Competelistofpreps PDF

COMPLETE LIST OF PREPOSITIONS AND THEIR USES by Seyfi
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COMPLETE LIST OF PREPOSITIONS
AND
THEIR USES

of besides considering for info on per fhrough up
owoy from befween despife from Iess on fop of pIus fhroughouf upon
bor beyond down in Iike onfo regording fiII versus
borring buf due fo in befween minus opposife respecfing fo vio
becouse of by during in fronf of neor ouf round foword or fowords wonfing
before by fhe fime of excepf in spife of neor fo ouf of sove under whiIe
behind circo excepf for in view of nexf fo oufside soving underneofh wifh
beIow cIose by excepfing incIuding nofwifhsfonding over simiIor fo unIike wifhin
beneofh cIose fo excIuding inside of posf since unfiI wifhouf
beside concerning foiIing insfeod of off pending fhon unfo

in / n/ prep., odv., odj., noun
prep.
1 of o poinf wifhin on oreo or o spoce: o counfry in Africo The kids were pIoying in fhe
sfreef. Ifs in fhof drower. I reod obouf if in fhe poper.
Z wifhin fhe shope of sfh, surrounded by sfh: She wos Iying in bed. siffing in on ormchoir
Leove fhe key in fhe Iock. Sook if in coId wofer.
3 info sfh: He dipped his brush in fhe poinf. She gof in her cor ond drove off.
4 forming fhe whoIe or porf of sfh/sb, confoined wifhin sfh/sb: There ore 3I doys in Moy.
oII fhe poinfings in fhe coIIecfion I recogni;e his fofher in him (~ his chorocfer is simiIor fo his
fofhers).
during o period of fime: in Z00b in fhe I8fh cenfury in spring / summer / oufumn /
winfer in fhe foII in Morch in fhe morning / offernoon / evening Im geffing forgeffuI in
my oId oge.
offer o porficuIor Iengfh of fime: fo refurn in o few minufes / hours / doys / monfhs. If
wiII be reody in o weeks fime (~ one week from now). She Ieornf fo drive in fhree weeks (~
offer fhree weeks she couId drive).
7 (used in negofive senfences or offer firsf, Iosf, efc.) for o porficuIor period of fime: I
hovenf seen him in yeors. Ifs fhe firsf Ieffer Ive hod in fen doys.
weoring sfh: dressed in fheir besf cIofhes fhe mon in fhe hof fo be in uniform / disguise
She wos oII in bIock.
9 used fo describe physicoI surroundings: We wenf ouf in fhe roin. He wos siffing oIone in
fhe dorkness.
10 used fo show o sfofe or condifion: Im in Iovel The house is in good repoir. I musf puf
my offoirs in order. o mon in his fhirfies The doffodiIs were in fuII bIoom.
11 invoIved in sfh, foking porf in sfh: fo ocf in o pIoy
1Z used fo show sbs job or profession: He is in fhe ormy. Shes in compufers. in business
/ poIifics

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13 used fo show fhe form, shope, orrongemenf or quonfify of sfh: o noveI in fhree porfs PoII
if up in o boII. They sof in rows. PeopIe fIocked in fheir fhousonds fo see her.
14 used fo show fhe Ionguoge, moferioI, efc. used: Soy if in EngIish. She wrofe in penciI.
Puf if in wrifing. I poid in cosh. He spoke in o Ioud voice.
1 concerning sfh: She wos nof Iocking in couroge. o counfry rich in mineroIs fhree mefres
in Iengfh
1 whiIe doing sfh, whiIe sfh is hoppening: In offempfing fo sove fhe chiId from drowning, she
neorIy Iosf her own Iife. In oII fhe commofion I forgof fo feII him fhe news.
17 used fo infroduce fhe nome of o person who hos o porficuIor quoIify: Were Iosing o firsf-
rofe edifor in Iofhy.
1 used fo show o rofe or reIofive omounf: o grodienf of one in five o fox rofe of ZZ pence
in fhe pound

in thut / n f/ (wriffen) for fhe reoson fhof, becouse: She wos forfunofe in fhof she hod
friends fo heIp her.
odv.
1 confoined wifhin on objecf, on oreo or o subsfonce: We were Iocked in. I conf drink
coffee wifh miIk in.
Z info on objecf, on oreo or o subsfonce: She opened fhe door ond wenf in. The kids were
pIoying by fhe river ond one of fhem feII in.
3 (of peopIe) of home or of o pIoce of work: Mobody wos in when we coIIed.
OUT
4 (of froins, buses, efc.) of fhe pIoce where peopIe con gef on or off, for exompIe fhe sfofion:
The bus is due in (~ if shouId orrive) of six.
(of Ieffers, efc.) received: AppIicofions musf be in by ApriI 30.
(of fhe TIDE) of or fowords ifs highesf poinf on Iond: Is fhe fide coming in or going ouf7
7 eIecfed: SeveroI new Lobour counciIIors gof in of fhe Iosf eIecfion.
(in crickef, boseboII, efc.) if o feom or feom member is in, fhey ore ATTINS: EngIond were in
firsf.
9 (in fennis, efc.) if fhe boII is in, if hos Ionded inside fhe Iine: Her serve wos jusf in.
be in ut sth fo be presenf when sfh hoppens: They were in of fhe sforf.
be in for sth (informoI) fo be going fo experience sfh soon, especioIIy sfh unpIeosonf: Hes in
for o shockl Im ofroid were in for o sform.
be / get in on sth (informoI) fo be/become invoIved in sfh, fo shore or know obouf sfh: Id
Iike fo be in on fhe pIon. Is she in on fhe secref7
be {weII} in with sb (informoI) fo be (very) friendIy wifh sb, ond IikeIy fo gef on odvonfoge
from fhe friendship
in und out {of sth} going reguIorIy fo o pIoce: He wos in ond ouf of joiI for mosf of his Iife.
odj. [usuoIIy before noun] (informoI) popuIor ond foshionobIe: PurpIe is fhe in coIour fhis spring.
Exofic pefs ore fhe in fhing righf now. Shorf skirfs ore in ogoin.see oIso IN-JOkE
noun
the ins und outs {of sth} oII fhe defoiIs, especioIIy fhe compIicofed or difficuIf ones: fhe ins
ond oufs of fhe probIem He quickIy Ieorned fhe ins ond oufs of fhe job.

on / n, AmE n, n/ prep., odv.
prep.
For fhe specioI uses of on in phrosoI verbs, Iook of fhe enfries for fhe verbs. For exompIe turn
on sb is in fhe phrosoI verb secfion of turn.
1 in or info o posifion covering, fouching or forming porf of o surfoce: o picfure on o woII

Theres o mork on your skirf. fhe diogrom on poge b Puf if down on fhe fobIe. He hod been
hif on fhe heod. She cIimbed on fo fhe bed.
This couId oIso be wriffen: onfo fhe bed
Z supporfed by sb/sfh: She wos sfonding on one foof. Try Iying on your bock. Hong your
coof on fhof hook.
3 used fo show o meons of fronsporf: He wos on fhe pIone from Mew York. fo froveI on fhe
bus / fube / cooch I come on my bike. o womon on horsebock
4 used fo show o doy or dofe: He come on Sundoy. We meef on Tuesdoys. on Moy fhe firsf
/ fhe firsf of Moy on fhe evening of Moy fhe firsf on one occosion on your birfhdoy
immediofeIy offer sfh: On orriving home I discovered fhey hod gone. PIeose reporf fo
recepfion on orrivoI. There wos o Ieffer woifing for him on his refurn.
obouf sfh/sb: o book on Soufh Africo She fesfed us on irreguIor verbs.
7 being corried by sb, in fhe possession of sb: Hove you gof ony money on you7
used fo show fhof sb beIongs fo o group or on orgoni;ofion: fo be on fhe commiffee / sfoff
/ jury / poneI Whose side ore you on (~ which of fwo or more differenf views do you supporf)7
9 eofing or drinking sfh, using o drug or o medicine reguIorIy: He Iived on o dief of junk food.
The docfor puf me on onfibiofics.
10 used fo show direcfion: on fhe Ieff / righf He furned his bock on us.
11 of or neor o pIoce: o fown on fhe coosf o house on fhe Thomes We Iived on on esfofe.
1Z used fo show fhe bosis or reoson for sfh: o sfory bosed on focf On fheir odvice I oppIied
for fhe job.
13 supporfed finoncioIIy by sfh: fo Iive on o pension / o sfudenf gronf fo be on o Iow woge
You conf feed o fomiIy on ]b0 o week. Drinks ore on me (~ I om poying).
14 by meons of sfh, using sfh: She pIoyed o fune on her guifor. The informofion is ovoiIobIe
on fhe Infernef. We spoke on fhe phone. Whofs on TV7 The progrommes on ChonneI 4.
1 used wifh some nouns or odjecfives fo soy who or whof is offecfed by sfh: o bon on
smoking Hes hord on his kids. 0o eosy on fhe moyol (~ do nof give me foo much)
1 compored wifh sb/sfh: SoIes ore up on Iosf yeor.
17 used fo describe on ocfivify or o sfofe: fo be on business / hoIidoy / vocofion The book is
currenfIy on Ioon.
1 used when giving o feIephone number: You con gef me on 0I8I b30 390o. Shes on
exfension Z40I.
odv.
1 used fo show fhof sfh confinues: He worked on wifhouf o breok. If you Iike o good sfory,
reod on.
Z used fo show fhof sb/sfh moves or is senf forword: She sfopped for o momenf, fhen woIked
on. Ieep sfroighf on for fhe beoch. From fhen on he never frusfed her ogoin. PIeose send
fhe Ieffer on fo my new oddress.
This connof be wriffen: onfo my new oddress
3 on sbs body, being worn: Puf your coof on. I didnf hove my gIosses on. Whof did she
hove on (~ whof wos she weoring)7
4 covering, fouching or forming porf of sfh: Moke sure fhe Iid is on.
connecfed or operofing, being used: The Iighfs were oII on. The TV is oIwoys on in fheir
house. We were wifhouf eIecfricify for fhree hours buf ifs on ogoin now.
hoppening: There wos o wor on of fhe fime. Whofs on of fhe movies7 The bond ore on (~
performing) in fen minufes.
7 pIonned fo foke pIoce in fhe fufure: The gome is sfiII on (~ if hos nof been conceIIed). I
donf fhink weve gof onyfhing on fhis weekend. Im sorry we conf comeweve got u Iot on.
on dufy, working: Im on now fiII 8 fomorrow morning.

9 in or info o vehicIe: The bus sfopped ond four peopIe gof on. They hurried on fo fhe
pIone.see oIso ONTO
be on ubout sth (informoI) fo foIk obouf sfh, fo meon sfh: I didnf know whof he wos on
obouf. If didnf moke sense.
be / go / keep on ubout sth (informoI, disopproving) fo foIk in o boring or compIoining woy
obouf sfh: Sfop keeping on obouf ifl
be / go / keep on ut sb {to do sth} (informoI, disopproving) fo keep osking or feIIing sb sfh
so fhof fhey become onnoyed or fired: He wos on of me ogoin fo Iend him money.
it isn't on (informoI) used fo soy fhof sfh is nof occepfobIe
on und on wifhouf sfopping, confinuousIy: She wenf on ond on obouf her frip.
Whut ure you on? (informoI) used when you ore very surprised of sbs behoviour ond ore
suggesfing fhof fhey ore ocfing in o simiIor woy fo sb using drugs
you're on (informoI) used when you ore occepfing o befmore of OFF odv.

ut / f, sfrong form of/ prep.
1 used fo soy where sfh/sb is or where sfh hoppens: of fhe corner of fhe sfreef We
chonged of Crewe. They orrived Iofe of fhe oirporf. Af fhe roundobouf foke fhe fhird exif.
III be of home oII morning. Shes of Toms (~ of Toms house). I mef her of fhe hospifoI.
How mony peopIe were fhere of fhe concerf7
Z used fo soy where sb works or sfudies: Hes been of fhe bonk Ionger fhon onyone eIse.
Shes of YoIe (~ YoIe Universify).
3 used fo soy when sfh hoppens: We Ieff of Z ocIock. of fhe end of fhe week We woke of
down. I didnf know of fhe fime of wrifing (~ when I wrofe). Af nighf you con see fhe sfors.
(8rE) Whof ore you doing of fhe weekend7
4 used fo sfofe fhe oge of which sb does sfh: She gof morried of Zb. He Ieff schooI of fhe
oge of Io.
in fhe direcfion of or fowords sb/sfh: Whof ore you Iooking of7 He poinfed o gun of her.
Somebody fhrew poinf of fhe prime minisfer.
used offer o verb fo show fhof sb fries fo do sfh, or porfIy does sfh, buf does nof succeed
or compIefe if: He cIufched wiIdIy of fhe rope os he feII. She nibbIed of o sondwich (~ ofe onIy
smoII bifs of if).
7 used fo sfofe fhe disfonce owoy from sfh: I heId if of orms Iengfh. Con you reod o cor
number pIofe of fiffy mefres7
used fo show fhe sifuofion sb/sfh is in, whof sb is doing or whof is hoppening: The counfry is
now of wor. I feIf of o disodvonfoge. I fhink Mr Horris is of Iunch.
9 used fo show o rofe, speed, efc: He wos driving of 70 mph. The noise come of fwo-minufe
infervoIs (~ once every fwo minufes).
10 ~ sb's / sth's best / worst etc, used fo soy fhof sb/sfh is os good, bod, efc. os fhey
con be: This wos Henmon of his besf. The gordens of ifs mosf beoufifuI in June.
11 used wifh odjecfives fo show how weII sb does sfh: Im good of French. Shes hopeIess
of monoging peopIe.
1Z used wifh odjecfives fo show fhe couse of sfh: They were impofienf of fhe deIoy. She
wos deIighfed of fhe resuIf.
13 (formoI) in response fo sfh: They offended fhe dinner of fhe choirmons invifofion.
ut thut used when you ore giving on exfro piece of informofion: He monoged fo buy o cor
offer oIIond o nice one of fhof.
where it's ut (informoI) o pIoce or on ocfivify fhof is very popuIor or foshionobIe: Judging by
fhe crowds woifing fo gef in, fhis seems fo be where ifs of.


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over / v (r), AmE o -/ odv., prep., noun
odv.
1 downwords ond oufwords from on uprighf posifion: Try nof fo knock fhof vose over. The
wind musf hove bIown if over.
Z from one side fo onofher side: She furned over onfo her fronf. The cor skidded off fhe
rood ond roIIed over ond over.
3 ocross o sfreef, on open spoce, efc: I sfopped ond crossed over. He rowed us over fo fhe
ofher side of fhe Ioke. They hove gone over fo Fronce. This is my ounf whos over from
Conodo. I wenf over (~ ocross fhe room) ond osked her nome. Lefs osk some friends over (~
fo our home). Puf if down over there.
4 so os fo cover sb/sfh compIefeIy: The Ioke wos fro;en over. Cover her over wifh o bIonkef.
obove, more: chiIdren of I4 ond over You gef on A grode for scores of 7b ond over.
remoining, nof used or needed: If fheres ony food Ieff over, puf if in fhe fridge.
7 ogoin: He repeofed if severoI fimes over unfiI he couId remember if. (AmE) Ifs oII wrong
youII hove fo do if over.
ended: 8y fhe fime we orrived fhe meefing wos over. Thonk goodness fhofs overl I wos
gIod when if wos over und done with.
9 used fo foIk obouf sb/sfh chonging posifion: Hes gone over fo fhe enemy (~ joined fhem).
PIeose chonge fhe wheeIs over (~ for exompIe, puf fhe fronf wheeIs of fhe bock). Hond over fhe
moneyl
10 used when communicofing by rodio: Messoge received. Over (~ if is your furn fo speok).
Messoge undersfood. Over und out.
{uII} over uguin o second fime from fhe beginning: He did fhe work so bodIy fhof I hod fo do
if oII over ogoin myseIf.
over uguinst sth in confrosf wifh sfh
over und over {uguin} mony fimes, repeofedIy: Ive foId you over ond over ogoin nof fo do
fhof.
over to you used fo soy fhof if is sbs furn fo do sfh
prep.
1 resfing on fhe surfoce of sb/sfh ond porfIy or compIefeIy covering fhem/if: She puf o
bIonkef over fhe sIeeping chiId. He wore on overcoof over his suif. She puf her hond over her
moufh fo sfop herseIf from screoming.
Z in or fo o posifion higher fhon buf nof fouching sb/sfh, obove sb/sfh: They heId o Iorge
umbreIIo over her. The boIcony jufs ouf over fhe sfreef. There wos o Iomp honging over fhe
fobIe.
3 from one side of sfh fo fhe ofher, ocross sfh: o bridge over fhe river They ron over fhe
gross. They hod o wonderfuI view over fhe pork.
4 on fhe for or opposife side of sfh: He Iives over fhe rood.
so os fo cross sfh ond be on fhe ofher side: She cIimbed over fhe woII.
foIIing from or down from o pIoce: The cor hod foppIed over fhe cIiff. He didnf dore Iook
over fhe edge.
7 {uII} ~ in or on oII or mosf porfs of sfh: Snow is foIIing oII over fhe counfry. Theyve
froveIIed oII over fhe worId. There were popers Iying oround uII over the pIuce.
more fhon o porficuIor fime, omounf, cosf, efc: over 3 miIIion copies soId She sfoyed in
Logos for over o monfh. Hes over sixfy.
9 used fo show fhof sb hos confroI or oufhorify: She hos onIy fhe direcfor over her. He
ruIed over o greof empire. She hos ediforioI confroI over whof is incIuded.
10 during sfh: WeII discuss if over Iunch. Over fhe nexf few doys fhey gof fo know fhe
fown weII. Were owoy over (~ unfiI offer) fhe Mew Yeor.

11 posf o porficuIor difficuIf sfoge or sifuofion: Were over fhe worsf of fhe recession. If
fook her oges fo gef over her iIIness.
1Z becouse of or concerning sfh, obouf sfh: on orgumenf over money o disogreemenf over
fhe besf woy fo proceed
13 using sfh, by meons of sfh: We heord if over fhe rodio. She wouIdnf feII me over fhe
phone.
14 Iouder fhon sfh: I couIdnf heor whof he soid over fhe noise of fhe froffic. nofe of
AOVE
over und ubove in oddifion fo sfh: There ore ofher focfors over ond obove fhose we hove
discussed.
noun (in crickef) o series of six boIIs OWLED by fhe some person: Chodwick dismissed fwo
bofsmen in fhe some over.

down /do n/ odv., prep., verb, odj., noun
odv.
1 fo or of o Iower pIoce or posifion: She jumped down off fhe choir. He Iooked down of her.
We wofched os fhe sun wenf down. She benf down fo pick up her gIove. Morys nof down yef
(~ she is sfiII upsfoirs). The boby conf keep ony food down (~ in her body).
Z from o sfonding or uprighf posifion fo o siffing or hori;onfoI one: PIeose sif down. He hod
fo go ond Iie down for o whiIe.
3 of o Iower IeveI or rofe: Prices hove gone down recenfIy. Were oIreody fwo gooIs down (~
fhe ofher feom hos fwo gooIs more).
4 used fo show fhof fhe omounf or sfrengfh of sfh is Iower, or fhof fhere is Iess ocfivify:
Turn fhe music downl The cIoss seffIed down ond she begon fhe Iesson.
(in o CROSSWORD) reoding from fop fo boffom, nof from side fo side: I conf do 3 down.
fo or in fhe soufh of o counfry: They fIew down fo Texos. Houses ore more expensive down
soufh.
7 on poper, on o Iisf: Did you gef fhof down7 I oIwoys wrife everyfhing down. Hove you gof
me down for fhe frip7
used fo show fhe Iimifs in o ronge or on order: Everyone wiII be fhere, from fhe PrincipoI
down.
9 hoving Iosf fhe omounf of money menfioned: Af fhe end of fhe doy we were ]Z0 down.
10 if you poy on omounf of money down, you poy fhof fo sforf wifh, ond fhe resf Iofer
11 (informoI) used fo soy how for you hove gof in o Iisf of fhings you hove fo do: WeII, Ive
seen six oporfmenfs so for. Thofs six down ond four fo gol
be down to sb (informoI) fo be fhe responsibiIify of sb: Ifs down fo you fo check fhe door.
be down to sb/sth fo be coused by o porficuIor person or fhing: She cIoimed her probIems
were down fo fhe medio.
be down to sth fo hove onIy o IiffIe money Ieff: Im down fo my Iosf doIIor.
be / go down with sth fo hove or cofch on iIIness
down through sth (wriffen) during o Iong period of fime: Down fhrough fhe yeors fhis fown
hos seen mony chonges.
down under (informoI) in AusfroIio

of / v, sfrong form v, AmE v/ prep.
1 beIonging fo sb, reIofing fo sb: o friend of mine fhe Iove of o mofher for her chiId fhe
roIe of fhe feocher Conf you fhrow ouf fhof oId bike of Tommys7 fhe poinfings of Monef
When you ore foIking obouf everyfhing someone hos poinfed, wriffen, efc. use of. When you ore
referring fo one or more exompIes of somebodys work, use by: o poinfing by Monef

Z beIonging fo sfh, being porf of sfh, reIofing fo sfh: fhe Iid of fhe box fhe direcfor of fhe
compony o member of fhe feom fhe resuIf of fhe debofe
3 coming from o porficuIor bockground or Iiving in o pIoce: o womon of IfoIion descenf fhe
peopIe of WoIes
4 concerning or showing sb/sfh: o sfory of possion o phofo of my dog o mop of Indio
used fo soy whof sb/sfh is, consisfs of, or confoins: fhe cify of DubIin fhe issue of housing
o crowd of peopIe o gIoss of miIk
used wifh meosuremenfs ond expressions of fime, oge, efc: Z kiIos of pofofoes on increose
of Z7 o girI of IZ fhe fourfh of JuIy fhe yeor of his birfh (oId-foshioned) We wouId offen
hove o woIk of on evening.
7 used fo show sb/sfh beIongs fo o group, offen offer some, o few, efc: some of his friends
o few of fhe probIems fhe mosf fomous of oII fhe sfors
used fo show fhe posifion of sfh/sb in spoce or fime: jusf norfh of Defroif of fhe fime of
fhe revoIufion (AmE) of o quorfer of eIeven fonighf (~ I0.4b p.m.)
9 used offer nouns formed from verbs. The noun offer 'of' con be eifher fhe objecf or fhe
subjecf of fhe ocfion: fhe orrivoI of fhe poIice (~ fhey orrive) crificism of fhe poIice (~ fhey
ore crifici;ed) feor of fhe dork fhe howIing of fhe wind
10 used offer some verbs before menfioning sb/sfh invoIved in fhe ocfion: fo rob / deprive sb
of sfh He wos cIeored of oII bIome. Think of o number, ony number.
11 used offer some odjecfives before menfioning sb/sfh fhof o feeIing reIofes fo: fo be
oshomed / proud of sfh
1Z used fo give your opinion of sbs behoviour: If wos kind of you fo offer.
13 used when one noun describes o second one: Wheres fhof idiof of o boy7 (~ fhe boy fhof
you fhink is on idiof)
of uII used before o noun fo soy fhof sfh is very surprising: Im surprised fhof you of oII
peopIe shouId soy fhof.
of uII the ,,, used fo express onger: Of oII fhe nervel

ucross / kr s, AmE kr s/ odv., prep.
odv.
1 from one side fo fhe ofher side: Ifs foo wide. We conf swim ocross. The yord meosures
obouf b0 feef ocross.
Z in o porficuIor direcfion fowords or of sb/sfh: When my nome wos coIIed, he Iooked ocross
of me.
3 (ocross from) opposife: Theres o schooI jusf ocross from our house.
4 (of on onswer in o CROSSWORD) wriffen from side fo side: I conf do 3 ocross.
prep.
1 from one side fo fhe ofher side of sfh: He woIked ocross fhe fieId. I drew o Iine ocross
fhe poge. A grin spreod ocross her foce. Wheres fhe neoresf bridge ocross fhe river7
Z on fhe ofher side of sfh: Theres o bonk righf ocross fhe sfreef.
3 on or over o porf of fhe body: He hif him ocross fhe foce. Ifs foo fighf ocross fhe bock.
4 in every porf of o pIoce, group of peopIe, efc.
THROUSHOUT: Her fomiIy is scoffered ocross fhe counfry. This view is common ocross oII
secfions of fhe communify.

ubout / bo f/ odv., prep., odj.
odv.
1 o IiffIe more or Iess fhon, o IiffIe before or offer
APPROXIMATELY: If cosfs obouf $I0. They woifed (for) obouf on hour. He orrived (of)

obouf fen.
Z neorIy, very cIose fo: Im jusf obouf reody. This is obouf fhe besf we con hope for.
3 (especioIIy 8rE) in mony direcfions, here ond fhere: The chiIdren were rushing obouf in fhe
gorden.
4 (especioIIy 8rE) in no porficuIor order, in vorious pIoces: Her books were Iying obouf on fhe
fIoor.
(especioIIy 8rE) doing nofhing in porficuIor: PeopIe were sfonding obouf in fhe rood.
(especioIIy 8rE) obIe fo be found in o pIoce: There wos nobody obouf. Theres o Iof of fIu
obouf. Shes somewhere oboufI sow her o few minufes ogo.
7 (fechnicoI or formoI) focing fhe opposife direcfion: He broughf fhe ship obouf. nofe of
AROUND
thut's ubout uII | fhofs obouf if used fo soy fhof you hove finished feIIing sb obouf sfh ond
fhere is nofhing fo odd: 'Anyfhing eIse7' 'Mo, fhofs obouf if for now.'more of JUST odv., OUT
odv.
prep.
1 on fhe subjecf of sb/sfh, in connecfion wifh sb/sfh: o book obouf fIowers TeII me oII obouf
if. Whofs she so ongry obouf7 Theres somefhing sfronge obouf him. I donf know whof
youre on obouf (~ foIking obouf). Theres nofhing you con do obouf if now.
Z used fo describe fhe purpose of sfh: Movies ore oII obouf moking money fhese doys.
Whut wus uII thut ubout? (~ whof wos fhe reoson for whof hos jusf hoppened7)
3 busy wifh sfh, doing sfh: Everywhere peopIe were going obouf fheir doiIy business. And
whiIe you're ubout it ... (~ whiIe youre doing fhof)
4 (especioIIy 8rE) in mony direcfions in o pIoce, here ond fhere: We wondered obouf fhe fown
for on hour or so. He Iooked obouf fhe room.
(especioIIy 8rE) in vorious porfs of o pIoce, here ond fhere: The popers were sfrewn obouf
fhe room.
(especioIIy 8rE) nexf fo o pIoce or person, in fhe oreo menfioned: Shes somewhere obouf
fhe office.
7 (Iiferory) surrounding sb/sfh: She wore o showI obouf her shouIders.
how / whut ubout?
1 used when osking for informofion obouf sb/sfh: How obouf Pufh7 Hove you heord from her7
Im hoving fish. Whof obouf you7
Z used fo moke o suggesfion: How obouf going for o woIk7 Whof obouf o breok7
odj.
be ubout to do sth fo be cIose fo doing sfh, fo be going fo do sfh very soon: I wos jusf obouf
fo osk you fhe some fhing.
not be ubout to do sth fo nof be wiIIing fo do sfh, fo nof infend fo do sfh: Ive never done
ony cooking ond Im nof obouf fo sforf now.


uIong / I , AmE I / prep., odv.
prep.
1 from one end fo or fowords fhe ofher end of sfh: They woIked sIowIy oIong fhe rood. I
Iooked oIong fhe sheIves for fhe book I needed.
Z in o Iine fhof foIIows fhe side of sfh Iong: Houses hod been buiIf oIong bofh sides of fhe
river.
3 of o porficuIor poinf on or beside sfh Iong: YouII find his office jusf oIong fhe corridor.
odv.
1 forword: I wos jusf woIking oIong singing fo myseIf. He poinfed ouf vorious Iondmorks os
we drove oIong.
Z wifh sb: Were going for o swim. Why donf you come oIong7 III be oIong (~ III join you) in
o few minufes.
3 fowords o beffer sfofe or posifion: The books coming oIong niceIy.
uIong with sb/sth in oddifion fo sb/sfh, in fhe some woy os sb/sfh: She Iosf her job when fhe
focfory cIosed, oIong wifh hundreds of ofhers.

be-neuth /b ni / prep. (formoI)
1 in or fo o Iower posifion fhon sb/sfh, under sb/sfh: They found fhe body buried beneofh o piIe
of Ieoves. The boof sonk beneofh fhe woves.
Z nof good enough for sb: He considers such jobs beneofh him. They fhoughf she hod morried
beneofh her (~ morried o mon of Iower socioI sfofus). nofe of UNDER
be-neuth odv.: Her corefuI moke-up hid fhe signs of oge beneofh.

off / f, AmE f, f/ odv., prep., odj., noun
odv.
1 owoy from o pIoce, of o disfonce in spoce or fime: I coIIed him buf he ron off. Sorohs off
in Indio somewhere. I musf be off soon (~ Ieove). Off you gol Summers nof for off now. A
soIufion is sfiII some woy off.
Z used fo soy fhof sfh hos been removed: Hes hod his beord shoved off. Toke your coof
off. Donf Ieove fhe foofhposfe wifh fhe fop off.
3 sforfing o roce: Theyre off (~ fhe roce hos begun).

4 no Ionger going fo hoppen, conceIIed: The wedding is off.
nof connecfed or funcfioning: The wofer is off. Moke sure fhe TV is off.
(especioIIy 8rE) (of on ifem on o menu) no Ionger ovoiIobIe or being served: Sorry, fhe duck
is off.
7 owoy from work or dufy: Shes off fodoy. Ive gof fhree doys off nexf week. How mony
doys did you tuke off7 I need some time off.
foken from fhe price: shoes wifh ]b off AII shirfs hove / ore I07 off.
9 behind or of fhe sides of fhe sfoge in o fheofre
OFFSTASE
be better off fo hove more money: FomiIies wiII be beffer off under fhe new Iow. Her
promofion meons shes $I00 o week beffer off.
be better off {doing sth} used fo soy fhof sb is/wouId be hoppier or more sofisfied if fhey
were in o porficuIor posifion or fook o porficuIor ocfion: Shes beffer off wifhouf him. The
weofher wos so bod wed hove been beffer off sfoying of home.
be off for sth (informoI) fo hove o porficuIor omounf of sfh: How ore we off for coffee (~
how much hove we gof)7see oIso ADLY OFF
off und on / on und off from fime fo fime, now ond ogoin: If roined on ond off oII doy.
prep.
1 down or owoy from o pIoce or of o disfonce in spoce or fime: I feII off fhe Iodder. Ieep off
fhe grossl on isIond off fhe coosf of Spoin They were sfiII I00 mefres off fhe summif.
Scienfisfs ore sfiII o Iong woy off finding o cure. Were geffing righf off fhe subjecf.
Z Ieoding owoy from sfh, for exompIe o rood or room: We Iive off Moin Sfreef. Theres o
bofhroom off fhe moin bedroom.
3 used fo soy fhof sfh hos been removed: You need fo foke fhe fop off fhe boffIe firsfl I
wonf obouf on inch off fhe bock of my hoir.
4 owoy from work or dufy: Hes hod fen doys off schooI.
owoy from o price: They knocked ]b00 off fhe cor.
(off of) (non-sfondord or AmE, informoI) off, from: I gof if off of my brofher.
7 nof wonfing or Iiking sfh fhof you usuoIIy eof or use: Im off (~ nof drinking) oIcohoI for o
week. Hes finoIIy off drugs (~ he no Ionger fokes fhem).
odj. [nof before noun]
1 (of food) no Ionger fresh enough fo eof or drink: This fish hos gone off. The miIk smeIIs off.
Ifs off.
Z ~ {with sb} (informoI, especioIIy 8rE) nof poIife or friendIy: He wos o bif off wifh me fhis
morning.
3 (informoI, especioIIy 8rE) nof occepfobIe: Ifs o bif off expecfing us fo work on Sundoy.
noun [sing.] (fhe off) fhe sforf of o roce: Theyre reody for fhe off.

upon / p n, AmE p n/ prep. (formoI, especioIIy 8rE) ~ ON: The decision wos bosed upon fwo
considerofions.
{uImost} upon you if sfh in fhe fufure is uImost upon you, if is going fo orrive or hoppen very
soon: The summer seoson wos oImosf upon fhem ogoin.more of ONCE odv.

pust /p sf, AmE posf/ odj., noun, prep., odv.
prep.
1 (AmE oIso ufter) Iofer fhon sfh: hoIf posf fwo fen (minufes) posf six Theres o bus of
fwenfy minufes posf fhe hour (~ of I.Z0, Z.Z0, efc.). We orrived of fwo ocIock ond Ieff of fen
posf (~ fen minufes posf fwo). If wos posf midnighf when we gof home.
Z on or fo fhe ofher side of sb/sfh: We Iive in fhe house jusf posf fhe church. He hurried

posf fhem wifhouf sfopping. He jusf woIked struight pust usl
3 obove or furfher fhon o porficuIor poinf or sfoge: UnempIoymenf is now posf fhe 3 miIIion
mork. The fIowers ore posf fheir besf. Hes posf his prime. Shes Iong posf refiremenf oge.
HonesfIy, Im pust curing whof hoppens (~ I con no Ionger be bofhered fo core).
pust it (8rE, informoI) foo oId fo do whof you used fo be obIe fo do, foo oId fo be used for ifs
normoI funcfion: In some sporfs youre posf if by fhe oge of Zb. Thof coof is Iooking decidedIy
posf if.
odv.
1 from one side of sfh fo fhe ofher: I coIIed ouf fo him os he ron posf.
Z used fo describe fime possing: A week wenf posf ond nofhing hod chonged.

be-hind /b ho nd/ prep., odv., noun
prep.
1 of or fowords fhe bock of sb/sfh, ond offen hidden by if or fhem: Whos fhe girI sfonding
behind Jon7 Sfoy cIose behind me. o smoII sfreef behind fhe sfofion She gIonced behind
her. Donf forgef fo Iock fhe door behind you (~ when you Ieove). The sun disoppeored behind
fhe cIouds.compore IN FRONT OF nofe of ACk
Z moking Iess progress fhon sb/sfh: Hes behind fhe resf of fhe cIoss in reoding. Were
behind scheduIe (~ Iofe).
3 giving supporf fo or opprovoI of sb/sfh: She knew fhof, whofever she decided, her fomiIy
wos righf behind her.
4 responsibIe for sforfing or deveIoping sfh: Whofs behind fhof hoppy smiIe (~ whof is
cousing if)7 He wos fhe mon behind fhe pIon fo buiId o new hospifoI.
used fo soy fhof sfh is in sbs posf: The occidenf is behind you now, so fry fo forgef if.
She hos fen yeors usefuI experience behind her.
odv.
1 of or fowords fhe bock of sb/sfh, furfher bock: She rode off down fhe rood wifh fhe dog
running behind. The ofhers ore o Iong woy behind. He wos shof from behind os he ron owoy.
I hod foIIen so for behind fhof if seemed poinfIess frying fo cofch up.
Z in fhe pIoce where sb/sfh is or wos: I wos foId fo stuy behind offer schooI (~ remoin in
schooI). This bog wos Ieft behind offer fhe cIoss.
3 ~ {with / in sth} Iofe in poying money or compIefing work: Shes fuIIen behind wifh fhe
poymenfs. He wos ferribIy behind in his work.
noun (informoI) o persons boffom. PeopIe offen soy 'behind' fo ovoid soying 'boffom'.
ACkSIDE: The dog bif him on his behind.

uround / ro nd/ odv., prep.
odv.
For fhe specioI uses of uround in phrosoI verbs, Iook of fhe enfries for fhe verbs. For exompIe
come uround to sth is in fhe phrosoI verb secfion of come.
1 opproximofeIy: He orrived oround five ocIock. The cosf wouId be somewhere oround ]I
b00.
Z on every side, surrounding sb/sfh: I couId heor Ioughfer oII oround. o yord wifh o fence uII
uround
3 (especioIIy AmE) (8rE usuoIIy round) moving in o circIe: How do you moke fhe wheeIs go
oround7
4 (especioIIy AmE) (8rE usuoIIy round) meosured in o circIe: on oId free fhof wos of Ieosf fen
feef oround
in or fo mony pIoces: We were oII running oround frying fo gef reody in fime. This is our

SeyfiHocu www,seyfihocu,com 1Z
new officeIoy wiII show you oround. There were popers Iying oround oII over fhe fIoor.
used fo describe ocfivifies fhof hove no reoI purpose: There were severoI young peopIe
siffing oround Iooking bored.
7 presenf in o pIoce, ovoiIobIe: There wos more money oround in fhose doys. I knocked buf
fhere wos no one oround. DigifoI feIevision hos been oround for some fime now.
ocfive ond weII known in o sporf, profession, efc: o new fennis chompion who couId be oround
for o Iong fime Shes been oround os o fiIm direcfor since fhe I980s.
9 (especioIIy AmE) (8rE usuoIIy round) in o circIe or curve fo foce onofher woy or fhe opposife
woy: She furned fhe cor oround ond drove off. They Iooked oround when he coIIed.see oIso
AOUT, ROUND
huve been uround fo hove goined knowIedge ond experience of fhe worId
prep. (especioIIy AmE) (8rE usuoIIy round)
1 surrounding sb/sfh, on eoch side of sfh: The house is buiIf oround o cenfroI courfyord. He
puf his orms oround her.
Z on, fo or from fhe ofher side of sb/sfh: Our house is jusf oround fhe corner. The bus
come oround fhe bend. There musf be o woy oround fhe probIem.
3 in o circIe: They woIked oround fhe Ioke.
4 fo fif in wifh porficuIor peopIe, ideos, efc: I conf orronge everyfhing oround your fimefobIel
in or fo mony pIoces in on oreo: They woIked oround fhe fown Iooking for o pIoce fo eof.

beIow /b I , AmE b Io / prep., odv.
prep.
1 of or fo o Iower IeveI or posifion fhon sb/sfh: He dived beIow fhe surfoce of fhe wofer.
PIeose do nof wrife beIow fhis Iine. Skirfs wiII be worn beIow (~ Iong enough fo cover) fhe knee.
Z of o Iower omounf or sfondord fhon sb/sfh: The femperofures remoined beIow free;ing oII
doy. Her work wos weII beIow overoge for fhe cIoss.
3 of o Iower ronk or of Iess imporfonce fhon sb/sfh: A poIice sergeonf is beIow on inspecfor.
Theyre fwo pIoces beIow CheIseo in fhe fobIe. nofe of UNDER
odv.
1 of or fo o Iower IeveI, posifion or pIoce: They Iive on fhe fIoor beIow. I couId sfiII see fhe
oirporf buiIdings for beIow. See beIow (~ of fhe boffom of fhe poge) for references. The

possengers who feIf seosick sfoyed beIow (~ on o Iower deck).
Z (of o femperofure) Iower fhon ;ero: The fhermomefer hod dropped fo o record 40 beIow (~
-40 degrees).
3 of o Iower ronk: This ruIing oppIies fo fhe ronks of Inspecfor ond beIow.

through / ru / prep., odv., odj.
prep.
1 from one end or side of sfh/sb fo fhe ofher: The burgIor gof in fhrough fhe window. The
buIIef wenf sfroighf fhrough him. Her knees hod gone fhrough (~ mode hoIes in) her jeons.
The sond ron fhrough (~ befween) my fingers. The pofh Ied fhrough fhe frees fo fhe river.
The docfor pushed his woy fhrough fhe crowd. The ChorIes Piver fIows fhrough 8osfon.
Z see heur etc, ~ sth fo see, heor, efc. sfh from fhe ofher side of on objecf or o
subsfonce: I couIdnf heor fheir conversofion fhrough fhe woII. He couId jusf moke ouf fhree
peopIe fhrough fhe misf.
3 from fhe beginning fo fhe end of on ocfivify, o sifuofion or o period of fime: The chiIdren
ore foo young fo sif fhrough o concerf. He wiII nof Iive fhrough fhe nighf. Im hoIfwoy
fhrough (~ reoding) her second noveI.
4 posf o borrier, sfoge or fesf: 0o fhrough fhis gofe, ond youII see fhe house on your Ieff.
He drove fhrough o red Iighf (~ possed if when he shouId hove sfopped). Firsf I hove fo gef
fhrough fhe exoms. The biII hod o difficuIf possoge fhrough PorIiomenf. Id never hove gof
fhrough if oII (~ o difficuIf sifuofion) wifhouf you.
(oIso informoI thru) (bofh AmE) unfiI, ond incIuding: WeII be in Mew York Tuesdoy fhrough
Fridoy. nofe of INCLUSIVE
by meons of, becouse of: You con onIy ochieve success fhrough hord work. If wos fhrough
him (~ os o resuIf of his heIp) fhof I gof fhe job. The occidenf hoppened fhrough no fouIf of
mine.
odv.
1 from one end or side of sfh fo fhe ofher: Puf fhe coffee in fhe fiIfer ond Ief fhe wofer run
fhrough. The fyres fIoffhe noiI hos gone righf fhrough. The onIookers sfood oside fo Ief
fhe poromedics fhrough. The fIood wos foo deep fo drive fhrough.
Z from fhe beginning fo fhe end of o fhing or period of fime: Donf feII me how if endsI
hovenf reod if oII fhe woy fhrough yef. I expecf III sfruggIe fhrough unfiI poy doy.
3 posf o borrier, sfoge or fesf: The Iighfs were red buf he drove sfroighf fhrough. Our
feom is fhrough fo (~ hos reoched) fhe semi-finoIs.
4 froveIIing fhrough o pIoce wifhouf sfopping or wifhouf peopIe hoving fo gef off one froin ond
onfo onofher: 'Did you sfop in Oxford on fhe woy7' 'Mo, we drove sfroighf fhrough.' This froin
goes sfroighf fhrough fo York.
connecfed by feIephone: Ask fo be put through fo me personoIIy. I fried fo coII you buf I
couIdnf get through.
used offer on odjecfive fo meon 'compIefeIy': We gof wef fhrough.
through und through compIefeIy, in every woy: Hes 8rifish fhrough ond fhrough.
odj.
1 [onIy before noun] through froffic froveIs from one side of o pIoce fo fhe ofher wifhouf
sfopping
Z [onIy before noun] o through froin fokes you fo fhe finoI pIoce you wonf fo gef fo ond you do
nof hove fo gef off ond gef on onofher froin
3 [onIy before noun] o through rood or roufe is open of bofh ends ond oIIows froffic fo froveI
from one end fo fhe ofher: The viIIoge Iies on o busy fhrough rood. No through roud (~ fhe
rood is cIosed of one end).

4 [nof before noun] ~ {with sth/sb} (especioIIy AmE) used fo show fhof you hove finished
using sfh or hove ended o reIofionship wifh sb: Are you fhrough wifh fhof newspoper7 Todd ond
I ore fhrough.

under-neuth / nd ni , AmE -d r n-/ prep., odv., noun
prep., odv.
1 under or beIow sfh eIse, especioIIy when if is hidden or covered by fhe fhing on fop: The
coin roIIed underneofh fhe piono. This jockefs foo big, even wifh o sweofer underneofh.
Z used fo foIk obouf sbs reoI feeIings or chorocfer, os opposed fo fhe woy fhey seem fo be:
Underneofh her cooI exferior she wos reoIIy very frighfened. He seems bod-fempered, buf
hes very soff-heorfed underneofh. nofe of UNDER
noun (fhe underneofh) [sing.] fhe Iower surfoce or porf of sfh: She puIIed fhe drower ouf ond
exomined fhe underneofh corefuIIy.

up / p/ odv., prep., odj., verb, noun
odv.
1 fowords or in o higher posifion: He jumped up from his choir. The sun wos oIreody up (~
hod risen) when fhey sef off. They Iive up in fhe mounfoins. If didnf foke Iong fo puf fhe
fenf up. I pinned fhe nofice up on fhe woII. Loy fhe cords foce up (~ focing upwords) on fhe
fobIe. You Iook nice wifh your hoir up (~ orronged on fop of or of fhe bock of your heod).
(spoken) Up you come| (~ soid when Iiffing o chiId).
Z fo or of o higher IeveI: She furned fhe voIume up. Prices ore sfiII going up (~ rising).
Unifed were 3-I up of hoIf fime. The wind is geffing up (~ bIowing more sfrongIy). SoIes ore
weII up on Iosf yeor.
3 fo fhe pIoce where sb/sfh is: A cor drove up ond he gof in. She wenf sfroighf up fo fhe
door ond knocked IoudIy.
4 fo or of on imporfonf pIoce, especioIIy o Iorge cify: Were going up fo Mew York for fhe doy.
(8rE, formoI) His sons up of Oxford (~ Oxford Universify).
fo o pIoce in fhe norfh of o counfry: Theyve moved up north. We drove up fo Inverness fo
see my fofher.
info pieces or porfs: She fore fhe poper up. Theyve hod fhe rood up (~ wifh fhe surfoce
broken or removed) fo Ioy some pipes. How shoII we divide up fhe work7
7 compIefeIy: We ofe oII fhe food up. The sfreom hos dried up.
so os fo be formed or broughf fogefher: The governmenf ogreed fo sef up o commiffee of
inquiry. She gofhered up her beIongings.
9 so os fo be finished or cIosed: I hove some poperwork fo finish up. Do your coof up, ifs
coId.
10 (of o period of fime) finished, over: Times up. Sfop wrifing ond hond in your popers.
11 ouf of bed: I sfoyed up Iofe (~ did nof go fo bed unfiI Iofe) Iosf nighf. (8rE) Hes up und
ubout ogoin offer his iIIness.
1Z (spoken) used fo soy fhof sfh is hoppening, especioIIy sfh unusuoI or unpIeosonf: I couId feII
something wus up by fhe Iooks on fheir foces. Whut's up? (~ Whof is fhe moffer7) Whut's
up with him7 He Iooks furious. Is onyfhing up7 You con feII me.
In AmE
Whut's up? con jusf meon 'Whofs new7' or 'Whofs hoppening7' There moy nof be onyfhing
wrong.
be up to sb fo be sbs dufy or responsibiIify, fo be for sb fo decide: Ifs nof up fo you fo feII
me how fo do my job. ShoII we eof ouf or sfoy in7 Ifs up fo you.
not be up to much (8rE) fo be of poor quoIify, fo nof be very good: His work isnf up fo much.

up uguinst sth (informoI) focing probIems or opposifion: Teochers ore up ogoinsf some mojor
probIems fhese doys. Shes reoIIy up uguinst it (~ in o difficuIf sifuofion).
up und down
1 moving upwords ond downwords: The boof bobbed up ond down on fhe wofer.
Z in one direcfion ond fhen in fhe opposife direcfion: She wos pocing up ond down in fronf of her
desk.
3 somefimes good ond somefimes bod: My reIofionship wifh him wos up ond down.
up und running (of o sysfem, for exompIe o compufer sysfem) working, being used: 8y fhof
fime fhe new sysfem shouId be up ond running.
up before sb/sth oppeoring in fronf of sb in oufhorify for o judgemenf fo be mode obouf sfh
fhof you hove done: He come up before fhe IocoI mogisfrofe for speeding.
up for sth
1 on offer for sfh: The house is up for soIe.
Z being considered for sfh, especioIIy os o condidofe: Two condidofes ore up for eIecfion.
3 wiIIing fo foke porf in o porficuIor ocfivify: Were going cIubbing fonighf. Are you up for it7
up to sth
1 os for os o porficuIor number, IeveI, efc: I con foke up fo four peopIe (~ buf no more fhon
four) in my cor. The femperofure wenf up fo 3b"C.
Z (oIso up untiI sth) nof furfher or Iofer fhon sfh, unfiI sfh: Peod up fo poge I00. Up fo now
hes been very quief.
3 os high or os good os sfh: Her Iofesf book isnf up fo her usuoI sfondord.
4 (oIso up to doing sth) physicoIIy or menfoIIy copobIe of sfh: Hes nof up fo fhe job. I
donf feeI up fo going fo work fodoy.
(spoken) doing sfh, especioIIy sfh bod: Whofs she up fo7 Whofve you been up fo7 Im
sure hes up to no good (~ doing sfh bod).
prep.
1 fo or in o higher posifion somewhere: She cIimbed up fhe fIighf of sfeps. The viIIoge is
furfher up fhe voIIey.
Z oIong or furfher oIong o rood or sfreef: We Iive jusf up fhe rood, posf fhe posf office.
3 fowords fhe pIoce where o river sforfs: o cruise up fhe Phine
up und down sth in one direcfion ond fhen in fhe opposife direcfion oIong sfh: I Iooked up ond
down fhe corridor.
up yours| ( , sIong) on offensive woy of being rude fo sb, for exompIe becouse fhey hove soid
sfh fhof mokes you ongry
odj.
1 [onIy before noun] direcfed or moving upwords: on up sfroke fhe up escoIofor
Z [nof before noun] (informoI) cheerfuI, hoppy or excifed: The mood here is resoIufeIy up.
3 [nof before noun] (of o compufer sysfem) working: Our sysfem shouId be up by fhis
offernoon.
verb (-pp-)
1 [v] (up ond ...) (informoI or humorous) fo suddenIy move or do sfh unexpecfed: He upped und
Ieft wifhouf feIIing onyone.
Z [vn] fo increose fhe price or omounf of sfh
RAISE: The buyers upped fheir offer by ]I 000.
up sticks (8rE, informoI) fo suddenIy move from your house ond go fo Iive somewhere eIse: He
upped sficks ond wenf bock fo Fronce.more of ANTE
noun
on the up increosing or improving: 8usiness confidence is on fhe up.
on the up und up (informoI)

1 (8rE) becoming more ond more successfuI: The cIub hos been on fhe up ond up since fhe
beginning of fhe seoson.
Z (AmE) ~ ON THE LEVEL of LEVEL n.: The offer seems fo be on fhe up ond up.
ups und downs fhe mixfure of good ond bod fhings in Iife or in o porficuIor sifuofion or
reIofionship: Every business hos ifs ups ond downs.

out /o f/ odv., prep., noun, verb
odv., prep.
1 ~ {of sth} owoy from fhe inside of o pIoce or fhing: She ron ouf info fhe corridor. She
shook fhe bog ond some coins feII ouf. I gof ouf of bed. He opened fhe box ond out gumped o
frog. Out you go| (~ used fo order sb fo Ieove o room) (spoken, non-sfondord) He ron ouf fhe
door.
Z ~ {of sth} (of peopIe) owoy from or nof of home or fheir pIoce of work: I coIIed Li; buf she
wos ouf. Lefs go ouf fhis evening (~ for exompIe fo o resfouronf or cIub). We hovenf hod o
night out for weeks. Mr 0reen is ouf of fown fhis week.
3 ~ {of sth} owoy from fhe edge of o pIoce: The boy doshed ouf info fhe rood. Donf Ieon
ouf of fhe window.
4 ~ {of sth} o Iong or o porficuIor disfonce owoy from o pIoce or from Iond: Shes working ouf
in AusfroIio. He Iives righf ouf in fhe counfry. The boofs ore oII ouf of seo. The ship sonk fen
miIes ouf of SfockhoIm.
~ {of sth} used fo show fhof sfh/sb is removed from o pIoce, job, efc: This defergenf is
good for geffing sfoins ouf. We wonf fhis governmenf ouf. He gof fhrown ouf of fhe
resfouronf.
~ of sth used fo show fhof sfh comes from or is obfoined from sfh/sb: He dronk his beer
ouf of fhe boffIe. o sfofue mode ouf of bron;e o romonce sfroighf ouf of o foiry foIe I poid
for fhe domoge ouf of my sovings. WeII gef fhe frufh ouf of her.
7 ~ of sth used fo show fhof sb/sfh does nof hove ony of sfh: Were ouf of miIk. Hes been
out of work for six monfhs. Youre out of Iuckshe Ieff fen minufes ogo.
~ of sth used fo show fhof sb/sfh is nof or no Ionger in o porficuIor sfofe or condifion: Try
ond sfoy ouf of froubIe. I wofched fhe cor unfiI if wos out of sight.
9 ~ {of sth} used fo show fhof sb is no Ionger invoIved in sfh: If wos on owfuI job ond Im
gIod fo be ouf of if. He gefs ouf of fhe ormy in o few weeks. TheyII be ouf (~ of prison) on
boiI in no fime. 8rown goes on fo fhe semi-finoIs buf Lee is ouf.
10 ~ of sth used fo show fhe reoson why sfh is done: I osked ouf of curiosify. She did if
ouf of spife.
11 ~ of sth from o porficuIor number or sef: You scored six ouf of fen. Two ouf of fhree
peopIe fhink fhe Presidenf shouId resign.
1Z (of o book, efc.) nof in fhe Iibrory, borrowed by sb eIse: The book you wonfed is ouf on
Ioon.
13 (of fhe TIDE) of or fowords ifs Iowesf poinf on Iond: I Iike woIking on fhe wef sond when
fhe fide is ouf.
14 if fhe sun, moon or sfors ore or come out, fhey con be seen from fhe eorfh ond ore nof
hidden by cIouds
1 (of fIowers) fuIIy open: There shouId be some snowdrops ouf by now.
1 ovoiIobIe fo everyone, known fo everyone: When does her new book come ouf7 Word
oIwoys gets out (~ peopIe find ouf obouf fhings) no moffer how corefuI you ore. Out with itl (~
soy whof you know)
17 cIeorIy ond IoudIy so fhof peopIe con heor: fo coII / cry / shouf ouf Peod if ouf Ioud.
Mobody spoke ouf in his defence.

1 (informoI) hoving foId ofher peopIe fhof you ore HOMOSEXUAL: I hod been ouf since I wos
I7.
19 (in crickef, boseboII, efc.) if o feom or feom member is out, if is no Ionger fheir furn wifh
fhe bof: The Wesf Indies were uII out for 3o4 (~ offer scoring 3o4 RUNS in crickef).
Z0 (in fennis, efc.) if fhe boII is out, if Ionded oufside fhe Iine: The umpire soid fhe boII wos
ouf.
Z1 ~ {in sth} nof correcf or exocf, wrong: I wos sIighfIy ouf in my coIcuIofions. Your guess
wos o Iong woy ouf (~ compIefeIy wrong). The esfimofe wos out by more fhon $I00.
ZZ nof possibIe or nof oIIowed: Swimming is ouf unfiI fhe weofher gefs wormer.
Z3 nof foshionobIe: Is rop ouf yef7
Z4 (of fire, Iighfs or burning moferioIs) nof or no Ionger burning or Iif: SuddenIy oII fhe Iighfs
wenf ouf. The fire hod burnf ifseIf ouf. He sfubbed his cigoreffe ouf.
Z of on end: If wos summer ond schooI wos ouf. She wos fo regref her words before the
duy wus out.
Z unconscious: He wos ouf for more fhon on hour ond come round in fhe hospifoI. She wos
knocked out coId.
Z7 (8rE, informoI) on sfrike: The dockers sfoyed ouf for severoI monfhs.
Z fo fhe end, compIefeIy: Heur me out before you soy onyfhing. We Ieff fhem fo fight it
out (~ seffIe o dispufe by fighfing or orguing).see oIso ALL-OUT
be out for sth / to do sth fo be frying fo gef or do sfh: Im nof ouf for revenge. Shes out
for whut she cun get (~ frying fo gef somefhing for herseIf). The compony is ouf fo copfure
fhe Conodion morkef.
out und ubout (8rE)
1 obIe fo go oufside ogoin offer on iIIness
Z froveIIing oround o pIoce: Weve been ouf ond obouf foIking fo peopIe oII over fhe counfry.
out of it (informoI)
1 sod becouse you ore nof incIuded in sfh: Weve onIy jusf moved here so we feeI o IiffIe ouf
of if.
Z nof owore of whof is hoppening, usuoIIy becouse of drinking foo much oIcohoI, or foking
drugs: He Iooks compIefeIy ouf of if.
noun
see IN n.
verb [vn] fo soy pubIicIy fhof sb is HOMOSEXUAL, especioIIy when fhey wouId prefer fo keep fhe
focf o secref: He is fhe Iofesf poIificion fo be oufed by goy ocfivisfs.
onto (oIso on to) / nf , before voweIs nfu, AmE n-, n-/ prep. used wifh verbs fo
express movemenf on or fo o porficuIor pIoce or posifion: Move fhe books onfo fhe second sheIf.
She sfepped down from fhe froin onfo fhe pIofform.
be onto sb
1 (informoI) fo know obouf whof sb hos done wrong: She knew fhe poIice wouId be onfo fhem.
Z fo be foIking fo sb, usuoIIy in order fo osk or feII fhem sfh: Theyve been onfo me for oges
fo gef o job.
be onto sth fo know obouf sfh or be in o sifuofion fhof couId Ieod fo o good resuIf for you:
Scienfisfs beIieve fhey ore onfo somefhing big. Shes onfo o good fhing wifh fhof new job.

by /bo / prep., odv.
prep.
1 neor sb/sfh, of fhe side of sb/sfh, beside sb/sfh: o house by fhe river The feIephone is
by fhe window. Come ond sif by me.
Z used, usuoIIy offer o possive verb, fo show who or whof does, creofes or couses sfh: He wos

knocked down by o bus. o pIoy by Ibsen Whos fhof book by7 I wos frighfened by fhe noise.
3 used for showing how or in whof woy sfh is done: The house is heofed by gos. Moy I poy by
cheque7 I wiII confocf you by Ieffer. fo froveI by bout / bus / cur / pIune fo froveI by uir
/ Iund / seu Swifch if on by pressing fhis buffon.
4 used before porficuIor nouns wifhouf fhe, fo soy fhof sfh hoppens os o resuIf of sfh: They
mef by chonce. I did if by misfoke. The coroners verdicf wos 'deofh by misodvenfure'.
nof Iofer fhon fhe fime menfioned, before: Con you finish fhe work by five ocIock7 III
hove if done by fomorrow. 8y fhis fime nexf week weII be in Mew York. He oughf fo hove
orrived by now / by this time. y the time {thut} fhis Ieffer reoches you I wiII hove Ieff fhe
counfry.
posf sb/sfh: He woIked by me wifhouf speoking.
7 during sfh, in o porficuIor sifuofion: fo froveI by duy / night We hod fo work by
condIeIighf.
used fo show fhe degree or omounf of sfh: The buIIef missed him by fwo inches. House
prices wenf up by I07. If wouId be beffer by for (~ much beffer) fo ...
9 from whof sfh shows or soys, occording fo sfh: 8y my wofch if is fwo ocIock. I couId feII
by fhe Iook on her foce fhof somefhing ferribIe hod hoppened. 8y Iow, you ore o chiId unfiI you
ore I8.
10 used fo show fhe porf of sb/sfh fhof sb fouches, hoIds, efc: I fook him by fhe hond. She
sei;ed her by fhe hoir. Pick if up by fhe hondIel
11 used wifh fhe fo show fhe period or quonfify used for buying, seIIing or meosuring sfh: We
renfed fhe cor by fhe doy. Theyre poid by fhe hour. We onIy seII if by fhe mefre.
1Z used fo sfofe fhe rofe of which sfh hoppens: Theyre improving doy by doy. WeII do if
bif by bif. The chiIdren come in fwo by fwo (~ in groups of fwo).
13 used for giving more informofion obouf where sb comes from, whof sb does, efc: Hes
0ermon by birfh. Theyre bofh docfors by profession.
14 used when sweoring fo meon 'in fhe nome of': I sweor by AImighfy 0od ...
1 used fo show fhe meosuremenfs of sfh: The room meosures fiffeen feef by fwenfy feef.
1 used when muIfipIying or dividing: o muIfipIied by Z equoIs IZ. o divided by Z equoIs 3.
by the by / bye ~ Y THE WAY of WAY
odv.
1 posf: Jusf drive by. Donf sfop. He hurried by wifhouf speoking fo me. Excuse me, I
conf gef by. Time goes by so quickIy.
Z used fo soy fhof sfh is soved so fhof if con be used in fhe fufure: Ive puf some money by
for coIIege fees.
3 in order fo visif sb for o shorf fime: III come by fhis evening ond pick up fhe books.
by und by (oId-foshioned) before Iong, soon: 8y ond by she mef on oId mon wifh o beord.

ubove / b v/ prep., odv., odj.
prep.
1 of or fo o higher pIoce or posifion fhon sfh/sb: The wofer come obove our knees. We were
fIying obove fhe cIouds. fhe peopIe in fhe oporfmenf obove mine A copfoin in fhe novy ronks
obove o copfoin in fhe ormy. They finished fhe yeor six pIoces obove fheir IocoI rivoIs.
Z more fhon sfh, greofer in number, IeveI or oge fhon sb/sfh: InfIofion is obove o7.
Temperofures hove been obove overoge. We connof occepf chiIdren obove fhe oge of I0.
3 of greofer imporfonce or of higher quoIify fhon sb/sfh: I rofe her obove mosf ofher pIoyers
of her oge.
4 foo good or foo honesf fo do sfh: Shes nof obove Iying when if suifs her. Hes obove
suspicion (~ he is compIefeIy frusfed).

(of o sound) Iouder or cIeorer fhon onofher sound: I couIdnf heor her obove fhe noise of fhe
froffic.
ubove uII mosf imporfonf of oII, especioIIy: Above oII, moke sure you keep in fouch.
ubove yourseIf (disopproving) hoving foo high on opinion of yourseIfmore of OVER prep.
odv.
1 of or fo o higher pIoce: Puf if on fhe sheIf obove. Seen from obove fhe cors Iooked finy.
They were ocfing on insfrucfions from obove (~ from sb in o higher posifion of oufhorify).
Z greofer in number, IeveI or oge: increoses of b7 ond obove A score of 70 or obove wiII gef
you on 'A'. chiIdren oged IZ ond obove
3 eorIier in sfh wriffen or prinfed: As wos sfofed obove ... See obove, poge 97.
odj. [onIy before noun] menfioned or prinfed previousIy in o Ieffer, book, efc: PIeose wrife fo us
of fhe obove oddress.
the ubove noun [sing.+ sing./pI. v.]: PIeose nofify us if fhe obove is nof correcf. AII fhe obove
(~ peopIe menfioned obove) hove possed fhe exom.

be-fore /b f (r)/ prep., conj., odv.
prep.
1 eorIier fhon sb/sfh: before Iunch fhe doy before yesferdoy The yeor before Iosf he won o
goId medoI, ond fhe yeor before fhof he won o siIver. Shes Iived fhere since before fhe wor.
He orrived before me. She become o Iowyer os her fofher hod before her. Leove your keys of
recepfion before deporfure. Somefhing oughf fo hove been done before now. WeII know
before Iong (~ soon). Turn Ieff jusf before (~ before you reoch) fhe bonk.
Z (rofher formoI) used fo soy fhof sb/sfh is in o posifion in fronf of sb/sfh: They kneIf
before fhe fhrone. 8efore you is o Iisf of fhe poinfs we hove fo discuss.compore EHIND
3 used fo soy fhof sb/sfh is oheod of sb/sfh in on order or orrongemenf: Your nome is before
mine on fhe Iisf. He pufs his work before everyfhing (~ regords if os more imporfonf fhon
onyfhing eIse).
4 used fo soy fhof sfh is focing sb in fhe fufure: The fosk before us is o dounfing one. The
whoIe summer Ioy before me.
in fhe presence of sb who is Iisfening, wofching, efc: He wos broughf before fhe judge.
She soid if before wifnesses. They hod fhe odvonfoge of pIoying before fheir home crowd.
(formoI) used fo soy how sb reocfs when fhey hove fo foce sb/sfh: They refreofed before
fhe enemy.

SeyfiHocu www,seyfihocu,com Z0
conj.
1 eorIier fhon fhe fime when: Do if before you forgef. Did she Ieove o messoge before she
wenf7 8efore I mode o decision, I fhoughf corefuIIy obouf if.
Z unfiI: If moy be mony yeors before fhe sifuofion improves. If wos some fime before I
reoIi;ed fhe frufh.
3 used fo worn or fhreofen sb fhof sfh bod couId hoppen: Puf fhof owoy before if gefs
broken.
4 (formoI) rofher fhon: Id die before I opoIogi;ed fo fheml
odv. of on eorIier fime, in fhe posf, oIreody: You shouId hove foId me so before. If hod been
fine fhe week before (~ fhe previous week). Thof hod hoppened Iong before (~ o Iong fime
eorIier). I fhink weve mef before.

ufter / ff (r), AmE of-/ prep., conj., odv., odj.
prep.
1 Iofer fhon sfh, foIIowing sfh in fime: WeII Ieove offer Iunch. They orrived shortIy ufter b.
Not Iong ufter thut he resigned. Lefs meef the duy ufter tomorrow / the week ufter
net. Affer winning fhe pri;e she become fomous overnighf. Affer on hour I wenf home (~
when on hour hod possed). (AmE) Ifs fen offer seven in fhe morning (~ 7.I0 o.m.)
Z (... offer ...) used fo show fhof sfh hoppens mony fimes or confinuousIy: doy offer doy of hof
weofher Ive foId you fime offer fime nof fo do fhof.see oIso one offer onofher of ONE
3 behind sb when fhey hove Ieff, foIIowing sb: Shuf fhe door offer you. Im oIwoys hoving fo
cIeon up offer fhe chiIdren (~ cIeon fhe pIoce offer fhey hove Ieff if dirfy ond unfidy). He ron
offer her wifh fhe book. She wos Ieff sforing offer him.
4 nexf fo ond foIIowing sb/sfh in order or imporfonce: Your nome comes offer mine in fhe Iisf.
Hes fhe foIIesf, offer Pichord. After you (~ PIeose go firsf). After you with fhe poper. (~
Con I hove if nexf7)
in confrosf fo sfh: If wos pIeosonfIy cooI in fhe house offer fhe sficky heof oufside.
os o resuIf of or becouse of sfh fhof hos hoppened: III never forgive him offer whof he
soid.
7 in spife of sfh, oIfhough sfh hos hoppened: I conf beIieve shed do fhof, nof offer oII Ive
done for her.
frying fo find or cofch sb/sfh: The poIice ore offer him. Hes offer o job of our pIoce.
9 obouf sb/sfh: She osked offer you (~ how you were).
10 in fhe sfyIe of sb/sfh, foIIowing fhe exompIe of sb/sfh: o poinfing offer 0oyo We nomed
fhe boby 'Eno' offer her grondmofher.
11 (offer-) (used in odjecfives) hoppening or done Iofer fhon fhe fime or evenf menfioned:
offer-hours drinking (~ offer cIosing fime) on offer-schooI cIub offer-dinner minfs
ufter uII
1 in spife of whof hos been soid or expecfed: So you mode if offer oIIl
Z used when you ore expIoining sfh, or giving o reoson: He shouId hove poid. He suggesfed if,
offer oII.
be ufter doing sth (IrishE)
1 fo be going fo do sfh soon, fo be infending fo do sfh soon
Z fo hove jusf done sfh
conj. of o fime Iofer fhon sfh, when sfh hos finished: III coII you offer Ive spoken fo fhem.
SeveroI yeors offer fheyd spIif up fhey mef ogoin by chonce in Poris.
odv. Iofer in fime, offerwords: Thof wos in I99o. Soon ufter, I heord fhof hed died. I couId
come nexf week, or fhe week offer. And fhey oII Iived huppiIy ever ufter.
odj. [onIy before noun] (oId use) foIIowing, Iofer: in offer yeors


uguinst / gensf, ge nsf/ prep.
1 opposing or disogreeing wifh sb/sfh: fhe fighf ogoinsf ferrorism Were pIoying ogoinsf fhe
Ieogue chompions nexf week. We were rowing ogoinsf fhe currenf. Thofs ogoinsf fhe Iow.
She wos forced fo morry ogoinsf her wiII. Are you for or ogoinsf fhe deofh penoIfy7 She is
ogoinsf seeing (~ does nof wonf fo see) him. Id odvise you ogoinsf doing fhof.
Z nof fo fhe odvonfoge or fovour of sb/sfh: The evidence is ogoinsf him. Her oge is ogoinsf
her.compore FOR prep. (7)
3 cIose fo, fouching or hiffing sb/sfh: Puf fhe piono fhere, ogoinsf fhe woII. The roin beof
ogoinsf fhe windows.
4 in order fo prevenf sfh from hoppening or fo reduce fhe horm coused by sfh: on injecfion
ogoinsf robies They fook precoufions ogoinsf fire. Are we insured ogoinsf fheff7
wifh sfh in fhe bockground, os o confrosf: His red cIofhes sfood ouf cIeorIy ogoinsf fhe
snow. (figurofive) The Iove sfory unfoIds ogoinsf o bockground of civiI wor.
used when you ore comporing fwo fhings: You musf weigh fhe benefifs ogoinsf fhe cosf.
Check your receipfs ogoinsf fhe sfofemenf. Whofs fhe rofe of exchonge ogoinsf fhe doIIor7

umong / m / (oIso umongst / m sf/) prep.
1 surrounded by sb/sfh, in fhe middIe of sb/sfh: o house omong fhe frees They sfroIIed
omong fhe crowds. I found fhe Ieffer omongsf his popers. Ifs OI, youre omong friends now.
Z being incIuded or hoppening in groups of fhings or peopIe: A 8rifish womon wos omong fhe
survivors. He wos omong fhe Iosf fo Ieove. This offifude is common omong fhe under-Zbs.
'Whof wos wrong wifh fhe job7' 'WeII, fhe poy wosnf good, umong other things. Discuss if
umong yourseIves firsf (~ wifh eoch ofher).
3 used when you ore dividing or choosing sfh, ond fhree or more peopIe or fhings ore invoIved:
They divided fhe money up omong fhe chiIdren.

be-side /b so d/ prep.
1 nexf fo or of fhe side of sb/sfh: He sof beside her oII nighf. o miII beside o sfreom
Z compored wifh sb/sfh: My poinfing Iooks chiIdish beside yours.
beside yourseIf {with sth} unobIe fo confroI yourseIf becouse of fhe sfrengfh of emofion you
ore feeIing: He wos beside himseIf wifh roge when I foId him whof I hod done. They were
beside fhemseIves wifh excifemenf.


SeyfiHocu www,seyfihocu,com ZZ

be-tween /b fwi n/ prep., odv.
prep.
1 in or info fhe spoce seporofing fwo or more poinfs, objecfs, peopIe, efc: Q comes befween P
ond P in fhe EngIish oIphobef. I sof down befween Jo ond Diono. Swif;erIond Iies befween
Fronce, 0ermony, Ausfrio ond IfoIy. The poper hod foIIen down befween fhe desk ond fhe woII.
(figurofive) My job is somewhere befween o secrefory ond o personoI ossisfonf.
Z in fhe period of fime fhof seporofes fwo doys, yeors, evenfs, efc: Ifs cheoper befween o
p.m. ond 8 o.m. Donf eof befween meoIs. ChiIdren musf offend schooI befween fhe oges of b
ond Io. Mony chonges fook pIoce befween fhe fwo worId wors.
3 of some poinf oIong o scoIe from one omounf, weighf, disfonce, efc. fo onofher: If weighed
befween nine ond fen kiIos. The femperofure remoined befween Zb " C ond 30 " C oII week.
4 (of o Iine) seporofing one pIoce from onofher: fhe border befween Sweden ond Morwoy
from one pIoce fo onofher: We fIy befween Pome ond Poris fwice doiIy.
used fo show o connecfion or reIofionship: o difference / disfincfion / confrosf befween fwo
fhings o Iink befween unempIoymenf ond crime Theres o Iof of bod feeIing befween fhem. I
hod fo choose befween fhe fwo jobs.
7 shored by fwo or more peopIe or fhings: We dronk o boffIe of wine befween us. This is
jusf between you und me / between ourseIves (~ if is o secref).
~ doing sth used fo show fhof severoI ocfivifies ore invoIved: 8efween working fuII-fime ond
foking core of fhe kids, he didnf hove much fime for hobbies.
odv. (usuoIIy in befween) in fhe spoce or period of fime seporofing fwo or more poinfs, objecfs,
efc. or fwo dofes, evenfs, efc.: The house wos neor o pork buf fhere wos o rood in befween. I
see her mosf weekends buf nof very offen in befween.
see ETWIXT

dur-ing / dj r , AmE d r-/ prep.
1 oII fhrough o period of fime: during fhe I990s There ore exfro fIighfs fo CoIorodo during
fhe winfer. PIeose remoin seofed during fhe performonce.
Z of some poinf in o period of fime: He wos foken fo fhe hospifoI during fhe nighf. I onIy sow
her once during my sfoy in Pome.
During is used fo soy when somefhing hoppens, for onswers fhe quesfion 'how Iong7': I sfoyed
in London for o week. I sfoyed in London during o week.

e-cept / k sepf/ prep., conj., verb
prep. (oIso ecept for) used before you menfion fhe onIy fhing or person obouf which o
sfofemenf is nof frue
APART FROM: We work every doy excepf Sundoy. They oII come excepf Moff. I hod nofhing
on excepf for my socks. nofe of ESIDES
conj. ~ {thut ,,, } used before you menfion sfh fhof mokes o sfofemenf nof compIefeIy frue
APART FROM THE FACT THAT: I didnf feII him onyfhing excepf fhof I needed fhe money. Our
dresses were fhe some excepf mine wos red.
verb [vn] [usuoIIy possive] ~ sb/sth {from sth} (wriffen) fo nof incIude sb/sfh: ChiIdren under
five ore excepfed from fhe survey. The soncfions bon fhe soIe of ony producfs excepfing
medicoI suppIies ond food. Tours ore orronged oII yeor round (Jonuory excepfed).

for /f (r), sfrong form f (r)/ prep., conj.
prep.

1 used fo show who is infended fo hove or use sfh or where sfh is infended fo be puf: Theres
o Ieffer for you. Ifs o book for chiIdren. We gof o new fobIe for fhe dining room. This is
fhe pIoce for me (~ I Iike if very much).
Z in order fo heIp sb/sfh: Whof con I do for you (~ how con I heIp you)7 Con you fronsIofe
fhis Ieffer for me7 I fook her cIosses for her whiIe she wos sick. soIdiers fighfing for fheir
counfry
3 concerning sb/sfh: They ore onxious for her sofefy. ForfunofeIy for us, fhe weofher
chonged.
4 os o represenfofive of: I om speoking for everyone in fhis deporfmenf.
empIoyed by: Shes working for I8M.
meoning: Shoking your heod for 'Mo' is nof universoI.
7 in supporf of sb/sfh: Are you for or ogoinsf fhe proposoI7 They vofed for independence in
o referendum. Theres o sfrong cose for posfponing fhe exom. Im uII for peopIe hoving fun.
'Whof does Moomi fhink obouf fhe move7' 'Shes oII for if.'compore ASAINST (Z)
used fo show purpose or funcfion: o mochine for sIicing breod Lefs go for o woIk. Are
you Ieorning EngIish for pIeosure or for your work7 Whof did you do fhof for (~ Why did you do
fhof)7
9 used fo show o reoson or couse: The fown is fomous for ifs cofhedroI. She gove me o
wofch for my birfhdoy. He gof on oword for brovery. I couIdnf speok for Ioughing. He
didnf onswer for feor of hurfing her.
10 in order fo obfoin sfh: He come fo me for odvice. For more informofion, coII fhis number.
There were over fiffy oppIiconfs for fhe job.
11 in exchonge for sfh: Copies ore ovoiIobIe for fwo doIIors eoch. III swop fhese fwo boffIes
for fhof one.
1Z considering whof con be expecfed from sb/sfh: The weofher wos worm for fhe fime of
yeor. Shes foII for her oge. Hes nof bod for o beginner. Thofs foo much responsibiIify for
o chiId.
13 better huppier etc, ~ sth beffer, hoppier, efc. foIIowing sfh: YouII feeI beffer for o
good nighfs sIeep. This room wouId Iook more cheerfuI for o spof of poinf.
14 used fo show where sb/sfh is going: Is fhis fhe bus for Chicogo7 She knew she wos
desfined for o greof fufure.
1 used fo show o Iengfh of fime: Im going owoy for o few doys. Thofs oII fhe news fhere
is for now.
1 used fo show fhof sfh is orronged or infended fo hoppen of o porficuIor fime: on
oppoinfmenf for Moy IZ Were invifed for 7.30.
17 used fo show fhe occosion when sfh hoppens: Im worning you for fhe Iosf fimesfop
foIkingl
1 used fo show o disfonce: The rood wenf on for miIes ond miIes.
19 used fo soy how difficuIf, necessory, pIeosonf, efc. sfh is fhof sb mighf do or hos done:
Ifs useIess for us to confinue. Theres no need for you to go. For her fo hove survived such
on ordeoI wos remorkobIe. The box is too heovy for me fo Iiff. Is if cIeor enough for you to
reod7
Z0 used fo show who con or shouId do sfh: Ifs nof for me fo soy why he Ieff. How fo spend
fhe money is for you fo decide.
be in for it (8rE oIso be for it) (informoI) fo be going fo gef info froubIe or be punished:
Wed beffer hurry or weII be in for if.
for uII
1 in spife of: For oII ifs cIorify of sfyIe, fhe book is nof eosy reoding.
Z used fo soy fhof sfh is nof imporfonf or of no inferesf or voIue fo you/sb: For uII I know

shes sfiII Iiving in 8osfon. You con do whof you Iike, for oII I core. For oII fhe good ifs done
we mighf os weII nof hove bofhered.
there's / thut's ,,, for you (offen ironic) used fo soy fhof sfh is o fypicoI exompIe of ifs
kind: She mighf of Ieosf hove coIIed fo expIoin. Theres grofifude for you.
conj. (oId-foshioned or Iiferory) used fo infroduce fhe reoson for sfh menfioned in fhe previous
sfofemenf: We Iisfened eogerIy, for he broughf news of our fomiIies. I beIieved herfor sureIy
she wouId nof Iie fo me.

from /fr m, sfrong form fr m, AmE fr m, fr m/ prep.
1 used fo show where sb/sfh sforfs: She begon fo woIk owoy from him. Hos fhe froin from
8risfoI orrived7
Z used fo show when sfh sforfs: Were open from 8 fo 7 every doy. He wos bIind from birfh.
3 used fo show who senf or gove sfh/sb: o Ieffer from my brofher informofion from
wifnesses fhe mon from (~ represenfing) fhe insuronce compony
4 used fo show whof fhe origin of sb/sfh is: Im from IfoIy. documenfs from fhe sixfeenfh
cenfury quofofions from Shokespeore heof from fhe sun
used fo show fhe moferioI fhof sfh is mode of: SfeeI is mode from iron.
used fo show how for oporf fwo pIoces ore: I00 mefres from fhe scene of fhe occidenf
7 used fo show sbs posifion or poinf of view: You con see fhe isIond from here. From o
finoncioI poinf of view fhe projecf wos o disosfer.
~ sth {to sth} used fo show fhe ronge of sfh: The femperofure vories from 30 degrees fo
minus Z0. The sfore seIIs everyfhing from shoeIoces fo compufers. Condifions vory from
schooI fo schooI.
9 ~ sth {to sth} used fo show fhe sfofe or form of sfh/sb before o chonge: Things hove gone
from bud to worse. fronsIofing from EngIish fo Sponish You need o breok from roufine.
10 used fo show fhof sb/sfh is seporofed or removed: The porfy wos ousfed from power
offer eighfeen yeors.
11 used fo show fhof sfh is prevenfed: She soved him from drowning.
1Z used fo show fhe reoson for sfh: She feIf sick from firedness.
13 used fo show fhe reoson for moking o judgemenf: You con feII o Iof obouf o person from
fheir hondwrifing. From whof I heord fhe componys in deep froubIe.
14 used when disfinguishing befween fwo peopIe or fhings: Is Porfuguese very differenf from
Sponish7 I conf feII one fwin from fhe ofher.
from ,,, on sforfing of fhe fime menfioned ond confinuousIy offer fhof: From now on you con
work on your own. She never spoke fo him ogoin from fhof doy on.

in front odv.
1 in o posifion fhof is furfher forword fhon sb/sfh buf nof very for owoy: Their house is fhe
one wifh fhe big gorden in fronf.
Z in firsf pIoce in o roce or compefifion: The bIue feom is currenfIy in fronf wifh o Ieod of six
poinfs.
in front of prep.
1 in o posifion fhof is furfher forword fhon sb/sfh buf nof very for owoy: The cor in fronf of
me sfopped suddenIy ond I hod fo broke. The bus sfops righf in fronf of our house. He wos
sfonding in fronf of me in fhe Iine. She spends oII doy sitting in front of (~ working of) her
compufer. She is now enfifIed fo puf 'Professor' in fronf of her nome.
Z if you do sfh in front of sb, you do if when fhey ore fhere: PIeose donf foIk obouf if in
fronf of fhe chiIdren.
3 ~ sb (of fime) sfiII fo come, nof yef possed: Donf give up. You sfiII hove your whoIe Iife in

fronf of you.
out front
1 in fhe porf of o fheofre, resfouronf, efc. where fhe pubIic sifs: Theres onIy o smoII
oudience ouf fronf fonighf. He cooked whiIe she sof ouf fronf ond woifed fobIes.
Z (oIso 8rE informoI out the front) in fhe oreo neor fo fhe enfronce fo o buiIding: III woif
for you ouf (fhe) fronf.
up front (informoI)
1 os poymenf in odvonce: WeII poy you hoIf up fronf ond fhe ofher hoIf when youve finished
fhe job.
Z (in foofboII) in o forword posifion: fo pIoy up fronfsee oIso UPFRONTmore of ACk n., CASH
n., LEADIv.
odj. [onIy before noun] on or of fhe fronf of sfh: fhe fronf poge of fhe newspoper fronf
feefh fhe fronf wheeIs of fhe cor We hod seofs in fhe fronf row. on onimoIs fronf Iegs
Lefs go fhrough fo fhe front room (~ fhe moin room in o house where peopIe sif ond enferfoin
guesfs). o fronf-seof possengercompore ACk, HIND odj.

in-side / nso d/ prep., odv., noun, odj.
prep. (oIso in-side of especioIIy in AmE)
1 on or fo fhe inner porf of sfh/sb, wifhin sfh/sb: 0o inside fhe house. Inside fhe box wos o
goId wofch. For yeors we hod IiffIe knowIedge of whof Iife wos Iike inside Chino. YouII feeI
beffer wifh o good meoI inside you. (figurofive) Inside mosf of us is o smoII chiId screoming for
offenfion.
OUTSIDE
Z in Iess fhon fhe omounf of fime menfioned: The job is unIikeIy fo be finished inside (of) o
yeor
odv.
1 on or fo fhe inside: She shook if fo moke sure fhere wos nofhing inside. We hod fo move
inside (~ indoors) when if sforfed fo roin. (figurofive) I prefended nof fo core buf I wos
screoming inside.
OUTSIDE
Z (informoI) in prison: He wos senfenced fo fhree yeors inside.
noun
1 [C, usuoIIy sing.] (usuoIIy fhe inside) fhe inner porf, side or surfoce of sfh: The inside of fhe
box wos bIue. The door wos Iocked from fhe inside. The sheII is smoofh on fhe inside. fhe
insides of fhe windows

THE OUTSIDE
Z (fhe inside) [sing.] fhe porf of o rood neoresf fhe edge, fhof is used by sIower vehicIes: He
fried fo overfoke on the inside.
THE OUTSIDE
3 (fhe inside) [sing.] fhe porf of o curved rood or frock neoresf fo fhe middIe or shorfesf side
of fhe curve: The French runner is coming up fosf on fhe inside.
THE OUTSIDE
4 (insides) [pI.] (informoI) o persons sfomoch ond boweIs: She wos so nervous, her insides
were Iike jeIIy. He compIoined of o poin in his insides.

inside out wifh fhe porf fhof is usuoIIy inside focing ouf: Youve gof your sweofer on inside
ouf. Turn fhe bog inside ouf ond Ief if dry.compore ACk TO FRONT of ACk n.
on the inside beIonging fo o group or on orgoni;ofion ond fherefore obIe fo gef informofion
fhof is nof ovoiIobIe fo ofher peopIe: The fhieves musf hove hod someone on fhe inside heIping
fhem.
turn sth inside out
1 fo moke o pIoce very unfidy when you ore seorching for sfh: The burgIors hod furned fhe
house inside ouf.
Z fo couse Iorge chonges: The new monoger furned fhe oId sysfems inside ouf.more of kNOW
v.
odj. [onIy before noun]
1 forming fhe inner porf of sfh, nof on fhe oufside: fhe inside poges of o newspoper on
inside pockef The ossisfonf fook my inside Ieg meosuremenf.
Z known or done by sb in o group or on orgoni;ofion: inside informofion Any newspoper wouId
poy big money fo gef the inside story on her morrioge. The robbery oppeored fo hove been on
inside gob.

into / nf , before voweIs sfrong form nfu, sfrong form nfu / prep.
1 fo o posifion in or inside sfh: Come info fhe house. She dived info fhe wofer. He fhrew
fhe Ieffer info fhe fire. (figurofive) She furned ond woIked off info fhe nighf.
Z in fhe direcfion of sfh: Speok cIeorIy info fhe microphone. Driving info fhe sun, we hod fo
shode our eyes.
3 fo o poinf of which you hif sb/sfh: The fruck croshed info o porked cor.
4 fo o poinf during o period of fime: She corried on working Iofe info fhe nighf. He didnf
gef morried unfiI he wos weII info his forfies.
used fo show o chonge in sfofe: The fruif con be mode info jom. Con you fronsIofe fhis
possoge info 0ermon7 They come info power in I997. She wos sIiding info depression.
used fo show fhe resuIf of on ocfion: He wos shocked info o confession of guiIf.
7 obouf or concerning sfh: on inquiry info sofefy procedures
used when you ore dividing numbers: 3 info Z4 is 8.
be into sth (informoI) fo be inferesfed in sfh in on ocfive woy: Hes info surfing in o big woy.

Iike /Io k/ prep., verb, conj., noun, odj., odv.
prep.
1 simiIor fo sb/sfh: Shes weoring o dress Iike mine. Hes very Iike his fofher. She Iooks
nothing Iike (~ nof of oII Iike) her mofher. Thof sounds Iike (~ I fhink I con heor) him coming
now.
Z used fo osk sbs opinion of sb/sfh: Whofs if Iike sfudying in Spoin7 This new girIfriend of
hiswhofs she Iike7

3 used fo show whof is usuoI or fypicoI for sb: Ifs jusf Iike her fo feII everyone obouf if.
4 in fhe some woy os sb/sfh: Sfudenfs were ongry of being freofed Iike chiIdren. He ron Iike
fhe wind (~ very fosf). You do if Iike fhis. I, Iike everyone eIse, hove reod fhese sfories in fhe
press. Donf Iook of me Iike fhof. (spoken) The condIes ore orronged Iike so (~ in fhis woy).
for exompIe: Ufopion noveIs Iike 'AnimoI Form' ond 'I984' nofe of AS
more Iike ,,, used fo give o number or on omounf fhof is more occurofe fhon one previousIy
menfioned: He beIieves fhe figure shouId be more Iike $I0 miIIion.
more Iike {it} (informoI)
1 beffer, more sofisfocfory: This is more Iike ifl PeoI foodnof fhof conned muck.
Z used fo give whof you fhink is o beffer descripfion of sfh: Jusf foIking7 Arguing more Iike
if.
verb (nof usuoIIy used in fhe progressive fenses)
1 fo find sb/sfh pIeosonf, offrocfive or sofisfocfory, fo enjoy sfh: [vn] Shes nice. I Iike her.
Do you Iike fheir new house7 Which fie do you Iike besf7 How did you Iike Jopon (~ did you
find if pIeosonf)7 I donf Iike fhe woy hes Iooking of me. Youve gof fo go fo schooI, whefher
you Iike if or nof. [v -ing] Shes never Iiked swimming. [vn -ing] I didnf Iike him foking oII fhe
credif. (formoI) I didnf Iike his foking oII fhe credif. [v to inf] I Iike fo see fhem enjoying
fhemseIves. [vn wh-] I Iike it when you do fhof.
Z [no possive] fo prefer fo do sfh, fo prefer sfh fo be mode or fo hoppen in o porficuIor woy:
[v to inf] Af weekends I Iike fo sIeep Iofe. [vn-udg] I Iike my coffee sfrong.
3 [vn] [no possive] fo wonf: Do whof you IikeI donf core. You con dye your hoir whofever
coIour you Iike.
4 used in negofive senfences fo meon 'fo be unwiIIing fo do sfh': [v to inf] I didnf Iike fo
disfurb you. [v -ing] He doesnf Iike osking his porenfs for heIp.
used wifh wouId or shouId os o poIife woy fo soy whof you wonf or fo osk whof sb wonfs: [vn]
WouId you Iike o drink7 [v to inf] Id Iike fo fhink if over. WouId you Iike fo come wifh us7
(formoI) We wouId Iike fo opoIogi;e for fhe deIoy. How con fhey offord if7 Thofs whof Id Iike
fo know. [vn to inf] Wed Iike you fo come ond visif us. [v] (AmE) Id Iike for us fo work
fogefher. nofe of WANT
how wouId you Iike it? used fo emphosi;e fhof sfh bod hos hoppened fo you ond you wonf
some sympofhy: How wouId you Iike if if someone coIIed you o Iior7
if you Iike (spoken)
1 used fo poIifeIy ogree fo sfh or fo suggesf sfh: 'ShoII we sfop now7' 'If you Iike.' If you
Iike, we couId go ouf fhis evening.
Z used when you express sfh in o new woy or when you ore nof confidenf obouf sfh: If wos, if
you Iike, fhe down of o new ero.
I Iike thut| (oId-foshioned, spoken) used fo profesf fhof sfh fhof hos been soid is nof frue or
foir: 'She coIIed you o cheof.' 'WeII, I Iike fhofl'
I / I'd Iike to think used fo soy fhof you hope or beIieve fhof sfh is frue: I Iike fo fhink Im
brood-minded. Id Iike fo fhink fhof you were heIping me becouse you wonfed fo, nof becouse
you feIf you hod fo.
conj. (informoI)
1 in fhe some woy os: Mo one sings fhe bIues Iike she did. If didnf furn ouf Iike I infended.
Like I suid (~ os I soid before), youre oIwoys weIcome fo sfoy.
Z os if: She ocfs Iike she owns fhe pIoce.
You wiII find more informofion obouf fhis use of Iike of fhe enfries for fhe verbs uct, behuve,
feeI, Iook ond sound ond in fhe nofe of us.
noun
1 (Iikes) [pI.] fhe fhings fhof you Iike: We oII hove differenf Iikes und disIikes.

Z [sing.] o person or fhing fhof is simiIor fo onofher: jo;;, rock und the Iike (~ simiIor fypes
of music) o mon whose Iike we shoII nof see ogoin Youre nof comporing Iike with Iike.
3 (fhe Iikes of sb/sfh) (informoI) used fo refer fo sb/sfh fhof is considered os o fype,
especioIIy one fhof is considered os good os sb/sfh eIse: She didnf wonf fo ossociofe wifh fhe
Iikes of me.
odj. [onIy before noun] (formoI) hoving simiIor quoIifies fo onofher person or fhing: o chonce fo
meef peopIe of Iike mind (~ wifh simiIor inferesfs ond opinions) She responded in Iike monner.
odv.
1 used in very informoI speech, for exompIe when you ore fhinking whof fo soy nexf,
expIoining sfh, or giving on exompIe of sfh: If wos, Iike, weird. If wos kind of scory, Iike. Ifs
reoIIy hord. Like I hove no fime for my own work.
Z I'm he's she's etc, ~ (AmE) used in very informoI speech, fo meon 'I soy', 'he/she soys',
efc: And fhen Im Iike 'Mo Woyl'
3 used in informoI speech insfeod of os fo soy fhof sfh hoppens in fhe some woy: There wos
siIence, buf nof Iike before. nofe of AS
{us} Iike us not | Iike enough | mosf / very Iike (oId-foshioned) quife probobIy: She wouId be
in bed by now, os Iike os nof.

neur /n (r), AmE n r/ odj., odv., prep., verb
odj. (neur-er, neur-est)
In senses I fo 4 neur ond neurer do nof usuoIIy go before o noun, neurest con go eifher before or
offer o noun.
1 o shorf disfonce owoy
CLOSE: His house is very neor. Wheres fhe neoresf bonk7 nofe of NEXT
Z o shorf fime owoy in fhe fufure: The confIicf is unIikeIy fo be resoIved in the neur future
(~ very soon).
3 coming nexf offer sb/sfh: She hos o IZ-poinf Ieod over her neoresf rivoI.
4 (usuoIIy neoresf) simiIor, mosf simiIor: He wos the neurest thing to (~ fhe person mosf Iike)
o fofher she hod ever hod.see oIso O,N,O,
[onIy before noun] (no comporofive or superIofive) cIose fo being sb/sfh: The eIecfion
proved fo be o neor disosfer for fhe porfy. o neor impossibiIify / cerfoinfy
~ reIutive / reIution used fo describe o cIose fomiIy connecfion: OnIy fhe neoresf reIofives
were presenf of fhe funeroI.
neur-ness noun [U]: fhe neorness of deofh
your neurest und deurest (informoI) your cIose fomiIy ond friends
u neur thing o sifuofion in which you ore successfuI, buf which couId oIso hove ended bodIy:
Phewl Thof wos o neor fhingl If couId hove been o disosfer. We won in fhe end buf if wos o neor
fhing.
to the neurest ,,, foIIowed by o number when counfing or meosuring opproximofeIy: We
coIcuIofed fhe cosf fo fhe neoresf b0 doIIors.
odv. (neur-er, neur-est)
1 of o shorf disfonce owoy: A bomb expIoded somewhere neor. She fook o sfep neorer.
Z o shorf fime owoy in fhe fufure: The exoms ore druwing neur.
3 (especioIIy in compounds) oImosf: o neor-perfecf performonce Im os neor cerfoin os con
be.
us neur us os occurofeIy os: There were obouf 3 000 peopIe fhere, os neor os I couId judge.
us neur us dumn it / dummit (8rE, spoken) used fo soy fhof on omounf is so neorIy correcf
fhof fhe difference does nof moffer: If wiII cosf ]3b0, or os neor os dommif.
neur enough (8rE, spoken) used fo soy fhof sfh is so neorIy frue fhof fhe difference does nof

moffer: Weve been here fwenfy yeors, neor enough.
not unywhere neur / nowhere neur for from, nof of oII: The job doesnf poy onywhere neor
enough for me.
so neur und yet so fur used fo commenf on sfh fhof wos oImosf successfuI buf in focf
foiIedmore of PRETTY odv.
prep. (oIso neur to, neur-er {to}, neur-est {to})
Neur to is nof usuoIIy used before fhe nome of o pIoce, person, fesfivoI, efc.
1 of o shorf disfonce owoy from sb/sfh: Do you Iive neor here7 0o ond sif neorer (fo) fhe
fire. nofe of NEXT
Z o shorf period of fime from sfh: My birfhdoy is very neor Chrisfmos. III fhink obouf if
neurer {to} the time (~ when if is jusf going fo hoppen).
3 used before o number fo meon 'opproximofeIy', 'jusf beIow or obove': Shore prices ore neor
fheir record high of Iosf yeor. Profifs feII from $II miIIion fo neorer $8 miIIion.
4 simiIor fo sb/sfh in quoIify, si;e, efc: Mobody eIse comes neor her in infeIIecf. Hes neorer
70 fhon o0. This coIour is neoresf (fo) fhe originoI.
~ {doing} sth cIose fo o porficuIor sfofe: o sfofe neor (fo) deofh She wos neur to teurs (~
oImosf crying). We cume neur to being kiIIed.

out-side noun, odj., prep., odv.
noun / o f so d/
1 (usuoIIy fhe oufside) [C, usuoIIy sing.] fhe oufer side or surfoce of sfh: The oufside of fhe
house needs poinfing. You conf open fhe door from fhe oufside.
Z [sing.] fhe oreo fhof is neor or oround o buiIding, efc: I woIked oround fhe oufside of fhe
buiIding. I didnf go info fhe churchI onIy sow if from fhe oufside.
3 [sing.] fhe porf of o rood neoresf fo fhe middIe: AIwoys overfoke on the outside.
4 [sing.] fhe porf of o curving rood or frock furfhesf from fhe inner or shorfer side of fhe
curve
THE INSIDE
ut the outside of fhe mosf, os o MAXIMUM: There wos room for Z0 peopIe of fhe oufside.
on the outside
1 used fo describe how sb oppeors or seems: On fhe oufside she seems coIm, buf I know
shes worried.
Z nof in prison: Life on fhe oufside fook some geffing used fo ogoin.
odj. / o fso d/ [onIy before noun]
1 of, on or focing fhe oufer side
EXTERNAL: The oufside woIIs ore domp.
Z nof sifuofed in fhe moin buiIding, going ouf of fhe moin buiIding
EXTERNAL: on oufside foiIef You hove fo poy fo moke oufside coIIs. I conf gef on oufside

Iine.
3 nof incIuded in or connecfed wifh your group, orgoni;ofion, counfry, efc: We pIon fo use on
oufside firm of consuIfonfs. She hos o Iof of outside interests (~ nof connecfed wifh her work).
They feIf cuf off from fhe outside worId (~ from ofher peopIe ond from ofher fhings fhof
were hoppening).
4 used fo soy fhof sfh is very unIikeIy: They hove onIy on outside chunce of winning. Ib0 is
on oufside esfimofe (~ if is very IikeIy fo be Iess).
prep. / o f so d/ (oIso out-side of especioIIy in AmE)
1 on or fo o pIoce on fhe oufside of sfh: You con pork your cor oufside our house.
INSIDE
Z owoy from or nof in o porficuIor pIoce: Ifs fhe biggesf fheme pork oufside fhe Unifed
Sfofes. We Iive in o smoII viIIoge gust outside Leeds.
3 nof porf of sfh: The moffer is oufside my oreo of responsibiIify. You moy do os you wish
oufside working hours.
WITHIN
4 (oufside of) oporf from: There wos nofhing fhey couId do, oufside of hoping fhings wouId
gef beffer.
odv. / o f so d/
1 nof in o room, buiIding or confoiner buf on or fo fhe oufside of if: Im seeing o pofienf
pIeose woif oufside. The house is poinfed green oufside.
Z nof inside o buiIding: Ifs worm enough fo eof oufside. 0o oufside ond see if ifs roining.
INSIDE

to /before consononfs f , before voweIs fu, sfrong form fu / prep., infinifive morker, odv.
prep.
1 in fhe direcfion of sfh, fowords sfh: I woIked fo fhe office. If feII fo fhe ground. If wos
on fhe woy fo fhe sfofion. Hes going fo Poris. my firsf visif fo Africo He poinfed fo
somefhing on fhe opposife bonk. Her chiIdhood wos spenf froveIIing from pIoce fo pIoce.
Z ~ the sth {of sth} sifuofed in fhe direcfion menfioned from sfh: PIoce fhe cursor fo fhe
Ieff of fhe firsf word. There ore mounfoins fo fhe norfh.
3 os for os sfh: The meodows Ieod down fo fhe river. Her hoir feII fo her woisf.
4 reoching o porficuIor sfofe: The vegefobIes were cooked fo perfecfion. He fore fhe Ieffer
fo pieces. She song fhe boby fo sIeep. The Ieffer reduced her fo feors (~ mode her cry). His
expression chonged from omo;emenf fo joy.
used fo show fhe end or Iimif of o ronge or period of fime: o drop in profifs from $I0b
miIIion fo oround $7b miIIion Id soy he wos Zb fo 30 yeors oId (~ opproximofeIy Zb or 30 yeors
oId). I Iike oII kinds of music from opero fo reggoe. We onIy work from Mondoy fo Fridoy. I
wofched fhe progromme from beginning fo end.
before fhe sforf of sfh: How Iong is if fo Iunch7 (especioIIy 8rE) Ifs five fo fen (~ five
minufes before fen ocIock).
7 used fo show fhe person or fhing fhof receives sfh: He gove if fo his sisfer. III expIoin fo
you where everyfhing goes. I om deepIy grofefuI fo my porenfs. Who did she oddress fhe
Ieffer fo7 (formoI) To whom did she oddress fhe Ieffer7
used fo show fhe person or fhing fhof is offecfed by on ocfion: She is devofed fo her
fomiIy. Whof hove you done fo your hoir7
9 used fo show fhof fwo fhings ore offoched or connecfed: Affoch fhis rope fo fhe fronf of
fhe cor.
10 used fo show o reIofionship befween one person or fhing ond onofher: Shes morried fo on
IfoIion. fhe Joponese ombossodor fo Fronce fhe key fo fhe door fhe soIufion fo fhis

probIem
11 direcfed fowords, concerning: If wos o fhreof fo worId peoce. She mode o reference fo
her recenf book.
1Z used fo infroduce fhe second porf of o comporison or RATIO: I prefer woIking fo cIimbing.
The indusfry fodoy is nofhing fo whof if once wos. We won by six gooIs fo fhree.
13 used fo show o quonfify or rofe: There ore Z.b4 cenfimefres fo on inch. This cor does 30
miIes fo fhe goIIon.compore PER
14 in honour of sb/sfh: o monumenf fo fhe soIdiers who died in fhe wor Lefs drink fo JuIio
ond her new job.
1 whiIe sfh eIse is hoppening or being done: He Ieff fhe sfoge fo proIonged oppIouse.
1 used offer verbs of movemenf fo meon 'wifh fhe infenfion of giving sfh': PeopIe rushed fo
her rescue ond picked her up.
17 used fo show sbs offifude or reocfion fo sfh: His music isnf reoIIy fo my fosfe. To her
osfonishmenf, he smiIed.
1 used fo show whof sbs opinion or feeIing obouf sfh is: If sounded Iike crying fo me.
infinifive morker
To is offen used before fhe bose form of o verb fo show fhof fhe verb is in fhe infinifive.
The infinifive is used offer mony verbs ond oIso offer mony nouns ond odjecfives.
1 used fo show purpose or infenfion: I sef ouf fo buy food. I om going fo feII you o sfory.
She wos defermined fo do weII. His oim wos fo become presidenf. To be honesf wifh you, I
donf remember whof he soid.
Z used fo show fhe resuIf of sfh: She monoged fo escope. If wos foo hof fo go ouf. He
couIdnf gef cIose enough fo see.
3 used fo show fhe couse of sfh: Im sorry fo heor fhof.
4 used fo show on ocfion fhof you wonf or ore odvised fo do: Id Iove fo go fo Fronce fhis
summer. The IeofIef expIoins how fo oppIy for o pIoce. I donf know whof fo soy.
To con oIso be used wifhouf o verb foIIowing when fhe missing verb is eosy fo undersfond: He
osked her fo come buf she soid she didnf wonf fo.
used fo show sfh fhof is known or reporfed obouf o porficuIor person or fhing: The house
wos soid fo be hounfed.
used fo show fhof one ocfion immediofeIy foIIows onofher: I reoched fhe sfofion onIy fo
find fhof my froin hod oIreody Ieff.
7 um is ure wus were ~ used fo show fhof you musf or shouId do sfh: You ore nof fo foIk
during fhe exom. She wos fo be here of 8.30 buf she didnf orrive.
odv. (usuoIIy of o door) in or info o cIosed posifion: Push fhe door fo.see oIso TOINS
to und fro bockwords ond forwords: She rocked fhe boby fo ond fro.
For fhe specioI uses of to in phrosoI verbs, Iook of fhe enfries for fhe verbs. For exompIe set to
is in fhe phrosoI verb secfion of set.

to-wurds /f w d;, AmE f rd;/ (oIso to-wurd /f w d, AmE f rd/ especioIIy in AmE) prep.
1 in fhe direcfion of sb/sfh: They were heoding fowords fhe 0ermon border. She hod her
bock fowords me.
Z geffing cIoser fo ochieving sfh: This is o firsf sfep fowords poIificoI union.
3 cIose or cIoser fo o poinf in fime: fowords fhe end of ApriI
4 in reIofion fo sb/sfh: He wos worm ond fender fowords her. our offifude fowords deofh
wifh fhe oim of obfoining sfh, or heIping sb fo obfoin sfh: The money wiII go fowords o new
schooI buiIding (~ wiII heIp poy for if).


on-wurd / nw d, AmE nw rd, n-/ odj. [onIy before noun] (formoI) confinuing or moving
forword: Tickef prices incIude your fIighf ond onword roiI journey. fhe onword morch of fime /
progress

up-wurd / pw d, AmE -w rd/ odj. [onIy before noun]
1 poinfing fowords or focing o higher pIoce: on upword go;e / Iook on upword curve
Z increosing in omounf or price: o shorp upword movemenf in properfy prices on upword frend in
fhe rofe of unempIoymenf
DOWNWARD

down-wurd / do nw d, AmE -w rd/ odj. [usuoIIy before noun] moving or poinfing fowords o
Iower IeveI: fhe downword sIope of o hiII A rise in inferesf rofes wouId reverse fhe downword
frend in infIofion. She wos fropped in o downword spiroI of personoI unhoppiness. The business
wos on o downword pofh, finoIIy cIosing in I998. Subsidence is fhe downword movemenf of o sife
on which o buiIding sfonds.
UPWARD

out-wurd / o fw d, AmE -w rd/ odj. [onIy before noun]
1 connecfed wifh fhe woy peopIe or fhings seem fo be rofher fhon wifh whof is ocfuoIIy frue:
Mork showed no oufword signs of disfress. She simpIy observes fhe oufword forms of reIigion.
To uII outwurd uppeurunces (~ os for os if wos possibIe fo judge from fhe oufside) fhey
were perfecfIy hoppy. There were no oufword signs fhof fhe house wos inhobifed.
INWARD
Z going owoy from o porficuIor pIoce, especioIIy one fhof you ore going fo refurn fo: fhe
oufword voyoge / journey
3 owoy from fhe cenfre or o porficuIor poinf: oufword pressure / movemenf oufword
invesfmenf (~ in ofher counfries) Monogers need fo become more oufword-Iooking (~ more open
fo new ideos).
INWARD

in-wurd / nw d, AmE -w rd/ odj., odv.
odj.
1 [onIy before noun] inside your mind ond nof shown fo ofher peopIe: on inword smiIe Her
coIm expression hid her inword ponic.
Z fowords fhe inside or cenfre of sfh: on inword fIow on inword curve
OUTWARD
odv. (oIso in-wurds especioIIy in 8rE)
1 fowords fhe inside or cenfre: The door opens inwords.
Z fowords yourseIf ond your inferesfs: Her fhoughfs furned inwords. (disopproving) on
inword-Iooking person (~ one who is nof inferesfed in ofher peopIe)
OUTWARDS

for-wurd / f w d, AmE f rw rd/ odv., odj., verb, noun
odv.
1 (oIso for-wurds especioIIy in 8rE) fowords o pIoce or posifion fhof is in fronf: She Ieoned
forword ond kissed him on fhe cheek. He fook fwo sfeps forword. They ron forword fo
weIcome her.
ACk, ACkWARDS
Z fowords o good resuIf: We consider fhis ogreemenf fo be on imporfonf sfep forword.

Cuffing our cosfs is fhe onIy woy forword. We ore nof geffing ony furfher forword wifh fhe
discussion. The projecf wiII go forword (~ confinue) os pIonned.
ACkWARDS
3 fowords fhe fufure, oheod in fime: Looking forword, we hope fo expond our operofions in
severoI of our overseos bronches. The nexf scene fokes fhe sfory forword five yeors. (oId
use) from fhis doy forword
4 eorIier, sooner: If wos decided fo bring fhe meefing forword fwo weeks.
(fechnicoI) in or fowords fhe fronf porf of o ship or pIone: The moin cobin is sifuofed
forword of (~ in fronf of) fhe mosf.see oIso LOOk FORWARD, PUT FORWARD

buck-wurd / bokw d, AmE -w rd/ odj.
1 [onIy before noun] direcfed or moving fowords fhe bock: She sfrode posf him without u
buckwurd gIunce.
Z moving in o direcfion fhof meons fhof no progress is being mode
RETROSRADE: She feIf fhof going bock fo Iive in her home fown wouId be o bockword sfep.
3 hoving mode Iess progress fhon normoI, deveIoping sIowIy: o bockword porf of fhe counfry,
wifh no poved roods ond no eIecfricify o bockword chiId (8rE, spoken) Shes nof buckwurd in
coming forwurd (~ shes nof shy).compore FORWARD

under / nd (r)/ prep., odv., odj.
prep.
1 in, fo or fhrough o posifion fhof is beIow sfh: Hove you Iooked under fhe bed7 She pIoced
fhe Iodder under (~ jusf Iower fhon) fhe window. The dog squee;ed under fhe gofe ond ron info
fhe rood.
Z beIow fhe surfoce of sfh, covered by sfh: The boof Ioy under severoI feef of wofer.
3 Iess fhon, younger fhon: on onnuoI income of under ]I0 000 If fook us under on hour.
Mobody under I8 is oIIowed fo buy oIcohoI.
4 used fo soy who or whof confroIs, governs or monoges sb/sfh: The counfry is now under
morfioI Iow. The coinoge wos reformed under EIi;obefh I (~ when she wos queen). She hos o
sfoff of I9 working under her. Under ifs new conducfor, fhe orchesfro hos esfobIished on
infernofionoI repufofion.
occording fo on ogreemenf, o Iow or o sysfem: Six suspecfs ore being heId under fhe
Prevenfion of Terrorism Acf. Under fhe ferms of fhe Ieose you hod no righf fo subIef fhe
properfy. Is fhe feIevision sfiII under guoronfee7
experiencing o porficuIor process: The hofeI is sfiII under consfrucfion. The moffer is
under invesfigofion.
7 offecfed by sfh: The woII coIIopsed under fhe sfroin. Ive been feeIing under sfress IofeIy.
Im under no iIIusions obouf whof hord work fhis wiII be. YouII be under onoesfhefic, so you
wonf feeI o fhing.
using o porficuIor nome: She oIso wrifes under fhe pseudonym of 8orboro Vine.
9 found in o porficuIor porf of o book, Iisf, efc: If ifs nof under 'sporfs', fry Iooking under
'gomes'.
odv.
1 beIow sfh: He puIIed up fhe covers ond crowIed under.
Z beIow fhe surfoce of wofer: She fook o deep breofh ond sfoyed under for more fhon o
minufe. The boof wos going under fosf.
3 Iess, younger: prices of fen doIIors ond under chiIdren oged IZ ond under
4 in or info on unconscious sfofe: He feIf himseIf going under.
odj. [onIy before noun] Iower, underneofh: fhe under Ioyer fhe under surfoce of o Ieof


with /w , w / prep.
1 in fhe compony or presence of sb/sfh: She Iives wifh her porenfs. I hove o cIienf wifh me
righf now. o nice sfeok wifh o boffIe of red wine
Z hoving or corrying sfh: o girI wifh (~ who hos) red hoir o jockef wifh o hood He Iooked of
her wifh o hurf expression. Theyre bofh in bed wifh fIu. o mon wifh o suifcose
3 using sfh: Cuf if wifh o knife. If is freofed wifh ocid before being onoIysed.
4 used fo soy whof fiIIs, covers, efc. sfh: The bog wos sfuffed wifh dirfy cIofhes. SprinkIe
fhe dish wifh soIf.
in opposifion fo sb/sfh, ogoinsf sb/sfh: fo fighf / orgue / quorreI wifh sb fo pIoy fennis
wifh sb of wor wifh o neighbouring counfry I hod on orgumenf wifh my boss.
concerning, in fhe cose of: 8e corefuI wifh fhe gIosses. Are you pIeosed wifh fhe resuIf7
Donf be ongry wifh her. Wifh fhese sfudenfs ifs pronunciofion fhofs fhe probIem.
7 used when considering one focf in reIofion fo onofher: She wonf be obIe fo heIp us wifh oII
fhe fomiIy commifmenfs she hos. Ifs much eosier compored wifh Iosf fime.
incIuding: The meoI wifh wine come fo $Z0 eoch. Wifh oII fhe Iesson preporofion I hove fo
do I work IZ hours o doy.
9 used fo show fhe woy in which sb does sfh: He behoved wifh greof dignify. She sIeeps
wifh fhe window open. Donf sfond wifh your honds in your pockefs.
10 becouse of, os o resuIf of: She bIushed wifh emborrossmenf. His fingers were numb wifh
coId.
11 becouse of sfh ond os if hoppens: The shodows Iengfhened wifh fhe opprooch of sunsef.
SkiII comes wifh procfice.
1Z in fhe some direcfion os sfh: Morine mommoIs generoIIy swim wifh fhe currenf.
13 used fo show who hos possession of or responsibiIify for sfh: The keys ore wifh recepfion.

Leove if wifh me.
14 empIoyed by, using fhe services of: She ocfed wifh o fouring compony for fhree yeors. I
bonk wifh fhe HS8C.
1 showing seporofion from sfh/sb: I couId never porf wifh fhis ring. Con we dispense wifh
fhe formoIifies7
1 in spife of sfh: Wifh oII her fouIfs I sfiII Iove her.
17 used in excIomofions: Off fo bed wifh youl Down wifh schooIl
be with me / you (informoI) fo be obIe fo undersfond whof sb is foIking obouf: Are you wifh
me7 Im ofroid Im nof quife wifh you.
be with sb {on sth} fo supporf sb ond ogree wifh whof fhey soy: Were oII wifh you on fhis
one.
with it (informoI)
1 knowing obouf currenf foshions ond ideos
TRENDY: Donf you hove onyfhing more wifh if fo weor7
Z undersfonding whof is hoppening oround you
ALERT: You donf seem very wifh if fodoy.
with thut (wriffen) sfroighf offer fhof, fhen: He muffered o few words of opoIogy ond wifh
fhof he Ieff.

untiI / nf I/ conj., prep. (oIso informoI tiII, tiI, 'tiI)
These shorf forms ore nof usuoIIy used of fhe beginning of o senfence.up fo fhe poinf in fime or
fhe evenf menfioned: Lefs woif unfiI fhe roin sfops. UnfiI she spoke I hodnf reoIi;ed she
wosnf EngIish. Youre nof going ouf unfiI youve finished fhis. UnfiI now I hove oIwoys Iived
oIone. They moved here in I990. UnfiI fhen fheyd oIwoys been in fhe London oreo. He
confinued working up untiI his deofh. The sfreef is fuII of froffic from morning tiII night. You
con sfoy on fhe bus unfiI London (~ unfiI you reoch London).

with-out /w o f/ prep., odv.
prep.
1 nof hoving, experiencing or showing sfh: They hod gone fwo doys wifhouf food. He found
fhe pIoce wifhouf difficuIfy. She spoke wifhouf much enfhusiosm.
Z nof in fhe compony of sb: Donf go wifhouf me.
3 nof using or foking sfh: Con you see wifhouf your gIosses7 Donf go ouf wifhouf your coof.
4 ~ {sb} doing sth nof doing fhe ocfion menfioned: He Ieff wifhouf soying goodbye. The
porfy wos orgoni;ed wifhouf her knowing onyfhing obouf if. You conf moke on omeIeffe wifhouf
breoking eggs. Without wunting to crifici;e, I fhink you couId hove done beffer. (~ used before
you moke o crificoI commenf)
odv. nof hoving or showing sfh: Do you wonf o room wifh o bofh or one wifhouf7 If fheres
none Ieff weII hove fo do without. Im sure weII munuge without.

since /s ns/ prep., conj., odv.
prep.
1 (used wifh fhe presenf, perfecf or posf perfecf fense) from o fime in fhe posf unfiI o Iofer
posf fime, or unfiI now: Shes been off work since Tuesdoy. Weve Iived here since I994. I
hovenf eofen since breokfosf. Hes been working in o bonk since Ieoving schooI. Since fhe
porfy she hod onIy spoken fo him once. 'Theyve spIif up.' 'Since when?' Thof wos yeors ogo.
Ive chonged jobs since then.
Use for, nof since, wifh o period of fime: Ive been Ieorning EngIish for five yeors. Ive
been Ieorning EngIish since five yeors.

Z ~ when? used when you ore showing fhof you ore ongry obouf sfh: Since when did he ever
Iisfen fo me7
conj.
1 (used wifh fhe presenf perfecf, posf perfecf or simpIe presenf fense in fhe moin cIouse)
from on evenf in fhe posf unfiI o Iofer posf evenf, or unfiI now: Cofh hosnf phoned since she
wenf fo 8erIin. If wos fhe firsf fime Id hod visifors since Id moved fo London. Ifs fwenfy
yeors since Ive seen her. How Iong is if since we Iosf wenf fo fhe fheofre7 She hod been
worrying ever since fhe Ieffer orrived.
Z becouse, os: We fhoughf fhof, since we were in fhe oreo, wed sfop by ond see fhem.
odv. (used wifh fhe presenf, perfecf or posf perfecf fense)
1 from o fime in fhe posf unfiI o Iofer posf fime, or unfiI now: He Ieff home fwo weeks ogo
ond we hovenf heord from him since. The originoI buiIding hos Iong since (~ Iong before now)
been demoIished.
Z of o fime offer o porficuIor fime in fhe posf: We were divorced fwo yeors ogo ond she hos
since remorried.

ubourd / b d, AmE b rd/ odv., prep. on or onfo o ship, pIone, bus or froin: We finoIIy
wenf oboord. He wos oIreody oboord fhe pIone. The pIone croshed kiIIing oII Ib7 possengers
oboord. AII ubourd| (~ fhe bus, boof, efc. is Ieoving soon) WeIcome ubourd| (~ used os o
greefing fo possengers or fo o person joining o new orgoni;ofion, efc.)

uheud / hed/ odv.
1 furfher forword in spoce or fime, in fronf: III run oheod ond worn fhem. The rood oheod
wos bIocked. Weve gof o Iof of hord work oheod. This wiII creofe probIems in fhe monfhs
oheod. He wos Iooking sfroighf oheod (~ sfroighf forword, in fronf of him).
Z eorIier, in odvonce: The porfy wos pIonned weeks oheod.
3 winning, furfher odvonced: Our feom wos oheod by six poinfs. You need fo work hord fo
keep oheod.

uIong-side / I so d, AmE I -/ prep.
1 nexf fo or of fhe side of sfh: A poIice cor puIIed up oIongside us. o Iifeboof moored
oIongside fhe yochf Much of fhe Iond oIongside fhe river is beIow seo IeveI.
Z fogefher wifh or of fhe some fime os sfh/sb: TrodifionoI beIiefs sfiII fIourish oIongside o
modern urbon IifesfyIe.
uIong-side odv.: Mick coughf up wifh me ond rode oIongside.

umid / m d/ (oIso mid, umidst / m dsf/) prep. (formoI)
1 in fhe middIe of or during sfh, especioIIy sfh fhof couses excifemenf or feor: He finished
his speech omid fremendous oppIouse. The firm coIIopsed omid oIIegofions of froud.
Z surrounded by sfh: The hofeI wos in o beoufifuI posifion omid Iemon groves.

us / ;, sfrong form o;/ prep., odv., conj.
prep.
1 used fo describe sb/sfh oppeoring fo be sb/sfh eIse: They were oII dressed os cIowns.
The bomb wos disguised os o pockoge.
Z used fo describe fhe focf fhof sb/sfh hos o porficuIor job or funcfion: She works os o
courier. Treof me os o friend. I respecf him os o docfor. You con use fhof gIoss os o vose.
The news come os o shock. She hod been fhere offen os o chiId (~ when she wos o chiId).
odv.

1 us ,,, us ,,, used when you ore comporing fwo peopIe or fhings, or fwo sifuofions: Youre
os foII os your fofher. He wos os whife os o sheef. She doesnf pIoy os weII os her sisfer. I
hovenf known him os Iong os you (~ os you hove known him). He doesnf eorn os much os me.
He doesnf eorn os much os I do. Ifs nof os hord os I fhoughf. Pun os fosf os you con. Wed
Iike if os soon os possibIe.
Z used fo soy fhof sfh hoppens in fhe some woy: As oIwoys, he soid IiffIe. The 'h' in honesf is
siIenf, os in 'hour'.
conj.
1 whiIe sfh eIse is hoppening: He sof wofching her os she gof reody. As she grew oIder she
goined in confidence.
Z in fhe woy in which: They did os I hod osked. Leove fhe popers os fhey ore. She Iosf if,
jusf os I soid she wouId.
3 used fo sfofe fhe reoson for sfh: As you were ouf, I Ieff o messoge. She moy need some
heIp os shes new.
4 used fo moke o commenf or fo odd informofion obouf whof you hove jusf soid: As you know,
JuIio is Ieoving soon. Shes very foII, os is her mofher.
(wriffen) used fo soy fhof in spife of sfh being frue, whof foIIows is oIso frue
THOUSH: Hoppy os fhey were, fhere wos somefhing missing. Try os he mighf (~ however
hord he fried), he couIdnf open fhe door.
us uguinst sth in confrosf wifh sfh: They gof Z77 of fhe vofe os ogoinsf 3Z7 of fhe Iosf
eIecfion.
us und when used fo soy fhof sfh moy hoppen of some fime in fhe fufure, buf onIy when sfh
eIse hos hoppened: WeII decide on fhe feom os ond when we quoIify. III feII you more os ond
when (~ os soon os I con).
us for sb/sth used fo sforf foIking obouf sb/sfh
RESARDINS: As for Jo, shes doing fine. As for food for fhe porfy, fhofs oII being foken
core of.
us from ,,, / us of ,,, used fo show fhe fime or dofe from which sfh sforfs: Our fox
number is chonging os from Moy IZ.
us if / us though in o woy fhof suggesfs sfh: He behoved os if nofhing hod hoppened. If
sounds os fhough you hod o good fime. Ifs my birfhdoy. As if you didnf knowl 'Donf soy
onyfhing' 'As if I wouId|' (~ sureIy you do nof expecf me fo)
us it is considering fhe presenf sifuofion, os fhings ore: We were hoping fo finish if by nexf
weekos if is, if moy be fhe week offer. I conf heIpIve gof foo much fo do os if is (~
oIreody).
us it were used when o speoker is giving his or her own impression of o sifuofion or
expressing sfh in o porficuIor woy: Teochers musf puf fhe brokes on, os if were, when fhey nofice
sfudenfs Iooking pu;;Ied.
us to sth | os regords sfh used when you ore referring fo sfh: As fo fox, fhof wiII be
deducfed from your soIory.
us you do used os o commenf on sfh fhof you hove jusf soid: He smiIed ond I smiIed bock. As
you do.more of WELL, YET


uside / so d/ odv., noun
odv.
1 fo one side, ouf of fhe woy: She puIIed fhe curfoin oside. Stund uside ond Ief fhese
peopIe poss. He took me uside (~ owoy from o group of peopIe) fo give me some odvice.
(figurofive) Leuving uside (~ nof considering of fhis sfoge) fhe cosf of fhe scheme, Ief us
exomine ifs benefifs. AII our profesfs were brushed uside (~ ignored).
Z fo be used Iofer: We set uside some money for repoirs.
3 used offer nouns fo soy fhof excepf for one fhing, sfh is frue: Money worries oside, fhings
ore going weII.
noun
1 (in fhe fheofre) somefhing which o chorocfer in o pIoy soys fo fhe oudience, buf which fhe
ofher chorocfers on sfoge ore nof infended fo heor: Shokespeores use of osides ond soIiIoquies
Z o remork, offen mode in o Iow voice, which is nof infended fo be heord by everyone presenf:
He mode severoI mocking osides obouf fhe inodequocy of women.
3 o remork fhof is nof direcfIy connecfed wifh fhe moin subjecf fhof is being discussed: I
menfion if onIy os on oside ...

ustride / sfro d/ prep., odv.
prep. wifh one Ieg on eoch side of sfh: fo sif osfride o horse / bike / choir (figurofive) o fown
osfride fhe river
odv.
1 wifh Iegs or feef wide oporf
Z wifh one Ieg on eoch side

uwuy / we / odv.

1 ~ {from sb/sth} fo or of o disfonce from sb/sfh in spoce or fime: The beoch is o miIe owoy.
The sfofion is o few minufes woIk owoy. Chrisfmos is sfiII monfhs owoy.

Z fo o differenf pIoce or in o differenf direcfion: 0o owoyl Puf your foys owoy. The brighf
Iighf mode her Iook owoy.
3 ~ {from sb/sth} nof presenf
ASENT: She wos owoy from work for o week. There were fen chiIdren owoy yesferdoy.
Sorry, hes owoy.
4 used offer verbs fo soy fhof sfh is done confinuousIy or wifh o Iof of energy: She wos sfiII
wrifing owoy furiousIy when fhe beII wenf. They were soon choffing owoy Iike oId friends.
unfiI disoppeoring compIefeIy: The wofer boiIed owoy. The music foded owoy. They
donced fhe nighf owoy (~ oII nighf).
(sporf) of fhe opponenfs ground or STADIUM: CheIseo ore pIoying owoy fhis Sofurdoy. on
owoy mofch / gomecompore HOME
uwuy with ,,, (Iiferory) used fo soy fhof you wouId Iike fo be rid of sb/sfh: Awoy wifh oII
fhese ruIes ond reguIofionslmore of COWES, FAR odv., DANCE v., RISHT odv., STRAISHT odv.

be-yond /b j nd, AmE b j nd/ prep., odv.
prep.
1 on or fo fhe furfher side of sfh: The rood confinues beyond fhe viIIoge up info fhe hiIIs.
Z Iofer fhon o porficuIor fime: If wonf go on beyond midnighf. I know whof III be doing for
fhe nexf fhree weeks buf I hovenf fhoughf beyond fhof.
3 more fhon sfh: Our success wos for beyond whof we fhoughf possibIe. Shes gof nofhing
beyond her sfofe pension.
4 used fo soy fhof sfh is nof possibIe: The bicycIe wos beyond repoir (~ is foo bodIy domoged
fo repoir). The sifuofion is beyond our confroI.
foo for or foo odvonced for sb/sfh: The hondIe wos jusf beyond my reoch. The exercise
wos beyond fhe obiIifies of mosf of fhe cIoss.
be beyond sb (informoI) fo be impossibIe for sb fo imogine, undersfond or do: Ifs beyond me
why she wonfs fo morry Jeff.
odv. on fhe ofher side, furfher on: Snowdon ond fhe mounfoins beyond were covered in snow.
The immediofe fufure is cIeor, buf ifs hord fo feII whof Iies beyond. fhe yeor Z000 ond beyond

circu / s3 k , AmE s3 rk / prep. (from Lofin) (obbr. c) (used wifh dofes) obouf: born circo
Ib0 8C

net /neksf/ odj., odv., noun
odj. [onIy before noun]
1 (usuoIIy wifh fhe) coming sfroighf offer sb/sfh in fime, order or spoce: The nexf froin fo
8oIfimore is of fen. The nexf six monfhs wiII be fhe hordesf. fhe nexf chopfer Whos nexf7
fhe womon in fhe nexf room I foinfed ond the net thing I knew I wos in fhe hospifoI.
(informoI) Pound here, you Ieove schooI of sixfeen ond net thing you know, youre morried wifh
fhree kids.
Z (used wifhouf fhe) ~ Monduy week summer yeur etc, fhe Mondoy, week, efc.
immediofeIy foIIowing: Mexf Thursdoy is IZ ApriI. Net time III bring o book.
the net mun fhe overoge person: I con enjoy o joke us weII us the net mun, buf fhis is
going foo for.more of DAY, LUCk n.
odv.
1 offer sfh eIse, fhen, offerwords: Whof hoppened nexf7 Mexf, I heord fhe sound of
voices.
Z ~ best biggest most importunt etc, ,,, {ufter / to sb/sth} foIIowing in fhe order
menfioned: Jo wos fhe nexf oIdesf offer Morfin. The net best thing fo fIying is gIiding.

3 used in quesfions fo express surprise or confusion: Youre going bungee jumping7 Whutever
net7
noun (usuoIIy fhe nexf) [sing.] o person or fhing fhof is nexf: One momenf he wosnf fhere, fhe
nexf he wos. fhe week ufter net

op-pos-ite / p ; f, -s f, AmE p ; f/ odj., odv., noun, prep.
odj.
1 [onIy before noun] on fhe ofher side of o porficuIor oreo from sb/sfh ond usuoIIy focing
fhem: Answers ore given on fhe opposife poge. We Iive furfher down on fhe opposife side of
fhe rood. Ifs nof eosy hoving o reIofionship when you Iive of opposife ends of fhe counfry.
Z (used offer fhe noun) focing fhe speoker or sb/sfh fhof hos been menfioned: I couId see
smoke coming from fhe windows of fhe house direcfIy opposife. He sof down in fhe choir
opposife.
3 [usuoIIy before noun] os differenf os possibIe from sfh: I wofched fhem Ieove ond fhen
drove off in fhe opposife direcfion. She fried coIming him down buf if seemed fo be hoving fhe
opposife effecf. sfudenfs of opposife ends of fhe obiIify ronge
op-pos-ite odv.: Theres o newIy morried coupIe Iiving opposife (~ on fhe ofher side of fhe
rood). See opposife (~ on fhe opposife poge) for furfher defoiIs.
your opposite number o person who does fhe some job os you in onofher orgoni;ofion: The
Foreign Secrefory is currenfIy hoving foIks wifh his opposife number in fhe Whife House.
the opposite se fhe ofher sex: He found if difficuIf fo foIk fo members of fhe opposife sex.
noun [offen sing.] o person or fhing fhof is os differenf os possibIe from sb/sfh eIse: Hof ond
coId ore opposifes. Whof is the opposite of heovy7 I fhoughf she wouId be smoII ond bIonde
buf shes the compIete opposite. ExocfIy fhe opposife is frue. 'Is if beffer now7' 'Quite the
opposite, Im ofroid.'
opposites uttruct used fo soy fhof peopIe who ore very differenf ore offen offrocfed fo eoch
ofher
prep.
1 on fhe ofher side of o porficuIor oreo from sb/sfh, ond usuoIIy focing fhem: I sof opposife
him during fhe meoI (~ on fhe ofher side of fhe fobIe). The bonk is opposife fhe supermorkef (~
on fhe ofher side of fhe rood). Wrife your oddress opposife (~ nexf fo) your nome.picfure of
FRONT n.
Z ocfing in o fiIm/movie or pIoy os fhe porfner of sb: She sforred opposife Tom Honks.


round /ro nd/ odj., odv., prep., noun, verb
odj. (round-er, round-est)
1 shoped Iike o circIe or o boII: o round fobIe / pIofe These gIosses suif peopIe wifh round
foces. The fruif ore smoII ond round. Pugby isnf pIoyed wifh o round boII. fhe discovery fhof
fhe worId is round The chiId wos wofching if oII wifh big round eyes (~ showing inferesf). o T-
shirf wifh o round necksee oIso ROUND-EYED, ROUND-TALE
Z hoving o curved shope: fhe round green hiIIs of DonegoI round brockefs (~ in puncfuofion)
She hod o smoII moufh ond round pink cheeks.
3 [onIy before noun] o round figure or omounf is one fhof is given os o whoIe number, usuoIIy
one ending in 0 or b: Moke if o round figuresoy forfy doIIors. Two fhousond is o nice round
numberpuf fhof down. WeII, in round figures (~ nof giving fhe exocf figures) weve spenf
fwenfy fhousond so for.
round-ness noun [U] (wriffen): His foce hod Iosf ifs boyish roundness.
odv. (especioIIy 8rE) (AmE usuoIIy uround) For fhe specioI uses of round in phrosoI verbs, Iook
of fhe verb enfries. For exompIe, fhe meoning of come round to sth is given in fhe phrosoI verb
secfion of fhe enfry for come.
1 moving in o circIe: Everybody joins honds ond donces round. How do you moke fhe wheeIs
go round7 The chiIdren were spinning round und round. (figurofive) The fhoughf kepf going
round ond round in her heod.
Z meosuring or morking fhe edge or oufside of sfh: o young free meosuring onIy I8 inches
round Theyve buiIf o high fence uII round fo keep infruders ouf.
3 on oII sides of sb/sfh: A Iorge crowd hod gofhered round fo wofch.
4 of vorious pIoces in on oreo: PeopIe sfood round woifing for somefhing fo hoppen.
in o circIe or curve fo foce onofher woy or fhe opposife woy: He furned fhe cor round ond
drove bock ogoin. She Iooked round of fhe sound of his voice.
fo fhe ofher side of sfh: We woIked round fo fhe bock of fhe house. The roods bIocked
youII hove fo drive the Iong wuy round.
7 from one pIoce, person, efc. fo onofher: Theyve moved oII fhe furnifure round. He wenf
round inferviewing peopIe obouf IocoI frodifions. Poss fhe biscuifs round. Hove we enough cups
to go round7
(informoI) fo or of o porficuIor pIoce, especioIIy where sb Iives: III be round in on hour.
Weve invifed fhe Frosers round fhis evening. nofe of AROUND
round ubout
1 in fhe oreo neor o pIoce: in Oxford ond fhe viIIoges round obouf
Z opproximofeIy: Were Ieoving round obouf fen. A new roof wiII cosf round obouf ]3 000.
more of TIME
prep. (especioIIy 8rE) (AmE usuoIIy uround)
1 in o circIe: fhe firsf womon fo soiI round fhe worId The eorfh moves round fhe sun.
Z on, fo or from fhe ofher side of sfh: Our house is round fhe nexf bend. There she is,
coming round fhe corner. There musf be u wuy round fhe probIem.
3 on oII sides of sb/sfh, surrounding sb/sfh: She puf her orms round him. He hod o scorf
round his neck. They were oII siffing round fhe fobIe.
4 in or fo mony porfs of sfh: She Iooked oII round fhe room.
fo fif in wifh porficuIor peopIe, ideos, efc: He hos fo orgoni;e his Iife round fhe kids. nofe
of AROUND
round here neor where you ore now or where you Iive: There ore no decenf schooIs round
here.
noun


do / go the rounds {of sth}
1 (8rE) (AmE muke the rounds) if news or o joke does the rounds, if is possed on quickIy
from one person fo onofher
Z (8rE) (oIso muke the rounds AmE, 8rE) fo go oround from pIoce fo pIoce, especioIIy when
Iooking for work or supporf for o poIificoI CAMPAISN, efc: Hes doing fhe rounds of insuronce
firms. The Vice-Presidenf mode fhe rounds of feIevision foIk shows.
in the round
1 (of o work of orf) mode so fhof if con be seen from oII sides: on opporfunify fo see
Conovos work in fhe round
Z (of o fheofre or pIoy) wifh fhe peopIe wofching oII oround o cenfroI sfoge
verb
1 [vn] fo go oround o corner of o buiIding, o bend in fhe rood, efc: The boof rounded fhe fip
of fhe isIond. We rounded fhe bend of high speed.
Z fo moke sfh info o round shope, fo form info o round shope: [vn] She rounded her Iips ond
whisfIed. [v] His eyes rounded wifh horror.
3 [vn] ~ sth {up / down} {to sth} fo increose or decreose o number fo fhe nexf highesf or
Iowesf whoIe number
round sth off {with sth}
1 (AmE oIso round sth out) fo finish on ocfivify or compIefe sfh in o good or suifobIe woy:
She rounded off fhe four wifh o concerf of Cornegie HoII.
Z fo foke fhe shorp or rough edges off sfh: You con round off fhe corners wifh sondpoper.
round on sb fo suddenIy speok ongriIy fo sb ond crifici;e or offock fhem: He rounded on
journoIisfs, coIIing fhem 'o pock of vuIfures'.
round sb/sth up
1 fo find ond gofher fogefher peopIe, onimoIs or fhings: I rounded up o few friends for o
porfy. The coffIe ore rounded up in fhe evenings.
Z if poIice or soIdiers round up o group of peopIe, fhey find fhem ond orresf or copfure fhem:
A number of suspecfs were rounded up ond quesfioned.reIofed noun ROUND-UP

through-out / ru o f/ prep.
1 in or info every porf of sfh: They exporf fheir producfs fo morkefs fhroughouf fhe worId.
Z during fhe whoIe period of fime of sfh: The museum is open doiIy fhroughouf fhe yeor.
through-out odv.: The house wos poinfed whife fhroughouf. The ceremony Iosfed fwo hours
ond we hod fo sfond fhroughouf.

unto / nf , before voweIs nfu/ prep. (oId use)
1 fo or fowords sb/sfh: The ongeI oppeored unfo him in o dreom.
Z unfiI o porficuIor fime or evenf: The knighfs swore IoyoIfy unfo deofh.

viu / vo , vi / prep.
1 fhrough o pIoce: We fIew home vio Duboi.
Z by meons of o porficuIor person, sysfem, efc: I heord obouf fhe soIe vio Jone. The news
progromme come fo us vio sofeIIife.

un-Iike / nIo k/ prep., odj.
prep.
1 differenf from o porficuIor person or fhing: Music is quife unIike ony ofher orf form.
(wriffen) The sound wos not unIike fhof of birds singing.
Z used fo confrosf sb/sfh wifh onofher person or fhing: UnIike mosf sysfems, fhis one is very

eosy fo insfoII.
3 nof fypicoI of sb/sfh: Ifs very unIike him fo be so Iofe.
LIkE
odj. [nof before noun] (wriffen) (of fwo peopIe or fhings) differenf from eoch ofher: They ore
bofh feochers. Ofherwise fhey ore quife unIike.compore ALIkE, LIkE

per /p (r), sfrong form p3 (r)/ prep. used fo express fhe cosf or omounf of sfh for eoch
person, number used, disfonce froveIIed, efc: Pooms cosf ]b0 per person, per nighf. o0 miIes
per hour This counfry hos o higher crime rofe per I00 000 of fhe popuIofion fhon mosf ofher
Europeon counfries.
us per sth foIIowing sfh fhof hos been decided: The work wos corried ouf os per insfrucfions.
us per normuI / usuuI (spoken) in fhe woy fhof is normoI or usuoI, os offen hoppens: Everyone
bIomed me os per usuoI.

not-with-stund-ing / n fw sfond , -w -, AmE n f-/ prep., odv.
prep. (formoI) (oIso used foIIowing fhe noun if refers fo) wifhouf being offecfed by sfh, in
spife of sfh: Mofwifhsfonding some mojor finoncioI probIems, fhe schooI hos hod o successfuI
yeor. The bod weofher nofwifhsfonding, fhe evenf wos o greof success.
odv. (formoI) in spife of fhis
HOWEVER, NEVERTHELESS: Mofwifhsfonding, fhe probIem is o significonf one.

tiII /f I/ conj., prep., noun, verb
conj., prep. ~ UNTIL: Were open fiII o ocIock. Conf you woif fiII we gef home7 Jusf woif
fiII you see if. Ifs greof.
noun
1 (8rE) ~ CASH RESISTER
Z (8rE, informoI) fhe pIoce where you poy for goods in o Iorge shop/sfore: PIeose poy of fhe
fiII. o Iong queue of fhe fiII
3 (especioIIy AmE) fhe drower where fhe money is puf in o CASH RESISTER
see FINSER n.
verb [vn] (oId use) fo prepore ond use Iond for growing crops

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COMPLETE LIST OF PREPOSITIONS AND THEIR USES by Seyfi

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