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Christoph Traxler
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Christoph Traxler
6.1
Christoph Traxler
Christoph Traxler
6.2
Christoph Traxler
For each c of fc = z2+c there exists a particular Julia set Jc The set of all Julia sets is uncountable infinite How can Jc be classified with respect to c ?
! !
Christoph Traxler
6.3
Mandelbrots idea (1979): Create a map of the complex plane, which shows information about the Julia sets for each complex number c What is the classification criterion ?
Christoph Traxler
Dichotomy of Julia sets: Julia sets can be seperated into two categories:
Jc is connected
Christoph Traxler
6.4
Visualize the area of points for which the corresponding Julia set is connected Def.: The set M = {c C | Jc is a connected set } is called Mandelbrot set Fact: Jc is connected if and only if the critical orbit 0 c c2+c ... is bounded
Christoph Traxler
Critical Point of Jc
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Def.: If fc(z) = 0, then z is called critical point fc(z) = 2z z = 0 is the critical point for any Jc The orbit of the critical point z=0 is called critical orbit If and only if the critical orbit escapes to then Jc is Cantor dust
Christoph Traxler
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6.5
Calculate the fate of the critical point z = 0 Iterate z z2+c, z0 = 0 The orbit is not bounded and escapes to if | z| > 2 Jc is totally disconnected c M Approximation of M with the pixel game, accuracy depends on the number of iterations Visualization of the equipotentials of A()
Christoph Traxler
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Christoph Traxler
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6.6
Julia set
! fc(z) = z2 + c ! c is a constant ! z is variable ! examine the orbit
Mandelbrot set
! f(z) = z2 + c ! c is variable ! z0 = 0 is constant ! examine the orbit
Christoph Traxler
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Christoph Traxler
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6.7
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Zoom Sequence
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6.8
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Zoom Sequence
Seahorse Valley
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6.9
YouTube videos:
! www.youtube.com/watch?v=G_GBwuYuOOs ! www.youtube.com/watch?
Christoph Traxler
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Encirclement of Jc
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Approximation of Jc with deformed discs Start with a disc Sr that surrounds Jc and calculate the sequence:
Sk = { z | fc(z) Sk-1} ,with S0 = Sr
This sequence of nested deformed discs converges to Jc The deformed discs correspond to equipotential curves of A()
Christoph Traxler
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6.10
Christoph Traxler
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Encirclement of Jc
!
Christoph Traxler
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6.11
Sk+1 0
Sk+1
Christoph Traxler
Encirclement of Jc
!
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6.12
Condition A is true
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Condition B is true
Equivalent Definitions of M
!
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6.13
! !
The encirclement of Jc is a decomposition of A() into subsets of points which converge to with the same speed These subsets are called level sets Each area of attraction of a periodic point can be decomposed in this way Level sets visualize the behaviour of points under iteration in an area of attraction
Christoph Traxler
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Level Sets
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Decomposition of an attraction area A(p) of an attractive periodic point p into a level set.
! Choose a target set T which contains p ! The level of each point z C is defined as:
lc(z) = k, if fci(z) T, i<k, and fck(z) T lc(z) = 0, else ! Level set Lk = { z | lc(z) = k }, k is the convergence speed of z
Christoph Traxler
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6.14
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Level Sets
! !
Target set T arbitrary, for example: {c,z2}, A(0) is the unit circle, decomposition of A(0) with T = Kc, c M
Christoph Traxler
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6.15
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Level Sets
!
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6.16
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6.17
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Binary Decomposition
! !
Extension of the level set method Subdivision of the target set into n parts induces a subdivision of the level Lk into nk+1 parts Iteration of fc(z), z = r(cos + isin) doubles the angle a loop of a closed curve in Lk corresponds to nk+1 loops in T The borders of the subdivided parts are good approximations of field lines
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Christoph Traxler
6.18
L1
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Binary Decomposition
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6.19
Christoph Traxler
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Properties of M
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! !
M is connected M contains infinite many copies of itself These copies are connected with the main body by strings The fractal dimension of M is 2 M is a table of content for all connected Julia sets Jc
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6.20
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Components of M
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! !
Cardioid - heart shaped region Buds - circle like shapes connected to the cardioid or other buds Two components are connected by only one point, called seed point Copies of M Buds correspond to Julia sets that bound the area of attraction of a periodic point with a specific period
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Christoph Traxler
6.21
Cardioid
1 5
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6.22
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If c lies on the border of M and is no seed point then P is an indifferent periodic point in the Siegel disc Points of Kc rotate on the Siegel disc arround P P
Siegel disc
Christoph Traxler
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6.23
If c lies on a connecting string then is the only fixpoint of Jc , Kc = This class of Julia sets is called dendrites
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If c lies in a copy of M then Jc is a ombination of the Jc1 of the connecting string and the Jc2 of the main body where c2 has the same relative position in the main body
Christoph Traxler
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6.24
If c lies outside of M then Jc is totally disconnected (Cantor dust) The density of the points decreases with increasing distance to M
Christoph Traxler
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Similarity Relation
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M has a similar structure in the environment of c as the corresponding Jc when magnified at the same position
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6.25
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Structural Stability of M
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several dynamic systems ! Given {C, fp}, f arbitrary, p C the map of the parameter space contains a (maybe deformed) copy of M with high probability
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6.26
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On the Web
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JuliaIteration.html
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6.27
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Generating height fields or some kind of rotational sweeps does not count Search for a non linear fractal that expands into 3D space and is somehow related to the Mandelbrot set.
! Fractal details along all axes
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6.28
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Mandelbulb
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6.29
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6.30
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6.31
Website:
! www.skytopia.com/project/fractal/mandelbulb.html
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6.32