Noun

Definition: A noun is a word used to refer to people, animals, objects, substances, states, events and feelings. Nouns can be a subject or an object of a verb, can be modified by an adjective and can take an article or determiner. For example: Table, pencil, dog, house Nouns also denote abstract and intangible concepts. For example : birth, happiness, technology. Noun Plurals We are going to explain some rules that will help you to form the plural forms of the nouns. The general rule is to add "-s" to the noun in singular. For example: Book-Books, Chair-Chairs, Friend-Friends When the singular noun ends in: -sh, -ch, -s, -ss, -x, -o we form their plural form by adding "-es". For example: sandwich sandwiches, brush brushes, bus buses, box boxes, potato potatoes When the singular noun ends in "y", we change the "y" for "i" and then add "-es" to form the plural form. But do not change the "y" for "ies" to form the plural when the singular noun ends in "y" preceded by a vowel. For example: nappy nappies, day days, toy - toys However, there are many Irregular Nouns which do not form the plural in this way: For example: Woman Women, Child Children, Sheep - Sheep Nouns may take an " 's " ("apostrophe s") or "Genitive marker" to indicate possession. If the noun already has an -s ending to mark the plural, then the genitive marker appears only as an apostrophe after the plural form. For example: my girlfriend's brother, John's house, The Browns' house, The boys' pens Noun Gender Many common nouns, like "engineer" or "teacher", can refer to men or women. Once, many English nouns would change form depending on their gender. For example: A man was called an "author" while a woman was called an "authoress". For example: David Garrick was a very prominent eighteenth-century actor. Sarah Siddons was at the height of her career as an actress in the 1780s. The manager was trying to write a want ad, but he couldn't decide whether he was advertising for a "waiter" or a "waitress"

Types of Nouns Proper nouns are the names of specific things, people, or places, such as Jhon, France, Tueday, Atlantic Ocean. They usually begin with a capital letter. Common nouns are general names such as person, mansion, and book. They can be either concrete or abstract. Concrete nouns refer to things which you can sense such as clock, house, telephone, sugar, rice, water Abstract nouns refer to ideas or qualities such as liberty , friendship, peace, romance, humor Countable nouns refer to things which can be counted (can be singular or plural) Persons child/ren teacher/s student/s plumber/s lawyer/s psychologist/s historian/s economist/s biologist/s reporter/s dean/s coordinator/s researcher/s Places store/s mall/s park/s bar/s office/s school/s home/s station/s church/es deli/s cafeteria/s shop/s airport/s Things shoe/s car/s door/s house/s key/s letter/s chair/s box/es cow/s poster/s glass/es ball/s

Uncountable nouns refer to some groups of countable nouns, substances, feelings and types of activity (can only be singular) Things water stuff money advice proof equipment dust homework fun information ink luck Qualities dependability honesty loyalty sincerity integrity Actions walking/to walk typing/to type jumping/to jump thinking/to think swimming/to swim Fields of Study psychology history social work economics biology English anatomy philosophy religion theology

1: Uncount nouns used as count nouns Although substances are usually uncount nouns... Would you like some cheese?

Coffee keeps me awake at night. Wine makes me sleep. ... they can be also used as count nouns: Id like a coffee please. May I have a white wine. They sell a lot of coffees. I prefer white wines to red. They had over twenty cheeses on sale. This is an excellent soft cheese. = = = = = = Id like a [cup of] coffee. May I have a [glass of] white wine. They sell a lot of [different kinds of] coffee. I prefer [different kinds of] white wine to red. They had over twenty [types of] cheese on sale. This [kind of] soft cheese is excellent.

2: Some nouns have both a count and an uncount form: We should always have hope. George had hopes of promotion. Travel is a great teacher. Where did you go on your travels? 3: Nouns with two meanings Some nouns have two meanings, one count and the other non count: His life was in danger. There is a serious danger of fire. Linguistics is the study of language. Is English a difficult language? Its made of paper. The Times is an excellent paper. Other words like this are: business death industry marriage power property Tax time victory Use Work 4. Uncount nouns that end in -s Some uncount nouns end in -s so they look like plurals even though they are singular nouns. These nouns generally refer to:

Subjects of study: mathematics, physics, economics, etc. Activities: gymnastics, athletics, etc. Games: cards, darts, billiards, etc. Diseases: mumps, measles, rabies, etc. Economics is a very difficult subject. Billiards is easier than pool or snooker. 5. Group nouns Some nouns, like army, refer to groups of people, animals or things, and we can use them either as singular nouns or as plural nouns. army audience committee company crew enemy family flock Gang government group Herd media public regiment staff team We can use these group nouns either as singular nouns or as plural nouns: My family is very dear to me. I have a large family. They are very dear to me. (= The members of my family) The government is very unpopular. The government are always changing their minds.

6. Two-part nouns A few plural nouns, like binoculars, refer to things that have two parts. Glasses jeans knickers pincers pants pliers Pyjamas scissors shorts spectacles tights trainers Trousers tweezers I need a new pair of spectacles. Ive bought a pair of blue jeans. Weve got three pairs of scissors, but they are all blunt. I always carry two pairs of binoculars

Noun Clause
Definition : A dependent clause that functions as a noun (that is, as a subject, object, or complement) within a sentence. Formula of Noun Clause Noun clause can be begun by noun clause markers that is question word, if or whether, and that. Marker Detail Example The class listened carefully what the teacher instructed. The kitten followed wherever the woman went. Many people imagine how many time the man was failed before success.

Question Question word: Word what(ever), what (time, kind, day, etc), who(ever), whose, whom(ever), which(ever), where(ever), when(ever), how (long, far, many times, old, etc) If or whether Usually it is used for yes or no question

Where does Andy live? I wonder if he lives in West Jakarta. Is Andy live on Dewi Sartika Street? I dont know if he live on Dewi Sartika Street or not. Or I dont know whether or not he lives on Dewi Sartika street.

That

Usually that-clause is used for mental activity. Some verbs on main clause which is followed by thatclause : assume, believe, discover, dream, guess, hear, hope, know, learn, notice, predict, prove, realize, suppose, suspect, think

I think that the group will arrive in an hour. Many people proved that the man was a big liar.

Functions of Noun Clause

Function

Example What she cooked was delicious.

Subject of a Verb That today is his birthday is not right. The fact is that she is smart and dilligent. Subject complement A teacher must be whoever is patient. Diana believes that her life will be happier. Object of a Verb I want to know how Einstein thought. The girl comes from where many people there live in poverty. Object of a preposition He will attend the party with whichever fits to his body.