 11 ( x 3) 2 (c) 4 (d) 3
4. 5. 6.
(a) 0 (a) 0
(b) maximum = 7 when x = 5
(a) minimum = 6 when x = 3 (b) minimum = 3 when x = 1
(c) maximum = 20 when x = 4 (d) maximum = 15 when x = 3 7. 8. 10.

k =9
Positive for all real values of x except 2. (or x , x 2 ) 10 3
-46-
EXERCISE 1-11B Set 2
1.
The daily profit (in dollars) from the sale of a product is given by P( x) = 8 x 0 1x 2 50 , where x products are sold. (a) How many products should be sold to achieve the maximum profit? (b) What is the maximum possible profit?
2.
A company manufactures and sells x televisions weekly. The total cost of producing x televisions is C dollars where C = 16 000 + 100 x . Each television has a selling price of p dollars where p = 700 2 x . (a) Show that the profit P dollars when x televisions are manufactured and sold is given by the equation P = 2 x 2 + 600 x 16 000 .
2 Express P in the form a( x b ) + c , where a, b and c are constants.
(b) (c) (d) (e)
Find the number of televisions which should be manufactured and sold in a week to achieve the maximum profit. Find the selling price the company should charge for each television to achieve the maximum profit. Find the maximum profit.
3.
A manufacturer is told that the cost C(x) in dollars of producing a certain product is given by C ( x ) = x 2 14 x + 55, where x is the number of employees. Find: (a) (b) (c) the cost if the manufacturer employs 4 people. the cost if the manufacturer employs 12 people. the number of employees needed to minimise the cost, and the minimum cost.
4.
A farmer wishes to enclose a rectangular vegetable garden with 40 metres of wire netting. Let the length of the rectangle be x metres and find an expression for the area A in terms of x. Find: (a) (b) the largest rectangular area that he can enclose. the dimensions of this rectangle.
5.
A manufacturer produces x hundred solar heaters at a total cost of 180 x + 1200 hundred dollars where 0 x 30 . He sells the solar heaters at a price of 300 2 x dollars each. (a) (b) (c) Find how many solar heaters the manufacturer should sell to break even. Show that the profit is 600 2( x 30) 2 hundred dollars. What is the maximum profit?
-47-
6.
A car manufacturer produces and sells x thousand cars per week where, due to the availability of staff and manufacturing constraints , 0 x 15 . The cost of production C ( x) (thousand dollars) is given by C ( x ) = 2 200 + 100 x . The revenue from sales R( x) (thousand dollars) is given by the quadratic function R(x ) = 1100 x 50 x 2 . (a) (b) (c) Write down an expression for the weekly profit P( x) (thousand dollars). Find the value of P( x) in a week when 2 000 cars are sold and explain the significance of your answer. By completing the square, or otherwise, find the maximum weekly profit which can be made by the car manufacturer.
7.
A company produces and sells x thousand Notebooks where 6 x 25 . The total production cost is 4320 + 146 x thousand dollars. The selling price per notebook is p = 1190 36 x dollars. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Find the revenue function R( x) thousand dollars. Find the profit function P( x) thousand dollars. Express P( x) in the form a ( x B ) + C .
2
What is the maximum profit? Find the break-even point. Find the price which should be charged to maximize profit.
8.
A company manufactures and sells x brooms per week. The weekly cost and pricedemand equations are C ( x) = 5 000 + 2 x and p = 10 0 001x (in dollars) respectively, for domain 0 x 10 000 . (a) (b) (c) (d) Find the revenue function. Find the profit function. Find the maximum profit and the price which should be charged to achieve maximum profit. Find the number of brooms which should be produced if a profit is to be made.
-48-
1. (a) 40 (b) $110

2 2. (b) P = 2( x 150 ) + 29 000
(c) 150
(d) $400
(e) $29 000
3. (a) $15 (b) $31
(c) 7 employees. Minimum cost =$6
4. A = 20 x x 2 (a) Maximum area = 100 m 2 (b) Dimensions : 10m 10m 5. (a) 1 268 (c) $60 000 (b) 400 (loss of $400 000)
6. (a) P ( x) = 50 x 2 + 1000 x 2 200 (c) $2 800 000 7. (a) R( x) = 1190 x 36 x 2
(b) P ( x ) = 36 x 2 + 1044 x 4 320
(c) P( x ) = 3 249 36( x 14 5)2 (d) $3 249 000 (e) 24 000 notebooks 8. (a) R( x ) = 10 x 0 001x 2 (f) $668 (b) P( x ) = 0 001x 2 + 8 x 5 000
(c) Maximum profit of $11 000 at $6 per broom (d) Between 684 and 7 316 brooms
-49-
EXERCISE 1-12A INTRODUCTION TO POLYNOMIALS
1.
Which of the following expressions are polynomials ? (a) (d) 1 3 x x + 2 1 2 2 4x 2

2
(b) (e)
5x
2
1 x2
x 4 + x 3
1 4 +2 +
(c)
5x 5 + 5 x + 1
2.
For each of the following polynomials : (i) Write the degree; (ii) Write the leading term; (iii) Write the leading coefficient; (iv) State if they are monic; (a) (d) 7 + x3 x5 (b) (e)
(v) (vi) (vii)
Write the coefficient of the quadratic term; State the constant term; State the number of terms. 1 x 4 (c) (f) x8 1
7 x 7 3x 2 +
(x 4)(x 3 + 3)
(x + 7 )2
(2 x 1)(2 x + 1)
3 3
3.
If P( x ) = 3x 3 2 x 2 + 1 and Q( x ) = x 4 2 x 2 1 , find : (a) P( x ) + Q( x ) (d) P( 1) (b) P( x ) Q( x ) (e) Q(0) (c) P( x ) Q( x ) (f) P(2) Q(2)
4.
If P( x ) = ax 5 + x 4 + 3 and Q( x ) = 6 x 5 + 3x 4 + x , state the degree of the following polynomials (a)

P ( x ) + Q( x )
(b)
P ( x ) Q( x )
(c) P( x ) Q( x )
5.
Complete the following divisions, expressing each result in the form Dividend = Divisor Quotient + Remainder
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) 6.
(x
5 x + 1 ( x 3)
2
( ) (x x 2 x 4) (x + 2) (6 x 4 x + 3) (2 x + x 1)
4 3 2 4 2
2x 4x + 3 x5 3 6 x 5 x 2 8 x + 3 (2 x 3)
( (8x
x 5 + 3x 2 + 8 x + 5 x2 + x +1 2x5 x 4 + x3 + 2x 2 x + 1 2x 2 x + 1
7
4x 4 + 6x 2
) ( 1) (2 x 7 )
3
Determine the quotient Q( x ) and the remainder R( x ) when the polynomial P( x ) = x 4 3x 3 4 is divided by the divisor D( x ) = x 2 + 2 .
-50-
1. 2.
(a) (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)
Yes (i) (vi) (i) (vi) (i) (vi) (i) (vi) (i) (vi) (i) (vi)
(b) 5 7 7 0 8 1 4 12 2 49 6 1
No (ii) (vii) (ii) (vii) (ii) (vii) (ii) (vii) (ii) (vii) (ii) (vii)
(c) x5 3 7x 7 3 x8 2 x4 4 x2 3 4x6 2
No (iii) (iii) (iii) (iii) (iii) (iii)
(d) 1 7 1 1 1 4
Yes (iv) (iv) (iv) (iv) (iv) (iv)
(e) no no yes yes yes no
No (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) (v) 0 -3 0 0 1 0
3.
(a) (c) (e) (a) (c) If If If If
x 4 + 3x 3 4 x 2 3x 7 2 x 6 6 x 5 + 5x 4 3x 3 1 1 a = 6, Degree = 4 a 6, Degree = 5 a = 6, Degree = 4 a 6, Degree = 5 (b)
(b) (d) (f)
x 4 + 3x 3 + 2 4 10
4.
If a = 0, Degree = 9 If a 0, Degree = 10
5.
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h)
x 2 5 x + 1 = ( x 3)( x 2) 5 2 x 2 4 x + 3 = ( x 5)(2 x + 6) + 33 x 4 x3 2x 4 = x 2 + 2 x 2 x 2 + 0 3 9 31 21 6 x 4 4 x + 3 = (2 x 2 + x 1) 3x 2 x + x + 4 2 4 4 x 5 + 3x 2 + 8 x + 5 = ( x 2 + x + 1) ( x 3 x 2 + 4) + 4 x + 1 2 x 5 x 4 + x 3 + 2 x 2 x + 1 = (2 x 2 x + 1) ( x 3 + 1) 8 x 7 4 x 4 + 6 x 2 1 = (2 x 3 7) (4 x 4 + 12 x) + 6 x 2 + 84 x 1 6 x 3 5 x 2 8 x + 3 = (2 x 3) 3x 2 + 2 x 1 + 0
)(
6.
Q(x ) = x 2 3x 2 and R( x ) = 6 x
-51-
EXERCISE 1-12B THE REMAINDER AND FACTOR THEOREMS
1.
Use the remainder theorem to find the remainder when : (a) 3x 2 7 x + 8 is divided by x 1 (b) x 4 + 2 x 3 + 4 is divided by x + 1 (c) y 4 3 y 3 + 5 y 2 2 is divided by y 4 (d)
x 4 + 2 x 2 13x 60 is divided by 2 x + 3
2.
Use the factor theorem to show that ( x 2 ) is a factor of the polynomial P( x ) = x 3 + 4 x 2 7 x 10 .
3.
(a) (b) (a) (b) (c) (d)
If P( x ) = x 4 7 x 2 18 , find the value of P(3) . What does this mean? Show that x = 3 is a zero of the polynomial P( x ) = x 3 + 4 x 2 + x 6 . What does this mean? Hence express P( x ) = x 3 + 4 x 2 + x 6 as a product of linear factors. Hence write down all the zeros of P( x ) .
4.
5. 6. 7.
When x 3 + 3 x 2 + 7 x m is divided by x 2 , the remainder is 20. Find m . Find the value of the constant k if x 1 is a factor of P( x ) = x 5 2kx 2 + 2 . Express each of the following polynomials as a product of linear factors. (a) x 3 + 3x 2 x 3 (b) x 3 7 x 6 (c) x 3 + 2 x 2 9 x 18 (d) 2 x 3 + 9 x 2 8 x 15 (e) x 3 + 2 x 2 41x 42 (f) 6 x 3 + 35 x 2 + 34 x 40
8. 9.
If x 3 + ax + b is divisible by ( x + 3) and ( x 4 ) , find the values of a and b . The factors of the polynomial x 3 + x 2 4 x 4 are ( x + 2 ) , ( x 2 ) and (x + 1) . Write down the zeros of the polynomial x 3 + x 2 4 x 4 .
10.
The zeros of the polynomial P( x ) = x 3 + 4 x 2 7 x 10 are 1 , 2 and 5 . What are the factors of P( x ) ? Use the factor theorem to find a factor and hence find all real solutions to the following polynomial equations. (a) x 3 + 2 x 2 5 x 6 = 0 (c) x 3 x 2 2 x = 0 (e) x 3 2 x 2 + 1 = 0 (b) x 3 7 x + 6 = 0 (d) x 3 3 x 2 6 x + 8 = 0 (f) x 4 5 x 2 + 4 = 0
11.
12.
When a polynomial P( x ) is divided by (x 1)( x + 3) the quotient is Q( x ) and the remainder is 3x 1 . Find the remainder when P( x ) is divided by (x 1) .
-52-
1. 2. 3.
(a) 4
(b) 3
(c) 142
(d)
495 16
P(2) = 0 and ( x 2) is a factor .
(a) P(3) = 0 (b) x = 3 is a zero of the polynomial P(x ) and so ( x 3) is a factor of P( x )
4.
(b) ( x + 3) is a factor of P( x ) (c) P( x ) = ( x + 3)( x + 2)( x 1) (d) x = 3 , 2 , 1
5. 7.
m = 14
6.
k=
3 2 (b) (x + 1)( x 3)( x + 2 ) (e) (x + 1)( x + 7 )(x 6 ) (c) (x + 2 )( x 3)( x + 3) (f) (x + 4 )(3 x 2 )(2 x + 5)
(a) (x 1)( x + 1)( x + 3) (d) (x + 1)( x + 5)(2 x 3)
8. 9. 10 11.
a = 13 and b = 12
2 , 2 and 1
(x + 1) , (x 2)
and ( x + 5) . (b) x = 1 , 2 or 3 (e) x = 1, 1 5 2 (c) x = 0 , 1 , or 2 (f) x = 1, 2
(a) x = 1 , 2 or 3 (d) x = 1, 2 , or 4
12.
Remainder = 2
-53-
UNIT 2
The Number Plane Functions and Graphs
2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4A 2-4B 2-5 2-6A 2-6B 2-6C 2-7 2-8A 2-8B 2-9A 2-9B 2-9C 2-10A 2-10B 2-11 2-12A 2-12B 2-13
Gradient of a Straight Line Equation of a Straight Line (Sets 1 & 2) Distance and Midpoint Circles Semicircles Co-ordinate Geometry Problems Functions and Relations (Sets 1 & 2) Function Notation Even and Odd Functions Transformation of Functions (Sets 1 to 5) Linear Functions and Their Graphs Absolute Value Graphs Involving Straight Lines (Sets 1 & 2) Basic Parabolas Basic Cubic Curves Rectangular Hyperbolas (Sets 1 & 2) Quadratic Functions and Parabolas Quadratic Inequalities Polynomial Functions More on Domain Piecemeal Functions Interpretation of Graphs (Sets 1 & 2)
-54-
EXERCISE 2-1 GRADIENT OF A STRAIGHT LINE 1. The gradient of the line l is
2 . 3
(a) (b)
Find the gradient of a line parallel to the line l. Find the gradient of a line perpendicular to the line l.
2.
Two lines which are perpendicular have gradients m1 and m2 . Complete the following table:
m1 2
3
m2
1 2 3 4 a
3.
Consider the points A( 3, 2) and B(1, 6) . Find the gradient of (a) (b) (c) the line AB. a line parallel to the line AB. a line perpendicular to the line AB.
4.
Find the gradient of the lines joining the given points: (a) (c) (1, 2) and (5, 7) (a, b) and ( a , b) (b) (d)
( 3, 2) and ( 7, 2)
(2ap, ap 2 ) and (2aq , aq 2 )
5.
Sketch the line passing through (1, 2) and (1, 3). What can you say about its gradient ?
-55-
6.
Find the gradients of the following lines: (a)

y
(b)
y
(-2,2) O
(3,2) x
1 x
(c)
y
(d)
y (a,2a)
(-2,5)
7.
In each case find the value of k if AB is parallel to CD. (a) (b) (c)
A( 3,5), B (2, 3), C (5, 4), D (0, k ). A(0, 2 ), B ( 1, 2 ), C (0,5), D (1, k + 5). A(2,1), B (3, 3), C (2, 1), D (k 1, 7).
8. 9. 10. 11.
Repeat question 7 if AB is perpendicular to CD. Show that the points (3, 5), (1, 1) and ( 2, 5) are collinear. The points D (1,3), E(1,7) and F (3k 4,3 + 2k ) are collinear. Find the value of k.
A(4, 0 ), B (1, 5), C (3, 5) and D (0, k ) are the vertices of the parallelogram ABCD. Find the value of k.
12.
Consider the points A (1, 2) and B ( x , y ). If the gradient of AB is 4, express y in terms of x.
13.
A ladder, placed on horizontal ground, reaches 5 5 m up a vertical wall. Find the gradient of the ladder if its foot is 1.5 m from the base of the wall. 1 k 1 and the gradient of the line l2 is . Find 5 5 The value of k if the lines l1 and l2 are The gradient of the line l1 is (a) parallel;
-56-
14.
(b)
perpendicular.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
7. 8.
(a)
2 3 (b) 3 2 1 1 4 1 , , 2, , . 2 3 3 a (b) 2 (b) 1 1 2 b (c) a (c)
(a) 2 (a) 5 4
(d)
p+q 2
Its gradient is not defined. (a) 0

(a) 12 (a) 7 8 1 2
(b) 1
(b) 4 (b) 1 4
(c)
(c) 7
5 2
(d) 2
(c) 13
10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
k =1
k = 10 y = 4x 2
11 3 (a) k = 2 (b) k = 24
-57-
EXERCISE 2-2 EQUATION OF A STRAIGHT LINE Set 1
1.
Express the following straight line equations in the form y = mx + b , and state the gradient and y-intercept of each line. (a) ( c) (e) y = 2x + 3 y 2 = 3x x y 5= 0 ( b) (d) ( f) 2 y = 3x 5 3x + 2 y 1 = 0 3x + 4 y =3 5
2.
Show that the straight line 5x 2 y 1 = 0 passes through the points (1,2) and ( 1,3). Find the value of the constant " a" if: (a) (b) (c) the point (5a,2a ) lies on the line 2 x 3 y = 8 the point (2a,4) lies on the line 3 y = 4 x 4 the point (2,3) lies on the line 11x 2 y = 7a
3.
Find the x-intercept and the y-intercept of each of the lines : x y (a) x y+2=0 (b) =1 3 2 (c) 5 y = 2 3 x (d) 3( x 1) = 2(1 2 y ).
Find the equations of the following lines (give your answer in general form): 1 (a) gradient = through the point (0,3); 5 2 (b) gradient = through the point ( 3,4); 3 (c) through the origin with gradient 2; (d) through the points (1,2) and ( 3,0); (e) through the points ( 5,6) and ( 7,2); (f) making intercepts of 1 and 3 on the x and y axes respectively. (g) through the point (5,2) and parallel to the x - axis. The straight line y = mx + 2 passes through the point (3,1). Find the value of m. The line y = 3x 2 cuts the x - axis at point A, and the y - axis at point B. Find the coordinates of the points A and B.
5.
6. 7.
-58-
8.
(a) (b)
If the lines 2 x + y = 3 and y = kx + 5 are parallel, find the value of k . If the lines kx + 2 y 3 = 0 and 7 x + 5 y = 2 are perpendicular, find the value of k .
9.
Find the equation of the line: (a) (b) (c) (d) parallel to y = 3x + 7 through the point (0,2). parallel to 2 x y + 5 = 0 through the point (0,4). perpendicular to y = 2 x 7 through the point (4,1). perpendicular to 3x + 5 y 6 = 0 through the origin. The lines 3x 4 y = 1 and 2 x + 4 y = 14 intersect at A. Find the coordinates of A. The lines 3( x y ) + 8 y = 42 and 9 x ( x 2 y ) = 78 intersect at B. Find the coordinates of B.
10.
(a) (b)
11.
Show that the lines 2 x 4 y = 7, 3x + 5 y = 12, 3x 6 y 2 = 0, and 9 x + 15 y = 0 form the sides of a parallelogram. ABCD is a rectangle, such that A is the point (0,3), C is the point (4,9), and the equation of the side BC is y = 2 x + 1. (a) Draw a sketch showing this information;
(b) (c) Find the equations of the sides AD and DC; Find the coordinates of the point D.
12.
-59-
1. (a) y = 2 x + 3; m = 2, c = 3 (c) y = 3 x + 2; m = 3, c = 2 (e) y = x 5; 3. (a) a = 2 m = 1, c = 5 (b) a = 1
(b) y = x ; m = , c =
2 2 2
(d) y = x + ; m = , c = (f) y = x +
4
2 1
2 3
2 15
4
;m= ,c =
4
2 3
2 15
4
(c) a = 4 (b) x-intercept = 3, y-intercept = 2

2 5
4. (a) x-intercept = 2, y-intercept = 2 (c) x-intercept = , y-intercept =

3 2
(d) x-intercept =
5 3
y-intercept = .
4
5. (a) x 5 y 15 = 0 (d) x 2 y + 3 = 0 (g) y + 2 = 0 6. m = 1.
(b) 2 x + 3 y + 18 = 0 (e) 2 x y + 16 = 0
(c) 2 x + y = 0 (f) 3x y + 3 = 0
7.
2 A = ,0 , B = (0,2). 3 (b) k =
10 7 .
8. (a ) k = 2 9. (a) 3 x y + 2 = 0
(b) 2 x y 4 = 0
(c) x + 2 y 2 = 0
10. (a) A = (3,2) 12. (a) y D
(d) 5 x 3 y = 0. (b) B = (9,3). y = 2x +1

C(4,9)
A(0,3) 1
B x
(b) Equation of AD is y = 2 x + 3. 1 2 (c) D = 3 , 9 5 5
Equation of DC is x + 2 y 22 = 0 .
-60-
EXERCISE 2-2 EQUATION OF A STRAIGHT LINE Set 2
1.
An economist, studying the supply and demand for bathroom tiles, has determined that 3 the price per unit ($p) and demand (x), are related by the linear equation p = 60 x . 4 (a) (b) Find the price per unit if the demand is 32 units. Find the demand at a price of $40 per unit.
2.
A company sells memory chips for computers. The price demand equation is p ( x) = 119 6 x where the price charged is $ p per chip and the number which can be sold is x million chips. (a) (b) Find the demand when the price charged is $65 per chip. Find the price charged per chip when the demand is 15 000 000 chips.
3.
A company that manufacturers electric can openers determined that at a price of $45 each, the demand would be 1 500 openers, and at $20 each the demand would be 6 500 openers. (a) Find a linear function that models the price-demand relationship in the form p = mx + b , where p is the price and x is the number of openers sold (in units of one thousand). What would be the price if the demand is 6 000 can openers?
(b) 4.
A company manufacturing and selling DVDs finds the profit on sales of 20 000 DVDs is $12 000 and the profit on sales of 35 000 DVDs is $48 000 . The graph below represents this information, where the number of DVDs sold is x thousand and the profit is $P thousand.
$ P (thousands)
(35, 48) Diagram not to scale
(20,12)
x (thousands)
(a) (b) Assuming that the equation for P in terms of x is linear, find an expression for P. Hence find the number of DVDs which must be sold for the company to break even.
-61-
5.
A power company determines the monthly bill for a customer by adding an energy charge of 8 52 cents per kilowatt-hour to its base charge of $5 25 per month. (a) (b) Write down an equation for the monthly charge y in terms of x, the number of kilowatt-hours used. Using this equation, find: (i) (ii) the monthly charge if the customer uses 1 220 kilowatt-hours of energy. the number of kilowatt-hours of energy used in a month if the bill comes to $47 85 .
6.
A retailer of audio tapes has fixed costs of $5 000 and variable costs of $1 50 for each audio tape. (a) (b) (c) Assuming that the total cost, C ( x ) , is linearly related to x, the number of tapes produced, write an equation for the cost function. Find the total costs for producing 120 tapes. Find the number of tapes the retailer produces if their total costs equal $5 675 .
7.
In the question above, the retailer sells each tape for $3 50 . (a) (b) (c) Find an expression for the revenue, R( x ) , for selling x tapes. Assuming that every tape is sold, find an expression for P( x ) , the profit made on producing (and selling) x tapes. Using the expression for P( x ) , find: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) the number of tapes that must be sold to break even. the profit from selling 4 000 tapes. the number that must be sold to make a profit of $2 000. the loss if the retailer manages to sell 1000 tapes only.
8.
A restaurant owner has fixed costs of $1 600 per day, which pays for rent, wages and electricity. The average cost of ingredients for meals produced by the restaurant is $10 per meal and the average price charged for a meal is $29. (a) (b) (c) Find an expression for the profit on a day when x meals are produced and sold. Hence find the profit on a day when 200 meals are produced and sold. Find the number of meals that must be produced and sold at the break-even point.
-62-
1. (a) $36 2. (a) 9 million chips 3. (a) p = 52 5 5 x 4. (a) P = 12 x 36 5
(b)
80 units 3
(b) $29 (b) $22 50 (b) 15 000 (b) (i) $109 19 (ii) 500 (b) $5180 (b) P( x) = 2 x 5 000 (c) 450
5. (a) y = 5 25 + 0 0852 x 6. (a) C ( x) = 5 000 + 1 5 x 7. (a) R ( x) = 3 5 x
(c) (i) 2 500 (ii) $3 000 (iii) 3 500 (iv) $3 000 8. (a) P( x) = 19 x 1600 (b) $2 200 (c) 85
-63-
EXERCISE 2-3 DISTANCE AND MIDPOINT
1.
Given the points A = (1, 0) , B = (5, 0), C = (0, 3), D = (5, 5). (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Plot the points on a number plane Find the lengths of AB, AC , BD and CD.
If M is the midpoint of AC, find the coordinates of M . If N is the midpoint of CD, find the coordinates of N . Show that MN is parallel to AD.
2.
Show that ( 1,2) is the centre of the circle which passes through the points (11,3), ( 1,15), ( 13,7), (4,14).
[Note: show that the distance of each point from the centre is the same, (equal radii)]
3.
Find the length of the interval AB where (a) (b) (c) A = (1, 2) and B = (7,10) A = (5, 2) and B = (3, 2) A = (3, 3) and B = (2, 2) (d) (e) (f) A = (3a, 2a ) and B = (a, 3a) A = (a, b) and B = (b, a)
1 1 1 1 A = , and B = , a b b a
4.
Prove that (10,10) , (2, 6) , and (14, 6) are the vertices of an isosceles triangle, and find the length of the base. If the distance between the points (1,3) and (5, a ) is 5 units, find the possible values of a. If the distance between the points ( k , 4) and (2 , 5) is values of k . Find the midpoint of the interval AB where (a) (b) (c) 10 , find the possible
5.
6.
7.
A = (4, 7) and B = (6, 5) A = (1, 3) and B = (2,3) A = (a + b, a b) and B = (a b, a + b)

The midpoint of (12 , 5) and (4 , k ) is (8,3). Find the value of k . The midpoint of ( 4 , 2) and (a , b) is (2 ,1). Find the values of a and b . The midpoint of AB is (6, -5). Find the values of c , d if A = (c, 1) and B = (1, d ).
8.
(a) (b) (c)
9.
AB is an interval where A lies on the y axis and B lies on the x axis. The midpoint of AB is the point (4,1). Find the coordinates of A and B. If A = ( 4 , 3) , find the coordinates of B if the midpoint of AB is ( 2 , 7).
-64-
10.
11.
ABC is a triangle, where A = (0 , 0), B = (2b , 0) and C = (2a , 2c). M is the midpoint of AC , and N the midpoint of BC. Show that AB = 2MN . ABCD are the points ( 2,2), (3,1), (5,4), (4,1) respectively. Show that AB and CD bisect each other. ABCD is a parallelogram. A = (4 , 0), B = (1 , 5), C = ( 3 , 5). Use the fact that the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other to find the coordinates of D. Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the interval PQ if: (a) P (3, 2) , Q(1, 0) (b) P (2, 3) , Q(4, 5)
12.
13.
14.
15.
The diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other at right angles. (a) Show that this statement is true for the rhombus PQRS where
P(1, 6) , Q(4 ,1) , R(3, 6) and S (2, 1).

(b) The equation of the diagonal AC of the rhombus ABCD is y = 2 x + 7 . Find the coordinates of the vertices C and D if A(2, 3) and B (1, 1).
1. (a)
y D(5,5)
(b)
AB = 4 BD = 5 1 3 M = , 2 2
AC = 10 CD = 29
(c)
N C(0,3) M
(d) (e)
5 N = ,4 2 m MN =
5 4
and m AD =
5 4
A(1,0)
B(5,0)
MN is parallel to AD (equal gradients)
2. 3.
The length from every point to the centre is 13 units. (a) 10 (b) 8 (c)
26
(d)
5a
(e)
2a 2 + 2b 2
(f)
2 2 + 2 2 a b
4. 8. 9.
32
5. a = 0,6
6. k = 5, 1
7. (a) (5,6)
(a) k = 1
(b) a = 8, b = 0
(c) c = 13, d = 11
1 (b) ,0 2
(c) (a,a)
A = (0,2), B = (8,0).
10. B = (0,11) 13. D(0, 10). 14. (a) y = 2 x + 3 (b) y = 3x 7 (b)

-65-
15. (a) M (1, 0) , m PR mQS = 1
C (4, 1), D(7, 3)
EXERCISE 2-4A CIRCLES
1.
Find the centre and radius of each of the following circles.

(a) (c) (e) x2 + y2 = 1 x 2 + ( y 1) 2 = 4 x 2 + y 2 2x + 2 y 2 = 0 (b) (d) y2 = 5 x2 ( x 2) 2 + ( y + 1) 2 = 10
2.
For each of the following circles, state the centre C , the radius R, and draw a sketch . (a) x 2 + y 2 = 25 (d) ( x 2) + ( y + 3) = 16
2 2
(b) 12 x 2 + 12 y 2 = 3 (e) x 2 + ( y 7) = 49
2
(c) ( x + 1) + y 2 = 2
2
(f) x 2 + y 2 4 x + 4 y = 0
3.
Give the equation of each the following circles.
(a)
y
3
(b)
y 3
(c)
-3
x
C (1,2) x
C (3,0)
-3
(d)
y x
(e)
(f)
x
x
-3 5
(-2,1)
4.
Find the equation of each circle with features as given (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Centre (3, 3) and radius 5 Centre ( 1, 4 ) and passing through the point (0,0) Endpoints of the diameter are (6,8) and ( 2, 2 ) Centre (1,3) and touches the x-axis. Touches the x-axis at (4,0) and the y-axis at (0,4)
5. 6.
Describe the relation whose equation is x 2 + y 2 6 x + 2 y + 10 = 0 . The equation of a circle is x 2 + y 2 + 4 x 2 y 20 = 0 . A tangent is drawn from the point (5,2) to this circle. Find the distance from the point of contact to the point (5,2). Determine whether the circles x 2 + y 2 + 4 y = 7 and x 2 + y 2 + 8 x 2 y + 13 = 0 overlap.
-66-
7.
1.(a) Centre (0,0) radius 1 (c) Centre (0,1) radius 2 (e) Centre (1,1) radius 2 2. (a) C(0,0) , R = 5
y
5 -5 5
(b) Centre (0,0) radius (d) Centre (2,1) radius
10
(b) C(0,0) , R =
y
1 2
(c) C( 1,0) , R = 2
y
1 -24
1/2
x
-1/2 1/2
x
-1
04 x
-5
-1/2
(d) C( 2,3) , R = 4
y 05
(e) C(0,7) , R = 7
y 14 7 x
(f) C(2,2) , R = 2 2
y 4 x
-06
46
(2,-3) -65
-4
3.
(a) x 2 + y 2 = 9 (d) x 2 + ( y + 1 5)2 = 2 25
(b) ( x 1) 2 + ( y 2) 2 = 9 (e) ( x 5) + ( y 5) = 25
2 2
(c) ( x 3) 2 + y 2 = 9 (f) ( x + 2) + ( y 1) = 4
2 2
4.
(a) ( x 3) 2 + ( y + 3) 2 = 5 (d) ( x 1) 2 + ( y 3) 2 = 9
(b) ( x + 1) 2 + ( y 4) 2 = 17 (e) ( x 4) 2 + ( y 4) 2 = 16
(c) ( x 2) 2 + ( y 5) 2 = 25
5. 6. 7.
It is called a point-circle : centre (3,1) ; radius = 0 !!! 5 units Yes they overlap, since the distance between centres is less than the sum of the radii.
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EXERCISE 2-4B SEMICIRCLES
1.
Sketch each of the following semicircles, and give the domain and range:
(a) (c) y = 4 x2 y = 2 x2 (b) y = 25 x 2
2.
Give the equation of each of the following semicircles:

(a)
y
4
y
(b)
4
(c)
-1/2
x -5
-4
-5
1/2
-1/2
3.
Sketch the following semicircles. Write down the domain (X) and range (Y) for each function: (a) y = 36 x 2 (b) y = 49 x 2

1. (a)
(b)
y -5 0 5 x
y
2
(c)
-2
y 2 x 0 2
x
-2 0 2
-5
D: 2 x 2 R: 0 y 2 2. (a) y = 16 x 2 3. (a) y = 36 x 2
X = { x : 6 x 6}
D: 5 x 5 R: 5 y 0 (b) y = 25 x 2
D: 2 x 2 R: 0 y 2 (c) y =
1 x2 4
y
y
6 -6
(b) y = 49 x 2
X = { x : 7 x 7}
-7
Y = { y : 0 y 6}
Y = { y : 7 y 0}
-7
-68-
EXERCISE 2-5 CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY PROBLEMS
1.
Show that AC BC where A = ( 1,3) B = (3,1) C = (2,4) . Hence find the equation of a circle passing through these three points. The coordinates of a triangle ABC are A( 4,2), B(4,6), C (8,2). (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) Plot the points on a number plane. Show that AB = BC . Show that AB is perpendicular to BC . Find the area of triangle ABC . Find the equation of the line through B perpendicular to AC . Find the midpoint of AC . Find the equation of the circle through A, B and C.
2.
3.
OABC is a trapezium where O is the origin, A is the point (5, 3) and C is the point (0, 2) . OA is parallel to CB. The gradient of AB is 1. (a) (b) (c) (d) Show this information on a number plane. Find the equation of AB . Find the equation of BC . Find the coordinates of the point B.
4.
Write down the coordinates of the centre and the length of the radius of the circle ( x 2) 2 + ( y 4) 2 = 25 . Hence find the length of a chord with midpoint (3,2). A(3, 1), B(2,3), and C(1,1) are three points in the number plane. Find: (a) (b) (c) the length of the interval AC; the equation of the line through A and C . the equation of the line through B perpendicular to the line AC. Show that the line x y + 4 = 0 passes through the points A(1,3) and B(3,7). Find: the distance from A to B. the co-ordinates of the midpoint M of the interval AB . the equation of the perpendicular bisector of AB .
5.
6.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
7.
The xintercept , and the yintercept , of a given line l 1 are 2 and 1 respectively. A second line l 2 has a gradient 2 and an xintercept 1. Lines l1 and l 2 intersect at P. (a) (b) Find the equation of l 1 . Find the co-ordinates of P .
-69-
8.
A(1,4), B(1,2) and C(5,2) are the vertices of a triangle. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) Find the length of AB , as a surd. Write down the length of BC . Find the co-ordinates of P , the midpoint of AC . What is the equation of BC ? Find the equation of OP and the co-ordinates of Q , the point of intersection of the lines BC and OP [O is the origin]. Find the gradient of AB. Explain why AB is parallel to OP. y D C (2,4 )
9.
In the diagram on the right, ADCO is a parallelogram. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) Find the length of the interval AC as a surd. Find the co-ordinates of E the midpoint of AC. What is the length of the interval OE? Find the gradient (slope) of the interval AC. Find the equation of the line passing through A and C. What is the equation of DC? What are the co-ordinates of D? Find the area of the parallelogram ADCO.
A( 2,0 )
10.
Given A(4,6), B(5,3) and C(1,2). (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Find the length of the interval AB. Find the slope of the line AB. Find the equation of the line AB. Find the co-ordinates of the midpoint, M, of the interval AC. Find the co-ordinates of a point D so that ABCD forms a parallelogram with AC as a diagonal.
y A
11.
A(2,0) , B(2,0) and C(1, 3 ) are the vertices of a triangle. P is the foot of the perpendicular from C to the xaxis. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Calculate the length of the interval BC. Find the slope (gradient) of the line BC. Prove that ACB is a right angle. What is the equation of the circle that passes through A,B, and C ? Find the co-ordinates of P. What is the equation of the line OC?
-70-
12.
A(2,2), B(2,1) and C(2,1) are the vertices of a triangle. E is the point (1,0). (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Find the equation of AB. D is the foot of the perpendicular from E to AB. Find the equation of ED. 2 4 Prove that the co-ordinates of D are , . 5 5 Calculate the length of DE. What is the equation of the circle centre E and radius 1 unit?
1. ( x 1) 2 + ( y 2) 2 = 5 2.(a)
y B(4,6)
(d) 40 units of area. (e) y = 3 x 6

x
A(-4,2)
(f) (2,0) (g) ( x 2) 2 + y 2 = 40 (b) y = x 2 3 (c) y = x + 2 5 (d) B = (10,8)
C (8,-2)
3.(a)
y B
C (0,2) O
A (5,3) 45 x
4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
4 5 units (a) 2 5 (b) 4 2 (b) x + 2 y 1 = 0 (c) (1,5) (c) 2 x y 1 = 0.
(a) x + 2 y + 2 = 0 (a) 2 2 (f) 1 (b) 6
(d) x + y 6 = 0 2 6 (b) , 5 5 (c) (3,3) (d) y = 2 (e) y = x;(2,2)
(g) Both lines have the same slope of 1. (b) (0,2) (g) (0,4) (b) 1 3 (c) 2 (h) 8 unit2. (d) 1 (e) x y + 2 = 0 1 (d) 2 ,2 2 (e) (1,0)
9.
(a) 4 2 (f) y = 4 (a) 3 10 (a) 2 (f) y = x 3 .
10. 11.
(c) x 3 y + 14 = 0 (d) x 2 + y 2 = 4
(e) (10,1).
(b) 3
12.
(a) 3x 4 y + 2 = 0
(b) 4 x + 3 y 4 = 0
-71-
(d) 1 (e)
( x 1) 2 + y 2
=1
EXERCISE 2-6A FUNCTIONS AND RELATIONS Set 1
1.
Complete the following : The set of ordered pairs {(1,3),(2,5),(3,1),(5,0)} form a relation. This __________ is also a ___________. The set of ordered pairs {(1,3),(1,5),(5,0)} also form a relation. This ___________ is _________________.
2.
(i) (ii)
State which of the following sets of ordered pairs are functions. Give the domain and range of each function. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) x y (g) x y 1 2 2 2 3 2 2 1 2 2 2 3 {(0,2), (0,4), (1,3), (2,5)} {(1,4), (1,4), (3, 4), (4,1)} {(Emma,162cm), (Jan,175cm), (Ali,172cm)} {(January,31), (April,30), (June,30), (July,31)} {(31,January), (30,April), (30,June), (31,July)}
3.
(i) (ii) (a)
Which of the following graphs represent functions? State the domain and range of each of the functions. (b) (c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
-72-
1. 2.
relation, function; relation , not a function. (i) b, c, d, and g are functions. (ii) (b) Domain ={x: x= 1 ,1,3,4} Range = {y: y= 4 ,1,4} (c) Domain ={Emma, Jan, Ali} Range ={162cm,172cm,175cm} (d) Domain ={January, April, June, July} Range ={30,31} (g) Domain ={x: x=1,2,3} Range ={y: y = 2 }
3.
(i) a, b, d, e, f and h are functions. (ii) (a) Domain = {x: x R} Range = { y: y R} (b) Domain = {x: x R} Range = { y: y 0} (d) Domain = {x : x R, x 0} Range = { y : y R, y 0} (e) Domain = {x: x R} Range = { y: y R} (f) Domain = {x: x R} Range = { y: y = 2,2} (h) Domain = {x : 3 x 3} Range = { y:3 y 0 }
-73-
EXERCISE 2-6A FUNCTIONS AND RELATIONS Set 2
1.
The area of a rectangle is equal to 30 cm 2 . The length of one side is equal to w. (a) (b) Express the perimeter P as a function of w. State the domain of the function.
2.
The perimeter of a rectangle is 200 cm. Express the area, A, of the rectangle as a function of the length of one side, b, and state the domain of this function. The dimensions of two rectangles are shown in the diagram below.
3.
x + 12
10 x (a) (b)
2x 6
Find an expression for the total area of these rectangles, A, in terms of x. Find the domain of this function.
4.
A farmer constructs two identical rectangular pens that share a common border using 840 metres of fencing materials, as illustrated in the diagram on the right. xm (a) Express the total area, A, enclosed by the two pens as a function in terms of x, and find the domain of this function.
ym
ym
(b)
Express the total area as a function of y and write down the domain.
5.
A 150 room hotel is filled to capacity if the fee charged per night for a room is $200. For every $2 increase in this fee, one less room is rented. (a) (b) Find an expression for the income, I, of the hotel on a night when (150 x ) rooms are rented. Write down the domain of the function I.
6.
A ball is thrown upwards out of a window. Its height h metres above the ground at any time t seconds after being thrown is given by the equation h = 8 + 2t t 2 . (a) (b) (c) Write down the height of the window above ground level. Find when the ball hits the ground. Hence write down the domain of the function h.
-74-
7.
A parcel delivery service will deliver packages only if the sum of the height, length and depth does not exceed 260 cm. The package shown is a square-based rectangular prism. If the full 260 cm is used, (a) (b)
x cm
x cm
y cm
Find an expression for the volume, V, of the package in terms of x. Find the domain of the function V.
120 cm 8. A packing box is to be made using a piece of cardboard that measures 90 cm by 120 cm. Squares of side x cm are cut from each corner. The remaining shape is then folded into a box. (a) (b) Express the volume V ( x) as a function of x. Write down the domain of the function V ( x) .
90 cm
30 1. (a) P = 2 w + w
(b) {w : w > 0}
2. A = b(100 b) , Domain = {b : 0 < b < 100} 3. (a) A = x 2 8 x + 120 (b) {x : 3 < x < 10}
4. (a) A = 420 x 3 x 2 , Domain = {x : 0 < x < 280}

2
8
(b) A = 560 y 3 y 2 , Domain = { y : 0 < y < 210} 5. (a) I = (200 + 2 x )(150 x ) = 2 x 2 50 x 15 000 6. (a) 8 m 7. (a) V = 2 x 2 (130 x) (b) 4 secs (b) {x : 0 < x < 130}
(b) {x : x = 0,1, 2,K,150} (c) 0 t 4
8. (a) V = 4 x( x 45)(x 60 ) (b) {x : 0 < x < 45}
-75-
EXERCISE 2-6B
FUNCTION NOTATION
1. 2.
If f ( x ) = 3 x + 1, find f (1,), f (2 ), f ( 3) and f (0). 1 Given g ( x ) = 5 2 x, find g (-1), g and g (a ). 2 1 If f ( x ) = 2 x 2 x , find f ( 2), f and f ( x ). 3 If f ( x ) = x 2 2 x , calculate f (1), f (0), f ( 1). If f ( x ) = 2 x 2 + 3x + 5, calculate f (3), f ( 1), and f (0). Given g(u) = 2u + u 3 , find g(-2), g ( z ) and g ( x ). 1 u
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
If P( x ) = x 4 x 3 7 x 2 + x + 6, verify that P(1) and P(-1) are both zero. 1 1 1 3 If f (u) = 16 u , find f (2), f (0), f ( 1), f ( 2), f , f , f , f . 2 4 2 2 Show that f (a ) f (b) = f ( a + b).
9.
If f (u) =
1 + u + u2 1 , prove that f (u) = f . u u
10.
Calculate g( x + 1) if g( x ) = x 2 2 x + 3. Also obtain an expression for g( x + 1) g( x ). If f (t ) = 16t 2 , obtain an expression for . h Evaluate this expression when (i) t = 2, h = 0.01 (ii) t = 2, h = 0.0001. Solve f ( x ) = f (2) where f is the function f ( t + h) f ( t )
11.
12.
{( x, y): y = x
3x 4 .
13. 14.
If g(t ) = 3t 2 2t + 7, find t if g( t ) = g(t + 1). 1 If h( x ) = : x +1 1 1 1 (i) evaluate h(1), h(0), and h (ii) evaluate h + h 2 3 4 (iii) express h( x 3) in simplest form. 1 (iv) express h in simplest form. x
-76-
15.
If f ( x ) = 5 x 2 and g( x ) = x 2 3, evaluate: (i)

g ( 2) f (1) . (ii) g ( 1) . f ( 2) (iii) f ( x ) + g( x ). (iv) f ( 1) g( 1).
16.
Given h( x ) = 3x 1, solve for x: (i) h( x ) = x. (ii) h( x ) = 1. (iii)

1 = 2. h( x )
17.
If ( x ) =
2 a x + a x show that (2 x ) = 2[ ( x )] 1. 2
1. 3.
4, 7, 8, 1.
2. 4.
7, 4, 5 2a. 1 1,1, . 2
10,
1 2 ,2 x + x. 9
5.
4, 0, 5.
1 1 1 1 , ,4, 2, , . 16 256 4 64
6.
4,
2 z + z 3 2 x x 3 , . 1 z 1+ x
8. 10. 11. 12.
256, 1,
x 2 + 2, 2 x 1. 32t + 16h, x=1, 2. 1 2 , 1, . 2 3 4 1 2 11 20 (i) 64 16, 13. (ii) t= 64 0016.
1 . 6
1 . x2 2 1 6 (iv) (iv) x 1+ x 6
14. 15.
(i) (i)
(ii) (ii)
(iii) (iii)
16.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
-77-
EXERCISE 2-6C
EVEN AND ODD FUNCTIONS
1.
Determine algebraically whether the following functions are even, odd, or neither even nor odd: (a) (c) f ( x) = x 2 f ( x) = x 4 x 2 (b) (d) f ( x) = x 3 f ( x) = x 2 x
2.
Complete each given portion of the curve drawn below to make it into (a) an even function (b) an odd function
-78-
EXERCISE 2-6C ANSWERS
1. 2.
(a) even
(b) odd
(c) even
(d) neither.
-79-
EXERCISE 2-7 TRANSFORMATION OF FUNCTIONS Set 1
Complete the table below according to the column heading. y = f ( x) y = f ( x) y = f ( x)
-80-
y = f ( x)
y = f ( x)
y = f ( x)
-81-
Complete the table below according to the column heading. y = f ( x) y = f ( x) 2 y = f ( x) + 1
-82-
y = f ( x)
y = f ( x) 2
y = f ( x) + 1
-83-
Complete the table below according to the column heading. y = f ( x) y = f ( x 1) y = f ( x + 2) 1
-84-
y = f ( x)
y = f ( x 1)
y = f ( x + 2) 1
-85-
1.
Using the graph of y = x 2 drawn below, draw the graphs of: (a) y = 2x2 (b) y= 1 2 x 2 (c) y= x2 4
2.
Shown below is the graph of y = x . Draw the graphs of y = C x where: 1 1 (a) C = 2 (b) C = (d) C = (c) C = 4 2 3
-86-
3.
Use the graph of y = x shown below to draw the following graphs: 3 1 y=3 x (b) y= y= x (a) x (c) 2 2
4.
The graph of y = x 3 is shown below. Use this graph to draw y = Cx 3 (a) C = 0.5 (b) C = 01 .
where:
-87-
1.
2.
-88-
3.
4.
-89-
1.
Using the graph of y = x 2 sketch the graphs of : 1 2 (a) y = 2 x 2 3 (b) y = ( x 2) + 1 2 on separate number planes. Using the graph of y = x sketch the graphs of : 1 (a) y = 2 x 3 (b) y = x + 1 2 on separate number planes. Using the graph of y = x sketch the graphs of :
1 (c) y = x 2 + 5 2
2.
(c) y = x 2 + 5
3.
(b) y = 4 x 1 2 (a) y = 3 x + 2 on separate number planes.
(c) y = 3 x + 1
1.
(a)
(b)
(c)
2.
(a)
(b)
(c)
3.
(a)
(b)
(c)
-90-
EXERCISE 2-8A LINEAR FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
1.
Complete the tables below and sketch the graph. (a)
y = x+2 0 x y
(b) 1 2
3x 2 y = 6 3 0 x y
2.
Set up tables and sketch the following: (a) y = 2x 1 (b) y = 1 x (c) y =4 x 3
3.
Rewrite with y as the subject of the equation and sketch the graph of: (a)
2 y = 1
(b)
2x y = 0
4.
Sketch the following by using the intercept method (i.e. find x and yintercepts first): (a) 3x 4 y = 12 (b) x + 4y 8 = 0 (c) 2 x + 5 y + 15 = 0
5.
State the domain and range of the functions in Q4. above.
6.
Sketch the following straight lines: (a) (d) (g)
y=7
x +1 = 0
(b) (e) (h)
3x y = 0
x + y 1= 0 x =2 y
(c) (f) (i)
2x y = 4
y=x
2 x + 3y = 9
y=
x +1 2
7.
A chain-saw rental firm charges $25 plus $5 per hour for renting one chain-saw. Sketch a graph of the cost function for renting a chain-saw for up to 8 hours. Find the equation of the cost function.
8.
A factory incurs a total cost of $1600 to produce 50 items. The fixed cost is equal to $100 . Assuming that the total cost function, C ( x) , is linear, sketch its graph as a function of x, the number of items produced where 0 x 50 . Find the equation of the function C ( x) .
9.
A $400 000 building is depreciated by the owners accountant. The value y of the building (in dollars) after x months of use is given by the equation y = 400 000 1600 x . (a) (b) Sketch a graph of this function for x 0 . How long is it until the building is completely depreciated (its value is zero)?
-91-
10.
The profit obtained by a company in producing x items is given by P( x) dollars. The following are graphs of profit functions P( x ) which are linear functions of x. In each case, 0 x 8 . For each graph find (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) the number of items the company should produce to break even. the maximum possible profit. the profit obtained when the company produces 10 items (assuming that the profit remains linear). the equation for P( x) in terms of x. P (a) 40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x (b) (8, 30) P 40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -40 (c) P 40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 1 2 (5,0) 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x (8,30)
-30 (0,-30)
(8,10) 7 8 x
11.
The annual revenue and cost (in millions of dollars) for a factory are shown in the graph. (a) (b) (c) What are the annual fixed costs? What is the annual production required to break even? What are the revenue and costs at the level of production needed to break even?
$y million 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 200 400 600 800 x units Revenue Cost
-92-
$y 12. The diagram shows graphs of the cost function, C ( x) in dollars, and the revenue function, R( x) in dollars, for a commodity (where x is the number of units sold). (a) (b) (c) From the graph, write down the number of units sold to break even. Find the equation for the cost function and the revenue function. 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 200 400 600 800 x R( x) C ( x)
Find the marginal cost and the marginal revenue (the cost and revenue involved in selling one extra unit).
13.
A company producing poultry feed finds that the total cost C ( x) of producing x units is given by C ( x) = 10 x + 50 . The company charges $12 per unit for the feed. (a) (b) (c) Find the formula for the profit P( x) . What is the break-even point? Sketch the graph of P( x) for 0 x 30 .
14.
A cafe sells each cup of coffee for $3 50 . The variable costs are $1 50 for each cup and the monthly fixed costs for the cafe are $6 000 . Let x represent the number of cups of coffee sold in a given month. (a) (b) (c) Find an expression for the profit made by the cafe in the given month. Sketch a graph of the profit function for 0 x 5 000 . How many cups in the given month should be sold to break even?
1. (a)
y 2 3 4
y 3 2 1 -3 -2 -1 -1 1 2 x
(b)
y 7.5 3 0 3
2 1 -1 -2 -3 -4
x 0 1 2 y 1 0 1
y 3 2 1
y 2 4 x
2. (a)
x 0 1 2 y 1 1 3
y 3 2 1 x
(b)
(c)
x 3 0 3 y 5 4 3
y
-2 -1 -1 -2
1 2 3
-1 -1
5 4 3 2 1 -1 6 12 x
-93-
3. (a) y =
1 2
(b) y = 2 x
4.(a)
x - intercept = 4, y - intercept = 3
(b)
x - intercept = 8, y - intercept = 2
(c)
1 x - intercept = -7 2 , y - intercept = 3
y 2 1 -2 -1 -1 -2 -3 -4 1 2 3 4 5 x 3 2 1 -2 -1
y 1 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1 x -2 -3 -4
y x
5.
For all functions in Q.4: Domain : X = { x : x R} and Range : Y = { y : y R} 6. (a)

y 7
(b)
y 3 2 1 -3 -2 -1 -1 1 2 3 x
(c)
y 1 -1 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 1 2 3 x
-2 -3
(d)
y
(e)
y 3 2
(f)
y 3 2 1
-2
-1
x
-1
1 1 -1 2 x
-3 -2 -1 -1 -2 -3
1 2 3
-94-
(g)
y 3 2 1 -3 -2 -1 -1 -2 -3 1 2 3 x
(h)
y 3 2 1 -1 -1 1 2 3 x
(i)
7.
C (8, 65) C ( x) = 5 x + 25 25 0 8 x
8.
C (50,1600)
C ( x) = 30 x + 100
100 0 50 x
9. (a)
y 400 000
(b) 20 years, 10 months
0 10. (a) (i) 0 (b) (i) 4 (c) (i) 5 11. (a) $2 000 000 12. (a) 400
250 (ii) $30 (ii) $30 (ii) $10
x (iii) $37 50 (iii) $45 (iii) $16 67 (iv) P ( x) = (iv) (iv)

15 x 4 15 P ( x) = x 30 2 10 50 P ( x) = x 3 3
(b) 300 units (b) C ( x) = 5 x + 1000 , R( x) =
(c) $3 000 000 15 x 2
(c) marginal cost = $5, marginal revenue = $7 50 13. (a) P ( x) = 2 x 50 (b) 25 units (c) P
(30,10) 0 25 30
P( x) = 2 x 50
x
50
14. (a) P( x) = 2 x 6 000 (b) P (5000,4000) (c) 3 000
P( x) = 2 x 6 000 0
3000 5 000
6 000
-95-
EXERCISE 2-8B ABSOLUTE VALUE GRAPHS INVOLVING STRAIGHT LINES Set 1
1.
For each of the following functions: (a) (b) (c) sketch the graph write down the equations of the 2 straight lines which form the graph find the domain and range.
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) y= x y = x +3 y = x+2 y 1 = 2 x
2.
For each of the following, sketch the graph and write down the equations of the lines which form the graph: (i) (ii) x =3 x + 2y = 1
1. (i)(a)
f(x)
(ii)(a)
f(x)
(iii)(a)
f(x)
(iv)(a)
f(x)
x
x
-2 0
1 0 x
(b) y = x , y = x (c) D: x R: y 0 2. (i)

f(x)
(b) y = x + 3 y = x + 3 (c) D: x R: y 3
(b) y = x + 2 y = x 2 (c) D: x R: y 0
(b) y = 2 x + 1 y = 2 x + 1 (c) D: x R: y 1
(ii)
f(x)
1
-3 0 3 x
1 2
x
-1
1 2
x = -3
x =3
-96-
EXERCISE 2-8B Set 2
Sketch the following graphs. For each function state the domain and range.
1.
x =2
2.
y
y =3
y
3.
y= x
y
4.
y = x +2
y
5.
y = x3
y
6.
y=x
y
7.
y = 4 x
y
8.
y = 2x
y
9.
y = 2x 3
y
10. y = 2 x + 3
y
11. x = y
y
12. x + 1 = y
y
13. x = y 2
y
14. x + y = 2
y
15. 2 x 3 y = 6
y
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1.
x =2
EXERCISE 2-8B Set 2 ANSWERS 2. y = 3 3. y = x y

3
-2
-3
NOT a function
4.
y = x +2
y
NOT a function
5.
y = x3
y 3 x 3 x
X = { x: x } ; Y = { y: y 0}
6.
y=x
X = { x: x } ; Y = { y: y 2}
X = { x: x } ; Y = { y: y 0}
X = { x: x } ; Y = { y: y 0}
7.
y = 4 x
y 4
8.
y = 2x
y
9.
y = 2x 3
y
x -4 4
3 2
3 2
-3
X = { x: x } ; Y = { y: y 4}
X = { x: x } ; Y = { y: y 0}
X = { x: x } ; Y = { y: y 3}
10. y = 2 x + 3
y 3
11. x = y
y
12. x + 1 = y
1 x x -1 -1
3 2
X = { x: x } ; Y = { y: y 0}
NOT a function
14. x + y = 2
y 2
NOT a function
15. 2 x 3 y = 6
y
13. x = y 2
y
2 x 2 -2 2 x -3
2 3 -2 -2
NOT a function
NOT a function
-98-
NOT a function
EXERCISE 2-9A BASIC PARABOLAS
1.
(a) (d) (g) (j) (m)
Sketch the following parabolas, showing the main features:

y = x2 y = x2 y = ( x 2) 2 y = 2 ( x 1) 2 2 y = ( x + 3) 2 (b) (e) (h) (k) *(n) y = 2x 2 y = x2 +1 y = ( x + 1) 2 y = 3x 2 + 1 y = (2 x + 1) 2 (c) (f) (i) (l) *(o) y = x2
2 1
y = x2 3 y = 1 5 x2 y = 2( x 2) 2 + 1 x = y2
2. (a)
Write down the equation of each of the following parabolas : (b) (c)
y 1 -3 -2 -1 -1 -2 -3 -4 1 2 x
y 5 4 3 2 1 -3 -2 -1 -1 -2
(d)
y 3 2 1 -3 -2 -1 -1 -2 -3 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 x
y 4
(1,2)
1 2 3
-2
(e)
y 5 4 3 2 1 1 -1 x
(f)
y 3 (1,2) 2 1 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1 -2 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
-99-
1.
(a) 10 8 6 4 2 -2 2
(b)
10 8 6 4
(c)
4 3 2 1
x
-2
x
-2 2 -1 -1
(f)
x
1 2
(d) -2
y x
2
(e)
10 8 6 4 2 -2 -2
-2 -4 -6 -8 -10
x x
2 -3 -3
(g)
8 6 4 2
(h)
6 5 4 3 2 1
(i) -15
y
15
15
x
-1 1 2 3 4 -3 -2 -1 -1
(k)
x
1
(j)
y
1-2
(1,2) 1+2
(l)
y 10
x
5
8 6 4 2
(2, 1)
x
-2 2
-1
(m)
2 -6 -3 -2
y x
(n)
6 4
(o) 2
x
2 2 4
-4 -6
x
-2 -1 1 2
-2
2.
(a) y = x 2 1 1 (d) y = x 2 + 2 2
(b) y = ( x + 1) (e) y = 2( x + 1)
(c) y = 2 x 2 1 2 (f) y = ( x 1) + 2 8
-100-
EXERCISE 2-9B
BASIC CUBIC CURVES
1.
y = x3
y
2.
y = x3
y
3.
y = x3 + 1
y
4.
y = 2 x3
y
5.
y = x3 8
y
6.
y = x3 4
y
7.
y = ( x 1)
y
8.
y = ( x 2) 3
y
9.
y = ( x + 2) 4
3
y
10.
y = ( x 1) + 2
3
y
11.
y = 2 ( x + 3)
y
12.
2x3 = 1 y
y
13.
2y = x3 1
y
14.
y 1 = 2( x 1) 3
y
*15.
x = y3
y
-101-
1.
y = x3
y
2.
y = x3
y
3.
y = x3 + 1
y
-1
4.
y = 2 x3
y
5.
y = x3 8
y
6.
y = x3 4
y
2 126
x
2
-159
-8
-4
7.
y = ( x 1)
y
8.
y = ( x 2 )
y
9.
y = ( x + 2) 4
3
y
( 2 +
2
4)
4 -04
1 -1
x
(-2,-4)
10.
y = ( x 1) + 2
3
y
11.
y = 2 ( x + 3)
y
12.
2x3 = 1 y
y
1 -026
(1,2)
(-3,2) -174
x
08
(1 +
2)
-25
13.
2y = x3 1
y
14.
y 1 = 2( x 1) 3
y
15.
x = y3
y
1 -05
x
-1
(1,1)
1 1
-102-
EXERCISE 2-9C RECTANGULAR HYPERBOLAS Set 1
1. Find the equation of the vertical asymptote for each of the following functions: 1 (a) y= (b) y (2 x 1) = 2 x+3 2. Find the equation of the horizontal asymptote for each of the following functions: 1 (a) xy = 2 (b) y+2 = x4 3. Sketch each of the following, showing the main features. State the domain (X) and the range (Y) for each function. 4 2 1 (a) y= (b) y2= (c) 1 y = x 1 x +1 x
EXERCISE 2-9C Set 1 ANSWERS
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (a)
x = -3 y=0
(b) (b) (b)
x=
1 2 y = 2 (c)
f(x)
f(x)
f(x)
0 1 -4
x
-1 0
-1
X = {x , x 1} Y = { y , y 0}
X = {x , x 1} Y = { y , y 2}
X = {x , x 0} Y = { y , y 1}
-103-
EXERCISE 2-9C RECTANGULAR HYPERBOLAS Set 2

Sketch, showing the main features. State the domain (X) and range (Y) for each function
1.
y=
3 x
y
2.
xy = 1
y
3.
y=
1 x 1
y
4.
y=
3 x+2
y
5.
y=
3 2x
y
6.
y=
1 2 x
y
7.
y 1=
y
3 x+2
8.
y+2 =
y
4 x3
9.
y2 =
y
1 3 x
10.
y = 3
y
2 x +1
11.
x 1=
y
2 y+2
12.
2 y =
y
1 1+ x
-104-
EXERCISE 2-9C Set 2 ANSWERS
1.
y=
3 x
y
2.
xy = 1
y
3.
y=
1 x 1
y
X = {x: x R , x 0} ; Y = { y: y R , y 0}
X = {x: x R , x 0} ; Y = { y: y R , y 0}
X = {x: x R , x 1} ; Y = { y: y R , y 0}
4.
y=
3 x+2
y
5.
y=
3 2x
y
6.
y=
1 2 x
y
05
-2
x
-15
-15
x
-2
X = {x: x R , x 2} ; Y = { y: y R , y 0}
X = {x: x R , x 2} ; Y = { y: y R , y 0}
X = {x: x R , x 0} ; Y = { y: y R , y 2}
7.
y 1=
y
3 x+2
8.
y+2 =
y
4 x3
9.
y2 =
y
1 3 x
y=1 -5
25 x
1 -2 -2/3 3 x
2 5/3 25 3 x
x=-2
X = {x: x R , x 2} ; Y = { y: y R , y 1}
X = {x: x R , x 3} ; Y = { y: y R , y 2}
X = {x: x R , x 3} ; Y = { y: y R , y 2}
10.
y = 3
y
2 x +1
11.
x 1=
y
2 y+2
12.
2 y =
y 3 2
1 1+ x
3 -1 1 x
1 -2
-15 -1
-1/3
-4
X = {x: x R , x 1} ; Y = { y: y R , y 3}
X = {x: x R , x 1} ; Y = { y: y R , y 2}
X = {x: x R , x 1} ; Y = { y: y R , y 2}
-105-
EXERCISE 2-10A QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS AND PARABOLAS
1.
(i) (ii) (iii)
Find the equation of the axis of symmetry. Find the coordinates of the vertex of the parabola. Sketch the parabola. (a) (c) (e) y = x2 4x + 5 y = 2x2 + 4x + 3 y = 2 x 2 + 4 x 1 (b) (d) y = x2 + 2x +1 y = 2x x2
2.
Express in factor form and find the x intercepts of the following parabolas. In each case, sketch the parabola.
(a) (c) 3. (i) (ii) (iii)
y = (1 x)(3 + x) y = x 2 + 3x 4
(b) (d)
y = 2x2 + x y = 3 5x 2 x 2
Express in completing the square form. Write down the coordinates of the vertex of the parabola. Sketch the parabola. (a) (c) (e) y = x2 2x +1 y = x2 + 2x 3 y = 2x2 + 4x + 5 (b) (d) y = x 2 4x + 5 y = x2 + 2x + 2
4.
Sketch the following parabolas, showing the coordinates of the vertex, and the intercepts on the axes (where relevant).
(a) (c) (e) y = x 2 6x + 8 y = x 2 4x + 9 2 y = 2 x 2 5x (b) (d) (f) y = 3 5x 2 x 2 y = 6 x 9 x 2 y = 4x 5 2x2
5.
For a camera retailer the profit $ P is given by P = 4 000 40( x 25) 2 where x is the number of cameras sold and 0 x 30 . (a) (b) (c) Write down the maximum profit. Find the breakeven point for the company. Sketch the profit function.
-106-
1. (a) (i) x = 2 (ii) (2,1) (iii)

f(x)
(b) (i) x = 1 (ii) ( 1,0) (iii)

f(x)
(c) (i) x = 1 (ii) ( 1,1) (iii)

f(x)
3
(2,1) x 0
1 -1 0 x
(-1,1) 0
(d) (i) x = 1 (ii) (1,1) (iii)

f(x) (1,1)
(e) (i) x = 1 (ii) (1,1) (iii)

f(x) (1,1) x -1
x intercepts are
2 2 2+ 2 and 2 2
2. (a) y = (1 x )(3 + x )
x intercepts 1,3.
f(x)
(b) y = x (2 x + 1)
x intercepts 0,
f(x)
(c) y = ( x 1)( x + 4)
x intercepts 4,1
f(x)
(d) y = (3 + x )(1 2 x )
x intercepts 3,
f(x)
1 2
1 2
-3
x
-4 0 1 x
-3
05
-05
3. (a) (i) y = ( x 1)2 (ii) (1, 0)

y
2 (b) (i) y = ( x 2 ) + 1 (ii) (2,1)
(c) (i) y = ( x + 1)2 4 (ii) (1, 4)

y
5 1 0 1
x
(2,1)
0
-3
x
0 1 -3
(-1,-4)
-107-
(d) (i) y = 3 ( x 1)2 (ii) (1, 3)

y
2 (e) (i) y = 2( x + 1) + 3 (ii) (1, 3)
(1,3)
2 5
1 3 3 +1
(-1,3) 0
x
4. (a)
f(x)
(b)
f(x)
(c)
f(x)
8
3 x
-3
05
(d)
f(x) -3 0 x
(e)
f(x)
(f)
f(x) x 0
-5
x 0 25
-9
5. (a) $4 000
(b) 15 cameras
(c)
(25,4000) 15
(30,3000) x
21000
-108-
EXERCISE 2-10B QUADRATIC INEQUALITIES
1.
(a) (b)
Draw a sketch of the parabola y = ( x 2)( x + 1) showing the x-intercepts. Using the parabola, solve the inequality ( x 2)( x + 1) < 0 Draw a sketch of the parabola y = 2 x 2 + 7 x 3 showing the x-intercepts. Using the parabola solve the inequality 2 x 2 + 7 x 3 0
2.
(a) (b)
3.
Solve the following quadratic inequalities by sketching the relevant parabolas. (a) (2 x + 1)(5 x ) > 0 (b) 3x 2 + 12 x 15 0
4.
Sketch the parabola y = ( x + 1)( x + 3) . Use your sketch to solve the inequalities. (a) ( x + 1)( x + 3) > 0 (b) x2 + 4x + 3 0
5.
By sketching an appropriate parabola, solve the following quadratic inequalities:

(a) (c) (e) (g) (i) (2 x )(3 + x ) 0 5x x < 0
2
(b) (d) (f) ( h) (j)
(4 x )(1 2 x ) 0 x2 4x 5 > 0 x2 x x 2 + 3x 1 1 x 2 > 3x 1
x2 4x + 5 > 0 x 2 + 3 x 1 < 1 x2 4x + 5 1
6.
Solve for x:
(a) (c) (e) x2 < 9 x2 + x + 5 0 2x 2 + 5 > 0 (b) (d) (f) 5( x 3) 2 > 0 x 2 x 12 0 x 2 + 5x + 3 0
7.
Solve for x: (a) (b) (3 x 1)( x 2) > 2 (2 x 3)( x 5) 4 x 2 + 2 < ( x + 1)( x + 3) + 4
8.
The base of a triangle is 1 cm greater than the height. Find the possible values of the height h such that the area of the triangle will be greater than 10 cm 2 . The function h(t ) = 16t 2 + 32t + 960 gives the height h metres of an object thrown from a tower 960 m high after time t seconds. For what times is the height of the object greater than 400 metres?
9.
-109-
1. (a)
f(x) y=(x-2)(x+1)
(b) 1 < x < 2
2. (a)
f(x) y=-2x+7x-3
(b) x
1 , x3 2
-1
05
3. (a)
f(x)
3. (b)
f(x) y=3x+12x-15
y=(2x+1)(5-x)
-5
x 1, x 5
-05
1 < x<5 2
4. (a)
f(x)
(b)
f(x)
-3
-1
( x + 1)( x + 3) > 0 for x < 3 x > 1

5.(a) (c) (e) (g) (i) 6.(a) (c) (e) 3 x 2 x < 0 x > 5 x x < 0 x > 3 x=2 3 < x < 3 no real values of x x (b) (d) (f) (h) (j) (b) (d) (f)
x 2 + x + 3 0 for 3 x 1
1 x4 2 x < 1 x > 5 0 x 1 1 x 2 x< 3 5 3+ 5 x> 2 2
x < 3 x > 3 or x , x 3 x 3 x 4 x 5 13 5 + 13 x 2 2
7.(a)
1 < x <1 3 8. The height must be greater than 4 cm. x < 1 x > 3 (b) 9. The height is greater than 400 metres during the first 7 seconds.
-110-
EXERCISE 2-11 POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS
1.
Sketch the following polynomial functions: (a) y = ( x + 1)( x 2)( x + 3) (c) y = x( x 3)

2
(b) y = x( x + 1)( x 2)( x 5) (d) y = x 2 ( x + 1) (f) y = ( x + 1)(2 x 3)( x 4) (h) y = ( x 3) ( x + 1)

2 2 3 2
(e) y = x( x + 2) ( 3 x ) (g) y = ( x + 3) ( x 1)
3
(i) y = (3x 2) (2 + x ) (k) y = ( x + 1)( x 2)( x + 3)(2 x 3)

2 2
(j) y = (3 + 4 x )(2 x ) (l) y = ( x 4)(2 x )( x + 3)(1 2 x )
2.
Sketch the polynomial function f ( x ) = ( x + 1) ( x 3) and hence determine

3
the values of x for which
( x + 1) 3 ( x 3) > 0 .
3.
Sketch the polynomial function f ( x ) = x 3 + x 2 2 x and hence determine the values of x for which x 3 + x 2 2 x 0 . Determine the values of the zeros of the polynomial P( x ) = x 3 3x 2 4 x and hence sketch the graph of y = P( x ) .
4.
5.
(a) (b) (c)
Factorise x 4 13x 2 + 36 . Hence sketch the graph of y = x 4 13x 2 + 36 . Find the values of x for which x 4 13x 2 + 36 0 Factorise x 4 + 3 x 3 4 x . Hence sketch the graph of g ( x ) = x 4 + 3x 3 4 x . Find the values of x for which x 4 + 3 x 3 4 x 0 .
6.
(a) (b) (c)
7.
Sketch the graph of y = 3 8 x + 6 x 2 x 4 and hence solve 3 8 x + 6 x 2 x 4 < 0 .
-111-
1.
(a) y
(b) y
(c) y
(d)
x 4
-4 -3 -2 -1
x 1 2 3
-2 -1
x 1 2 3 4 5 6
-1 1 2 3
-2
-1
x 2
(e)
(f)
y x
(g) -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
y x 1 2
(h)
x -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-2 -1
1 2 3 4 5
9
-48
-3 -2 -1
x 1 2 3 4 5
(i)
(j)
y
24
(k)
y
18
(l) -4-3 -2 -1
y
-24
x 12345
-2 -1
x 3
-4 -3 -2 -1
x 1 2 3
-3 -2 -1
x 2
2.
-2 -1 -3
y x 1 2 3 4
3.
y 8 4 x 1 2 3
4.
zeros are : x = 1, 0, 4
y -1 0 4 x
-4 -3 -2 -1 -4 -8
x < 1 or x > 3
5. (a) (x 2 )(x + 2 )(x 3)(x + 3)
(b) y 36
x 2 or 0 x 1
6.(a) x( x 1)( x + 2 )
(b) y
2
7.
y
x -3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-2 0 1
3 -3 0 1
x < 3 or x > 1
(c) x 3 or 2 x 2 or x 3
(c) x = -2, 0 x 1
-112-
EXERCISE 2-12A MORE ON DOMAIN
1.
State the values of x which are excluded from the domain of the following. (a) (d) y= y= 1 x 1 x 1 (b) (e) y= x (c) (f)
x
y = 9 x2
f(x)
y = x+2
2.
State the exclusions from the domain shown by the following graphs : (b) (c) (a)
-2
3.
State the largest possible domain of each of the following : 1 1 (c) y = (b) y = (a) y = x 6 x+2 x 2 (d) y = 3x + 1 (e) y = 2 x 3 (f) y = 2 x 4 1 1 (g) y = 1 x 2 (h) y = 4 x 2 (i) y = + x+2 x3 3 5 (j) y = x 6 + x + 3 (k) y = (l) y = x4 16 x 2 x 3 (m) y = (n) y = x 2 9 (o) y = ( x + 9)(2 x 3) x2 1 Sketch the graph of the following functions on the given domain. State the range in each case. (a) f ( x ) = 2 x 3 for 1 x < 3 (c) f ( x ) = x 2 for 1 x 2 (e) f ( x) = ( x + 1) 2 for x < 0 (g) g( x ) = x 1 for 3 < x 2 (i) h( x) = 1 for x > 2 x+2 (k) f ( x ) = 3 x + 1 for 4 < x < 0 (b) g ( x) = 2 x + 1
4.
for x = {0,1,2}
(d) A( x ) = x 2 for x = {0,1,2}

2 (f) h( x ) = ( x 2 ) for x 0 1 (h) h( x ) = for x < 0 x
(j) P( x ) = 4 x 2 for 2 x 3
-113-
EXERCISE 2-12A
ANSWERS
1. (a) x = 0 2. (a) x = 2 3. (a) (d) (g) (j) (m) (o) 4. (a)
(b) x < 0 (b) x = 3
{x : x 6}
{x : x 1 } 3
(c) x < 3 or x > 3 (d) x = 1 7 (c) x 2 {x : x R, x 0} (b) (e) {x : x 3 } 2 (h) (k) (n)
(e) x < 2
(f) x = 0
(c) (f)
{x : 1 x 1} {x : x 6}
{x : x< 1} {x : x> 1}
y (b) (3,3)
{x : x R,x 9, 3 } 2
{x : 2 x 2} (i) {x : x > 4} (l) {x : x 3} {x : x 3}
{x : x R, x 2} {x : x R, x 2} {x : x R, x 2,3} {x : 4 < x < 4}
y 5 3 1 0 1 2 3 x
(c)
(2,4)
(1, 5)
1.5 3
(1, 1) x
R f = { y:5 y < 3} (d) y (0,0) (e) (2,4)
Rg = { y: y = 1,3,5}
f(x)
R f = { y:0 y 4} (f) y 4
(1,1) x
-1 1 0 x
2 Rh = { y: y 0} (i)
f(x)
R A = { y: y = 0,1,4} (g) (3, 4) y (2,1) 1 Rg = { y:0 y < 4} (j) y 4 (k) x (h)
R f = { y: y 0} y
x
-2
0.5 0 x
Rh = { y: y < 0} y 2
Rh = { y: y > 0}
(1, 3)
x (3,5)
R P = {y : 5 y 4}
R f = {y : 0 < y 3}
-114-
EXERCISE 2-12B PIECEMEAL FUNCTIONS
1.
1 for x 1 If f ( x ) = x 2 x 3 for x < 1

2 x If F ( x) = 3 x
find the values of f (2), f (1) and f (0)
2.
for x 0 for x < 0

for x 0 for x < 0
find the values of F (1), F (1) and F (a 2 + 1)
3.
2 x If f ( x ) = x
find:
(a) f (5) (b) f ( 2)
(c) f (0)
(d) f a 2
( )
4.
1 If f ( x ) = 0 1
for x < 2 for 2 x < 2 for x 2
find : (a) f ( 3) (b) f ( 2)
(c) f (1)
(d) f (2)
5.
x 2 2 x + 1 If f ( x ) = ax + 3 2 bx + 9
for x < 0 for 0 x < 1 for x 1 1 find a and b if f ( 1) = f = f (1) . 2
6.
Sketch the following functions and state the range in each case .
1 (a) y = 1 if 0 < x 1 if 1 x 0 1 (b) f ( x ) = x + 1 for x < 0 for x 0
x + 1 (c) g ( x ) = 1 x 2 x + 1 x 2 (e) f ( x) = x 2 2 (g) ( x ) = 2 2 x x
for x < 1 for 1 x 1 for x > 1 for x > 2 for x 2
1 x (d) H ( x ) = 2 x( x 1)
for x 0 for x > 0
(f)
2 2 x 2 for 1 < x < 3 for 1 x 1 f ( x) = 1 - x 2 x 1 for 3 < x < 1
for x < 0 for x 0
1 (h) M ( x ) = x 3 x 2
for x < 1 for 1 x 1 for x > 1
1 x + 2 when x < 2 x (i) T (x ) = + 2 when 2 x 2 2 1 x 2 when x > 2

-115-
x +1 +1 for x < 0 for x = 0 (j) L(x ) = 1 x 1 for x > 0
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
(a) f (2) =
1 2 (a) F (1) = 1 (a) 10 (a) 1 a = 2 , b = 5 (a)
(b) f (1) = 1 (b) F ( 1) = 1 (b) 2 (b) 0 (c) 0 (c) 0
(c) f (0) = 3 (c) F (a 2 + 1) = (a 2 + 1) 2 (d) 2a 2 (d) 1
(b) Y = { y : y = 1} R f = {y:y 1}
(c)
(d)
Rg = { y : y 1}
} RH = {y:y 1 4
(f)
-1 f(x) 1 1 -2 -4
(e)
f(x)
-3
R f = {y : 16 < y 1}
4 0
R f = {y : y 0} {y : y > 4} (g) (h)
-16
R = {y:y 1, y = 2} (i)
RT = {y: y > 0}
RM = {y: y 1}
(j)
RL = {y:y 0} {y:y 1}
-116-
EXERCISE 2-13 INTERPRETATION OF GRAPHS Set 1
1. The graph of y = f ( x ) is drawn. Plus signs indicate where f ( x) > 0 . Minus signs indicate where f ( x ) < 0 . Using the graph write down values of x for which (i) f ( x ) = 0 (iii) f ( x ) < 0 2. (ii) f ( x ) > 0 (iv) f ( x ) 0 The graph of y = f ( x ) is drawn. Put plus signs and minus signs on the graph to indicate where f ( x ) > 0 and f ( x ) < 0 respectively. Write down values of x for which (i) f ( x) = 0 (ii) f ( x ) 0 (iii) f ( x ) > 0
3. For each of the following functions y = f ( x ) locate the points where f ( x ) = 0. Mark these points with dots; then write plus signs on the part of the graph where f ( x ) > 0 and minus signs on the part of the graph where f ( x ) < 0. Example (a) has been done.
-117-
4.
For each of the following sketches of functions y = f ( x ) state the values of x for which (i) (ii) (iii) f (x ) = 0 f (x ) > 0 f (x ) < 0
Example (a) has been done.
(i) f ( x) = 0 when x = 1 or 2 (ii) f ( x ) > 0 when x > 2 or x < 1 (iii) f ( x ) < 0 when 1 < x < 2
-118-
5.
For each of the following graphs y = f ( x ) state the values of x for which (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) f ( x ) is not defined f (x ) = 0 f (x ) > 0 f (x ) 0
-119-
6.
The formula is given for each function which is drawn. Use the sketch to solve the given inequality.
y = x2 1 Solve x 2 1 > 0
y = x 3 4x Solve x 3 4x 0
(c) y x
2
1
y = x 4 + 5x 2 4 Solve x 4 + 5x 2 4 0
y = x2 + 3 Solve x 2 + 3 > 0
(e)
y
y = ( 3 x )( x + 2) 2 Solve ( 3 x )( x + 2) 2 0
y=
x+2 x +1 x+2 >0 x +1
Solve
-120-
1.
(i) x = 1 , x = 1 (ii) x > 1, x < 1 (iii) 1 < x < 1 (iv) x 1, x 1
2.
(i) x = 3 , x = 1, x = 2 (ii) x 3, 1 x 2 (iii) 3 < x < 1 , x > 2
3.
4. (a) (i) x = 1 or x = 2 (ii) x > 2 or x < 1 (iii) 1 < x < 2 (c) (i) x = 2 , 1, 3 (ii) 2 < x < 1 or x > 3 (iii) x < 2 or 1 < x < 3 (e) (i) no values (ii) x R (iii) (g) (i) x = 1, x = 2 (ii) x < 1 or 1 < x < 2 (iii) x > 2 (i) (i) x = 2 , 2 (ii) 2 < x < 2 (iii) x < 2 or x > 2
(b) (i) x = 1 or x = 1 (ii) 1 < x < 1 (iii) x > 1 or x < 1 (d) (i) x = 2 , -1, 1, 2 (ii) x < 2 or x > 2 or 1 < x < 1 (iii) 2 < x < 1 or 1 < x < 2 (f) (i) x = 1 (ii) x > 1 (iii) 0 < x < 1 (h) (i) no values (ii) x R (iii)
-121-
5. (a) (i) x = 1 (ii) x = 0 (iii) x > 1 or x < 0 (iv) 0 x < 1 (c) (i) x = 1, x = 1 (ii) x = 0 (iii) x > 1 or x < 1 (iv) 1 < x < 1
(b) (i) x = 1 (ii) x = 2 (iii) 2 < x < 1 (iv) x 2 or x > 1 (d) (i) x 2 (ii) x = 1, 3 (iii) 1 < x < 3 or x > 3 (iv) 2 < x 1 , x = 3
6.
x > 1 or x < 1
x 2 or 0 x 2
2 x 1 or 1 x 2
xR
x = 2 or x 3
x < 2 or x > 1
-122-
EXERCISE 2-13 INTERPRETATION OF GRAPHS Set 2
1. y 4 3 2 1 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1 -2 -3 -4 Find f (9), f (0), f ( 1.5) Find x if f ( x ) = 2 Find x if f ( x ) = 0 Find the values of x for which (i) (iii) (v) (e) f ( x) > 0 f ( x ) 1 f ( x) 2 (ii) (iv) f ( x) 0 2 < f ( x ) 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Find the values of f ( x ) for which (i) (iii) 0 x 2 x>0 (ii) (iv) 3 < x < 5 x0
(f)
y = k is a line, where k is a constant. Find the values of k for which the equation f ( x ) = k has (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) no solution one solution two distinct solutions three distinct solutions four distinct solutions
-123-
2.
(i) (ii)
Sketch the graph of y =
1 + 1. x2
Hence, use your graph or otherwise, to solve 1 +1 0 . x2 On the same set of axes, sketch the graphs of y = 2 x 2 and y = x . Show that the graphs of y = 2 x 2 and y = x intersect at the points (1,1) and (1,1). Use the graphs drawn, or otherwise, to solve (a) (b) 2 x2 x x 2 + x 2 > 0.
3.
(i) (ii)
(iii)
4.
Diagram not to scale
The graph of y = x 3 2 x 2 x + 2 is drawn above. (i) (ii) (iii) Find the coordinates of A. Use the diagram to find the solutions of x 3 2 x 2 x + 2 = 0. Hence, find the values of x for which x 3 2 x 2 + x 2.
-124-
1.
(a) 2, 0, 1 (d) (i)
(b) 35 . , 2, 9 x < 3, 0 < x < 4, x > 8
(c) 3, 0, 4, 8 (ii) 3 x 0, 4 x 8 (iv) 35 . x < 5, 7 < x 9
(iii) 4.5 x 7.5, x = 1.5 . , x 9, x = 2 (v) x 35 (e) (i) 0 f ( x ) 2 (iii) f ( x ) 3 (f) (i) k < 3 (iii) 3 < k < 1, k > 2 (v) 1 < k < 2
(ii) 2 < f ( x ) 2 (iv) f ( x ) 1 (ii) k = 3 (iv) k = 1, k = 2
2. (i)
10 8 6 4 2 -10-8 -6 -4 -2 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10
(ii) x 1 x > 2 .
2 4 6 8 10
3. (i)
(iii)
(a) 1 x 1
(b) x < 1 x > 1
4.
(i) A(0,2)
(ii) x = 1,1,2
(iii) 1 x 1 x 2.
-125-
UNIT 3
Differential Calculus
3-1A 3-1B 3-2A 3-2B 3-2C 3-2D 3-3A 3-3B 3-4 3-5 3-6 3-7 3-8 3-9A 3-9B 3-10
Limits Continuity Differentiation from First Principles Nonexistence of the Derivative Basic Differentiation The Second Derivative The Product and Quotient Rules The Chain Rule and Combining all Three Rules Tangents and Normals Rates of Change Implicit Differentiation (Sets 1 & 2) Related Rates The Sign of the First Derivative and Graphs Sign of the Second Derivative and Concavity The Second Derivative Test for Turning Points and Points of Inflection Curve Sketching Using Calculus
-126-
EXERCISE 3-1A LIMITS 1. Use the graph of the function f below to evaluate the limits.
y
4 2
-4
-2 -2
(a) (e) (i)
x 1
lim f (x ) lim f ( x ) lim f ( x )
(b) (f) (j)
x 1+
lim f (x ) lim f ( x ) lim f ( x )
(c) (g) (k)
lim f ( x )
x 1
(d) (h) (l)
f (1) f (3)
x 3
x 3+
lim f (x )
x 3
x4
x 4+
lim f (x )
x 4
f (4 )
2.
Given lim g (x ) = 3 and lim h( x ) = 4 , find the value of lim

x 5 x 5
3 g ( x ) h( x ) x 5 2h( x )
3.
x2 1 + x2 + 3 Find lim x 1 x 1 Find the following limits as x 0 3x + 2 x 2 6x (b) (a) 7x 9 5 x 4 + 11
4.
(c)
ax 2 + bx + c
( px + q )2
5.
Evaluate: (a) (c)

x 2
lim 1 2 x 3 x 2 + 4 x 3 lim(a + 3)(a 4 )

a 1
(b) (d)
x 2
lim 14 x
h2
lim h 2 4h + 4
(e)
x 1
lim
x+2 x
(f)
x 2 x3 + 2 lim x + xa a a
-127-
6.
Evaluate the following limits where they exist. (a)

(c) lim x 2 + 2x 3 x 1 x 1 2 x 25 lim x 5 x + 1 (b)
x 2
lim
(x + 2)(x 3)
x2 4
(d) (f) (h) (j)
(e) (g) (i) 7.
lim
x 3 3x 2 + x 3 x 3 x3 7+x lim x 7 7 x x3 lim x 3 x 3

x 2 x 12 as: x 2 4x
1 x2 x 2 2x + 5 lim x 10 3 x 5 x3 1 lim 2 x 1 x 1 x3 lim+ x 3 x 3 lim
Find the limit of (a)

x4
(b)
x 3
(c)
x0
(d)
x2
8.
If f ( x ) = x 2 + x , simplify
as x 2
f ( x ) f (2 ) . Hence find the limit of this expression x2
9. 10.
If f ( x ) = x 2 , simplify
f (x + h ) f (x ) f (x + h ) f (x ) . Hence find lim h 0 h h
Show that the following limits do not exist: x0 x, (a) lim f ( x ) where f ( x ) = x 0 x>0 x + 1, (b)
x 2 + 1, x < 1 lim f ( x ) where f ( x ) = x 1 x 1 3 x,

1.
2. 5. 6.
(a) (e) (i) 13 8 (a) (a) (f)
3 2 1
(b) (f) (j) 3.
2 2 1 4 4 5 4
(c) (g) (k) 4. (c) (c)
17 4 1
(b) (b) (g) (b)
does not exist 2 (h) 1 (l) 2 (a) 9 12 (d) 0 (d) 3 2
(d) 2 2 (b) 0 1 4 (i) 0 (e) (e)
does not exist
(c) 1 10 (j) 5 2
c q2 (f) 3a
does not exist (h) 0 (c)
1
(d)
7. 8.
(a)
7 4 x + 3, 5
does not exist
9.
2 x + h, 2 x
-128-
EXERCISE 3-1B CONTINUITY
1.
The graph of a function is given. From the graph, determine the x-values at which the function is discontinuous. (a) (b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
2.
State whether the following functions are continuous at the given point. Sketch each function. 2 2 (a) f ( x ) = ( x 2) at x = 2 (b) f ( x ) = at x = 1 x +1 x x2 4 (c) f ( x ) = at x = 2 (d) f ( x ) = at x = 0 x2 x
-129-
3.
x + k for x < 2 The graph below shows the function f ( x ) = 10 . for x 2 x Given that f ( x ) is continuous for all real x, find the value of k . y
1.
(a) x = 1 (d) x = 1
(b) x = 1 (e) x = 3 , x = 2
(c) x = 1 (f) x = 1 (b) Discontinuous at x = 1
2.
(a) Continuous at x = 2
(c) Discontinuous at x = 2
(d) Discontinuous at x = 0
3.
k =3
-130-
EXERCISE 3-2A
DIFFERENTIATION FROM FIRST PRINCIPLES
1.
Draw tangents to this curve at the marked points. Name the points where the gradient of the curve is (a) positive (b) negative (c) zero
P
Q R T S
2.
The diagram shows a curve y = f ( x ) and the tangent to the curve at the point (3,2) on it . Find the gradient of the tangent and write the result using derivative notation.
x
(3,2)
3.
The diagram shows a curve y = f ( x ) and the tangent at the point ( 1,5) on it. (a) Find f (1)
y = f( x)
(b) Find f (1) (c) Find f (0) (d) Find f (0) (e) Solve f ( x) = 0
O
-4
4.
The diagram shows a curve y = 4 x 2 and the tangents at the points where x = 1 and x = 2 on it. By carefully selecting points on the tangents, find:
(a) f ( 2 ) (b) f (1) Verify these results by finding f ( x ) from first principles and then substituting x = 1 and x = 2 .
-131-
5.
Given the function f ( x ) = x 2 + x , (a) (b) (c) (d) Find the slope (gradient) of the secant joining (1, f (1)) and (3, f (3)) . Find the slope of the secant joining (1, f (1)) and (1 + h, f (1 + h )) . Hence find the slope of the tangent at (1, f (1)) . Find the equation of this tangent.
6.
Find (a) (c)
dy for each of the following functions from first principles. dx 1 (b) y= y = x 2 + 2x x 2 y = 1 3x x (d) y= x.
7.
(a) (b)
Find, from first principles, the gradient of the tangent to the curve 2 y = ( x 2 ) at the point on it where x = 2 . Illustrate the curve and the tangent.
8.
(a)
(b) (c)
Show using first principles that the gradients of the tangents to the curve 3 y = at the points where x = 1 and x = 1 are equal. x What is the geometric significance of this? Illustrate the curve and the two tangents.
9.
Use first principles to show that the derivative of f ( x ) = x 2 bx where b is a constant is f ( x ) = 2 x b . Find the values of b in the following cases. (a) (b) (c) (d) The tangent at the origin has gradient 5. The curve y = f ( x ) has a horizontal tangent at x = 3 The tangent at the point where x = 2 makes an angle of 45 with the positive x-axis. The tangent at the non zero x-intercept has gradient 7.
-132-
1.
Q R T P S
(a) 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
P, T
(b)
(c)
Q, S
gradient = (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) 5 4 5
2 2 , f (3) = 3 3 (b) (b) (b)

9
(c)
(d)
(e)
0, 2
2
h + 3 (c)
(d) (c)
y = 3x 1
3 2x
2x + 2
(b) (b)
1 x2
y
(d)
1 2 x
tangent
2 x
8.
(a) (c)
f (1) = f (1) = 3
(b)
y
tangents are parallel
tangents
9.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
-133-
EXERCISE 3-2B NONEXISTENCE OF THE DERIVATIVE
1.
State whether or not each of the following functions is continuous. Give the x-coordinate of any point at which the function is not continuous.
-134-
2. (a)
State the values of x at which the following functions are not differentiable and give a reason for your answer (b) (c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
1.
(a) Yes (c) No; discontinuous at x = 1 (e) No; discontinuous at x = 2
(b) No; discontinuous at x = 3 (d) Yes (f) Yes
2.
(a) At x = 4 (discontinuous) (b) At x = 2 (sharp corner-no unique tangent) (c) Differentiable for all x. (d) At x = 1 (sharp corner-no unique tangent) (e) At x = 0 (vertical tangent) (f) At x = 3 (discontinuous) (g) At x = 0 (discontinuous) (h) At x = 0 (vertical tangent) (i) Differentiable for all x > 0
-135-
EXERCISE 3-2C BASIC DIFFERENTIATION
1.
Find
dy if: dx
7
(a) y = x . (d) y = x 2. Find f ( x ) if: (a) f ( x ) = 3x 4 4 (d) f ( x ) = x 10 5 3.
(b) y = x (e) y = 6
(c) y = x (f) y = x
3 4 9 5
(b) f ( x ) = 5x 5 (e) f ( x ) = 4 x 1
(c) f ( x ) = 7
(f) f ( x ) = x
Find the derivatives of the following with respect to x: (a) (d)

3
(b) (e) (h)
1 x7
x
(c) (f)
x2 x5
3
1 x 10 1 (g) x 4. Find y if: (a) y = 3x 2
x5
1 (i) 5 x
(b) y =
3 x2
2
x2 (d) y = 3
5. (a) If A = 6 x , find
(e) y = (3x )
1 3x 2 3 (f) y = 2 x (c) y = (b) If z = (d) (f) (h) 5 dz , find dy 2y 5t dC If C = , find 3 dt dP If P = 6 x 4 , find dx 4 If f (c) = c 10 , find f (c) 9 7 If W (d ) = 5 , find W (d ). d
dA dx dW (c) If W = 44 M , find dM dN 8 (e) If N = 4 , find dq q dD (g) If D = 8, find dz

(i) If h(q ) = q , find h (q )
5 8
(j)
-136-
6.
Find : (a) (d) (g) (j) (m) d 5 y4 dy 8 d m dm 4 d 1 dp 5 p 3 d [4i ] di d 2 dc 3 c (b) (e) (h) (k) (n) d 4 x dx
[ ]
(c) (f)
d 5z3 dz 4 d 4 dn n (i) d t dt 3
d 5 dq q 3 d 4 dr 5 r d 1 dw 3 w d g3 dg 4
(l)
d 4f2 df
[ ]
7.
Differentiate with respect to x : (a) x 2 7 x (d) 5 x 4 7 x 2 (g) 6 x x (j) 7 x3 4 x 2 (b) x 2 2 x + 8 (e) 9 x 2 + 7 (c) 3 x 4 + 2 x 3 7 x (f) 4 x5 3 x 2 3 (h) x 2 x 1 (i) 5 x 2 x 2 (k) 9 x 2 + 11x 4 (l) 3 x 5 + 8 x
8.
Simplify the following and then differentiate : (a) y 7 y 4 (d) (6 x 4 ) 2 (b) ( x5 ) 2 (e) yy (c) x30 x10 (f) x7 x 1
9.
Expand the following and then differentiate : (a) x (2 x 3) (b) 2 x 7 ( x3 3x 4 ) (d) ( x + 2)( x 5) (e) (3x 1)( x + 2) (g) (3x 4) 2 (h) ( x 3)( x 2 + 2 x 4) (c) x 2 ( x 2 3x + 4) (f) ( x + 9) 2 (i) (8 x 2)( x + 1) 2 .
10.
Simplify and then differentiate ( x 0) (a)

x 2 + 3x x (b) x2 + 7x 3 x2 (c) 4x 3 x x2
(d)
9x 2 + 7 x3
(e)
x4 x2 + x x
(f)
5x 5 + 2 x 3 + 4 x4
-137-
EXERCISE 3-2C ANSWERS
1.
(a) 7 x 6 (f) 9 5x
14 5
(b)
5 x6
(c)
3 4x
1 4
(d)1
(e)0
2.
(a)12 x 3 (f)1
(b) 25x 4
(c)0
(d) 8 x 9
(e)
4 x2
3.
(a) (f)
1 3x 5 6x
2 3
(b) (g)
7 x8 1 2x
3 2
(c) (h)
2 5x 5 2x
7 2 3 5
(d)
10 x 11
(e)
1 2 x
1 6
(i)15x 14
4.
(a)6x (f) 2 3 x3 3 x
(b)
6` x3
(c)
2 3x 3
(d)
2x 3
(e)18x
5.
(a)
(b)
5 2y2
(c)
1
3 4
(d)
(f) 24 x 3
(g)0
M 40c 9 (h) 9 15z 2 (c) 4 2 (h) 5r r (m) 1 3c c
5 3 5
3 8
(e)
32 q5 7 5d
6 5
(i)
(j)
8q (d)
6.
5y 3 (a) 2 2 (f) n n (k) 1 6w w
2 (b) x 3 (g) 4 5p (l)8f
1 8 m 1 (i) 6 t 3g 2 4
(e)
15 q4
(j)4
(n)
7.
(a) 2 x 7 (e)18x (j) 21x 2 8 x
(b) 2x2
(c)12 x 3 + 6 x 2 7 2 (f) 20 x 4 6 x (g) 6 + 2 (h) 2 x 1 x (k) 18 x + 44 x 3
(d) 20 x 3 7 6 (i) 5 + 3 x 10 (l) 3 + 6 x
-138-
8.
(a) y 11 ; 11y 10 (d) 36 x ; 288 x

8 7
(b) x 10 ; 10 x 11 (e)
3 3 2 y ;
(c) x 20 ; 20 x 19
(f) x 8 ; 8 x 7
1 2 y
9.
(a) 2 x 2 3x; 4 x 3 (b) 2 x 10 6 x 11 ; 20 x 9 66 x 10 (c) x 4 3x 3 + 4 x 2 ; 4 x 3 9 x 2 + 8 x (d) x 2 3x 10; 2 x 3 (e) 3x 2 + 5x 2; 6 x + 5 (f) x 2 + 18 x + 81; 2 x + 18 (g) 9 x 2 24 x + 16 ; 18 x 24 (h) x 3 x 2 10 x + 12; 3x 2 2 x 10 (i) 8 x 3 + 14 x 2 + 4 x 2; 24 x 2 + 28 x + 4
7 3 7 6 ; + x x2 x2 x3
10.
(a) x + 3; 1 1 1 (c) 4 x ; 4 + 2 x x (e) x 3 x + 1; 3x 2 1
(b) 1 + (d)
9 7 9 21 + ; + 4 x x3 x2 x 2 4 2 16 + 4 ; 5 2 5 x x x x
(f) 5x +
-139-
EXERCISE 3-2D THE SECOND DERIVATIVE

1. : dx 2 (a) y = x 2 Find y (a) y = 2 x + 1 3. (b) y = 3x 2 5 (c) y = 1 3 1 2 x + x x 3 2 Find d2y
(b) y = 3 x 4 x 3
(c) y = x 10 2 x 3
2.
If f ( x) = 2 x 3 3x + 1, find: (a) f (0) (b) f ( x) d 2s dt 2 . (c) f (1)
4.
5.
If s = 3t 3 2t 2 t + 1, find
If f ( x) = x 3 + 3 x + 4, evaluate f (1) + f (1) + f (1)

2 dy d y If y = x 3x, find + 2 . dx dx 3 2
6.
7.
1 5 If f ( x) = x 3 x 2 6 x, solve f ( x) = 0. 3 2 If y ( x) = x 2 2 x + 3, solve y ( x) = y ( x).
8.
Questions 9 to 12 require product / quotient / chain rules 9. d2y Find dx 2 (a) y = (x + 3) x 2 + 5 (c) y = 1 2x 4
2
(b) y =
x 1 3x
4
(d) y = 4(3 x 4 )
10. 11.
If y = 3 x + 1
find
d2y dx 2
Find f (2) when f ( x) =
x +1 . x+2
12.
If f ( x ) =
x find f ( x ) . 1+ x2
-140-
EXERCISE 3-2D ANSWERS
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
(a) 2 (a) 0 (a) 3 18t 4 20
(b) 36 x 2 6 x (b) 6 (b)12 x
(c)90 x 8 12 x (c) 2 x + 1 (c) 12
9 x 4 18 x 2 + 6 x + 9 x = 1,6 x=2 (a) 6 x + 6 (b) 2 3x 3 (c)
(x 2)
(d) 432(3 x 4 )2
36(3x 2 + 1) 4 (33 x 2 + 1) 1 32 f (x ) =
2x x 2 3
(1 + x )
2 3
-141-
EXERCISE 3-3A THE PRODUCT AND QUOTIENT RULES
1.
If y = (2 x 5) (3x + 7) , find (a)
dy by: dx (b) using the product rule.
expanding and then differentiating
2.
Given that y = (6 x 2 ) (2 x + 3), find y by: (a) expanding and then differentiating (b) using the product rule.
3.
Given the differentiable functions f and g, find h(1) if h( x ) = f ( x ) g (x ) and f (1) = 5, f (1) = 1, g (1) = 3 , g (1) = 2 . Use the product rule to differentiate each of the following: (a) (c) y = 2 x 2 + 5 x (x 2)
2 2
4.
( ) y = (5 x )(x 3 x + 4) )( ) ( )
(b) (d)
) y = (x 3x + 1)(x
y = x 3 x 2 3x
2
+ 2x 2 x
5. 6. 7.
If y = x 2 3 x 2 5 , find
dy dy and find the values of x for which = 0. dx dx
Find f (2 ) if f ( x ) = ( x + 3) x 2 1 . If y = dy x 4 3x 3 by: , find 2 dx x (b) using the quotient rule. f (x ) . g (x )
(a) simplifying and then differentiating 8. 9.
Using the information given in Question 3 above, find h(1) if h( x ) = Use the quotient rule to find the derivatives of the following: (a) (d) x x +1
x2 x2 + 5
(b) (e) 2x + 3 2x
2x 7 3x + 5 2x 2 3 x
(c) (f)
3x 5 x2 + 3 x 3 3x + 1 x2 1
10.
Find g ( 2 ) if g ( x ) =
11. 12.
Find the gradient of the tangent to the curve y = Find the points on the curve f ( x ) =
3x at the origin. 2x 1
x for which f ( x ) = 1 . x 1
-142-
1. 2.
(a) (a) (b)
dy = 12 x 1 (b) dx dy y = 12 x + 18 2 x 3 3x 2 ; = 12 6 x 2 6 x dx 6 x 2 6 x + 12 y = 6 x 2 x 35;
12 x 1
3. 4.
h (1) = 7
(a) (c)
6 x 2 + 2 x 10 4 x 3 + 9 x 2 + 2 x 15
(b) (d)
5 x 4 12 x 3 5 x 4 4 x 3 18 x 2 + 10 x 1
5. 6. 7.
dy = 4 x 3 16 x; dx
f (2 ) = 23
x = 0, 2
(a)
y = x 2 3 x; 13 9
1
dy = 2x 3 dx
(b)
2x 3
8.
h (1) =
9.
(a)
(1 + x )2
(b)
(3x + 5)2
2 x(6 x )
31
(c)
9 3x 2 + 10 x
(x
+3
(d)
(x
10 x
2
+5
(e)
(3 x )2
(f)
x 4 2x + 3
(x
10. 11. 12.
g ( 2) =
3
7 16
(0,0) (2,2)
-143-
EXERCISE 3-3B THE CHAIN RULE AND COMBINING ALL THREE RULES
1.
Use the chain rule to differentiate the following with respect to x: (a)
(d)
(2 x 7 )5
(b)
(3x
+1
(c)
3
(4 5 x )6
x2 + 7
(3x
4
+ 2x 1
(e) (h) (k)
(g) (j)
(3x 7 )3
2x 3 1 2x 7
3
(f) (i) (l)
(x
1
3
+4
2
2 3 x 4x
6 x 9
4 x 3x + 1
2.
Find the value of f (1) if: (a)

f (x ) = x
(2 x 5)3
(b)
f (x ) = x 2 x + 2
3.
Given that y = 4 x + 9 , show that dy for the following: dx
dy 2 when x = 0 = dx 3
4.
Find (a) (c)
(7 x ) y=
2x
3
y = x 2 3x + x 2
3 4
(b) (d)
y = 2x 2 x3 1
3
y = (2 x 1) (3 x + 2 )
5.
If y = x(2 x 1)7 show that
dy 6 = (16 x 1)(2 x 1) and hence find the gradient dx of the tangent to the curve at the point (1,1)
6.
Find f ( x ) and find the values of x where the tangent line is horizontal if: (a)
f ( x ) = x 2 (x 5)
3
(b)
f ( x ) = x 2 8 x + 20 k at the point where x+2
7.
Find the value of k if the tangent to the curve y =

x = 2 has a gradient of
1 . 4
-144-
1.
(a) (d) (f)
10(2 x 7 )
(b)
2
24 x 3 x 2 + 1
(c) (e)
30(4 5 x )
6 (3x + 1) 3x + 2 x 1 x x2 + 7
3(2 x 3)
1 2
(g)
9 4 4 3x 7
(h)
(2 x 7 )2
1 27
3
(i)
(x
15 x 2
3
+4
(j)
(x
2 3x 2 4
3
4x
(k)
(6 x )2
(l)
(x
2(2 x 3)
2
3x + 1
2.
(a)
1 9 1 2 x2
(b)
1 2
4.
(a)
2x 3 +
(b)
4x 7x3 1 x3 1
)(
(c) 5. 6. 15 (a) (b)

4
3 3x 3 + 7 7 x 3
2x
4
)(
(d)
6 (5 x + 1)(3 x + 2 )(2 x 1)
f ( x ) = 5 x ( x 2 )( x 5) ;
2
x = 0, 2, 5
f ( x ) =
x4 x 2 8 x + 20
x=4
7.
-145-
EXERCISE 3-4 TANGENTS AND NORMALS
1.
Find the equations of the tangent and normal to the following curves at the given points. (a) (b) (c) (d)
y = x 2 5x + 6 at (3,0) 1 1 at 2, y= 2 x y = 3x 3 7 x 2 + 2 x at (2,0) 1 at (1,2) y = x+ x
2.
Find the equations of the tangents to the curve y = x 3 that are parallel to the line 3x y + 1 = 0 . Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y = 3 x at the point where x = 0 and sketch the curve. Find the equations of the tangents to the parabola y = 4 x 3x 2 at the points where the parabola cuts the x-axis. Show that the parabolas y = 2 x 2 6 x + 5 and y = x 2 2 x + 1 touch each other and hence find the equation of the common tangent. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y = ( x 2)( x 2 + 2 x + 6) at the point where this curve crosses the x-axis. Find the points on the curve y = x 3 6 where the tangents are parallel to the line y = 12 x 1 . Hence find the equations of the normals to the curve at those points. The tangent and the normal at P (2,2 ) on the curve y = x 3 x 2 6 cut the x-axis at T and N respectively. Find the area of PNT . (a) Find the equation of the normal to the parabola y = point P where x = 6 . (b) (c) 1 (x 2)2 at the 4
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Find the coordinates of the point Q at which this normal meets the parabola again. Show that the length of the chord PQ is 5 5 .
-146-
10.
Find the values of b and c if the line 3x + y 8 = 0 is a tangent to the curve
y = x 2 + bx + c at the point (3,1) .
The following question uses the product / quotient / chain rules 11. Find the equation of the tangent to the following curves at the indicated value of x x 4 (a) f ( x ) = (3 x 1) ; at x = 1 (b) f (x ) = ; at x = 3 (2 x 5)3
1.
(a) (c)
y = x 3 , y = x + 3
(b)
x + 4 y + 4 = 0 , 8 x 2 y + 15 = 0
(d)
10 x y 20 = 0 , x + 10 y 2 = 0
y = 2, x = 1
2.
y = 3x 2 , y = 3x + 2
x = 0 ( y-axis )
3.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
y = 4 x , 12 x + 3 y 16 = 0 y = 2x 3 y = 14 x 28
(2,2) ( 2,14);
16 (a) 1 units 4
x + 12 y 26 = 0, x + 12 y + 170 = 0
x + 2 y 14 = 0
(b)
Q ( 4,9 )
(c)
PQ = 5 5
b = 9, c = 17
(a)
y = 96 x 80
(b)
y = 17 x + 54
-147-
EXERCISE 3-5 RATES OF CHANGE
1.
Given the function f ( x ) = 3 x 2 , find: (a) (b) the average rate of change as x changes from 2 to 5. the instantaneous rate of change at x = 2 .
2.
The number N of bacteria in a culture is given by the formula N = 2t 4 t 2 + 2000 , where t is the time in hours. (a) (b) (c) (d) Find the initial number of bacteria. Find the number of bacteria after 5 hours. Find the average rate of increase in bacteria in the first 5 hours. Find the instantaneous rate of increase in bacteria after 5 hours.
3.
The profit (in dollars) from the sale of x toys is given by P( x ) = 45 x 0 025 x 2 5000, 0 x 2400 . (a) (b) Find the profit when 800 toys are produced. Find the rate of change of profit (to the nearest dollar) when x = 800 .
4.
The number of students logged on to a website over a 5 hour period is given by N (t ) = 175 + 18t 2 t 4 . (a) (b) (c) What was the initial number of students logged on to the website? At what rate were students logging on to the website after 4 hours? Explain the significance of the sign of your answer. What was the average rate at which the students were logging on to the website over the first 2 hours?
5.
The surface area of a sphere of radius r is given by the formula A = 4 r 2 . At what rate is the surface area increasing with respect to the radius when the radius is 50 units.
6.
The volume, V cm 3 , of a cylinder of fixed height 5 cm and variable radius r cm is given by the formula V = 5 r 2 . Find the rate at which the volume is increasing with respect to the radius when the volume is 180 cm 3 .
-148-
7.
The cost, $C, of a 900 km journey by ship at an average speed of v km/h is 50000 given by the formula C = 40v 2 + . Find the instantaneous rate of change v of cost with respect to speed when the speed is 10 km/h. The pressure, P, and volume, V, of a gas are related by the equation P = Find the rate at which P is decreasing with respect to V when V = 4 .
80 . V 15
8.
9.
The surface area of a spherical balloon which is being inflated is given by S = t 3 where t is the time in seconds since inflation began. Find the rate of increase of surface area: (a) after 5 seconds (b) when S = 1000 cm (c) when radius = 2cm
10.
A 500 litre tank is being emptied of water so that after t minutes, the volume of water in the tank is given by V = a + bt 2 where a and b are constants. (a) If the tank is initially full of water and takes 5 minutes to empty, find the values of a and b. (b) Find the rate at which the volume of water is changing : (i) when t = 2 5 (ii) when the tank is half empty.
The following questions require use of product / quotient / chain rules. 11. A lake has become polluted and is treated with an anti-bacterial compound. The 2 0 t 7. concentration of bacteria after t days is given by C (t ) = 500(8 t ) (a) (b) 12. Find C (t ) Find C (1) and C (6 ) , and interpret the results.
A company producing computer parts has found that in general, a new employee can assemble N parts per day after t days of on-the-job training, where 40t . N= t+2 (a) (b) Find the average rate of change of N from 3 days to 6 days. Find the instantaneous rate of change of N at 3 days.
13.
A hospital patient is given medication to reduce her fever. Her body temperature (in degrees Fahrenheit) t hours after taking the medication is given by 4 F (t ) = 98 + . Find F (3) and F (3) and interpret these results. t +1
-149-
1. 2.
(a) (a) (c)
21 2000 245 bacteria / hour $15000 175 (b) 6. (b)
(b) (b) (d) $5 / toy
12 3225 990 bacteria / hour
3. 4. 5. 8. 9. 10.
(a) (a)
400 3 75
logging off at a rate of 112 / hour

60 cm / cm
(c)
28 / hour
7.
$300 per km/h
(a) (a) (b) (a)
75 cm / s
(b)
300 cm/ s
(c)
40 9 cm / s
a = 500, b = 20 100 litres/min (i)

C (t ) = 1000(8 t )
(ii) (b)
141 litres/min
C (1) = 7000; C (6 ) = 2000
11.
The number of bacteria is decreasing at the rate of 7000 per day after one day, and at a rate of 2000 per day after six days. 12. 13. (a) 2 computer parts / day (b)
3 2 computer parts / day
F (3) = 100; F (3) = 0 25
After 3 hours, her body temperature is 100 F and her temperature is decreasing at the rate of 0 25 F / hour
-150-
EXERCISE 3-6 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION Set 1
1.
Find (a) (b) (c) (d)
dy in each of the following, by differentiating implicitly with respect to x: dx x+ y =1 x2 + y2 = 4 xy 2 = 0 x + 4x = 0 y
2.
Find the equation of the tangent to the curve x 2 + 2 y 2 = 4 at the point on it. Find the gradient of the normal to the curve If x = y 2 + y find
2 x3
2 ,1
3. 4.
2 y3
= 5 at the point (8,1).
dy d2y and . dx dx 2
1..(a)
dy = 1 dx
(b)
dy x = dx y
2 x+2 2
(c)
dy y = dx x
(d)
dy y + 4 y 2 = dx x
2. Equation of tangent is y = 3. Gradient of normal = 2. 4.
dy 1 = dx 2 y + 1
2 d2y = dx 2 ( 2 y + 1) 3
-151-
EXERCISE 3-6 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION Set 2
1.
Find (a) (d)
dy in each of the following: dx x + y2 = 5

x y = 20
(b) (e)
x2 + y2 = 9 x3y2 = 3
(c) (f)
x3 + y2 = 4 xy + y 2 + 6 = 0
2.
Find the equation of the tangent to the given curve at the given point P: (a) (b) (c)
x 2 + xy y 2 = 1 x2 y2 = 9 y 2 2x 4 y 1 = 0
at at at
P(2,3); P(1,3); P(2,1).
3.
Find the equation of the normal to the curve x 2 + 5 y 2 = 36 at the point (4 ,2).
4.
Find
dt if dp
pt + t 2 = c ,
where c is a constant.
5.
For the curve ( x + y ) 2 = 4 x 2 y + 1 find the equation of the tangent at the point (1,2) and the equation of the normal at the point (1,0).
6.
Show that the curves y 2 = 4 x + 4 and 4 x + y 2 = 4 intersect at right angles.
7.
Show that the normal to the circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 at any point passes through the origin.
( p, q )
on it
-152-
1.
(a)
1 2y y x
(b)
x y 3 y 2x
(c)
3 x 2 2y
(d)
(e)
(f)
y x + 2y
2.
(a) (c)
7x 4 y 2 = 0 x + y +1= 0
(b)
3x y + 6 = 0
3.
5x 2 y 16 = 0 t p + 2t y = 5x 3 ; y = x + 1.
4.
5.
-153-
EXERCISE 3-7 RELATED RATES
1.
A spherical balloon is being filled with air at the rate of 100cm3/min. At what rate is the radius of the sphere increasing when the radius is 5cm ? A vessel has such a shape that when the depth of water in it is x cm, the volume of water is V cm3 where V =108x + x3. Water is poured into the vessel at a constant rate of 30cm3/s. At what rate is the level of water rising when the depth is 8cm ? A square plate of metal is being heated so that its side is expanding at the rate of 0 03 mm/s. At what rate is the area increasing when the side length is 80mm? An ice-cube is melting so that its edge length is decreasing at the rate of 0 2 cm/s. At what rate is the volume decreasing when the edge length is 20cm? A company which manufactures computer games has cost, revenue and profit equations given by: x2 C = 72 000 + 60 x R = 200 x P = RC 30 where the production output in 1 week is x games. If production is increasing at a rate of 500 games per week when production output is 1500 games, find the rate of increase in: (a) Cost (b) Revenue (c) Profit
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Sand falling forms a conical pile such that the height of the pile is one and a half times the radius. 4 (a) Show that the volume of the pile is V = h3 . 27 3 (b) If the sand is falling at the rate of m per minute, find the rate at which 10 the height is increasing when the pile of sand is 3m high. A particle moves on the circumference of the semicircle y = 4 x 2 . Find when x = 1 , if dx = 4. dt dy dt
7.
8.
Rain is falling and is collected in an inverted cone so that the volume collected increases at a constant rate of 4 cm3/hour. If the radius of the base of the cone is half its height find the rate, in cm/hour, at which the height, h cm, of the water is increasing when h = 3.
-154-
9.
The price-demand equation for a particular product is x 2 + 2 xp + 25 p 2 = 74 500 . If demand is increasing at 6 units/month when the demand is 150 units, find the rate of change of price (in dollars). The altitude of a right-angled triangle is 6cm and the base is increasing at a constant rate of 2cm/s. At what rate is the hypotenuse increasing when its length is 10cm ? A kite, 50m high, is being carried horizontally by the wind at a rate of 4m/s. How fast is the string being let out when the length of the string is 100 metres? (a) Show that the area of an equilateral triangle of side x is given by 3x 2 . A= 4 The sides of an equilateral triangle are increasing at the rate of 0 5 cm/s. At what rate is the area increasing at the instant when the sides are 10cm long?
10.
11.
12.
(b)
13.
A street light is on top of a pole which is 5 metres high. A person who is 1 7 metres tall walks away from the pole at a constant rate of 2 metres per second. As he walks his shadow lengthens. (a) (b) Find the rate at which the length of the persons shadow is increasing. Find the rate at which the tip of the persons shadow is moving away from the pole.
-155-
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
cm/min
0 1 cm/s 4 8 mm/s
240 cm/s (a) (c) dC = $30 000/week dt dP = $20 000/week dt (b) dR = $50 000/week dt
6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.
1 m/min 40 1 4 3
7 cm/h 9
decreasing at a rate of $0 99 /month

1 6 cm/s
2 3 m/s (b) (a) 5 3 4 33 cm/s 2 34 1.03 m/s 33 (b) 100 3 03 m/s 33
-156-
EXERCISE 3-8 THE SIGN OF THE FIRST DERIVATIVE AND GRAPHS
1.
Study each diagram and state (i) (ii) (iii) the x co-ordinates of any stationary points. the values of x for which the function is increasing the values of x for which the function is decreasing
(a)
(b)
y
(-1, 2)
(c)
y
(1, 2)
O (1, -1)
(-1, -2)
(d)
(e)
(2, 4)
(-1,2)
f(x)
(f)
x
(-2, -4)
-2 0
(1,-3)
2.
Find any stationary points on the following curves (a) (c) (e) (g) y = x 2 6x y = 4 x2 y= y= x 1 x2 + 3 1 x +4
2
(b) (d) (f)
y = x 3 5x 2 + 3x + 4 y = ( x 1) y=
4
2x + 1 2x 1
-157-
3.
For each of the following find whether the function is increasing, decreasing or stationary at x = 4 . 1 4 (a) (b) f ( x) = x 2 5x + 7 f ( x) = x 4 x 3 4 3 1 f ( x) = x (d) f ( x) = 4 (c) x 3x + 1 9 f ( x ) = ( 2 x 7) f ( x) = (e) (f) 2x 7 For what values of x is the function f ( x) = x 2 5x 6 (i) increasing (ii) decreasing (iii) stationary If y = x 3 6x 2 + 9 x 2 show that dy = 3( x 1)( x 3) . Hence, determine the dx values of x for which y = x 3 6x 2 + 9 x 2 is increasing. 1 3 2 x x 2 + 9 x 7 show that f ( x) = ( x 1) + 8 and thus that f ( x) 3 is increasing for all x.
4.
5.
6.
If f ( x) =
7.
If y = x 3 6x 2 + 12 x 8 , prove that the curve has one stationary point and that it otherwise steadily increases for all x. Show that f ( x) = x +1 is decreasing for all values of x. ( x 1) x 1
8.
9.
Show that
d d 3x x 3 + 5) = 3(1 x)(1 + x) and 3x + x 3 + 5) = 3(1 + x 2 ) . ( ( dx dx Hence prove that the curve y = 3x x 3 + 5 has two stationary points but y = 3x + x 3 + 5 has none. Show that
10
(3 + 3
2, 9 + 6 2
and
(3 3
2, 9 6 2
are the stationary points
x 2 + 3x . on the curve y = x3
-158-
11.
For the following functions y = f ( x) (i) (ii) state the x-coordinate of the stationary point find the nature of the stationary point by drawing a stick diagram.
(a)
x
dy dx
0 1 3 4 1 1
1 0 2 0 0 0
2 3 1 1 1 2
(b)
x
dy dx
1 1 1 1 2 1
2 0 0 0 3 0
3 4 1 2 4 1
(c)
x
dy dx
(d)
x
dy dx
(e)
x
dy dx
(f)
x
dy dx
12.
Find the stationary points for each of the given functions. By considering the gradient of the tangent on either side of these points, identify each as a maximum or minimum turning point or a horizontal point of inflection. Show the stationary points on a sketch of the function (you are NOT required to show any other features of the curve at this stage.) (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) y = x 2 7x y = 12 x x 3 y = ( x 2 1) 3 y = x 3 + 3x 2 y = x 3 3x 2 + 3x + 1 y= x2 x+2
-159-
1.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(i) x = 1 (i) x = 1 (i) x = 1, x = 1 (i) x = 2, x = 2
(ii) x > 1 (ii) x < 1 (ii) 1 < x < 1 (ii) x > 2 x < 2
(iii) x < 1 (iii) x > 1 (iii) x < 1 x > 1
(iii) 2 < x < 0 0 < x < 2 (e) (i) (ii) (iii) (f) (i) (ii) x = 2 , x = 1, x = 1 x < 1, x > 1 1< x < 1 x = 1, x = 1 1 < x < 0, 0 < x < 1
(iii) x < 1 1 < x < 3 x > 3 2. (a) (c) (e) (g) 3. (a) (c) (e) 4. 5. (i)
(3, 9) (0, 2)
1 , 1, 6 1 0, 4 3, increasing increasing increasing x>2 1 2 (ii) x<2 1 2 1 2
(b) (d) (f)
(1, 0)
none
1 13 , 4 , ( 3, 5) 3 27
(b) (d) (f)
stationary decreasing decreasing (iii) x=2 1 2
x<1 x> 3
-160-
11.
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)
minimum point when x = 1 horizontal point of inflection when x = 2 maximum point when x = 2 horizontal point of inflection when x = 0 minimum point when x = 0 maximum point when x = 3 (b) ( 2,16) min (2,16) max
12. 1 1 (a) (3 ,12 ) min 4 2
(2,16)
1 1 (3 ,12 ) 2 4
( 2,16)
(c) (0,1) min (1,0) horizontal point of inflection ( 1,0) horizontal point of inflection
(d) (0,0) min ( 2,4) max
( 2,4)
-1
(0,0)
-1
(e) (1,2) horizontal point of inflection
(f)
no stationary points
(1,2 )
-161-
EXERCISE 3-9A SIGN OF THE SECOND DERIVATIVE AND CONCAVITY
1.
y
-2 inflection (-15,-2)
inflection (0,-2)
-2
(-1,-4)
Examine the sketch of y = f ( x) above and state the values of x for which the curve is (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) increasing decreasing concave up concave down increasing and concave down Find the values of x for which the curve y = 2 x 3 x 2 + 4 is concave up. Find the values of x for which the curve y = 4 x 2 x 3 is concave down.
2.
(a) (b)
3. 4.
Show by calculus that the curve y = x 4 + 3x 2 7 x + 2 is always concave up.
f ( x) = ( x + 2) 3 ( x 1)( x 3) . By drawing a sketch of the polynomial function y = f ( x) find values of x for which y = f ( x) is concave down.
Sketch the portion of each curve below for the given domain by plotting the endpoints and using the signs of the first and second derivative to decide whether the curve is increasing or decreasing and concave up or concave down. (a) (b) (c)
5.
y = x for domain 1 x 4 y = x 3 3x 2 + 6 x 2 for domain 2 x 3 y = 2 x 2 x 4 for domain 1 x 2
-162-
6.
If f ( x) = 2 x 3 9 x 2 + 12 x + 8 find f ( x) and f ( x) and hence find the set of values of x for which the curve y = f ( x) is (i) increasing (ii) concave up (iii) increasing and concave up
7.
If y = x 4 8 x 2 + 16 prove that
dy = 4 x( x 2)( x + 2) . Find the stationary points dx and determine their nature. Show that the function is even. Show these features on a sketch.
If y =
1 find the stationary point and determine its nature. Show that the x +4 curve does not cross thex-axis. Show these features on a sketch.
2
8.
*9.
1 If f ( x) = ( x 1) 3 (8 3 x) + 1 8 (a) (b) (c) Find f ( x) in factorised form and hence find the stationary points and determine their nature. Find the domain for which the function is decreasing. Find f ( x) in factorised form and hence find the domain for which the curve is concave up.
-163-
1.
(a) (c) (e)
x < 2, 1 < x < 1, x > 1 1.5 < x < 0 x > 1 x < 2 0 < x < 1
1 6 (b) x > 4 3
(b) (d)
2 < x < 1
x < 1.5 0 < x < 1
2. 4. 5. (a)
(a) x >
x < 2 1 < x < 3
(b)
(c)
f(x)
(3,16)
(4,2)
(1,1) x
(2,6)
(1,1) increasing concave down
increasing concave up
decreasing concave down (2,-8)
6.
(i) x > 2 x < 1
(ii) x > 1
1 2
(iii) x > 2 1 (0, ) max 4

y
7. (0,16) max (-2,0) min (2,0) min

y 16
8.
1/4 x
-4
-2
-2
9.
(a) (b) (c)
3 f ( x) = ( x 1) 2 (9 4 x) (1,1) horizontal inflection 8 1 x>2 4 11 3 f ( x) = ( x 1)(12 x + 22) concave up for 1 < x < 6 8
1 (2 ,1.3) max 4
-164-
EXERCISE 3-9B THE SECOND DERIVATIVE TEST FOR TURNING POINTS AND POINTS OF INFLECTION
1.
Find the stationary points for each of the following functions and determine their nature by using the second derivative. (a) (b) (c) (d)
y = 2 x 3 9 x 2 + 12 x 3 4 y= x+ x y = ( x 1) 2 ( x + 2) y= x2 + 1 x2 + 4
2. 3. 4.
For the curve y = 2 x 3 12 x 2 5x 3 find the point of inflection. Find the point on the curve y = x 3 + x 2 where concavity changes. Find the equation of the tangent at the point of inflection for the curve y = 5 4 x + 3x 2 x 3 . Show that the function y = ( x 1) 4 has no point of inflection. For the function y = (2 x )(1 + x 2 ) find the coordinates of any stationary points
5. 6.
d2y and determine their nature using . Also find the coordinate of any points of dx 2 inflection.
7. If y = x ( x 3 4) prove
dy = 4( x 3 1) and if y = (1 x ) 5 show that dx
dy = 5(1 x ) 4 . Hence show that the curves y = x ( x 3 4) and y = (1 x ) 5 each dx have only one stationary point, but in one case this is a minimum turning point while in the other case it is a horizontal inflection point.
8. At x = 2 there is a stationary point on the curve y = x 3 cx 2 + 12 x 5 . Find the value of c. The curve y = ax 2 6 x + b has a stationary point at (3,2) on it. Determine the values of a and b. Find the stationary points on the curve y = 2 x 3 9 x 2 + 28 and determine their nature. Show these points on a sketch. Determine the equation of the tangent to the curve at the point when x = 1.
9.
10.
-165-
11.
Show that the curve y = x 3 ( x 4) has two stationary points one of which is a horizontal point of inflection. Determine the nature of the other. Further show that there is another point of inflection, which is not horizontal. Find the co-ordinates of the stationary points P, Q of the curve y = x 3 3x 2 9 x + 15 and prove that the midpoint R of the interval PQ lies on the curve and is the point of inflection of the curve. The curve y = x 3 + ax 2 + bx + c has a minimum turning point at x = 4 and a point of inflection at (1,2) . Find the values of a, b and c. Show that the function y = x 4 4 x does not have a point of inflection.
12.
13.
14.
1. (a) (2,1) min (b) (2,4) min (c) (1,0) min 1 (d) (0, ) min 4 2. (2,45)
(1,2) max ( 2,4) max ( 1,4) max
10. (0,28) max
(3,1) min
tangent: y = 33 12 x
(0,28)
(3,1)
1 2 3. ( , ) 3 27 4. . x + y 4 = 0 5. 1 23 6. ( ,1 ) min 3 27 2 25 ( ,1 ) inflection 3 27 7. 8. c = 6 9. a = 1, b = 7 (1,2) max 11. (0,0) horizontal inflection, (3,27) min, (2,16) inflection 12. P (3,12) 13. a = 3 Q ( 1,20)
b = 24
c = 28
-166-
EXERCISE 3-10 CURVE SKETCHING USING CALCULUS
1.
y N
L x
The diagram shows a sketch of the curve y = 6 x 2 x 3 . The curve cuts the x-axis at L , and has a local maximum at M and a point of inflection at N. (i) (ii) (iii) 2. Find the coordinates of L. Find the coordinates of M. Find the coordinates of N.
Use the second derivative test to find the maximum and minimum turning points of the following functions. 2 y = x2 + y = x 4 2x 2 + 2 (b) (a) x Draw neat sketches of the following functions showing turning points and points of inflection. (a) (b) (c) (d)
3.
y = ( x 1)( x 2)( x 3) y = x 4 2x 2 y = x3 x2 y = 3x x 3
4.
Consider the curve given by y = 1 + 3 x x 3 for 2 x 3 . (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Find the coordinates of the stationary points and determine their nature. Find the coordinates of the point of inflection. Sketch the curve y = 1 + 3 x x 3 for 2 x 3 . Find the minimum value of y for 2 x 3 .
5.
Find the maximum value of the function y = x 3 + 3x 2 + 3x + 1 in the domain 0 x 3.
-167-
6.
Consider the curve given by y = 3 x 2 x 3 . (i) (ii) (iii) Find the coordinates of the stationary points and determine their nature. Sketch the curve, indicating where it crosses the x-axis. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve at the point P (1, 4) . 1 4 x x3 . 4 Find the coordinates of any turning points and determine their nature Find the coordinates of any points of inflection. Sketch the curve for 1.5 x 4.5 , indicating where the curve crosses the x-axis. For what values of x is the curve concave down?
7.
Consider the curve given by y = (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
8.
Consider the curve given by y = x 3 6 x + 4 . (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Find the coordinates of the stationary points and determine their nature. Find the coordinates of any points of inflection. Sketch the curve for the domain 3 x 3 . Find the maximum value of x 3 6 x + 4 in the domain 3 x 3 .
9.
Consider the curve given by y = 7 + 4 x 3 3x 4 . (i) (ii) (iii) Find the coordinates of the stationary points and determine their nature. d2y Find the values of x for which = 0. dx 2 Sketch the curve for the domain 1 x 2 .
10.
Twenty five kangaroos were released on an island. The population P of kangaroos on the island t years later is given by P = t 3 + 6t 2 + 25 , for 0 t 6 . (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) After how many years was the population a maximum? What was the maximum population? Sketch the curve P = t 3 + 6t 2 + 25 for 0 x 6 . When was the population increasing most rapidly?
11.
The diagram shows the graph of a certain function f ( x ) .
y = f ( x)
Copy this graph. On the same axes, draw a sketch of the derivative f ( x) of the function.
-168-
1. 2.
(i)
L (6, 0)
(ii)
M (4, 32)
(iii)
N (2,16)
(a) minimum at (1,3) (b) maximum at (0,2); minimum at (11 , ) and at ( 1, 1)
3.
(a)
Cuts axes at (1,0 ), (2,0 ), (3,0 ), and (0,6 ).Maximum at approx (1 4, 0 4 ).

Minimum at approx (2 6,0 4 ). Inflection at approx (2,0).
(b)
Cuts axes at 2 ,0 , ( 0,0) and
2 ,0 . Minima at ( 1,1) and (1,1). 5 1 , . 3 9
5 1 Maximum at (0,0). Inflections at , , 3 9
(c)
Touches x-axis at (0,0) and cuts at (1,0). Maximum at ( 0,0).
2 4 1 2 Minimum at , .Inflection at , . 3 27 3 27
(d)
Cuts axes at 3, 0 , (0,0) and
Maximum at (1,2) . Inflection at ( 0,0).
3, 0 . Minimum at ( 1,2). .
-169-
4.
(i) (iii)
(1, 3) max, (1, 1) min
(ii)
(0,1)
(2, 3) (0,1)
(1, 3)
(1, 1)
(3, 17) (iv) 5. 6. abs min = 17
absolute maximum of 64 (i) (ii) max (2, 4) , min (0, 0)
(2, 4)
(iii) 7. (i) (ii) (iii)
y = 9 x 5
3 min (3, 6 ) , hpi (0, 0) 4 point of inflection (2, 4) , hpi (0, 0)
y
(1 5, 4 6)
(4 5,11 4)
x
(2, 4)
0< x<2
3 (3, 6 ) 4
(iv)
-170-
8.
(i)
max ( 2 , 4 + 4 2 ) , min ( 2 , 4 4 2 ) ( 2 , 9 7)
(ii)
(0, 4)
(3,13)
x
(3, 5) (iv) 9. (i) (iii) abs max = 13 hpi (0, 7) , max (1, 8) (ii)
x = 0, x =
( 2 , 1 7)
2 3
y
(0, 7)
(1, 8)
(1, 0)
(2, 9)
10. (i) 4 years (ii) 57 kangaroos (iv) at t = 2 years
(4, 57) (6, 25)

t
25
11.
y y = f ( x)
y = f ( x)
-171-
UNIT 4
Logarithmic and Exponential Functions
4-1A 4-1B 4-2A 4-2B 4-3A 4-3B 4-4 4-5
Logarithms and the Calculator Definition of a Logarithm Basic Laws of Logarithms Further Logarithmic Laws, Change of Base, Inequalities Graphs of Exponential Functions Applications of Exponential Functions Inverse Functions Graphs of Logarithmic Functions
-172-
EXERCISE 4-1A LOGARITHMS AND THE CALCULATOR 1. Find the value of: (a) 2 5 (b) ( 5) 4 (c) 4
2 3
ANSWERS (a) 32 (b) 625 (c) 2.52 (d) 2.92 (e) 0.097
(d) (0.7) 3 (e) (7) 1.2
2.
Solve each equation (a)

3 5 x
=7
1 3
(a) 25.62 (b) 62.5 (c) 0.52
(b) (2 y ) = 5 (c) x 3 = 7 3. Evaluate (a) (b) (c) (d) 4.

3
5 4 3
125
27 85
(a) 5 (b) 1.93 (c) 3.04 (d) -2.52
16
Solve each equation (a) x 5 = 8 (b) (2 x 1) 3 = 4 (c) (1 4 x ) 7 = 2 (a) 1.52 (b) -0.29 (c) -0.026
-173-
5.
Give the value of the following correct to 3 decimal places. (a) e (b) e 2 (c) e
5
ANSWERS (a) 2.718 (b) 7.389 (c) 1.649 (d) 148.413 (e) 0.135
(d) e (e) e 2 1 (f) e (g) 3e 4 (h) 120e 0.56 (i) e e 2 + e 2 (j) 2
(f) 0.368 (g) 163.794 (h) 210.081 (i) 23.141 (j) 3.762
6.
Use the log or ln button to give values of the following correct to 3 decimal places (a) log5 (b) ln3 1 (c) log 9 (d) ln 6 ln 3 5 (e) 3 ln 8
log10
(a) 0.699 (b) 1.099 (c) 1.048 (d) 1.631

(e) -1.41 (f) 3.787 (g) 1 (h) 5 ANSWERS (a) 75315.254 (b) 2.303 (c) 0.477
(f) (ln 7) 2 (g) (h) e ln 5 7. Evaluate each of the following correct to 3 decimal places (a) (b)
1718 . 3 28.2 5.7
e3 ln 7 log 3 (c) log 2 + log 5
(d)
74 2 13.9
e 27.8 19.66
2
(d) 9.469 (e) 8.111
(e)
-174-
EXERCISE 4-1B DEFINITION OF A LOGARITHM
1.
Use your calculator to evaluate the following correct to 3 decimal places. (a) (d)
3e 2
ln 10
(b) (e)
log10 1080
(c) (f)
1 e
(1 + e) 3
(1 ln 5)2
n
2.
(a)
1 Use your calculator to evaluate 1 + for these values of n: n (i) (ii) n = 10 n = 100 (iii) n = 1000 Calculate the differences between e and your answers above.
(b) 3.
Express each of the following in logarithmic form: (a) (d)

(g) 3x = 5 e 3 = 20 m 3 = 5 (b) (e) (h) 32 = 9 5 234 = p
2
(c) (f) (i)
y 8 = 10 ba = c
8
1 3
p3 = 7
1 2
4.
Express each of the following in exponential (power) form: (a) (d) (g)
log 2 x = 3
log 5 125 = 3
ln10 = 2 3
(b) (e) (h)
log 4 5 = p
log e x = 7
ln x = 5
(c) (f) (i)
log m 2 = 8 log b a = c 1 log 4 = 2 16
5.
Complete the following

Exponential form Logarithmic form
y = bx
log10 10 000 = 4
196 = 14 2
log 5 125 = 3
y = 10 2 6. Find the value of x: (a)

log 2 16 = x
(b)
log x 16 = 2
(c)
log 5 x = 2
-175-
7.
Solve for x: (a) (c) log10 (2 x + 1) = 2

log10 x 3 = 15
(b) (d)
log 2 (2 x 1) = 3
log x 27 = 3
8.
Find x correct to 1 decimal place: (a) (c) log10 x = 0.903 log e x = 2.70805 (b) (d) log10 x = 0.69897 ln x = 0.10536
9.
Find the value of each logarithm by expressing each number in exponential (index) form: (a) (d) (g) log10 1000 log 5 (5) log 81 1 3 (b) (e) (h)
log 7 343 1 log 2 8

ln e
(c) (f) (i)
log 25 1 log16 8 ln 1 e
10.
Evaluate the following (without a calculator). (a) (d)

log 2 4
(b) (e)
log 4 4 log 2 1
(c) (f)
log a a log a 1
log 4
1 16
11.
Find the value of x in each of the following: (a) (d) log 5 x = 1 log x 1 =3 64 (b) (e) log 9 x = log x 1 2 (c) (f) log x 25 = 2
log
2
49 = 2 9
1 3 2 (log 5 x) = 1 log x 2 =
8 2=x
12.
Solve each logarithmic equation (a) (c) log 3 (4 x + 1) = 2 log x +1 (5 x + 5) = 2 (b) (d)
-176-
1.
(a) (d)
22 167 2 303
(b) (e)
2 594
3 033 0 371
(c) (f)
2 705
0 607 7 170
2.
(a) (b)
(i) (i)
(ii) (ii) (b) (e) (h) (b) (e) (h)
(iii) (iii) (c)
2 717
0 124
0 013
0 001
3.
(a) (d) (g)
log 3 5 = x log e 20 = 3 log m 5 = 3
log 3 9 = 2
log y 10 = 8 log b c = a 1 1 log 8 = 2 3
log 5 p = 234 (f) 2 log p 7 = (i) 3
4.
(a) (d) (g)
23 = x 5 3 = 125
e 23 = 10
4p = 5 e7 = x
e 5 = x
(c) (f) (i)
m8 = 2 bc = a 1 4 2 = 16
5.
Exponential form Logarithmic form
y = bx
log b y = x log10 10 000 = 4

log14 196 = 2
10 000 = 10 4
196 = 14 2 125 = 53
log 5 125 = 3 log10 y = 2 4 9 2 0.2 3 3 4 1 (c) (c) (c) (c) (g) (c)
x=3
y = 10 2
6. 7. 8. 9.
(a) (a) (a) (a) (e)
4 99 2 8.0 3
3
(b) (b) (b) (b) (f) (b)
1 25 100 000 15.0 0 1 4 1 (h) (d) (d) (d) (d) 1 3 0.9 not defined 1 (i) 2 (e) 0 (f) 0
10. 11.
(a) (a)
2
x=5
(d) 12. (a)
1 5 1 x= 4
x=
x = 2 (b)
(b) (e)
(c) (f)
x = 4 (d)
x=
3 7
x=7
x = 8 (c)
x = 5,
1 5
-177-
EXERCISE 4-2A BASIC LAWS OF LOGARITHMS
1.
Write in expanded form: (a) log a xyz (b)
2 log a z log a m 5
log a xy
(c) (f) (i)
xy log a z
log a x 2 y
(d) (g)
2.
p log b rq
log a xy 3
(e) (h)
a 7 log 5 b
Express as a single logarithm: log a x log a y (a) (c) log a x 3 log a y (e) 2 log a x log a y
(b) (d) (f)
log a 2 + log a y 3 log a x + 2 log a y 1 3 log a x + log a z + 2 2
3.
Use laws of logarithms to evaluate: (a) log 6 2 + log 6 3 (b) (d)

log 8 5 2
log 2 12 log 2 3
(c) (f)
log 3 27
(e) (h)
ln e
log13 8 log13 2
(g)
log 2 16 log 3 27 (i) 4.
log10 35 log10 7 + 2 log10 5 + 3 log10 2
log 7 ( 3 2 ) + log 7 ( 3 + 2 )
If log x 2 = 0.3 and log x 5 = 0.7 evaluate: 2 (c) (a) log x 10 (b) log x 5 (d) log x 8 (e) (f) log x 20 (g) 4 log x 2 x (h) x log x 125
3
log x 2.5 log x 5 x log x 1

3
(i)
25 x
5.
If log 5 7 = m and log 5 3 = n express in terms of m and/or n: 9 (a) log 5 21 (b) log 5 49 35 (d) log 5 343 (c) log 5 3 Write a relationship between x and y that does not involve logarithms: (a) (c) log 3 x + log 3 y = log 3 ( x + y ) (b) (d)
6.
3 ln x + 2 ln y = 0
ln x ln y = ln( x y ) 1 log 3 y 2 = log 3 x 2
-178-
7.
Solve the following equations: 1 (a) log x 5 = 2 (c) log 5 x + log 5 3 = 1 (e) (g) log 7 x + log 7 x 2 = 0 log x + 1 (5 x 1) = 2
(b) (d) (f) (h)
(log 5 x )2 = 4
ln x ln( x 1) = ln 4 log10 x + log10 ( x 1) = log10 2 log 3 (log 5 x) = 1
8.
Solve the following exponential equations giving your answers correct to 3 significant figures. (a) (b) (c) 3x = 7 5 3 p = 4 e5x = 8 (d) 10e 2 k = 7 (e) (f) 500 = 12e 0.7 t 5 x + 4 = 4 2 x 3
1.
(a) (c) (e) (g) (i)
log a x + log a y + log a z log a x + log a y log a z 5 log a m log a x + 3 log a y 1 1 log 5 a log 5 b 7 7 x log a (b) y
log a x 3 y 2
(b) (d) (f) (h)
log a 2 log a z log b p log b r log b q 2 log a x + log a y 1 1 log a x + log a y 2 2
2.
(a) (d)
log a (2 y )
(c)
x log a y3
3. 4. 5. 6.
(a) (f) (a) (f) (a) (a) (d)
1 3 1 1 7
(b) (g) (b) (g)
m + n (b)
xy = x + y
x2 (f) log a x 3 a 2 z log a y 3 1 1 2 (c) (d) (e) 2 15 2 12 (h) 3 (i) 0 0 4 (c) 04 (d) 0 9 (e) 1 3 1 4 (h) 4 8 (i) 0 8 n 1+ m (d) 2(n m) (c) m 5 n or 3m 2 x (b) x3 y 2 = 1 = x y (c) y
(e)
y=9 x
x = 25
7.
(a) (d) (g)
(b) (e) (h) (b) (e)
x = 25,
x =1
1 25
(c) (f)
x=
5 3
x=
4 3 x = 1, 2
x=2
x = 125
8.
(a) (d)
x = 1 77 k = 0 178
p = 0 287 t = 5 33
(c) (f)
x = 0 416 x = 9 11
-179-
EXERCISE 4-2B FURTHER LOGARITHMIC LAWS, CHANGE OF BASE, INEQUALITIES
1.
(i) (ii)
Evaluate correct to 3 decimal places (a) log 3 8 (b) log 5 24 Using change of base theorem evaluate (a) log 4 8 (b) log 2 2 (
log 3 8 as a single logarithm. log 3 5
1 0.5 log8 ( ) 9 8
1 ) 32
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.
Express
Evaluate log 5 ( x 2 7 x 5) if x = 9 correct to 3 decimal places. Evaluate without calculator (a) e Solve 3 2 x +1 = 5 3 x 2 . Express y in terms of x without logarithms if log10 y = 2 + log10 x log10 x 2 . Solve log 8 2 = log x 5 . If log b 2 = 0 43 and log b 3 = 0 68 evaluate log b 18 . Prove log b a log a b = 1 . Solve 3 log 5 x log x 5 = 2 . If m = log 2 3 show that log 8 18 = 2m + 1 . 3
ln 5
(b) 10
2 log 7
(c)
If log a 81 + log a 243 log a 27 = k log a 3 find k. If

log m a = c express b in terms of a and c and hence express log log m b terms of c.
a
b in
14. 15. 16.
If log 2 3 = m and log 5 6 = n find log 5 2 in terms of m and n. If log 5 8 = x show that log10 2 = Solve for p and q log 3 p + log 3 q = 6 log 2 p log 2 q = 4 a+b 1 If a > 0 and b > 0 and a 2 + b 2 = 23 ab prove that log c = (log c a + log c b ) 5 2 Hint: start with (a + b) 2 = a 2 + 2ab + b 2 If ln( 2 1) ln( 2 + 1) = ln(3 + b) find b. If 2 x = 5 y = 10 z use logarithms to show that 1 1 1 + = . x y z x . x+3
17.
18. 19.
-180-
20. 21. 22.
Given that m = log 2 7 and n = log 2 3 and 12 t = 24 5 express t in terms of m and n. Hint: 24 5 = 49 2 If log x 9 = log y 27 show y = x 3 . If log a x = p and log a y = q find in terms of p and q x log a ( ) (b) log x ay (a) y Given that log 3 2 log a 9 + log a 3 = 1 + m show that a = 6 m . log 2 a Solve log 3 5 = log x 7 , correct to 2 decimal places. Solve the following inequalities: (a) 2 x < 25 (b) 3 x > 1 81 (c) 2 2 < 3 3
x 7
1
23. 24. 25.
(d)
1 1 16 2 3 x > 40
(e)
2 4 2 x3 < 32 8
26.
Find the smallest integer x such that (a) (b) 0.9 x 0.4
27.
Solve the following inequalities: (a) (d)
5x < 6
(0 3) x > 10
(b) (e)
83 p 7
(0 5) 3t 0.6
(c) (f)
3e 5 k 2
8 x 1 < 5 3 x + 2
28.
Solve: (a)
e x + 2e x 3 = 0
(b)
3 x 3 x 2 = 0
-181-
1. (i) (a) 1.893 2. log 5 8 5. 1.641 8. 1.79 13. 2 c
(b) 1.975 3. 1.594 6. y = 100 x
(ii) (a) 4. (a) 5 7. 125

1 3
3 2
(b) 3
1 3 (c) 1 3
(b) 49
10. 5 and 5 14. 20.
12. 6 16.
n m +1
2m 1 n+2
p = 108, q =
27 4
18. 2 2 24. 25.

x = 3.77
1+ q 1 22. (a) p q (b) 2 p
(a) (d)
x<5
(b) (e) (b) (b) (e) (b)
x4 x=4 x < 1 1133

x < 1 9
x<4 7 11 x< 8 4
(c)
x>7
26 27.
(a) (a) (d)
x=9
p 0 3119
t 0 245655
(c) (f)
k 0 0811
x > 1 92745
28.
(a)
x = 0, ln 2
x=
ln 1 + 2 ln 3
-182-
EXERCISE 4-3A GRAPHS OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
1.
Sketch graphs of the following exponential functions: (a) (d)
y = 3x y = 3 x
(b) (e)
y = 3 x y = 3x + 1
(c) (f)
y = 3 x y = 10 3 x
2.
Sketch the graphs of the following exponential functions, showing any asymptotes, and the yintercept, where appropriate : (a) y = 5 4 x (b) y = 7 + 4e x (c) y = 5 3 x (d) y = e x ; y = e 2 x ; y = e 3 x on the same axes. (e) y = 5 x 6 (f) y = 10 3 x 4 (g) y = e x 3 ; y = e x 3 on the same axes. (h) y = 2 x + 2 1 (i) y = 3 2e x (j) y = 3e 2 x 2 (k) y = 10e 4 x (l) y = e 2 x +1
-183-
1.
(a)
y y =3
x
(b)
y
0 1
1 0 (c)
y = 3 x x
(d)
y
0 1
x y = 3
x
y = 3 x
1 0 (e)
x y = 3x + 1
(f)
y = 10 3 x
2 1 0
10
y =1 x
-184-
2. (a) y = 5 4 x
(b) y = 7 + 4e x
(c) y = 5 3 x
(d)
(e) y = 5 x 6
(f) y = 10 3 x 4
(g)
(h) y = 2 x + 2 1
(i) y = 3 2e x
(j) y = 3e 2 x 2
(k) y = 10e 4 x
(l) y = e 2 x +1
-185-
EXERCISE 4-3B APPLICATIONS OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
1.
Sketch the curve y =
ex + ex (called a catenary) by first filling in the table of values: 2
x y
2.
1 hour to produce two cholera bacteria. In 2 a colony of 5 000 bacteria there are N = 5000 2 2 t bacteria after t hours. (a) Find the number of bacteria in the colony after 3 hours. A single cholera bacterium divides every (b) How long does it take to have 5120 000 bacteria in the colony?
3.
The number of sea turtles on an island after t years is given by N = 200 10 0.05 t . (a) (b) (c) How many turtles are on the island initially? After how many years there are 1 000 turtles on the island? Sketch a graph of N = 200 10 0.05 t (for t 0 ).
4.
The population P of a town after t years is given by P = 1000 e 05 t . (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Find the initial population. Find the population after one year. Find the time for the population to double. Find the time for the population to reach 5000. Sketch the graph of P = 1000 e 05 t .
5.
The price-demand equation for Kookaburra toys is given by p = 100 e 0.05 x when x Kookaburra toys are sold per day at a price of $p each. (a) (b) (c) Find the price of each Kookaburra toy if 10 toys are sold per day. How many Kookaburra toys are sold per day when the price is $35 for each toy? Sketch the graph of p = 100 e 0.05 x .
-186-
6.
The number of cells in a culture is dying off due to contamination. The number of cells in the culture after t days is given by N = 5000e 0.1 t . (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Find the initial population. Find the population after three days. Find the time for the population to fall to 1000. Find the half life (or time for the population to halve in size). Sketch the graph of N = 5000e 0.1 t .
7.
The concentration of iodine in a bottle of water t minutes after the iodine crystals are introduced is given by C (t ) = 250(1 e t ) where C (t ) is the concentration of iodine in micrograms per millilitre of water. (a) (b) (c) Find the concentration of iodine in the bottle of water one minute after the iodine crystals are introduced. How long does it take for concentration to be 200 g/mL ? Sketch the graph of C (t ) = 250(1 e t ) .
1.
y x y
2
38
1
1 5
0 1
1
1 5
2
38
y=
1 0
e x + e x 2 x
2. 3.
(a) (a) (b)
320 000 bacteria 200 14 years
(b) (c)
5 hours
N = 200 10 005 t
200 0 4. (a) (b) (c) (d) 1000 1648
1 39 years (2 d.p.) 3 22 years ( 2 d.p.)
(e)
P P = 1000 e 0.5 t
1000
-187-
5.
(a) (b)
$60.65 21
(c)
p
100
p = 100 e 0.05 x
6.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5000 3704
(e) 5000
N N = 5000 e 0.1t
16 09 days 6 93 days
t
7.
(a) (b)
158 g/mL 1.6 min
(c)
C (t )
250
-188-
EXERCISE 4-4 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
1. 2.
Given f = {(1,4) , (2,5) , (3,6)} find
f 1 .
For the function f defined by the equation y = f ( x ), in each of the following find the equation of the inverse function f
1
. State the domain and range of the
inverse function. Sketch both f and f 1 on the same diagram. (a) y = 3x with domain 0 x 4 1 (b) , x0 y= x 2x 1 y= (c) with domain 4 x 0 3 3. The inverse of a given function is formed by reflecting the original graph in the Line y = x. For each of the given functions F , sketch its inverse. State which of these inverse relations is also a function. (a) (b) (c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
4.
For the function f defined by the equation y = f ( x ) , in each of the following find the equation of the inverse function f 1 . Sketch both f and f 1 on the same diagram. (a) (c) (e)
f : y = 2x f : y = x 2 for x < 0
f : y = 3 x 2 + 1 for x 0
(b) (d) (f)
f : y = 3 2x f : y = x3 1 f : y= for 1 < x < 1, x 0 x
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5.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
If f ( x) = 6 x 14 find f 1 (3) . If f ( x) = x 3 6 find f 1 (2) . x +1 If f ( x) = find f 1 (1) . x 1 If f ( x) = x 2 2 x , x 1, find f 1 (8) .
1. 2. (a)
= {(4,1) , (5,2) , (6,3)} (b)
(c)
f(x)
x f 1 : y = 3 Domain 0 x 12 Range 0 y 4
1 x Domain x ; x 0 f 1 : y = Range y ; y 0
3x + 1 f 1 : y = 2 Domain 3 x Range 4 y 0 1 3
3. (a) (b) (c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Inverse relations which are also functions are : (a), (b) and (f).
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4.
(a) f (d) f
:y=
x 2
:x = y 3
3 x 2 x 1 , x 1 (e) f 1: y = 3 (b) f
1
:y=
(c) f (f) f
:y= x 1 , x < 1 x > 1 x
:y=
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
5.
(a)
17 16
(b) 2
(c) 1
(d) 2
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EXERCISE 4-5 GRAPHS OF LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
For each of the following logarithmic functions find the domain, the vertical asymptote, the x-intercept and the y-intercept (where appropriate), and hence sketch the curve. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. y = ln x y = ln( x 3) y = log 2 5x y = log 3 x + 1 y = 5 log 10 x y = 2 log 4 ( x 1) y = 2 ln( x + 3) 1 Sketch y = ln( x 4) and y = 2 on the same diagram. Find their point of intersection A. Use the graph to solve the inequality ln( x 4) 2 . Sketch y = ln( x + 2) and y = x 2 on the same diagram. Hence state the number of solutions to the equation x 2 = ln( x + 2) . 1 and y = ln x on the same diagram. Prove that their point of x 1 intersection is on the x-axis. Hence solve the inequality ln x < 1. x Sketch y + 1 = Sketch y = log 3 x and y = log 2 x on the same diagram. Also draw the line y = 3 and mark points A and B where it intersects with the other two graphs. Find the distance AB. (a) (b) Sketch the graph of y = 40 + 25 ln( x + 1) showing all essential features. The systolic blood pressure of people not older than 65 that visited a country hospital in NSW is measured in millimeters of mercury and is given by P ( x) = 40 + 25 ln( x + 1) where x is the age of the person. (i) (ii) (iii) 13. 14. Find the systolic blood pressure of a person who is 50. How old is a person whose systolic blood pressure measures 133 mm of mercury? Sketch the graph P ( x) = 40 + 25 ln( x + 1) .
9.
10.
11.
12.
Sketch the graph of y = ln x (a) (b) Find the domain of the function y = ln x . Hence sketch the graph of y = ln x .
-192-
8.
A( e 2 + 4 , 2) 4 < x e2 + 4
9. 10. 11.
2 0< x <1 AB = 19
-193-
12.
(a)
(b) (i)
138 mm of mercury 40
y
40
(ii) (iii)
P( x)
(65,144.7) 1
0.8
40 x
13.
14.
(a) (b)
all reals except 0 y
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UNIT 5
Sequences and Series
5-1 5-2A 5-2B 5-3A 5-3B 5-4
Introduction to Sequences and Series Arithmetic Sequences Arithmetic Series Geometric Sequences Geometric Series Infinite Geometric Series
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EXERCISE 5-1 INTRODUCTION TO SEQUENCES AND SERIES

1. Give the first four terms of the sequences whose n th terms are given. n +1 2n + 3 xn (a) T = (b) T = (c) T = (d) T = (2) n + 1 n n n n n 3n + 1 n2 Find the tenth term in the sequence given by T = 3 2 n 1 + n. n Which term in the sequence given by T = 5n + 2 is equal to 372? n Find the general term, T , in each of the sequences below whose first four terms are : n (a) 1, 2 , 3, 4, ... (b) 2, 4, 6, 8, ... (c) 1, 3, 5, 7, ...
2. 3.
( )
4.
(d) 1, 4, 9, 16, ... 1 1 1 (g ) , , , ... 4 16 64

5. If Tn = 35 3n find : (a) (b) 6.
(e) 2, 5,10,17, ... (h ) 4, 4, 4, 4, ...

how many terms are positive ;
(f ) 1, 3, 9, 27, ... 1 2 3 4 (i) , , , , ... 2 3 4 5
whether or not 16 is a term of the sequence.
3 The m th term of a sequence is 3.(2 )m4 . Which of the numbers 96 ; ; 256 4 belong to the sequence?
7.
For the sequence 4,7,10,13,16,.......... write down : (a) the corresponding series. (b) the sum of the first five terms of the series (S 5 ). (c) the sum of the first four terms of the series (S 4 ). (d) the value of S 5 S 4 , and show that T5 = S 5 S 4 .
8.
For a certain series, S n = 3n 2 + n. Find the value of : (a) S1 (b) T1 (c) S 2 (d) T2 (e) S n1 (f) Tn
9.
10.
If S n = 2 n find S n 1 and Tn .
Find, for any series : (a) S 2 + T3 (b) S 32 + T33 Write in expanded form : (a) (d)
(c) S 7 S 6
(d) S k +1 S k .
11.
k
k =1 m = 1
(b)
m
(5r 1)
r =0 12
(c)
k =4
(8 k )
14
(e)
( 1)r 1 x r
r =1
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12.
Find the value of : (a) (d )
(n
5 n =1 4 p =0
)
p2
(b) (e)
k =4
5 k 4 3h 1 h+2
(c) (f)
3 ( 2)
t =1 7
( 1)
p +1
h =1
r r +1
r =1
13. 14.
1 A sequence satisfies T = (T +T ), with T1 = 3 and T2 = 7. Find T3 and T4 . n 2 n 1 n + 1 State the number of terms in each of the following series; (a) f (r )
r =1
16 10 24
(b) g (i )
i =2
(c) h(k )
k = 3
(d) g (r ).
r = 7
m+1
15.
Write the following using sigma notation (begin with r = 1) : (a) 1 2 + 2 3 + 3 4 + ..... + n(n + 1) (c) 1 5 + 2 5 2 + 3 53 + ..... for n terms (e) 1 1 1 + + + ...... for n terms 4 2 5 2 2 6 23 (b) 13 + 2 3 + 33 + 4 3 + .... for n terms (d) 1 2 4 + 2 3 5 + 3 4 6 + ..... for n terms (f) 2 + 6 + 12 + 20 + 30 + ..... for n terms
16.
Given that 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ..... + n = (a) (b) (c) (d) 1+ 2 + 3 + 5 + 10 + 15 1+ 2 + 3 + 1+ 2 + 3 +
n(n +1) , find the following : 2
4 + ..... + 100 ; + 20 + ..... + 1000 ; 4 + ..... + (n 1) ; 4 + ..... + (2n 1) + 2n
17.
The diagrams show the first two objects in a pattern.

n =1 n=2
(a) Determine the general formula for the number of squares in the nth pattern. (b) How many squares are in the tenth pattern ? (c) Which pattern will have 81 squares ?
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18.
The Fibonacci sequence of numbers can be generated by the recursion formula T1 = 1 T2 = 1 and for n 3 Tn = Tn 1 + Tn 2 . (a) Write out the first ten terms of the Fibonacci sequence. (b) Binets formula gives the nth term of the Fibonacci sequence as n n 1+ 5 1 5 1 2 2 5 Use your calculator and Binets formula to find the 20th and 21st terms of the Fibonacci sequence and hence without using Binets formula write down the value of the 19th term.
19.
1 1 A sequence is defined by T = . n n n +1 (a) Find T1 + T2 + T3 + T4 . (b) Determine a formula for T1 + T2 + T3 + T4 + ..... Tn .
20.
1 For a series it is given that T1 = 1 and Tn = Tn1 for n 2 . Evaluate S 6 . 3
1.
(a)
2 3 4 5 , , , 1 4 9 16
(b)
5 9 11 , 1, , 4 10 13 3.
(c) x,
x 2 x3 x 4 , , 2 3 4
(d) 4, 8, 16, 32
2. 4.
1546 (a) T = n n (e) T = n 2 + 1 n n (i) T = n n +1 (b) T = 2n n (f ) T = 3n 1 n
T74 (d) T = n 2 n (h ) T = 4(1) n n
(c) T = 2n 1 n 1 (g ) T = n n 4
5. 7.
(a) (a) (c )
11
(b)
No
6. (b) (d) (d) 10

if n 2 if n = 1
96 and
3 4
4 + 7 + 10 + 13 + 16 + K S 4 = 4 + 7 + 10 + 13 + 16 = 34 (b) 4
and
S 5 = 4 + 7 + 10 + 13 + 16 = 50 S 5 S 4 = 50 34 = 16 = T5 . (e) 3n 2 5n + 2 (f ) 6n 2
8.
9.
(a) 4
S n 1 = 2 n 1
(c) 14
2 n 1 Tn = 2
10.
(a)
S3
(b)
S 33
(c)
T7
(d)
Tk +1
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11.
(a) 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 (d) 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2
0 1 2
(b) 1 + 4 + 9
3 2 3 4
(c) 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 + 0 + (1) + (2) + K + (6)
(e) x x + x x + K x12
12.
13.
(a) 40
(b) 31
(c) 66
(d) 10
(e)
147 20
(f)
7 8
T = 11 and T = 15 3 4
14.
15.
(a)
n
16
(b)
(c)
n
28
(d)
m + 9.
(c) (f)
(a) (d)
r (r +1)
r =1
(b) (e)
r3
r =1 n
r 5r
r =1 n
r (r +1)(r + 3)
r =1
1 (r + 3) 2 r r =1
r (r +1)
r =1
16. 17. 18. 19.
(a)
5050
(b) 100500 (b) 41
(c)
n(n -1) 2 (c) 20 th (b)
(d)
n(2n + 1)
(a ) T = 4n + 1 n (a) (a) 182 243
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55 4 5 (b) n n +1
6765, 10946, 4181
20.
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EXERCISE 5-2A ARITHMETIC SEQUENCES
1.
Find the common difference in each of the following arithmetic progressions and then write the next two terms: 1 1 (b) 12, 9 , 7, 4 , K (a) 5, 1, 3, 7, K 2 2 3 , 12 , 27 , .K x , x + 3, x + 6, x + 9, .K (c) (d)
2.
Find an expression for the nth term of each sequence: (a) 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, K (b) 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, K
3. 4. 5. 6.
Find the eighth term and the fourteenth term of the arithmetic sequence 8, 14, 20, K Find the arithmetic progression where T5 = 17 and T12 = 52. Find the sixth term of an arithmetic sequence if T3 = 5 6 and T12 = 7 . Find the value of p if p + 5, 4 p + 3, 8 p 2 , are successive terms of an arithmetic sequence. How many terms are there in the arithmetic progression 9, 12, 15, K , 615? Find whether 2863 is a term of the arithmetic sequence 7, 13, 19, 25,K . Find the first negative term of the arithmetic sequence 24, 21, 18,K . Insert two numbers between 64 and 27 so that the sequence of four numbers is an arithmetic sequence. Find an expression for the nth term of an arithmetic sequence in which the sum of the 2nd and 5th terms is 32 whilst the sum of the 3rd and 8th terms is 48. The cost of erecting a multi storey building is $50 000 for the first floor, $55 000 for the second floor, $60 000 for the third floor and so on , the cost increasing by $5 000 for each additional floor. (a) (b) Find the cost of erecting the 20th floor. Find which floor costs $105 000 to erect.
7. 8. 9. 10.
11.
12.
13.
A musical instrument has a number of strings with the difference between the lengths of adjacent strings being constant so that the lengths of the strings are the terms of an arithmetic progression. If the first string has a length of 30 cm and the 31st string has a length of 124 cm find the difference between the lengths of the 5th and 6th strings. A ball is dropped from the top of a high building. It falls 10 metres in the 1st second, 14 metres in the 2nd second, 18 metres in the 3rd second and in each successive second 4 metres more than the previous second. How far does it fall during the tenth second?
14.
-200-
15.
The purchase value of an office computer is $12 500. Its annual depreciation is $1875, that is it decreases in value by this amount each year. Find the value of the computer after 6 years. Factory equipment is depreciating (decreasing in value) at the rate of $4200 per year. The book value of the equipment is defined to be the original cost of the equipment minus the depreciation to date, and is calculated at the end of each year. (a) If the equipment originally cost $41 800, how many years will it take for the book value to be less than $10 000 ? At the beginning of the sixth year, after the original equipment was purchased, additional equipment was bought for $4500. The additional equipment depreciates at the rate of $170 per year. How many years does it take for the total book value of the equipment to be less than $10 000 ?
16.
(b)
1.
(a) d = 4 ; 11, 15 (c) d = 3; 4 3 , 5 3.
1 1 (b) d = 2 ; 2 , 2 2 (d) d = 3; x + 12, x + 15 (b) 2n 4. 6. 8.

10.
3 , 2, 7, ...
2. 3. 5. 7. 9.
11. 12. 13. 15.
(a) 2n 1 50, 86
1 4
3 yes
2 1 64, 51 , 39 , 27 . 3 3
203
T10 = 3
4n + 2
(a) 47 cm 15 $1250
$145 000
(b)
12th floor 14. 16. 46 metres (a) 8 years (b) 9 years
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EXERCISE 5-2B ARITHMETIC SERIES
1. 2.
1 1 Find the sum of the first 16 terms of the arithmetic sequence 3, 4 , 5 , .... 4 2 Find the sum of the first 12 terms of the arithmetic progression in which the first term is 8 and the twelfth term is 41. The ninth term of an arithmetic progression is 0. The sum of the first fifteen terms is 30. Find the first term and the common difference. How many terms of the series 7 + 9 + 11 + ... must be added to give 352? Find the sum of the multiples of 7 which are between 50 and 200. Logs of wood are stacked in a pile so that there are 15 logs on the top row, 16 on the next, 17 on the next, and so on. If there are 246 logs altogether, (a) (b) How many rows are there? How many logs are on the bottom row?
3.
4. 5. 6.
7.
A sales team sells 1200 calculators in its first month of operation. They plan to increase their monthly sales by 150 calculators each month selling 1350 in the second month, 1500 in the third month and so on. How many calculators do they plan to sell : (a) (b) in the last month of the second year of operation? over the entire two year period?
8.
From a length of wire 600cm long, 25 pieces are cut off. Each piece is 1cm longer than the preceding piece. Find the length of the first piece cut off. An employee commences work on an annual salary of $25 000. The employee is to receive an annual increment of $300 so that his salary is $25 300 in the second year, $25 600 in the third year and so on. How many whole years will it take the employee to earn a total salary of $557 000 ? Show that the sum of the first n positive odd integers is n 2 . A painter agrees to paint a flag pole at $10 for the first metre, $15 for the second metre, $20 for the third metre, and so on. Find how much the painter would earn if the flag pole was 20 metres high ? Find (a)
9.
10. 11.
12. 13.
(9n 1)
n =1
25
(b)
(3 5r )
r =2
61
The cost of publishing pages of a magazine, with up to 36 pages, is $3 for the first page, $2 92 for the second page, $2 84 for the third page and so on with the cost for each page being 8 less than for the previous page. Find the cost of publishing: (a) (b) the thirtieth page; a thirty page magazine.
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14.
The sum to n terms of an arithmetic series is 5n 2 11n . What is the common difference? A junior accountant is given a starting salary of $30 000 a year. The accountant is promised a $2300 raise each subsequent year. Find the accountants total earnings at the end of 10 years. A lecture theatre is designed with 15 seats in the first row, 18 seats in the second row, 21 seats in the third row, and so on. If the theatre is to have a capacity of at least 1000, how many rows must the theatre have ? Heidi decides to swim every day to improve her fitness level. On the first day she swims 750 metres, and on each day after that she swims 100 metres more than on the previous day. (a) (b) (c) (d) Write a formula for the distance she swims on the nth day. How far does she swim on the 10th day? What is the total distance she swims in the first 10 days? After how many days does the total distance she has swum equal the width of the English channel, a distance of 34 kilometres?
15.
16.
17.
18.
The sum of the first n terms of an arithmetic progression with a common difference of 4, is 21. The sum of the first 2n terms is 78. Find the first term. Postage stamps are issued in denominations varying by 1 cent from 1c to 10c and varying by 10 cents from 10c to $1. What is the cost of buying one stamp of each denomination? A wall is built to stop erosion. The wall consists of horizontal rows of concrete blocks laid end to end. The bottom row, row 1, has 120 blocks. Each of the rows 2,3,4..20, has 3 fewer blocks than the row below it. Above row 20 each row has 1 fewer block than the row below it. The top row has 10 blocks. (a) How many blocks are in row 20? (b) What is the total number of rows in the wall? (c) How many blocks are used in the construction of the wall?
19.
20.
1. 3. 5. 7. 9. 12. 14. 16. 17.

18. 20.
198 16, 2 2646 (i) 4650 20 years (a) 2900 10 22 rows (a) 650 + 100n
3 (a) 63 (b) 73
2. 4. 6. (ii) 70 200 (b) 9270 8. 11. 13. 15. (b) 1 65 km

19.
294 16 (a) 12 12 cm $1150 (a) 68 $403 500

(c) 12 km
$5 95
(b) 26
(b) $5520
(d) 20 days
(c) 3738
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EXERCISE 5-3A GEOMETRIC SEQUENCES
1.
Which of the following are geometric sequences? (a) 3, 16, 12, ... (b) 8, 2, 1 1 , , ... 2 8 (c) 2, 5, 11, 23, ...
2.
Given a and r in each of the following geometric progressions, find the indicated term. (a) a = 5, r = 2, find T6 . (b) a = 81, r = 2 , find T7 . 3 1 (c) a = , r = 2, find T9 . 9
3.
Find the first term and common ratio of a geometric sequence, given that T3 = 25 and 1 T5 = 156 . 4 Find the first term of the geometric progression whose 6th and 7th terms are 32 64 respectively. and 9 27 If x , x + 2, x + 6 are in geometric progression, find x and hence find the common ratio. Which term of the sequence 3, 6, 12, ... is equal to 384? If a sequence of numbers has a first term of 16 and each subsequent term is one quarter of the preceeding term: (a) (b) Write down the first five terms. Write a formula for Tn in terms of n .
4.
5.
6. 7.
8.
The numbers 2, a, b are in arithmetic progression and a, b, 9 are in geometric progression. Find a and b . A geometric progression has second term 6 and the ratio of the 6th term to the 7th term is 3. Find the 1st term. A diamond purchased for $1500 is increasing in value at the rate of 8% a year. Find its value after 12 years. A colony of bacteria is growing so that the number of bacteria doubles every hour. There are 2 bacteria at the start. (a) (b) How many bacteria would be present after 3 hours ? Using the formula for the nth term, determine the number of bacteria present after 24 hours.
9.
10.
11.
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12.
The population of a town is 10 000. Each year the population decreases by 10% of its value that year so that for example the population is 9000 after 1 year, 8100 after 2 years and so on. Find the population in 8 years time. A pump removes one quarter of the water that is in a tank every 15 minutes. If the tank initially holds 256 000 litres, how much water will remain in the tank after one hour? For the geometric progression 7, 14, 28,KK,224 find (a) (b) how many terms there are. how many terms are less than 1 000 000.
13.
14.
15.
Find a number which when added to each of 2, 6, 13 gives three numbers in geometric progression.
1. 2.
(b) (a) 160 (b) 7 1 9 4 9
9. 10. 11.
18 $3777.26 (a) (b) 16 bacteria 33 554 432 bacteria
(c) 28 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 4, 27 5 2
12. 13.
4304 81 000 litres
x = 2, r = 2 T8 (a) 16, 4, 1, 1 1 , 4 16 14. 15. (a) 10 3 6 (b) 18
(b) 16 4 n +1 = 4 3n 8. a = 4, b = 6 or a = 1 3 ,b= 4 2
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EXERCISE 5-3B GEOMETRIC SERIES
1.
Find the sum of the following geometric series: (a) (c) 1 + 3 + 9 + ... to 8 terms. 5 10 20 ... to 9 terms. (b) (d) 1 1 + + 1 + ... to 7 terms. 4 2
125 + 25 + 5 + K to 7 terms
2. 3.
How many terms of the series 2 + 6 + 18 + 54 + ... are needed to give a sum of 728? For the sequence 2, 2 3 , 6, K find : (a) the 10th term (b) the sum of the first 10 terms During vacation a student agrees to work for 14 days if she is paid one cent for the first day and her salary is doubled on each succeeding day. How much would she earn on the 14th day? How much would she earn over the whole 14 days? During the recess period, a Foundation student obtains a job working as a newspaper boy on Sunday mornings. He works at the rate of $4 for the first hour, $6 for the second hour and $9 for the third hour, and so on. How much will he receive if his job takes six hours ? CRAZIE CHARLIES sold $200 000 worth of stock in its first year of business. If the marketing manager predicts an annual growth in sales of 7% each year, find: (a) (b) the expected value of the sales in the eighth year. the total value of the sales in the first eight years.
4.
5.
6.
7.
The sum of the first 8 terms of a geometric progression is 17 times the sum of the first 4 terms. Find the common ratio. A student is trying to read an important text starting at 7pm on the evening before an exam. The text has 500 pages. The exam is at 9am. In the first hour he reads 60 pages but, because he gets tired, in each hour after the first the number of pages read is only 90% of the number read in the previous hour. Show that the student cannot read the complete text in time for the exam. (a) (b) Show that ln 3, ln 9, ln 81 are in geometric progression. Find the sum of the first 10 terms of the geometric series ln 3 + ln 9 + ln 81 + K
8.
9.
10.
The C-the-World travel agency sells 50 000 tickets in the year 2002 but the number of tickets sold decreases by 8% each year thereafter. (a) (b) Find the number of tickets sold in the year 2010. Find the total number of tickets sold from the start of 2002 to the end of 2010.
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11.
The price of shirts is increasing with inflation by 10% per annum, so that the price in 2 each year of the ten year period is given by P, 1 1 P, (1 1) P, .. You buy one shirt for each of the 10 years. (a) (b) Find an expression for the total amount you pay over the ten years. Hence find the initial price P, if the total price you pay is $900.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
(a) 3280 6 (a) 162 3
(b) 31 75
(c) -2555
(d) 156
31 125
(b) 242( 3 + 1)
$81 92, $163 83

$83 13
(a) $321 156 30 2 or 2 or 1
(b) $2 051 960 51
He can only read 462 pages in 14 hours. (b) 1023 ln 3 (a) 25 660 (a) S n =10 P(1 110 1) (b) 329 899 (b) $56 47 .
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EXERCISE 5-4 INFINITE GEOMETRIC SERIES
1.
Find the common ratios of each of the following infinite geometric series. State in each case whether a limiting sum exists or not. If it exists, determine its value. (a) (c) 72 + 24 + 8+... 8 + 8 + 8+... (b) (d) 8 + 24 + 72 +... 8 24 + 72 ...
2.
Find the limiting sum for each of the following infinite geometric series: 1 1 1 + ... (a) 4 + 2 + 1+... (b) 2 4 8
1 Evaluate k =1 4
k 1
3.
4.
Express each of the following repeating decimals as infinite geometric series and p hence write each in the form where p and q are integers. q (a)
04
(b)
067
(c)
0 37
5. 6. 7.
Find k if the following infinite series has limiting sum
15 : 4
3 3k + 3k 2 ...
Find the values of x for which 1 + 3 x + 9 x 2 + 27 x 3 + ... has a limiting sum. Find the infinite geometric series a + ar + ar 2 + ... in which the first term is 2 and the limiting sum is 8. An author writes a book, so that during the first day he writes 54 pages, during the 2 of the second day he writes 36 pages, and on each succeeding day he writes 3 number of pages of the preceding day. What is the maximum possible length of the book? The height of a tree was 10 metres and it grew by 2 metres during the next year. If in 2 each succeeding year the growth is of that of the previous year, find the maximum 3 possible height of the tree. A ball is dropped 12 metres onto a flat surface, rebounds to a height of 9 metres then falls to the flat surface again and rebounds this time to a height of 6 75 metres. The ball continues to fall and rebound in this way, on each rebound reaching a height 3 which is of the height of the previous rebound. If the ball is allowed to continue 4 until it stops, through what total distance does it travel?
8.
9.
10.
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11.
A pendulum oscillates through a distance of 3 cm on the first swing, 2 cm on the 2 second swing, and on each successive swing through a distance of the previous 3 swing. How far will the pendulum travel before eventually coming to rest ? A person weighing 140 kg went on a diet and lost 900 g on the first day. The loss for each day after the first was 90% of the loss of weight of the previous day. If the diet continued indefinitely, what value would the persons weight approach ? Find the first three terms of a geometric sequence given that the sum of the first four 2 terms is 21 and the sum to infinity is 27. 3 A government department decides to plant a pine forest in order to help protect the environment. In the first year 1000 trees are planted, in the second year 800 trees, and in each successive year the number planted is 80% of the number of trees planted in the previous year. (a) (b) Determine the maximum number of trees that will be planted. Determine the maximum number of trees that will be planted after the first 5 years.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Consider the geometric series 5 + 10 x + 20 x 2 + 40 x 3 + K (a) (b) For what values of x does this series have a limiting sum? The limiting sum of this series is 100. Find the value of x.
16.
A new music player, RK7, is released onto the market. In the first month 20 000 RK7 players are sold. In each successive month the sales are 85% of the previous months sales. How many RK7 players will eventually be sold assuming they continue to be sold indefinitely? A local council allows residents a 30% reduction in their next 2 quarterly bills for council rates if they install any two of the following items rain water tanks; energy saving light globes; temperature controlled hot water units; household water saving devices. In the first quarter of the first year 2500 residents take up the offer. In each successive quarter the number of residents who take up the offer is 75% of the number who did so in the previous quarter. (a) (b) (c) Determine the number of residents who take up the offer in the first 2 years. Determine the number of residents who will eventually take up the offer. If the average quarterly bill for council rates is $650 determine the total reduction allowed by council to residents who take up its offer.
17.
-209-
1.
1 (a) r = , S = 108 3 (c) r = 1, S does not exist (a) 8 4 3 (a) 4 9 1 5 (b) 67 99
(b) r = 3, S does not exist (d) r = 3, S does not exist (b) 1 3
2.
3.
4. 5. 6.
(c)
17 45
k=
1 1 <x< 3 3 3 4
7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.
a = 2, r =
162 pages 16m 84m 9 cm 131 kg
9, 6, 4 0r 45, 30 , 20 (a) 5000 (a) 1 1 <x< 2 2 (b) 1638 (b) x = 19 40
133 333 (a) 8998 (b) 10 000 (c) $3 900 000
-210-
Revision Exercises
UNITS 1 to 5
-211-
UNIT 1 Revision: Basic Number and Algebra Review

1. Calculate
( 23 7) 4 45 8 + 3 567
giving the answer correct to 3 significant figures.
2.
Express x is at least 5 but it does not exceed 8 using appropriate mathematical symbols. A baby platypus is 22 8 cm long. If this is a 45% increase over its original length at birth, find correct to 1 decimal place, the length of the platypus at birth.
ABC is right angled at A . The altitude from A to BC has length h cm and meets BC at point D . The lengths BD and DC are a cm and b cm respectively. (a) Use Pythagoras Theorem to show BC 2 = a 2 + b 2 + 2h 2 .
3.
4.
A h
(b) (c)
Hence show h 2 = ab . Find the area and perimeter of ABC in simplest surd form if a = 3 and b = 1 .
5.
The Venn diagram shows the number of elements in the sets. Use it to find the number of elements in each of the following sets: (a) (b) (c)
( P Q ) P Q P Q
U P 12 4 9 Q
6.
A = {3, 6, 9}, B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}, C is the set of positive odd integers less than 10 and U is the set of positive integers less than or equal to 10. Find: (c) (a) (b) n ( A ( B C )) n ( A B ) n(( A B C ) ) Simplify 1 (1 k ) 2 . If a + b = 6 and ab = 4 find the value of ( a + 1) (b + 1) .
7. 8.
9.
Find the value of x if
10.
93 x + x = 10 8 . Give the answer in scientific notation. 7 x x Find x in simplest form if a + = b + (a b) . b a
-212-
11.
A total of 11 trucks was used to carry 126 tonnes of iron. Some of the trucks carry 16 tonnes each, and the rest carry 6 tonnes each. Form an equation and solve it to find the number of 16 tonne trucks. Solve the following equations: (a)
a + 4 2a 3 a = 5 4 2
12.
(b)
w 3 2w 1 = 2w + 1 4w 3
l to l . g
(c)
2 a + =1 a +1 a 3
13.
Change the subject of the formula T = 2
14.
1 1 1 = + express x in terms of a and b , giving your answer as a single x a b fraction. If Solve the following inequalities: 3 x x 1 (b) (a) 2 Solve the inequality 1 7 3 x < 5 . When three consecutive odd numbers are added and then the answer doubled, the result is less than 186. Form an inequality and solve it to find the largest set of numbers to satisfy these conditions. Simplify 3 2 + 1 32 2 18 . 2
15.
m m 3m + <1 5 2 4
16. 17.
18.
19.
Write 3 50 + 2 18 32 in the form
k .
20.
Show that
1 5 +1
1 5 +3
is rational.
21.
Write the following in the form a n : (a)
a a
1 3
1 2
1 3
(b)
2 3
22. 23.
Simplify 16h 8h
giving your answer with positive indices.
Find the exact value of the following, leaving your answer in fraction form: (a)
100 81
3 2
(b)
3 3 8
2 3
24.
Simplify
2a 1b 2 (4a 2 b 2 ) 2 . (2ab 2 ) 3
-213-
25. 26. 27.
Solve:
(a)
25 x =
1 5
(b)
4 2 = 32 .
Expand 1 x{1 x (1 x )} and factorise the expression completely. Factorise fully: a 2 bc b + a 2 c (a) (c)
(b) (d)
10 x 3 13 x 2 y 9 xy 2
x 2 n +3 + x n+ 2 6 x
x 2 + 2x + 1 y 2
9n 1 . 3n 1
28.
Simplify
29.
1 1 Find the reciprocal of + . a b
30.
Simplify (a)
2a + 3 a 2 5 2
1 1 m n + 1 1 n m
(b)
x3 8 + x2 2 x
x 1 y 1 x 2 y 2
31.
Simplify:
(a)
(b)
32. 33.
If x 2 3 x = k find the values of x when k = 10 . Find the value of x if x < 0 and ( x 2) 2 = 6 . Give the answer correct to 2 decimal places.
34.
Solve:
(a)
k+
1 1 = 3+ 3 k
(b)
x 4 7 x 2 + 12 = 0
35.
Two trains each make a trip of 330 km. One of the trains travels 5 km/h faster than the other one and takes 30 minutes less time. (a) (b) If x is the speed of the slower train, express in terms of x , the time taken for each train to make a trip of 330 km. Form an equation and solve it to find the speeds of the trains.
36. 37. 38.
Solve 2 x 1 > 1 . Simplify 2 x + 5 + x 5 if x 4 . Solve 2 x + 1 = x 5 .

3m + 2n = 4 7 m n = 19
-214-
39.
Solve:
(a)
(b)
3x y = 10 x 2 + y 2 = 50
40.
Form two simultaneous equations and solve them to answer the following question: A theatre can hold 200 people. If the admission price was $5 per adult and $2 per child, find the number of each present if the theatre was full and the takings were $577. A ball is thrown upwards out of a window. Its height h metres above the ground at any time t seconds after being thrown is given by the equation h = 8 + 2t t 2 . (a) (b) (c) (d) Write down the height of the window above ground level. Find the time that the ball is in the air. Write h = 8 + 2t t 2 in the form h = c (t + k ) 2 . Find the maximum height of the ball.
41.
42. 43.
The minimum value of x 2 + 4 x + k is 13 . Find the value of k . Find the quotient and remainder when the polynomial 2 x 3 3x 2 + 7 is divided by ( x 2) . Without fully expanding, write down the degree, the leading term and the constant term of the polynomial P( x ) = (2 x + 1)(3 x )( x 9) . Write down the coefficient of the quadratic term in the expansion of x 2 2 x + 1 x 2 + x 3 . If the polynomial P( x ) = x 3 4 x 2 7 x + k is divided by (x 4) , the remainder is 2. Find the value of k .
44.
45. 46.
)(
47.
P(x ) = 3x 3 + ax 2 + x + b has (x 1) as a factor and leaves a remainder of 51 when divided by (x + 2) . Find the values of a and b .
When P(x ) is divided by ( x + 2)( x 3) the remainder is (2 x + 3) . Find the remainder when P(x ) is divided by ( x + 2) . The remainder when the polynomial P(x ) is divided by (x 2) is 7 , and the remainder when P(x ) is divided by (x + 3) is 2 . Find the remainder when the P(x ) is divided by x 2 + x 6 .
48.
49.
50.
Use the factor theorem to factorise 3x 3 + 5 x 2 4 x 4 and hence solve the polynomial equation 3 x 3 + 5 x 2 4 x 4 = 0 .
-215-
UNIT 1 Revision Answers

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27.
21 000
5 x8 15 7 cm
(c) Area = 2 3 cm 2 , Perimeter = (2 3 + 6) cm (a) 26 (a) 3

2k k 2 11 7 10 6 x = ab 16 x + 6 (11 x ) = 126 , x = 6
(b) 18 (b) 3
(c) 5 (c) 0
(a) a =
31 16
(b) w =
2 3
(c) a = 5
T 2g 4 2 ab x= a+b 5 (b) m > 20 (a) x 3 2 8 <x 3 3 2[ x + ( x + 2) + ( x + 4)] < 186 , 27, 29, 31 l=
2
578
1 rational 2
5 1
(a) a 6 2h 729 (a) 1000 4 (a) x = 1 2
(b) a 6 4 9 5 2 (b) x (5 x 9 y ) ( 2 x + y ) (d) x( x n +1 + 3) ( x n+1 2)
(b)
(b) x =
1 x + x 2 x 3 = (1 x) (1 + x 2 )
(a) (1 + c ) ( a 2 b) (c) ( x + 1 y ) ( x + 1 + y )
3n + 1 ab a+b
-216-
28. 29.
30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50.
(a) (a)
16 a 10 1
(b) x 2 + 2 x + 4 (b)
xy x+ y
x = 2, 5
x = 0.45 1 (a) k = , 3 3 330 330 , (a) x x+5 x < 0 x >1 3x no solutions (a) m = 2 n = 5
(b) x = 2 , 3 (b) 330 330 1 = , 55 km/h and 60 km/h x+5 x 2
(b) x = 1 y = 7 , x = 5 y = 5 (c) h = 9 (t 1) 2 (d) 9 m
59 adults and and 141 children (a) 8 m

k = 17
(b) 4 s
quotient = 2 x 2 + x + 2 , remainder = 11 degree = 3 , leading term = 2 x 3 , constant term = 27
4
k = 30 a = 7, b = 3
1
x+5
(x 1)(x + 2)(3x + 2) ;
x = 1, 2,
2 3
-217-
UNIT 2 Revision: The Number Plane, Functions and Graphs

1. Find the gradient of the straight line passing through the points ( a 2b, 2a b) and (b 2a, b) . Find, in simplest surd form, the length of the interval joining (3 5, 3) and ( 5,
3) .
2. 3.
A, B, C and D are four collinear points. The coordinates of B and D are (1, 3) and (3,1) respectively. Find the coordinates of A and C, if AB = BC = CD. The line 6 x ky = 4 passes through the point (3, 2). Find the value of k. In the diagram below, a straight line QM cuts the x-axis at Q (4, 0) and the y-axis at M (0, 3) . N is a point on the line and P is the point (0, 8). y P 8 M 3 Q N
4. 5.
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) 6.
Find the equation of the line QM. Show that the point (16, 15) lies on the line QM. By considering the lengths of the intervals MQ and MP, show that QMP is isosceles. Calculate the gradient of the line PQ. M is the midpoint of the interval QN. Find the coordinates of the point N. Show that NPQ is a right angle. Find the equation of the circle that passes through the points N, P and Q.
P (1, 2) is a point on the line 3 x + y 5 = 0 . Find the coordinates of the points on this line
which are a distance of 10 units from P. 7. By completing squares, show that x 2 + y 2 + 2 x 6 y 1 = 0 is the equation of a circle. Find the radius and centre of this circle. Given that f (t ) = t 3 + t , find the value of: (a)
8.
f (2)
(b) f ( 2)
(c) f (a ) + f ( a )
Is the function odd, even, or neither? Briefly give a reason. 9. Find g( x + 2) when g( x ) = x 2 + 2 x + 3 .
-218-
10.
Consider the function f (x ) = x n (x 1) .

n
(a) 11.
Simplify f x 2 f ( x ) f ( x + 1)
( )
(b) Hence find f x 4 f x 2 f x 2 + 1
( ) ( )(
A company produces and sells x million memory chips for computers where 0 < x 9 . The price demand equation is p ( x ) = 108 6 x where the price charged is $p per chip. The total production cost is C ( x) = 6 x 2 36 x + 132 million dollars. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) Find the price charged per chip when 8 000 000 chips are sold. How many chips are sold if the price charged per chip is $78 ? Sketch the graph of p ( x ) . Write C ( x ) in completing the square form. Sketch the graph of C ( x ) . Find the revenue function R ( x ) million dollars. Sketch the graph of R ( x ) . Find the profit function P ( x ) million dollars. (Give the answer in factorised form.) Find the profit when 9 000 000 chips are sold. Find the break-even point. Sketch the graph of P ( x ) .
(l) How many chips are sold to make a loss? (m) What price should be charged per chip to make the maximum profit? 12. An electric car manufacturing company produces and sells x thousand cars per month where 1 x 11 . The company finds that the monthly demand is 2000 cars at a price of $50 000 for each car. If the price is lowered to $20000, the monthly demand increases to 8 000 cars per month. (a) Find a linear function that models the price-demand relationship in the form p ( x ) = mx + b where p is the price in thousands of dollars and x is the number of cars sold in units of one thousand per month. Find the price for each car if the demand is 6 000 cars per month? Find the monthly revenue function R ( x) million dollars. Sketch a graph of the revenue function for 1 x 11 . Find the maximum monthly revenue and the demand that produces the maximum monthly revenue. What is the price per car that produces the maximum revenue per month?
(b) (c) (d) (e) (f) 13.
For the electric car company in the question above, the monthly cost of production (in millions of dollars) is C ( x ) = 50 + 10 x where x is the number of cars produced and sold in units of one thousand per month. C is in millions of dollars. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Sketch a graph of the monthly revenue and cost functions on the same set of axes. Find the break-even points correct to 3 decimal places. Find the car production outputs for which the cost of production exceeds the revenue. Find the profit function P ( x) . Find the number of cars produced and sold per month to achieve maximum profit and the price per car at which maximum profit occurs.
-219-
14.
State the domain and range for the following functions: 1 2 (a) y = (b) y = 2 x 2 8 x (d) y = | 2 x | (c) y = x 6 Find the domain for each of the following functions: x+5 x+2 (b) y = (c) y = x 2 x 2 (a) y = 2 x 1 x 7 x + 12 Show that (a) x 2 x . Hence sketch the graph of y = = 1+ . x2 x2 x2
15.
16. 17.
Sketch the graph of y = 5 4x x 2 . Make sure to show all essential features including the x- and y- intercepts and the co-ordinates of the vertex. Use your sketch to solve the inequality 5 4 x x 2 < 0.
(b) 18.
Use the graph of the two functions shown in the diagram below to solve the inequality 2x < 1 + x . y
y = 2x
(1,1)
y = 1+ x
(0,1)
O 19.
Sketch graphs of the following showing essential features: (a) 4 x = 0 (d) y = 4 x 2 (g) y = 4 x 2 (j) y = 4 x (m) y = 4 x (p) y = 4 x 3 (b) y = 4 x (e) y = 4 x (h) y = 4 x (k) y = 4 (n) y = 1 x (c) y = 4 x (f) y = (4 x )
2
(i) y = 4 x 2 1 x 4 1 (o) y = x 2 4 (l) y = (r) y = x ( 4 x )
1 4 x 1 (q) y = 4 x
20.
Sketch the following polynomials showing the x- and y- intercepts. (a)
y = ( x 1)( x + 1)(x + 3)2

Factorise x 6 5 x 4 + 4 x 2 .
(b)
y = 5( x 1)(x + 1)3
21.
(a) (b) (c)
Hence sketch the graph of y = x 6 5 x 4 + 4 x 2 . Find the values of x for which x 6 5 x 4 + 4 x 2 < 0 .
-220-
22.
2, if x 0 Consider f ( x ) = x + 2, if x 0
(a) (b) 23.
Evaluate: (i) f ( 2) Sketch the function.
(ii) f (0 )
(iii) f (2 )
(iv) f a 2
( )
2 x , Sketch the graph of f ( x ) = 2,
if x < 1 if x 1
24.
(a) (b)
On the same set of axes, sketch the graphs of y = x , y = x and y = x 2 . By using part (a) or otherwise, determine the values of c for which the equation x 2 = cx has exactly one solution.

1. 2 3
2. 4 2 3. A( 3, 5), C (1,1) 4. k = 7 5. (a) 3 x 4 y + 12 = 0 (d) 2 (e) (4, 6) ( g) x 2 + ( y 3) 2 = 25 6. (0, 5), (2, 1) 7. Centre ( 1, 3) , radius 9. x 2 + 6 x + 11 10. (a) 0 (b) 0 11. (b) (c)
108
11 .
8. (a) 10 (b) 10 (c) 0. Odd function
(a)
$60
(f)
R( x) = 108 x 6 x 2 = 6 x(18 x)
R
(9, 486)
(k)
P
(6, 300) (9, 192)
1 11
5 000 000
p (g)
132
(9, 54)
x (d) C ( x) = 6( x 3) 2 + 78 (e) C
(9, 294 )
18
(l) x
(0 < x < 1) ,
number 0< of chips < 1 000 000
(h)
P = 12 x 2 + 144 x 132 = 12( x 1) ( x 11)
(m)
$72
(i)
132
$192 000 000 1000 000 chips, ( x = 1)
(3, 78)
(j) x
-221-
12.
(a) p ( x ) = 5 x + 60 (d) R
(b) $30 000
(c) R ( x) = 60 x 5 x 2 (e) Rmax = $180 000 000 for 6000 cars/month
(6,180)
(f) $30 000
(1, 55)
(11, 55)
x
13.
(a) R
(b) x =1 127 or 8 873
(6,180)
(11,160)
(1, 60) (1, 55) (11, 55)
x (c) fewer than 1127 cars/month or more than 8 873 cars/month (d) P ( x ) = 5 x 2 10 x + 10 14.
(e) 5 000 cars/month @ $35 000 per car
(a) Domain = {x : x R, x 8} , Range = {y : y R, y 0} (b) Domain = {x : x R}, Range = {y : y R, y 2} (c) Domain = {x : x R, x 6} , Range = {y : y R, y 0} (d) Domain = {x : x R}, Range = {y : y R, y 0}
15. 16.
(a)
{x : x R, x 4,3}
y
(b) {x : x R, x 5, x 1} 17. (a)

y
(c) {x : x R, x 1, x 2} (b) x < 5, x > 1
( 2,9)
5 1 0 2 x
18.
0 < x <1
-222-
19. (a) 4 x = 0 y
(b) y = 4 x
y 4 x
(c) y = 4 x
y 4 x
(d) y = 4 x 2
y 4
(e) y = 4 x
y 4 2 x
0
(f) y = (4 x )
y 16 4 x
0
2 0
(g) y = 4 x 2
y 4
2 0
(h) y = 4 x
y 4
(i) y = 4 x 2
y 2 4 x 2 0 2 x
(j) y = 4 x
y 4 0 16 x
(k) y = 4 1 x
(l) y =
y 4 0
1 4
1 x 4
1 4
1 4
(m) y = 4 x
y 2 0 4 x
(n) y =
1 4 x
(o) y =
y
1 x2 4
y
1 4
1 4
1 2
1 2
-223-
(p) y = 4 x 3
y 4
(q) y =
1 4 x
1 4
(r) y = x (4 x )
y 4 0 2 4 x
y
20.
(a)
y
(b)
y
1 0
9
1 0
5
21.
(a) x 2 (x 1)( x + 1)(x 2 )( x + 2 )
(b)
y
2
(c) 2 < x < 1 1 < x < 2
1 0
22.
(a) (i) 2 (b)
(ii) 2
(iii) 4
y 2
(iv) 2
23.
( 1,2) ( 1,1)
0 y
(1,2) (1,1)
x
24.
(a)
(b) c 1, c < 1, c = 0
y = x
2
y=x
y = x2
-224-
Unit 3 Revision: Differential Calculus

1. Differentiate each of the following with respect to x : 1 (a) 3x 2 5 x + 9 (b) 4 x3 4 2x 5 (e) (3 x 7 ) (d) 7 3 2x (h) x 2 x 3 9 (g) x+5
(c) (f) (i) (l)
9 x
9 x2
(9 x 1)2
b c 1 x 2
(j)
x 5 (1 x )7
(k)
(1 3x )
2 2
(m)
1 2
x x
2.
Find (a)
d2y for each of the following : dx 2 x +1 8x 4 (c) (b) 2x
5(9 3x )8
(d)
(x
+1
3.
dy f (x + h ) f (x ) = lim to find the derivative of x 2 7 x from first dx h 0 h principles. Check the result by using the basic differentiation rule. Use the formula (a) Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y = x 3 3 x + 2 at the point where
x=2 .
4.
(b)
Find the gradient of the normal to the curve y = the y-axis.
1 at the point where it crosses 3x 2
5.
(a) (b)
Find
Find the equation of the normal to the curve x 2 + y 2 = 17 at the point (1, 4) .
dy if x 3 + 3 xy + y 2 = 7 . dx
6.
Find each of the following limits if they exist: 3x 2 x (b) lim 2 (a) lim 2 x 2 x + 1 x 2 x 4 (c) (e)
lim
x 3 27 x 3 6 x 2 54 x2 lim x 2 2 x 4
(d) (f)
x 0
lim x 2 + 4 +
3x x + 2x
2
9x x 0 4 x 2 lim
-225-
7.
The ozone level P(t ) parts per billion on a summer day in a metropolitan area is given by
P (t ) = 80 + 12t t 2 where t is the time in hours after 9am .
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Find the ozone level at noon. Find the average rate of change of the ozone level between 9am and 2pm. Find the rate at which the ozone level is increasing at noon. Find the time of day when the ozone level is decreasing at a rate of 8 parts per billion per hour.
8.
Consider the piecemeal function:
x for x 2 f (x) = x + k for x > 2 2 where k is a constant such that the function is continuous for all x.
(a) (b) (c) (d) 9. Find the value of k . Sketch the graph of the function. State the values of x for which the function is not differentiable, giving reasons. Find f ( 2) and f (3) .
A boat is on the water 6 metres vertically below the level of a jetty and is being drawn in towards the jetty by means of a straight cable attached to the boat and passing through a ring on the jetty. The cable is being pulled in at a rate of 0 5 metres per second. Find the speed at which the boat is moving across the water at the instant when it is at a horizontal distance of 24 metres from the jetty. Answer in simplest surd form. The price demand equation for a product is given by p = 400 x where x items are demanded when the price per item is $p . (a) (b) (c) (d) Find all possible values of x . Find the demand when the price per item is $250 . Find the rate of change of price with respect to demand when the demand is 2 000 items. If demand is increasing at a constant rate of 4 000 items per week find the rate of change of price at the time when the price is $300
10.
11.
Consider the function f ( x ) = x 3 3 x 2 + 3 x + 7 . (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Find f ( x ) and f ( x ) . Find any stationary points and determine their nature. Solve f (x ) = 0 . Hence sketch the graph of the curve y = f ( x ) . Find the x-coordinates of the points on the curve y = f ( x ) where the gradient is 4. Express f (x ) in the form ( x a) 3 + b .
-226-
12.
Consider the curve y = x 4 12 x 2 . (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Show that the curve is symmetrical about the y-axis. Find the stationary points and determine their nature. Find the points of inflection. Find the x-intercepts. Sketch the curve showing the features found above. Find the values of k for which the equation x 4 12 x 2 = k has no solutions.
13.
Consider the function f ( x ) = 2 x 3 3 x 2 12 x + 8 and the curve y = f ( x ) . Find the values of x for which: (a) (b) (c) the function is decreasing. the curve is concave up. both the function is increasing and the curve is concave down.
4 is concave up. x2
9 2 x x
9 x2 54 (9 x 1) 3 b
x 4(c 2 )
3 2
14.
Find the values of x for which the curve y = x + 1 +

1. (a) (d) (g) (j) (m) 2. (a) (c) 3. 4. 5. 6.
6x 5
2 7 13 ( x + 5) 2
(b) (e) (h) (k)
3 4x4
(c) (f) (i) (l)
15(3 x 7) 4
5 x 4 18 x
4x
3
x 4 (1 x ) 6 (5 12 x )
3 4
1 3x 2
96 x 2
(b) (d)
2520 (9 3 x ) 6
1 x3 8 ( x 2 + 1) 2 (7 x 2 + 1)
dy = 2x 7 dx (a) (a) (a) (c) (e)

y = 9 x 14
(b) (b) (b) (d)
4 3
dy 3( x 2 + y ) = dx 3x + 2 y
6 5 3 4 1 2
y = 4x
7 2 1 4
(f)
limit does not exist
7.
(a) (c)
107 parts/billion 6 parts/billion/hour
(b) 7 parts/billion/hour (d) 7 pm

-227-
8.
(a)
k =1
(b)
y
( 2, 2 )
(c)
x = 0, 2 ; sharp corners
(d)
1 f (2) = 1; f (3) = 2
9. 10.
17 m/sec. 8
(a) (c) (a) (b) (d)
0 x 160 000 $0.01 / item
(b) (d)
x = 22 500 $20 / week
11.
f ( x) = 3 x 2 6 x + 3; f ( x ) = 6 x 6
(1, 8) HPI y
(c) (e)
x = 1
x=
32 3 3
(f)
f ( x ) = ( x 1)3 + 8
(1, 8)
1
12. (a) (b) (c) (d)
Show f ( x ) = f ( x ) Maximum TP at (0, 0), minimum TPs at ( 6 ,36) and ( 6 ,36) Points of inflection at ( 2 ,20) and ( 2 ,20)
0, 12 , 12
(e)
( 0, 0 )
12
( 2 , 20) ( 2 , 20) ( 6 ,36) ( 6 ,36)
12
(f) 13. 14.
k < 36
(a)
x0
1 < x < 2
(b)
x>
1 2
(c)
x < 1
-228-
UNIT 4 Revision: Logarithmic and Exponential Functions

1. Find the exact value of : (a) 2 4 2. (b) 2 3 (c) 4
3 2
(d) 49 05
(e) + 93 3
( )
1 2
Solve each equation:
(a) x 3.
1 2
=2
(b) x = 4
2 3
(c) x = 4 x
1 2
1 2
8x 2 = 32 (d) 4 x 2
Give the value of each of the following correct to 3 decimal places. (a)
1 e2
(b) e e
(c) e
4.
Evaluate the following without using a calculator: (a) log10 10 (b) log 2 0 125 (c) log4 4 (d) log 4 8 (e) log 4 0 25
5.
Express each of the following in logarithmic form: (a) a y = x (d) x = ae by (b) y = e x (e) a y +1 = e 2 x (c) x = 1 e y (f) 10 y = x + 10
6.
Find the value of the pronumeral in each of the following. (a) log x 25 = 2 (b) log9 27 = m 3 (e) log 3 (5 x + 1) = 2 (d) log y 8 = 4 (g) log 4 x log 4 ( x + 3) = 1 (c) log 8 4 = w (f) log 5 (9 x 4) = 1
7.
Express as a single logarithm: (a)

log a 2 log a
(b) log a 2 + 3 log b 2 2 log ab (c) 2(ln x ln( x 1) ln( x + 1) )
8.
Use the laws of logarithms to evaluate:
(a) log a a 2 + logb b 2 (b) log10 20 log10 5 2 log10 2 (c) log a 2 b 2 log (a + b ) log (a b ) 9. Show that (a) 10.
log a x + x 2 1 + log a x x 2 1 = 0
(b) 2 x + ln 1 + e 2 x = ln 1 + e 2 x
) (
If log b 2 = a and log b 3 = c , evaluate: (a) logb 4 (b) log b 24 (c) log b (72b )
(d) log b 4b 2
( )
11.
Write a relationship between x and y that does not involve logarithms. (a) log a y = log a x (c) log e y = log e 2 + 3 log e x (e) log e y = log e c + n log e x (b) 2 log a y = log a x (d) log10 y = 1 + 2 log10 x (f) log10 y = 1 + 5 log10 x
-229-
12.
Solve each of the following: 1 1 (b) log10 x = 2 + log10 8 (a) log10 x = log10 2 8 (d) (ln x + 2 )(ln x + 1) = 0 (e) log x 3 = 1 + log x 9
(c) log10 x =
log10 2 log10 8 log10 2
(f) 2 ln x = ln( 2 x + 3)
13.
Solve each of the following exponential equations, giving your answer correct to 3 significant figures. (a) 5 x = 10 (d) e 2 x = 10 x +1 (b) 0 5 x = 0 1 (e) 31+ x = 41 x (c) 4 2 x1 = 0 1 (f) 10e 3a 7 = 5
14.
Evaluate the following correct to 2 decimal places: 3 (a) log2 3 (b) log2 2 If x =
(c) log 2 0 6
15.
log e y , express y in terms of x and hence express log log e a
a in terms of x .
16. 17.
Given that log10
x = kt and t = 10 when x = 30 , find the value of x when t = 20 . 50
Solve the following inequalities (a) 2 x > 7 (b) 0 3 x <

log10 3 . log 2 3
4 3
(c) 2 x+1 > 7 x+2
18.
Solve for x if log10 x =
19. 20.
Show that log 1 x = log a x . Hence or otherwise solve log x 2 = log3 x 2 .

a
If x = log a 16 (where a > 0 ), show that: x x = log 4 a 4 (b) = log 2 a 2 (a) x+2 x+4 Simplify: (a)
21.
log a x a y
log a log b
(a)
log x a y a
22.
= (bx) If (ax ) terms of a and b.
, where a and b are positive ( a b , a 1 , b 1 ), express x in
23.
Sketch graphs of the following exponential functions showing all the essential features: (a) y = 4 x
x 2
(b) y = 0 8 x
x
(c) y = 3 x
x+2
(d) y = 1 2 x
24.
x 1 (f) y = 2e + 1 (g) y = 2 (h) y = 2 (e) y = e 2 The number of bacteria in a culture, after t hours is given by N = N 0 e 04t . If there are
5 106 bacteria present initially, find the number of bacteria present after 10 hours .
-230-
25.
The table below shows the population of two towns A and B at the beginning of 2005 and 2010. 2005 1 2 107 6 10 6 2010 1 3 107 9 2 10 6
A B
The population size is given by N (t ) = ab t where t is the number of years after 2005. Find: (a) (b) 26. the values of a and b for town A . the values of a and b for town B .
The barometric pressure at any point h km above sea level is given by p = 1030e 0124 h . Find (a) (b) (c) the barometric pressure at a height of 12 km. the barometric pressure at sea level. the height at which the barometric pressure is half that at sea level.
27.
Which of the following functions has an inverse function ? 5x +5 (a) f ( x ) = x 4 2 (b) f ( x ) = 3 For each of the following functions find the inverse function. (a) f (x ) = 3x 4 (d) f (x ) = log 2 (3x 1) (g) f ( x ) = x 2 + 1 , x 1 (b) f (x ) = x 3 (e) f ( x ) = 1 2x + 3
(c) f ( x ) = ln x
28.
(c) f ( x ) = e x + 1 (f) f (x ) = 3x 7 x +1 1 2
(h) f ( x ) = x 2 9 , x 0
2 (i) f ( x ) = (2 x 1) , x
29.
Sketch both f and f (a)
on the same diagram for each of the following: (b)

f (x ) = x 3
f (x ) = 2 x + 1
30. 31. 32. 33.
Assuming that f has an inverse function, find f 1 (7 ) if f (15) = 7 .
3x5 . Find the value of x if f 1 (x ) = 1 . Let f ( x ) = 2 x +1

Let f (x ) = 3 x + 1 5 . Find f 1 (3) . Sketch the following functions, showing essential features. 1 (c) y = ln ( x ) (a) y = ln 2 x (b) y = ln x (f) y = 1 + log 2 ( x + 1) (d) y = log 5 x (e) y = log05 x
-231-

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. (a) 16 (a) (a) (a) (a) (d) 6. 7. 8. 10. 11. (a) (b) 1 8 (c) 8 4 (d) 1 7 (e) 30
1 (b) 8 (c) 4 1 649 (b) 15 154 1 (b) 3 (c) 2 y = log a x (b) x 1 y = log e (e) b a 3 1 x= (b) m = (c) 5 2 (b)
(d) 2 (c) 23141 1 2 (e) 1
(d) 1
(a) log a
(a) 4 (b) 0 (c) (a) 2 a (b) 3a + c (c) (a) xy = 1 (b) y 2 = x (c) (d) y = 10 x 2 (e) 1 (a) (b) 800 (c) 64 (a) 1 43 (b) 3 32 (c) (a) 1 58
12. 13. 14.
x = loge y (c) y = log e (1 x ) 2x (f) y = log10 (x + 10) 1 y= log e a 2 8 w= (d) y = 16 (e) x = (f) x = 1 (g) x = 1 5 3 2 x (c) ln 2 4 log b x 1 0 3a + 2c + 1 (d) 2a + 2 3 y = 2x y = cx n (f) 10 y = x 5 1 1 1 10 (d) , 2 (e) (f) 3 3 e e 0 331 (d) 7 61 (e) 0 116 (f) 2 10
(b) 0 58 (c) 0 74 2 15. y = a x , log y a = x 16. 18 17. (a) x > 2 81 2

y x 1 x= ab (a)
(b) x > 0 24
(c) x < 2 55
18. 21. 22. 23.
19. x = (b) log x y
3 3
(a)
(b)
y 0 x y
(c)
y
(d)
1
0 x
-1 1
0 x
1
0 x
(e)
y
(f)
y
(g)
y
(h)
-3 3 1
x
0
7 / 4
1 -2
x -232-
1 0
24. 25. 26. 27. 28.
91578
(a) a = 1 2 107 , b = 12 (a) 232 6 (b) 1030 (a) no (b) yes f 1 ( x ) =
13 5
3( x 5) 5
1
23 5 (b) a = 6 10 6 , b = 15 (c) 5 59 km
(c) yes (c) f
1
(x ) = e x
x+4 3 x 2 +1 (d) f 1 ( x ) = 3 (a) f 1 ( x ) = (g) f 1 ( x ) = x 1
(b) f 1 (x ) = x 3 (e) f 1 ( x ) = 1 3x 2x
(x ) = ln (x 1)
(h) f 1 (x ) = x + 9
29.
(a) f 1 ( x ) =
x 1 2
y 4 3 2 1
x+7 3 x 1 x (i) f 1 ( x ) = 2 (f) f 1 (x ) = (b) f 1 (x ) = 3 x
f(x) = 2x +1
y 4
f(x) = x
f(x) = x 1 2
1 2 3 x
-3 -2 -1
3 2 1 1 -1 -2 -3 -4 2
f(x) = 3 x
3 x
-3
-2
-1 -1 -2 -3 -4
30. 33.
15 (a)
y
31.
3 2 (b)
y
32. 21 (c)
y
1 2
-1 0
(d)
(e)
(f)
1
1 0 2
-233-
UNIT 5 Revision: Sequences and Series

1. Give the first four terms of the sequences whose nth terms are given. (a)
Tn = 3
1 Tn = 0
(b)
Tn = 100+ n
for n a multiple of 3 for n not a multiple of 3
(c)
2. 3. 4. 5.
A sequence satisfies Tn = n + Tn1 + Tn 2 , with T1 = 1 and T2 = 1 . Find T3 and T 4 . Which term in the sequence given by Tn = 6n 5 is equal to 217? If Tn = 70 + 4n (for n = 1, 2, 3,K ) find how many terms are negative. State the number of terms in each of the following series: (a)
Tn
n =1
(b)
Gn
n =5
11
(c)
n= j
Hn
6.
(a) (b)
Rationalise the denominator of Find the exact value of
. n + n +1 1 1 1 1 + + + ... + . 1+ 2 2+ 3 3+ 4 99 + 100
7.
For the following arithmetic sequences, find an expression for the nth term. (a) (c)
1, 5, 9, K 3 + x, 3 + 2 x, 3 + 3 x, K
(b) (d)
25, 21, 17, K 4 + x, 4 + 3 x, 4 + 5 x, K
8. 9.
Find the 6th and 20th terms of the arithmetic sequence 12, 16, 20, 24, K The first term of an arithmetic sequence equals 59. The last term is 29. How many terms are there in this sequence if the common difference equals 3? The last term in the arithmetic sequence 68, 62, 56, 50, K is the only negative term. How many terms are there in the sequence? The following arithmetic series have 16 terms. Find their sum. (a)
2 + 5 + 8 + 11 + K + 47
10.
11.
(b)
12 10 8 6 + K + 18
20
12.
Find the value of each of the following: (a)
(3r 2)
r =1
15
(b)
i =10
(20 i )
30
(c)
2k + 2
k =1
-234-
13.
The third and tenth terms of an arithmetic series are 3 and 25 respectively. (a) (b) Find the first term and common difference of the series. Find the sum of the first fifty terms of the series.
14.
The sum of the first n terms of a series is given by S n = 22n n 2 . (a) (b) (c) (d) Find the first term of the series. Find the sum of the first 11 terms, the sum of the first 10 terms and hence the value of the eleventh term. Find a formula for the nth term of the series. Use the formula for the nth term to write down the first three terms of the series.
15. 16.
2 For a certain series, S n = n + 4n . Find the value of T6 + T7 + T8 + T9 .
The first term of an arithmetic series is 3 and the last term is 127. Find the number of terms in this series if its sum is equal to 2080. A sales team sells 120 cars in its first month of operation. They plan to increase their sales by 8 cars each month. Find the number of cars they plan to sell: (a) (b) in the last month of the third year of operation. over the entire three year period.
17.
18.
A simple string instrument is shown in the diagram. The difference between the lengths of adjacent strings is a constant, so that the lengths of the strings are the terms of an arithmetic series. The shortest string is 44 cm long and the longest string is 60 cm. The sum of the lengths of all the strings is 1092 cm. (a) (b)
60cm 44 cm
Find the number of strings. Find the difference in length between adjacent strings.
19.
A water tap and n apple trees are in a straight line as shown in the diagram below.
8m water tap first tree 5m
5m second tree third tree
5m fourth tree
The water tap is 8 metres from the first tree, and the distance between trees is 5 metres. A farm hand waters the trees by carrying a bucket of water from the tap to each tree and then returning to the tap. Thus she walks 8 + 8 = 16 metres to water the first tree, 26 metres to water the second tree, and so on. (a) (b) (c) How far does the farm hand walk to water the kth tree? How far does the farm hand walk to water all n trees? The farm hand walks 2014 metres to water all the trees. How many trees are there?
-235-
20.
The diagram shows a pattern made with matches. Shown is the first row, the first two rows and the first three rows of the pattern.
1 row 2 rows 3 rows
(a) (b) (c) (d) 21.
How many matches are used in the first row? How many extra matches are used to make: (i) the second row? (ii) the third row? How many extra matches are required for the tenth row? How many matches in total are required to complete 10 rows?
x, x 2 and 7x (where x 0 ) are three consecutive terms of an arithmetic series.
(a) (b) 22.
Show that 2 x 2 8 x = 0 . What is the common difference of this arithmetic series?
2 2 2 The sum of the first 10 terms of the series log2 + log2 2 + log2 3 + .... is equal to x x x 210 . Find the value of x.
The sixth term of an arithmetic series is 38. Given that the common difference of the series is equal to k, find expressions in terms of k for: (a) (b) the first term of the series. the sum of the first 20 terms of the series.
C .. D .. . . . . . . . B . A .
23.
24.
A particular spiders web is made up of a series of regular hexagons with a common centre. Some of the hexagons are shown in the diagram. The hexagons are held together by rays passing through the centre O. The vertices of the smallest hexagon are 4 cm from the centre O, the vertices of the next are 2 cm further away and they continue at 2 cm intervals along the rays until the vertices of the last hexagon ABCDEF are 48 cm from O. (a) (b) (c)
.. O4 2 2 2 2
..
F E How many hexagons are there? What is the length, in cm, of the perimeter of the smallest hexagon? Find the total length of thread used by the spider in making this web (including the six rays from O).
25. 26.
Which term of the geometric sequence 1, 2, 4, 8, K is equal to 512? Find the number of terms in these geometric sequences: (a)
1, 2, 4, 8, K ,1024
(b)
-236-
12, 6, 3,
3 3 , K, 2 128
27.
Find the number which, when subtracted from each of 7, 11 and 19, forms a geometric sequence. The first 3 terms of a sequence are both arithmetic and geometric. Show that the terms are all equal. How many terms of the geometric series 4 + 8 + 16 + 32 + L are needed to give a sum of 2044? Find the limiting sum for each of the following infinite geometric series: (a)
28.
29.
30.
4 + 2 +1+L
(b)
1 1 1 + L 2 4 8
31.
The second term of a geometric series is equal to 6 and the ratio of the seventh term to the sixth term is 3. (a) (b) (c) Find the common ratio r. What is the first term a? Calculate the sum of the first 12 terms.
32.
The diagram shows similar right-angled triangles arranged in a spiral that continues indefinitely. Each smaller triangle has sides that are half as long as the preceding triangle. Find the total area covered by the spiral, given that the triangles do not overlap. (All lengths are in cm.)
18
4 5
2 5
5 10
33.
The third and sixth terms of a geometric series are 8 and k respectively, where k is a constant. (a) (b) (c) Find the common ratio of the series in terms of k. Find the first term of the series in terms of k. Find the sum of the first nine terms of the series, given that k = 4 .
34.
The first three terms of a geometric series are (3m + 1), (2m 1) and (m + 1) respectively, where m is a non-zero constant. (a) Find the value of m. (b) Find the limiting sum of the series.
35.
The first term and common ratio of a geometric series are 2 3 respectively. Find the following in the form a + b 3 : (a) the second term of the series
and
3 1
(b) the limiting sum of the series
36.
(a) (b)
Find the limiting sum of the geometric series 2 + Explain why the geometric series 2 +
2 2 +1
2 2 1
2 +1
+ ... .
2 + 2 1
+ ... ..does not have a limiting sum.
-237-
37. 38.
For what values of x does the geometric series 9 + 15 x + 25 x 2 + K have a limiting sum? The Koch Snowflake is constructed in stages. Starting with an equilateral triangle, new equilateral triangles are added to the middle third of each side. New equilateral triangles are then added to each side of this shape, and then to this new shape, and so on, leading to the Koch Snowflake:
Stage 0
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
From Stage 0 to Stage 1, the shape increases in area by a factor of one-third. Thereafter, the shape increases by a fraction (four-ninths) of the previous increase. Let the area of the equilateral triangle in Stage 0 be A 0 . (a) Complete the following table showing the increase in area of the shape for various stages. Stage Increase in area (b) 1 2 3 4 5 n
A0 3
4 A0 9 3
2 3 4 A0 4 A0 3 9 3 9
The area of the shape at Stage n is given by:

n1 A0 4 4 2 4 1 + + + L + 3 9 9 9 n 1 4 Show that this equals 8 3 A0 . 5 9
A0 +
(c)
The area of the Koch snowflake is the sum of the infinite series:
A0 4 4 2 4 3 1 + + + + L A0 + 3 9 9 9 Find the area of the Koch snowflake.

Note: The perimeter of the shape increases at each stage (by the factor perimeter of the Koch snowflake is infinite but its area is finite! 4 ). Hence, the 3
-238-

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. (a) 3, 3, 3, 3 5 , 10 T37 17 (a) 8 (a) (b) 7 (c) k j + 1 (b) 9 (b) Tn = 29 4n (d) Tn = 4 + ( 2 n 1) x (b)
101, 102 , 103 , 104
(c) 0, 0, 1, 0
n +1 n
(a) Tn = 4n 3 (c) Tn = 3 + nx 32 , 88 11 (a) 392 (a) 330 (a) 11, 4 (a) 72 (a) (a) (a) 21
10. 13 (b) 48 (b) 0 (b) 4350
(c) 430 (d) 21 , 19 , 17
(b) 121 , 120 , 1 (c) 23 2 n 16. 32 400 (b) 9360 21 (b) 0 8 cm (b) n(5n + 11) metres (10 k + 6) metres (a) 7 (b)(i) 11 (b)(ii) 15 (b) 12 x = 16 (a) 38 5k (b) 760+ 90k (a) 23 (b) 24 cm (c) 3876 cm T10 (b) 10
(c) 19 (c) 43 (d) 250
(a) 11 3 9 (a) 8 (a) 3 120 cm2 k (a) 2 (a) 8 (a) 1 + 3
1 3 (b) 2 (b) (b)

32 k2 125 (b) 2
(c) 531440 (c) 342
(b) 7 + 4 3
(a) 2 + 2 (b) For a limiting sum to exist, r < 1
3 3 <x< 5 5 (c)
n 1 4 A0 4 4 A0 (a) , 3 3 9 9
8 A0 5
-239-
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Tutorial Book Exercises SEMESTER 1

Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Unit 4 Unit 5

Basic Number and Algebra Review

EXERCISE 1-1 PRACTICE IN USE OF Casio fx-82AU PLUS CALCULATORS

SET UP YOUR CALCULATOR to MATHS mode Press: SHIFT SET UP 1

LINE mode, especially when we want to work

MEMORY To put a number into the memory say 2505 press:

To clear the main memory press:

USING THE CALCULATOR Example 1 To calculate 3.5 x

You will get 7.370512032

You will get 0.278137814

You will get 28.52921108

To calculate (5.41 10 15 ) (1.25 10 3 ) press:

You will get 4.328 10 12

Answers [not rounded]

0 1795871221 5 656854249 2 114742527 0 01308599297

(ANSWERS to questions 13-20 are at the end of this exercise)

(c) (d) 16.

Find the value of each expression to 4 significant figures : (a)

. )6 974 (10775 (16 8) 2 + (12 9) 2

ANSWERS (questions 13-20)

13.(a) 33300000 14.(a) 2 20 10 5 15.(a) 4 7 10 8

(b) (b) (b)

(c) (c) (c)

(d) (d) (d)

16.(a) 331 2 (e) 448 7 17.(a) $53.76 18. $8640

(b) (f) (b)

2 209 4 730 $31.66

(g) (h) (i)

(m) (n) (o) (p) (q) (r) (s)

2. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i)

(k) (l) (m) (n) (o) (p) (q) (r)

EXERCISE 1-2A ANSWERS

(a) 2, 3, 5 (f) 0.16 (k) 18.75%

(g) 3.5% (l) 2 : 5 (b) 4 6 x (g) 7 (l) p 5 (q) z 10 (b) <

(a) 3 + 2 (f) 2 x = 5 (k) w > 0 (p) y 6

(s) 3 < p 1 (t) k 0 (e) (c) 0.12 (f)

(a) (a) 14, 11,

9 , 25, 0, 16, 1, 53 (e) 11, 9 , 53 (i) 14, 11, (k) , 7,

& (b) 3.6

(d) 14, 25, 16 (h) 14 (j) 7

EXERCISE 1-2B THE REAL NUMBER SYSTEM Set 1

To which set [rational or irrational] do the following belong?

Answer T(true) or F(false): (a) 25 > 23 (b) 1 > 0 3 3 (c) 2 16 < 2 17

Illustrate each of the following on a number line:

1. (a) rational 2. (a) F 3.(a) 2 (c)

(b) rational (b) T

(c) irrational (c) F (b)

EXERCISE 1-2B THE REAL NUMBER SYSTEM Set 2

2. (a) {2, 4,}

(c) Unreal (f) >

(g) Integer, Rational, Real

EXERCISE 1-3A SETS

(c) (f) (i)

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)

(g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l)

X and Y are disjoint sets. If n ( X ) = 23 and n (Y ) = 15, find:

Given n ( A) = 5 , n ( B) = 12 and A B, find: (a) n ( A B) (b)

EXERCISE 1-3A ANSWERS

(a) (c) (e)

P = {4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11}