LithologyWireline General

Density and NGS* Natural Gamma Ray Spectrometry Tool

Mineral IdenticationOpen Hole

Purpose This chart is a method for identifying the type of clay in the wellbore. The values of the photoelectric factor (Pe) from the Litho-Density* log and the concentration of potassium (K) from the NGS Natural Gamma Ray Spectrometry tool are entered on the chart. Description Enter the upper chart with the values of Pe and K to determine the point of intersection. On the lower chart, plotting Pe and the ratio of thorium and potassium (Th/K) provides a similar mineral evaluation. The intersection points are not unique but are in general areas dened by a range of values.

Example Given:

Find: Answer:

Environmentally corrected thorium concentration (ThNGScorr) = 10.6 ppm, environmentally corrected potassium concentration (KNGScorr) = 3.9%, and Pe = 3.2. Mineral concentration of the logged clay. The intersection points from plotting values of Pe and K on the upper chart and Pe and Th/K ratio = 10.6/3.9 = 2.7 on the lower chart suggest that the clay mineral is illite.

Lith

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LithologyWireline

Density and NGS* Natural Gamma Ray Spectrometry Tool

Mineral IdenticationOpen Hole

Lith-1
(former CP-18)

10

8 Glauconite Chlorite 6 Photoelectric factor, Pe 4 Illite Muscovite Biotite

Montmorillonite 2 Kaolinite

0 0 2 4 6 8 10 Potassium concentration, K (%)

10

8 Glauconite Biotite 6 Photoelectric factor, Pe 4 Mixed layer Illite Muscovite 2 Montmorillonite Kaolinite Chlorite

Lith

0 0.1

0.2

0.3

0.6

10

20

30

60

100

Thorium/potassium ratio, Th/K

*Mark of Schlumberger Schlumberger

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LithologyWireline

NGS* Natural Gamma Ray Spectrometry Tool

Mineral IdenticationOpen Hole

Lith-2
(former CP-19)

25
Th/K = 25
12
Possible 100% kaolinite, montmorillonite, illite clay line

Th /K =

100% illite point

20

Heav y tho rium -bea ring mine rals

Kaolinite
K= Th/ 3.5

15 Thorium (ppm) 10

~70% illite
lay er c -lay d e Mix

M on tm or illo nit e

Illite

= 2.0 Th/K ~40% mica

Micas

~30% glauconite
Glauconite

Th/K = 0.6
Th/K = 0.3

e orit Chl
0 0 1 2

Feldspar

3 Potassium (%)

Potassium evaporites, ~30% feldspar 4

*Mark of Schlumberger Schlumberger

Lith

Purpose This chart is used to determine the type of minerals in a shale formation from concentrations measured by the NGS Natural Gamma Ray Spectrometry tool. Description Entering the chart with the values of thorium and potassium locates the intersection point used to determine the type of radioactive minerals that compose the majority of the clay in the formation.

A sandstone reservoir with varying amounts of shaliness and illite as the principal clay mineral usually plots in the illite segment of the chart with Th/K between 2.0 and 3.5. Less shaly parts of the reservoir plot closer to the origin, and shaly parts plot closer to the 70% illite area.

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LithologyWireline

Platform Express* Three-Detector Lithology Density Tool

Porosity and LithologyOpen Hole

Purpose This chart is used to determine the lithology and porosity of a formation. The porosity is used for the water saturation determination and the lithology helps to determine the makeup of the logged formation. Description Note that this chart is designed for fresh water (uid density [f] = 1.0 g/cm3) in the borehole. Chart Lith-4 is used for saltwater (f = 1.1 g/cm3) formations. Values of photoelectric factor (Pe) and bulk density (b) from the Platform Express Three-Detector Lithology Density (TLD) tool are entered into the chart. At the point of intersection, porosity and lithology values can be determined.

Example Given:

Find: Answer:

Freshwater drilling mud, Pe = 3.0, and bulk density = 2.73 g/cm3. Freshwater drilling mud, Pe = 1.6, and bulk density = 2.24 g/cm3. Porosity and lithology. For the rst set of conditions, the formation is a dolomite with 8% porosity. The second set is for a quartz sandstone formation with 30% porosity.

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LithologyWireline

Platform Express* Three-Detector Lithology Density Tool

Porosity and LithologyOpen Hole

Lith-3
(former CP-16)

Fresh Water (f = 1.0 g/cm3), Liquid-Filled Borehole 1.9

40

Salt

2.0

40

2.1

Quartz sandstone

20

30

2.3

ne) (limesto Calcite

30
10

2.2

30

40

2.4 Bulk density, b (g/cm3) 2.5

Dolomite

20

20 10
Anhydrite
5

2.6

2.8

2.9

3.0 0 1 2 3 Photoelectric factor, Pe

*Mark of Schlumberger Schlumberger

2.7

10

Lith

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LithologyWireline

Platform Express* Three-Detector Lithology Density Tool

Porosity and LithologyOpen Hole

Lith-4
(former CP-17)

Salt Water (f = 1.1 g/cm3), Liquid-Filled Borehole 1.9

Salt

2.0
40

2.1

2.2
Quartz sandstone

30

40

40
2.3
ne) (limesto Calcite

20

30

30
10

2.4 Bulk density, b (g/cm3) 2.5

Dolomite

20

20 10

2.6
0

2.8

Anhydrite

2.9

3.0 0
*Mark of Schlumberger Schlumberger

3 Photoelectric factor, Pe

2.7

10

Lith

This chart is used similarly to Chart Lith-3 for lithology and porosity determination with values of photoelectric factor (Pe) and

bulk density (b) from the Platform Express TLD tool in saltwater borehole uid.
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General LithologyWireline, Drillpipe LWD

Density Tool
Apparent Matrix Volumetric Photoelectric FactorOpen Hole

Lith-5
(former CP-20)

3.0

Fresh water (0 ppm), f = 1.0 g/cm3, U f = 0.398 Salt water (200,000 ppm), f = 1.11 g/cm3, U f = 1.36

2.5

0 10

2.0

20 30

Bulk density, b (g/cm3)

40

Apparent total porosity, ta (%)

10

12

14

Photoelectric factor, Pe

Apparent matrix volumetric photoelectric factor, Umaa

Schlumberger

Lith

Purpose This chart is used to determine the apparent matrix volumetric photoelectric factor (Umaa) for the Chart Lith-6 percent lithology determination. Description This chart is entered with the values of bulk density (b) and Pe from a density log. The value of the apparent total porosity (ta) must also be known. The appropriate solid lines on the right-hand side of the chart that indicate a freshwater borehole uid or dotted lines that represent saltwater borehole uid are used depending on the salinity of the borehole uid. Uf is the uid photoelectric factor.

Example Given: Find: Answer:

Pe = 4.0, b = 2.5 g/cm3, ta = 25%, and freshwater borehole uid. Apparent matrix volumetric photoelectric factor (Umaa). Enter the chart with the Pe value (4.0) on the left-hand x-axis, and move upward to intersect the curve for b = 2.5 g/cm3. From that intersection point, move horizontally right to intersect the ta value of 25%, using the blue freshwater curve. Move vertically downward to determine the Umaa value on the right-hand x-axis scale: Umaa = 13.

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LithologyWireline, LWD General

Density Tool
Lithology IdenticationOpen Hole

Purpose This chart is used to identify the rock mineralogy through comparison of the apparent matrix grain density (maa) and apparent matrix volumetric photoelectric factor (Umaa). Description The values of maa and Umaa are entered on the y- and x-axis, respectively. The rock mineralogy is identied by the proximity of the point of intersection of the two values to the labeled points on the plot. The effect of gas, salt, etc., is to shift data points in the directions shown by the arrows.

Example Given: Find: Answer:

maa = 2.74 g/cm3 (from Chart Lith-9 or Lith-10) and Umaa = 13 (from Chart Lith-5). Matrix composition of the formation. Enter the chart with maa = 2.74 g/cm3 on the y-axis and Umaa = 13 on the x-axis. The intersection point indicates a matrix mixture of 20% dolomite and 80% calcite.

Lith

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LithologyWireline, LWD General

Density Tool
Lithology IdenticationOpen Hole

Lith-6
(former CP-21)

2.2

2.3 Salt

2.5

2.6 Apparent matrix grain density, maa (g/cm3) 2.7 Quartz

80 60

K-feldspar

on Gas directi

2.4

20

% calcit e

40

60

80
Calcite
20

2.8

40 20
60 80

40

% tz ar qu

Barite

ite lom o d

Lith

2.9

Dolomite

Heavy minerals

3.0 Kaolinite Illite 3.1 2 4 6 8 10 12

Anhydrite

14

16

Apparent matrix volumetric photoelectric factor, Umaa

Schlumberger

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LithologyWireline, LWD

Environmentally Corrected Neutron Curves

MN Plot for Mineral IdenticationOpen Hole

Purpose This chart is used to help identify mineral mixtures from sonic, density, and neutron logs. Description Because M and N slope values are practically independent of porosity except in gas zones, the porosity values they indicate can be correlated with the mineralogy. (See Appendix E for the formulas to calculate M and N from sonic, density, and neutron logs.) Enter the chart with M on the y-axis and N on the x-axis. The intersection point indicates the makeup of the formation. Points for binary mixtures plot along a line connecting the two mineral points. Ternary mixtures plot within the triangle dened by the three constituent minerals. The effect of gas, shaliness, secondary porosity, etc., is to shift data points in the directions shown by the arrows.

The lines on the chart are divided into numbered groups by porosity range as follows: 1. = 0 (tight formation) 2. = 0 to 12 p.u. 3. = 12 to 27 p.u. 4. = 27 to 40 p.u. Example Given: Find: Answer: M = 0.79 and N = 0.51. Mineral composition of the formation. The intersection of the M and N values indicates dolomite in group 2, which has a porosity between 0 to 12 p.u.

Lith

continued on next page

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LithologyWireline, LWD

Environmentally Corrected Neutron Curves

MN Plot for Mineral IdenticationOpen Hole

Lith-7
(former CP-8)

1.1 Freshwater mud f = 1.0 Mg/m3, t f = 620 s/m f = 1.0 g/cm3, t f = 189 s/ft Gypsum 1.0 Saltwater mud f = 1.1 Mg/m3, t f = 607 s/m f = 1.1 g/cm3, t f = 185 s/ft
s Ga r o lt sa

Secondary porosity 0.9

vma = 5943 m/s = 19,500 ft/s

Calcite (limestone) 0.8 Dolomite M 324 1 1 2 34

Quartz sandstone
vma = 5486 m/s = 18,000 ft/s

0.7

Anhydrite

Sulfur Approximate shale region

0.6

Lith

0.5

0.3

0.4

0.5 N

0.6

0.7

0.8

Schlumberger

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LithologyWireline General

Environmentally Corrected APS* Curves

MN Plot for Mineral IdenticationOpen Hole

Purpose This chart is used to help identify mineral mixtures from APS Accelerator Porosity Sonde neutron logs. Description Because M and N values are practically independent of porosity except in gas zones, the porosity values they indicate can be correlated with the mineralogy. (See Appendix E for the formulas to calculate M and N from sonic, density, and neutron logs.) Enter the chart with M on the y-axis and N on the x-axis. The intersection point indicates the makeup of the formation. Points for binary mixtures plot along a line connecting the two mineral points. Ternary mixtures plot within the triangle dened by the three constituent minerals. The effect of gas, shaliness, secondary porosity, etc., is to shift data points in the directions shown by the arrows.

The lines on the chart are divided into numbered groups by porosity range as follows: 1. = 0 (tight formation) 2. = 0 to 12 p.u. 3. = 12 to 27 p.u. 4. = 27 to 40 p.u. Because the dolomite spread is negligible, a single dolomite point is plotted for each mud. Example Given: Find: Answer: M = 0.80 and N = 0.55. Mineral composition of the formation. Dolomite.

Lith

continued on next page

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LithologyWireline General

Environmentally Corrected APS* Curves

MN Plot for Mineral IdenticationOpen Hole

Lith-8
(former CP-8a)

1.1 Freshwater mud f = 1.0 Mg/m3, t f = 620 s/m f = 1.0 g/cm3, t f = 189 s/ft Gypsum 1.0 Saltwater mud f = 1.1 Mg/m3, t f = 607 s/m f = 1.1 g/cm3, t f = 185 s/ft
s Ga r o lt sa

Secondary porosity 0.9

vma = 5943 m/s = 19,500 ft/s

Calcite (limestone) 0.8 M Dolomite 12 3,4

Quartz sandstone
vma = 5486 m/s = 18,000 ft/s

0.7

Anhydrite

Sulfur Approximate shale region

0.6

Lith

0.5

0.3

0.4

0.5 N

0.6

0.7

0.8

*Mark of Schlumberger Schlumberger

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LithologyWireline, LWD

Bulk Density or Interval Transit Time and Apparent Total Porosity

Apparent Matrix ParametersOpen Hole

Purpose Charts Lith-9 (customary units) and Lith-10 (metric units) provide values of the apparent matrix internal transit time (t maa) and apparent matrix grain density (maa) for the matrix identication (MID) Charts Lith-11 and Lith-12. With these parameters the identication of rock mineralogy or lithology through a comparison of neutron, density, and sonic measurements is possible. Description Determining the values of t maa and maa to use in the MID Charts Lith-11 and Lith-12 requires three steps. First, apparent crossplot porosity is determined using the appropriate neutron-density and neutron-sonic crossplot charts in the Porosity section of this book. For data that plot above the sandstone curve on the charts, the apparent crossplot porosity is dened by a vertical projection to the sandstone curve. Second, enter Chart Lith-9 or Lith-10 with the interval transit time (t) to intersect the previously determined apparent crossplot porosity. This point denes t maa. Third, enter Chart Lith-9 or Lith-10 with the bulk density (b) to again intersect the apparent crossplot porosity and dene maa. The values determined from Charts Lith-9 and Lith-10 for tmaa and maa are cross plotted on the appropriate MID plot (Charts Lith-11 and Lith-12) to identify the rock mineralogy by its proximity to the labeled points on the plot.

Example Given:

Find: Answer:

Apparent crossplot porosity from density-neutron = 20%, b = 2.4 g/cm3, apparent crossplot porosity from neutron-sonic = 30%, and t = 82 s/ft. maa and t maa. maa = 2.75 g/cm3 and t maa = 46 s/ft.

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LithologyWireline, LWD

Bulk Density or Interval Transit Time and Apparent Total Porosity

Apparent Matrix ParametersOpen Hole

Lith-9
(customary, former CP-14)

Fluid Density = 1.0 g/cm3 Apparent matrix transit time, t maa (s/ft) 130 3.0 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 130

2.9

120

2.8 40 2.7 30
Ne ut ro nso ni c

110

100 Apparent crossplot porosity

2.6

20

90 Interval transit time, t (s/ft)

2.4

De ns ity -n eu tro n

Bulk density, b (g/cm3)

2.5

10

80

10

70

2.3

20

60

2.2

30

50

2.1

40

40

Lith

2.0 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 Apparent matrix density, maa (g/cm3)
Schlumberger

30

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General LithologyWireline, LWD

Bulk Density or Interval Transit Time and Apparent Total Porosity

Apparent Matrix ParametersOpen Hole

Lith-10
(metric, former CP-14m)

Fluid Density = 1.0 g/cm3 Apparent matrix transit time, t maa (s/m) 3.0 350 325 300 275 250 225 200 175 150 125 100 350

2.9 40

325

2.8

300

2.7

30

Apparent crossplot porosity

275

Ne ut ro nso ni c

2.6

20

250 Interval transit time, t (s/m)

2.4

De ns ity -n eu tro n

Bulk density, b (g/cm3)

2.5

10

225

10

200

2.3

20

175

2.2

30

150

2.1

40

125

2.0 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 Apparent matrix density, maa (g/cm3)
Schlumberger

100

Lith

Purpose Charts Lith-9 (customary units) and Lith-10 (metric units) provide values of the apparent matrix internal transit time (t maa) and apparent matrix grain density (maa) for the matrix identication (MID) Charts Lith-11 and Lith-12. With these parameters the identication of rock mineralogy or lithology through a comparison of neutron, density, and sonic measurements is possible.

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LithologyWireline, LWD General

Density Tool
Matrix Identication (MID)Open Hole

Purpose Charts Lith-11 and Lith-12 are used to establish the type of mineral predominant in the formation. Description Enter the appropriate (customary or metric units) chart with the values established from Charts Lith-9 or Lith-10 to identify the predominant mineral in the formation. Salt points are dened for two tools, the sidewall neutron porosity (SNP) and the CNL* Compensated Neutron Log. The presence of secondary porosity in the form of vugs or fractures displaces the data points parallel to the apparent matrix internal transit time (tmaa) axis. The presence of gas displaces points to the right on the chart. Plotting some shale points to establish the shale trend lines helps in the identication of shaliness. For uid density (f) other than 1.0 g/cm3 use the table to determine the multiplier to correct the apparent total density porosity before entering Chart Lith-11 or Lith-12.

f
1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15

Multiplier 1.00 0.98 0.95 0.93

Example Given: Find: Answer:

maa = 2.75 g/cm3, t maa = 56 s/ft (from Chart Lith-9), and f = 1.0 g/cm3. The predominant mineral. The formation consists of both dolomite and calcite, which indicates a dolomitized limestone. The formation used in this example is from northwest Florida in the Jay eld. The vugs (secondary porosity) created by the dolomitization process displace the data point parallel to the dolomite and calcite points.

Lith

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General LithologyWireline, LWD

Density Tool
Matrix Identication (MID)Open Hole

Lith-11
(customary, former CP-15)

2.0 Salt (CNL* log) 2.1 Salt (SNP)

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5 maa (g/cm3)

on cti ire d s Ga

2.6 Quartz 2.7 Calcite

2.8 Dolomite 2.9 Anhydrite

3.0

Lith
3.1 30 40 50 tmaa (s/ft) 60 70

*Mark of Schlumberger Schlumberger

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LithologyWireline, LWD

Density Tool
Matrix Identication (MID)Open Hole

Lith-12
(metric, former CP-15m)

2.0 Salt (CNL* log) 2.1 Salt (SNP)

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5 maa (g/cm3)

on cti ire d s Ga

2.6 Quartz 2.7 Calcite

2.8 Dolomite 2.9

3.0

Anhydrite

Lith
3.1 100 120 140 160 t maa (s/m) 180 200 220 240

*Mark of Schlumberger Schlumberger

Purpose Chart Lith-12 is used similarly to Chart Lith-11 to establish the mineral type of the formation.

200