RF Network Design

Procedure of CDMA RF Engineering
(RF Network Design)
2002. 4. 5 Jeon Hyun Cheol

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Contents
1. Network Design Objective ..4 2. RF Network Design Procedure ... ...13
Stage 1: Preparations ... ... 14 Stage 2: Wireless Environment Analysis ..44 Stage 3: Coverage Design ..72 Stage 4: Parameter Design .86 Stage 5: Dimensioning ...106
About CellPLAN ... 109

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SK Telecom CellPLAN
- Propagation Model (Modified Hata, Modified COST-231, Ray Tracing, Lee model) - Measurement Data - Traffic Distribution (Uniform, Non-uniform, Density per sector) - Site Information (location, sector type, Tx pwr, antenna, neighbor list, etc.) - Analysis algorithm (CDMA, CDMA 2000, EV-DO, WCDMA)
GIS - DEM : 1 m or 10m resolution - Vector - Morphology : 14 Layer
- Coverage - Capacity - Quality
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1. Network Design Objectives
? To Ensure
? Acceptable Coverage ? Forward & Reverse Link Quality ? Capacity
? To Manage ? Pilot Pollution
? Cell Overlap / Handoff Regions
? To Resolve ? Engineering Requirement vs.

? Available Equipment ? Customer Complaints
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The Cellular Concept

Introduction
A major breakthrough in solving the problem of spectral congestion and user capacity. It offer very high capacity in a limited spectrum allocation without any major technological changes. Frequency Reuse (or Frequency Planning) The design process of selecting and allocating channel groups for all of the cellular base station within a system.
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The Cellular Frequency Reuse

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Cluster
7 1 2 7 1 6 5 4 6 6 5 3 7
3 4
6% 0.2% 100%
2 3 1 4 5
N =7 pattern (AMPS,TDMA) Frequency Reuse Factor = 1/N Ctotal = CH# * Cluster# * N

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N =1 pattern(CDMA,IMT-2000)
I ic Frequency Reuse Efficiency = I ic ? I oc Ctotal = Cell# * Cper cell
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Method of locating co-channel cells

N=7 i=2 j=1
2
The geometry of hexagons is such that the number of cells per cluster, N, can only have values which satisfy :
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6 2 5 3 2 7 4 5 6 5 3 4
N = i2 + ij + j2
where i and j are non-negative numbers.
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6
1
4
1 1
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Co-channel interference and System Capacity

When the size of each cell is approximately the same, and the base stations transmit the same power, the co-channel interference ratio is independent of the transmitted power and becomes a function of the radius of the cell (R) and the distance between centers of the nearest co-channel cells (D). The parameter Q, called the co-channel reuse ratio, is related to the cluster size.
Q?
D ? R
3N
A small value of Q provides larger capacity since the cluster size N is small, whereas a large value of Q improves the transmission quality, due to a smaller level of co-channel interference. A trade -off must be made between these two objectives in actual cellular system. Cluster size (N) i=1, i=1, i=2, i=1, j=1 j=2 j=2 j=3 3 7 12 13
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Co-channel Reuse Ratio (Q) 3 4.58 6 6.24
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Co-channel interference and System Capacity S S R ?D / R ? ? ? 3 N ? ? ? ?

?n n
i?1
Ii
?n ? ?Di ? i? m
N?1
D D+ R D R D DR D+ R
where S is desired signal power from the desired base station and Ii is the interference power caused by the ith interfering co-channel cell base station. m is the number of co-channel interfering cells. n is the path loss exponent. n is typically range 2 and 4. For example, AMPS require S/I ? 18dB for sufficient voice quality. Assuming a path loss exponent n=4, cluster size N should be at least 6.49. Thus a minimum cluster size of 7 is required.
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DR
Cell Splitting and Sectoring
Cell Splitting the process of subdividing a congested cell into small cells with its own base station.
Sectoring
The co-channel interference in a cellular system may be decreased by using several directional antennas.
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Increase in capacity by cell site reconfiguration
VS
Simulation results shows the capacity can be up to 7% increased.

(by using practical antennas : 84 ~ 110 deg. Attenuation factor : 4)
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Design Objectives
Design Criteria Design Value FER GOS (Frame Error Rate) (Blocking Rate) ?% ?% Coverage Probability ?%
- Demand for Service Coverage? - Demand for Service Quality? - Demand Service Capacity? - Usable Frequency Bandwidth? - Service Criteria? - Call Completion Rate? - Handoff Success Rate?
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2. Network Design Procedure

Preparations
STAGE 1
Basic Data Collection & analysis Design Criteria Setup GIS Data Conversion
RF Environment Analysis
STAGE 2
Plan Setup Region Clustering Site Survey Plan
Site survey & Field measurement Measurement data integration Path loss calculation
Competition Coverage Measurement
Coverage Design
STAGE 3
Link Budget Analysis Base Station Design On the Map Positioning
Outdoor/Underground Coverage design In-building and underground
Site Acquisition Site Coverage Simulation
Parameter Design
STAGE 4
Pilot Assignment Paging Capacity & Paging zone Handoff neighbor list, etc.
STAGE 5
Dimension & Report

Required BTS Required FA Required CHC / CE
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Stage 1: Preparations Overview

Required Data/Tool
General Statistic Data for Design Scope - Population and Area - Traffic and BTS info./ GIS MAP - Telecommunication regulation Competitor s Service Information - Service Area and Quality (GSM,CDMA) - BTS Info.(Lon/Lat, Traffic & antenna) Design Objective - GOS/FER/Coverage Reliability - FA capacity - Cell coverage criteria - Soft Handoff region ratio, etc.
Main Activity
General Statistics Data gathering & Analysis Competition company Traffic Volume - RF Engineering Scope Analysis and Quality Analysis(If Possible) (Area, Population, Building Density, etc) - BTS and antenna type, position - Traffic Information(Traffic Distribution analysis) - Traffic analysis per each cell/sector (Traffic volume, call success/completion rate) - Overall BTS coverage analysis - BTS Information(Lon/Lat, coverage, etc) Detail Design Criteria Setup
Accomplishment
Target Objective Setup - Service Target Area(In Building/In car) - FER(Frame Error Rate) - GOS(Grade Of Service) - Coverage reliability Competitor s Info. Analysis Sheet - Traffic & Coverage data - Coverage hole(If possible) Detail Design Criteria
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Stage 1: Preparations
Trunking and Grade of Service

The concept of trunking allows a large number of users to share the relatively small number of channels in a cell by providing access to each user, on demand, from a pool of available channels. The grade of service (GOS) is a measure of the ability of a user to access a trunked system during the busiest hour. The traffic intensity offered by each user is equal to the call request rate multiplied by the holding time. That is, each user generates a traffic intensity of A erlangs given by Au = ? H where H is the average duration of a call and ? is the average number of call requests per unit time. For a system containing U users and an unspecified number of channels, the total offered traffic intensity A, is gi ven by A = UAu In a C channel trunked system, if the traffic is equally distributed among the channels, then the traffic intensity per channel, Ac, is given as Ac = UAu /C
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Stage 1: Preparations Setup the Design Criteria ? GOS(Grade of Service), Blocking Probability
GOS vs. Capacity
90 80 70 60 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
0.0% 0.1% 0.5% 1.0% 1.5% 2.0% 2.5% 3.0% 3.5% 4.0% 4.5% 5.0% 5.5% 6.0% 6.5% 7.0% 7.5% 8.0% 8.5% 9.0% 9.5% 10.0%
50 40 30 20 10 0
Traffic Model : Soft Blocking Model BTS Type : 3 Sector Channel : 84 Maximum User : 33 Sector Load Ratio : 1.5
GOS
Erlang
Capacity Increase Ratio
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Capacity Increase Ratio
Erlang
Stage 1: Preparations Setup the Design Criteria ? MOS Vs. FER Graph (8K Vocoder)
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Mean Opinion Score
3.5
2.5
1.5
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
% FER
MOS
? PSTN = MOS 4 ? CDMA = 3.6 (FER 1%)

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Stage 1: Preparations Setup the Design Criteria ? Coverage Area and Contour Reliability(FADE MARGIN)
Percent Failure
15% Contour failure
Percent Failure
4-6% Contour failure < 3% < 2%
< 10% < 5%
< 1%
< 1%
95% Area Reliability

85% contour reliability
95% Contour Reliability

97% area reliability
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Setup the Design Criteria

Area Reliability Fu Contour Reliability
Fraction of Total Area with Signal above Threshold. Fu
1.1 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.50

? = Standard deviation[dB] n = Path slope Path Loss varies as 1/rn , PX0 (R) = Coverage Probability on area boundary (r = R) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 PX0 (R) = 0.95 0.9 0.85 0.8 0.75 0.7 0.65 0.6 0.55 0.5
? /n
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25 20 Fade Margin in dB 15 10 5 0 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 Location Probability at Cell Edge
12 dB 11 10 9 8 7 6 Standard Deviation
Fade Margin -----> 10 dB

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? Coverage Area and Contour Reliability(FADE MARGIN)
Slow Fading
It follows the log-normal distribution with standard deviation It depends on a variety of morphology
Item Slow Fading
Dense Urban 10 dB
Urban 8 dB
Suburban 8 dB
Rural 6 dB
To obtain the exact slow fading value, must perform the field measurement which consumes the high cost and time
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CDMA Capacity
1. Hard Capacity and Soft Capacity
(1) Hard Capacity : Call limits due to insufficient of H/W or frequency resource (2) Soft Capacity : Call limits due to other users high level interference
2. Reverse Link Capacity

(1) Pole Capacity : Theoretical maximum capacity with ideal noise condition (2) Erlang Capacity : Statistical capacity from blocking probability
3. Forward Link Capacity

(1) Capacity limits are reached when available HPA power reaches 100% transmit power to meet Eb/Io requirements in a specific sector (2) When forward Ec/Io drops under threshold due to change of pilot channel power ratio in total power
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Hard Blocking Model

The maximum possible carried traffic is the total number of channels, C, in erlangs. This implies that the channel allocations for cell sites are designed so that 1 out of 100 calls will be blocked due to channel occupancy during the busiest hour. Erlang B Model (blocked calls cleared formula) If no channels are available, requesting user is blocked without access and is free to try again later. It is assumed that there are an infinite nu mber of users as well as the following : (a) Call arrive according to the Poisson process. This implies that the time between call arrivals is exponentially distributed. For this to be stri ctly true, a user whose call is blocked cannot immediately retry. (b) the probability of a user occupying a channel is exponentially distributed, so that longer calls are less likely to occur as described by an exponential distribution. (c) there are a finite number of channels available in the trunking pool.
Ac Pr ?blocking ? ? C C ! k ? GOS A ? k ? 0 k!
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Hard Blocking Model

The second kind of trunked system is one in which a queue is provided to hold calls which are blocked. If a channel is not available immediately, the call request may be delayded until a channel becomes available. Erlang C Model (blocked calls delayed formula)
Pr ?delay ? 0? ? Ac A ?C ? 1 Ak ? A ? C !? 1 ? ?? ? C ?k ? 0 k !
c
Capacity of an Erang B system Number of Channels (C) 2 5 10 40 90 Capacity (erl.) for GOS 2% 1% 0.224 1.657 5.084 31.00 78.31 0.153 1.361 4.462 29.01 74.69
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Capacity of an Erang C system Number of Channels (C) 2 5 10 40 90 Capacity (erl.) for Delay 2% 1% ? ? ? ? ? 0.21 1.6 4.5 28.0 71.0 ? ? ? ? ? 0.15 1.3 4.0 26.0 70.0
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Hard Blocking Model
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Soft Blocking Model

An analog base station blocks calls when there is no channel available. This form of blocking is called hard blocking. However, another blocking condition exists for a CDMA base station. Unlike AMPS and TDMA, CDMA does not impose a definite limit on blocking. As the number of users increase in CDMA system, the level of interference increases as well, and this increase in interference negatively affects the quality of service. Because all users share the same RF spectrum, the interference increase contributes the a higher FER and a higher drop-call rate. Soft blocking Model Three assumptions are used in the simplified model : (1) There is a constant number of users N in the cell. (2) There is perfect power control. (3) Each user requires the same Eb/Io.
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Variables affect on CDMA Soft Capacity

1. Processing Gain (Gp) : Bandwidth/Data Rate = W/R 2. Required Eb/ Nt (or Eb/Io) : It is determined by required FER. FER translates directly into perceived voice quality, the system must be optimi zed so that there is minimal and acceptable FER on both forward and reverse links. The FER is largely correlated to Eb/ Nt. Thus we examine FER in terms of the Eb/ Nt. The FER also depends on vehicle speed, local propagation conditions (fast fading profile ..), receiver algorithm, and distribution of other co-channel mobiles, . 3. Activity factor : typically 0.4 ~ 0.5 for voice, 1 for data 4. Frequency Reuse Factor : Typically 0.6 ~ 0.85 5. Sectorization Gain : approximately 2.6 times for 3 sector 6. Standard Deviation of Power Control : typically 2 dB
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FER vs. Eb/Nt

For the two-path case, 30 km/h is the worst-case speed, requiring Eb/ Nt of 7 dB to obtain a FER of one percent. (simulated by Qualcomm) The diversity gain is about 3 to 6 dB, depending on the mobile speed.
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CDMA Pole Capacity

Eb ? Io S/R ? (1 ? f )( N ? 1) S FN th ? W S ? Gp FN thW ? ? (1 ? f )( N ? 1) S
Gp
Eb = bit energy Io = Nth + interference density F = Noise figure Nth = power spectral density of thermal noise S = received signal strength R = bit rate ? = activity factor (=0.4) f = interference factor = Ioc/Iin (=0.66) N = number of users W = bandwidth Gp = W/R = processing gain Ptotal = total power Prec = received power
1 1 FNthW N? ? 1? ? d (1 ? f ) ? (1 ? f ) S 1 ?1 ? d (1 ? f ) Gp
N max ?
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Cell Loading
Prec ? ? FN thW 1 ? ?
Interference to Thermal Noise Ratio vs. Cell Loading
Total Received Power to Thermal Noise Ratio (dB)
Ptotal P ? FN thW 1 ? rec ? FN thW FN thW 1? ?

Total Received Power to Noise Ratio vs. Cell Loading 20
20 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 -20

1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Interference to Thermal Noise Ratio (dB)
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10
0
0 10 30 40 50 60 80 90
? , Cell Loading (%)
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? , Cell Loading (%)
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99
20
70
Cell Breathing
Interference Margin Loading
? ?
N N max
: Loading Factor
Loss (dB)
25 20 15 10 5 0 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 Load factor
Ptotal P ? FN thW 1 ? rec ? FN thW FN thW 1? ? or Interference Margin ? ? 10 log 10 (1 ? ? ) Prec P ? ? ? rec Prec ? FN thW Ptotal
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CDMA Erlang Capacity

In reality, none of the three previout assumptions holds because of the followings : Three assumptions are used in the simplified model : (1) The number of active calls is Poisson distributed with mean ? / ? . (2) Due to voice activity, each user is on with probability v and off with probability (1-v). (3) Each user requires a different Eb/Io to achieve a desired FER. To calculate the Erlang capacity of a single cell in a CDMA system, we assume that the number of active users M can be modeled by Poisson distribution.
pm ?
?? / ? ?M
M!
e? ? /?
Where ? / ? = offered average traffic load in erlang. ? = average arrival rate of users, and 1/ ? = average time per call. The call service time ? per user is assumed to be exponentially distributed, so that the probability that ? exceeds T is given as
pr (? ? T ) ? e ? ? T T ? 0
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Using previous assumptions,
? ?W / R ??1 ? ? ? F ?B , ? ? ? ?E b / I o ? ? ?1 ? f ?
where v ? voice activity factor 1/ ? ? the ratio of total interferen ce plus thermal noise power to thermal noise power. B?
?E b /I o ??Q ? 1 ?P(blocking )??2 ?W/R ??1 ? r ?
a ? exp 2s 2 / 2 1 F ?B,s ?? a
? ( ln 10 )/ 10 ? 0 .2303 ? a 3B ? ?1 ? 1 ? 4 ?1 ? 2 ? a 3B ? ? ?? ?? ? ??
? ? ?( ? x 2 ) / 2 ? ? Q(z) ? ? dx ? ? ?e ?/ ?z ?
? 2? ?
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Example, W=1.25 MHz, R=9.6 kbps ,1/? =10 therefore n=0.1, ? =2.5dB or 1.778, f=0.55, blocking rate 1%, Eb/Io=7dB or 5.0, v=0.4
Q -1 (0.01) ? 2.33 B?
?5.012 ??2.33?2 ? 0.2322 ?130.21 ??1 ? 0.1 ?
? ? exp (0.2322) 2 (1.778) 2 / 2 ? 1.0874 ?? 1 ? (1 .0874 )3 (0.2322 ) ? 4 ? ?? ? ? F B,? ? 1? 1 ? ?1 ? 3 ? 1 .0874 ? 2 (1.0874 ) (0.2322 ) ? ? ?? ? 0.5360
? ?130.21??1 ? 0.1? ?0.5360? ? ? ?5.012?(0.4 )?1 ? 0.55? ? 20.21 erlangs
The number of users from the erlang B table at 1% blocking about 30 channel
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CDMA Hard Blocking

Example, When Offered traffic per cell = 11 erlang, Blocking rate = 1 % 2 way-Handoff area = 30 %, 3 way-Handoff area = 10 % Load factor = 1 + 0.3 + 0.1= 1.4 Thus real offered load = 1.4 x 11 = 15.4 elang From Erlang B Table, we obtain 24 traffic channel.
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? FA Capacity(based on IS-95A reverse link)
Limited by Interference From Other users Based on minimum required [Eb/It]minimum Relationship between [Eb/It]minimum and Number of user N based on Perfect Power Control, No Thermal Noise, and Isolated Single Cell
Eb? S / R It (N ? 1)S / R
N ? W /R ?1 Eb / It
S: Received signal at the base station(from power controlled mobiles) R: Data rate W: CDMA Bandwidth(1.2288 Mbps) Eb: Bit energy, It: Spectral Density of the total interference N: Number of active users
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? Pole(Maximum) Capacity(based on IS-95A reverse link)
Including the effects of Thermal Noise, Voice Activity and other cell interference
Eb? SN / R It (N ? 1)SNv(1? Ioc/ Io) ? No W Eb R SN ? It W NoW Eb R 1? ( N ? 1)v(1 ? f ) It W

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,where
Ioc f ? Io
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? Pole(Maximum) Capacity(based on IS-95A reverse link)
Pole(Max) Capacity, where required
W R N max ? *1*F ?1 v ( Eb ) min It

Obviously, this capacity can never be exceed in any cell/station Pole(Max) Capacity/Sector
W 2.55 N max/sector? R * 1 * F( )?1 v 3 ( Eb) min It

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,where
F ?
1 1? f
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? FA Capacity(based on cdma2000 1x)
Base station FA capacity of service carrying number of S with various transmission velocity
FA _ Capacity ( Mbits ) ?
Mbits k
(When ,
k? 0
k? 0
Nk ? 100 % ? 80 % ) N max k
Because of difference in required Signal /Noise, Activity and Transmission velocity in each service Nmaxk can be defined follows
N max
?(
PG k ?F Eb / Nt k ??
? 1) ?SG
k
( where, F ?
1 ) 0 . 6 ? Ioc / Io
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? Cell Coverage
Coverage Criteria in CDMA System - Forward Coverage : Design by the standard of Pilot CH Ec/Io - Reverse Coverage : Design by the standard of Traffic CH Eb/No As higher Ec/Io and Eb/No criteria are arranged, better call quality can be supplied for customers but more cost is also expected. Therefore, criteria should be arranged to meet the customer satisfaction and cost efficiency Forward Coverage Required Ec/Io >= -14dB >= 6dB
Reverse Coverage Required Eb/No
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? Soft Handoff Region Ratio
? T_ADD is used to add new Active/Candidate set ? T_DROP is used to reduce the Active pilot ? Because the output power of a mobile station decreases in handoff, the interference also decreases and the BTS capacity increases. But required channel resource also increases. ? 30 ~ 40 %
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Soft Handoff Region Ratio
Region Ratio (%)
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 -22 -21 -20 -19 -18 -17 -16 -15 -14 -13 -12 -11
2Way Soft Handoff
T_ADD (dB) 3Way Soft Handoff
Total Soft Handoff Proprietary
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? PN Increment and Allocation
? PILOT_INC parameter setting ? PN offset reuse distance calculation ? PN offset allocation - PILOT_INC selection - Distance between the same PN cell sites - Extra PN offsets for expansion of cell sites or Microcells
? Paging channel Load and Paging zone design

? Paging channel load calculation ? Paging zone design(1st, 2nd Paging zone)
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? Distance between Antennas
Space Diversity Single Site Polarization Diversity

10? =3.6m Tx/Rx-0 Tx/Rx-1 Tx/Rx-0
Tx/Rx-1

Joint Site
0.3m(MIN)
10? =3.6m Tx/Rx-1
0.3m(MIN) Tx/Rx-1 Tx/Rx-0 Competitor-ANT.

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Tx/Rx-0
Competitor - ANT.
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Stage 2: RF Environment Analysis
Procedure Overview
Site Survey and Field Measurement
Region Clustering
Competitor s Coverage Analysis
Maximum Cell Radius, Minimum Antenna Height Calculation
Link Budget Analysis
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Required Data/Tool
MAP DATA - Digital Map for CellPLAN - 1:10,000 Traffic Map Cell Planning Tool Field Measurement Tool - Transmitter / Receiver - Spectrum Analyzer, etc Competitor s Coverage Measurement Tool - AMPS/CDMA or GSM System Competitor s Cell Info.etc.
Main Activity
Region clustering - Dense Urban, Urban, Suburban, Rural. - Drive Survey for region clustering Site Survey & Field Measurement - Make the Site Survey list - Drive Route establishment - Perform the Field Measurement Spectrum Clearance Check (including Site Survey List) Frequency Planning Review or Setup - FA Planning Competitor s Coverage Measurement Tool - AMPS/CDMA or GSM System
Accomplishment
1. Site Survey Report 2. Field Measurement Data and Analysis Result - Measurement Integration & Propagation Modeling 3. Frequency Planning 4. Competitor s Coverage Analysis Result
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Stage 2: RF Environment Analysis Region Clustering

? Region Clustering by the Geographical Configuration (Flat, Hilly, Mountain) ? General Clustering by the Map Data (Rural, Suburban, Dense, Urban) ? Extraction of the Regional Parameter Values such as BAI(Building Area Index), BSD(Building Size Distribution), BHD(Building Height Distribution), VI(Vegetation Index) etc., using the Geometry Function ? Applying the Extracted Parameters to the Target Area to Achieve more Detail Region Clustering ? Precisely Divided Region Clustering
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Stage 2: RF Environment Analysis Region Clustering(Quantitative)

Region Rural Class Flat, Hilly, Mountain Residential(Open) Residential (no Open) High-rise residential Shopping Area Urban Commercial Area Industrial Area Shopping Area Dense Urban Commercial Area Industrial Area BAI(%)
< 12 12 ~ 20 20 ~ 30 > = 12 45 ~ 50 30 ~ 40 35 ~ 45 >= 50 >= 40 >= 45
BSD(m 2) Avg.
95 ~ 115 100 ~ 120 >= 500 200 ~ 250 150 ~ 200 >= 250 200 ~ 250 150 ~ 200 >= 250
BHD(Floors) Avg.
2 2~3 >= 4 >= 4 3 2~3 >= 4 6 7~8
STD
55 ~ 70 70 ~ 90 >= 90 >= 180 >= 160 >= 200 >= 180 >= 160 >= 200
STD
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
VI(%)
>= 2.5 <= 5 <= 2 0 0 <= 1 0 0 <= 1
Suburban
[Reference] David Parsons The mobile radio propagation channel
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Stage 2: RF Environment Analysis Build-Up Areas : A Classification Sample

British Telecom categories of land usage :
Category 0 1 2 Wooed or 3 4 5 6 7 between 8 storeys Description River, lakes and seas Open rural areas : e.g. fields and heathlands with few trees Rural areas, similar to the above, but with some wooded areas, e.g. parkland forested rural areas Wooded or forested rural areas Hilly or mountainous rural areas Suburban area, low density dwellings, e.g. council estates Suburban area, higher density dwellings, e.g. council estates Urban areas with buildings of up to four storeys, but with some open space Highter density urban areas in areas in which some buildings have more than four
9 Dense urban areas in which most of the buildings have more than four storeys and some can be classed as skyscrapers. (This category is restricted to the centre of a few large cities) 48
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Build-Up Areas : A Classification Sample
Comparison of BT and other land use categories
BT(UK) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Germany 4 2 3 2 2-3 1 1 1 1 1 BBC(UK) 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 Denmark 0-2 1-2 4 3 6 7 8 9 Okumura(Japan) Land Undulating Suburban Suburban Urban Urban Urban SK Telecom(Korea) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 No Data Open areas Inland Water Residential Mean Urban Dense Urban Buildings Village Industrial Open in Urban Forest Park Para Build High Para Build Low
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Stage 2: RF Environment Analysis Build-Up Areas : A Classification Problem - CellPLAN
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Stage 2: RF Environment Analysis Site Survey and Field Measurement Procedure

Planning
1. Selection of target Building for site survey 2. Scheduling for site survey and field measurement 3. Planning for Drive route
Test Equip.* Verification

1. Check the spectrum analyzer self-generated noise level & accuracy 2. Setup the Transmitter and check the output power level 3. check the Amplifier Gain by using signal generator and spectrum analyzer 4. Measurement of Cable loss
- between transmitter and AMP - between AMP and Antenna
Site Survey & F.M**

1. Check the test equipment and visit site(building) 2. Take a a photograph and fill out the site survey report 3. Install the transmitter on the roof of the building 4. Install the receiver in a car 5. Put the transmitter on 6. Start the driving test 7. Perform the Site survey & field measurement result analysis - Path loss analysis 8. Perform the Competitor s coverage measurement
* Equip.: Equipment ** F.M: Field Measurement 51
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Stage 2: RF Environment Analysis Site Survey Planning

? Candidate sites shall be selected in each morphology to represent the characteristics of that region and then team organization and scheduling for the site survey and the field measurement shall be made. And the drive route should be decided based on the main road and the road condition ? make a plan for site surveying & field measurement ? select a variety of candidate site ? organize the team for site surveying ? decide the drive route
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Stage 2: RF Environment Analysis Site Survey Report
4
Picture No : Avg . Bldg . Height : Major Bldg .: Picture No : Avg . Bldg . Height : Major Bldg .:
Picture No : Avg . Bldg . Height : Major Bldg .:
Date : Site ID : Visitor : Bldg . Address : Bldg . Height : Latitude : Special Comment :
Steel Tower Height : Longitude :
Department store, Government office, Competitor site, Hotel, University, Above the10th-story
bldg .
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Path loss calculation

For Analytical approach
L ? 10n log r ? ?
For Macro cell (r>1km*note)
Okumura s model / Hata s model COST-231 Model (Walfish-Ikegami model)
For Micro (100m<r<1km *note) & Pico (r<100m*note)cell

COST-231 Model (Walfish-Ikegami model) Ray-Tracing model
ITU-R Recommendation
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* Note : by ITU Recommendation
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Hata Model
CCIR
Lurban ? 69.55? 26.16log f MHz ? 13.82loghbe,m ? a(hre,m ) ? (44.9 ? 6.55loghbe,m ) logdkm
Lsuburban ? Lurban ? 2[log( f MHz / 28)]2 ? 5.4
Lopen ? Lurban ? 4.78(log f MHz )2 ? 18.33log f MHz ? 40.94
a ( hre , m ) ? 0 when h re,m ? 1.5
Frequency Distance
: 150 MHz ~ 1.5 GHz (2.2 GHz) : 1 km ~ 20 km ( 4 km)
Tx antenna height (hb) : 30 m ~ 200 m RX antenna height (hr) : 1 m ~ 10 m

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Smooth or Rough Terrain ? : Rayleigh Criterion

Real Surface of the Earth
mean
smooth
0.01 0.1 10
rough
100
Idealized Rough Surface
The path length difference is :

?L ? d ?1 ? cos?2? sin ?
???
2d sin ? ?
The phase difference at receiver : 4? d sin? ? ?

k o? L ?
If ko ? L ?
? 2
4? ? sin(? ) 4? ? ? ? ? ? : the stadard deviation of the terrain heigh ? : the angle of incidence C?
? ? ? 8 sin? ? ? 8?
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The Rayleigh Criterion
, then a surface is rough and : d ?

56
Path Loss by Hata Model

170.00
150.00
Hb = 30m Hr = 1.5m f1 = 880MHz f2 = 2GHz
130.00 Path Loss (dB)
Path loss difference

110.00 Urban_800M 90.00 Subur Open_800M Urban_2G 70.00 Suburban Open_2G
between f1 and f2 Urban : 9.3dB Subur : 6.9dB Open : 5.2dB
50.00 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.5 3.7 3.9 4.1 4.3 4.5 4.7 Distance (km) 4.9
57
Proprietary
COST-231 Model
The European Co-operative for Science & Technical research
LdB ? LF ,dB ? Lrts,dB ? Lms ,dB ? ( 20 log d ? 20 log f ? 32.44) ? (-16.9 - 10logW ? 10logf ? 20log? h m ? Lo ) ? (Lbsh ? ka ? kd log d ? k f log f ? 9 log b)
LF : free space path loss Lrts : roof-to-street diffraction loss Lms : multi-screen loss
Frequency Distance
: 800 MHz ~ 2 GHz : 200 m ~ 5 km
Tx antenna height : 30 m ~ 200 m RX antenna height : 1 m ~ 3 m

58
Proprietary
ITU-R Recommendation Model

For indoor office test environment
L ? 37 ? 30log R ? 18.3 ? n
? n? 2 ? ? 0.46? ? ? n? 1 ?
For outdoor to indoor and pedestrian test environment

L ? 40 log R ? 30log f ? 49
For vehicular test environment

L ? 40(1 ? 4 ? 10? 3 ? hb ) log R ? 18log ? hb ? 21log f ? 80
59
Proprietary
Knife Edge Diffraction Loss

Tx h d1 d2 d1 d2 Rx Tx h Rx
Diffraction Loss
Case II Case I
? ? ?h
2 ?1 1? ?? ?d ? d ? ? ? 1 2?
Fresnel-kirchhoff Diffraction Parameter
? ? ? ? ? F?? ? ? ? ? ?
0dB 20log(0.5 ? 0.62v) 20log(0.5e0.45v ) 20log(0.4 - 0.1184 - (0.1v ? 0.38)2 20log(0.225 ) v
v?1 0? v? 1 -1 ? v ? 0 - 2.4 ? v ? -1 v ? -2.4
60
Proprietary
Multiple Knife Edge Model

Bullington BullingtonModel Model
1947 Year
T L=L(TCR) C h R A C B
Epstein-Peterson Epstein-PetersonModel Model

A L=L(TAB)+L(TAR) B hB R
1953 Year
T hA
Japanese JapaneseAtlas AtlasModel Model

1957 Year
T A hA L=L(TAB)+L(ABR)
Deygout Deygout Model Model

B L=L(TBR)+L(TAB)+L(BCR)
1966 Year
B hB R
h 2 A
h 1 B C
h 3
61
Proprietary
Build-Up Areas : A Classification Problem

Considering the relevance and effects of the environment on radio propagation, it is clear that the following characteristics could be used in classifying land usage types : (1) Building density (percentage of area covered by buildings) (2) Building size (area covered by a building) (3) Building height (4) Building location (5) Vegetation density (6) Terrain undulations
62
Proprietary
Stage 2: RF Environment Analysis Field Measurement

- Drive Test: All roads test as possible as can go
MS_3 MS_4 Team B FA A (Central Channel# A)
10Km
FA B (Central Channel# B)
10 K Mea m sure men t Ra dius
Site B Site A MS_1 MS_2
Team A
63
Proprietary
Stage 2: RF Environment Analysis Field Measurement - Test Equipment Verification
Checking of the spectrum analyzer Self-generated Noise level & accuracy
Setting up the Transmitter and Checking Tx Output Power level by using Spectrum Analyzer
Checking the LPA Gain by using Signal Generator and Spectrum Analyzer
Measurement of Cable Loss a. Between Transmitter and AMP b. Between AMP. and Antenna
64
Proprietary
Stage 2: RF Environment Analysis Field Measurement

- Measurement Data Analysis ? Perform the Data Gathering and Analysis
? Calculate the distance for each measurement point ? Calculate the average Rx level for unit area (30m * 30m) ? Calculate the average Rx level for distance
? Path Loss Calculation

? Path Loss = Transmit signal Power Received signal power [dBm]
Path Loss data is used to perform the Measurement integration to calculate the exact Propagation model
By using the Cell Planning tool, It will be easy to perform the MI
65
Proprietary

Field Measurement - Measurement Data Analysis(2)
MEASUREMENT INTEGRATION(MI)
Signal Strength Propagation Prediction Model Signal Strength Propagation Prediction Model
Distance Measurement Data Measurement Data
Distance
66
Proprietary
Stage 2: RF Environment Analysis Model Correction (Measurement Integration) - CellPLAN
67
Proprietary
Stage 2: RF Environment Analysis Competitor s Coverage Measurement / Analysis

? Collecting Information about the Specification of the Competitor s System
The site location The height of the building and the tower Antenna type The direction and the angle of the antenna Control channel number and the output power by each sector
? Measuring the Service Quality

GPS data(altitude & logitude) Cell ID (best sever / neighbor cell) Rx power (best sever / neighbor cell) BCCH (best sever / neighbor cell)
68
Proprietary
Stage 2: RF Environment Analysis Link Budget Analysis

OBJECTIVES OF LBA ? To estimate the Maximum Allowable Path Loss for the Reverse Link
? To estimate Maximum Allowable Path Loss for the Pilot, Sync, and Paging Channels, including the appropriate path imbalance
? To compute the required percentages of Base Station transmit power for the Pilot, Sync, Paging and Traffic Channel ? To estimate cell coverage and count
69
Proprietary
Stage 2: RF Environment Analysis Link Budget Analysis(Reverse Link)

Subscriber Parameters: Maximum Power Cable loss Antenna Gain Noise Figure BS Parameters: Noise Figure LBA Antenna Gain Losses Operating Parameters: System % Loading, SHO gain Voice Activity & Reuse Factor Technology Parameters: Bandwidth, Data Rate ( Proc. Gain) Required Eb/It Propagation Parameters: Fade Margin, Penetration Loss
70
Reverse Link MAPL
Proprietary
Stage 2: RF Environment Analysis Link Budget Table(Example: SK Telecom)

Frequency Bandwidth Data Rate Processing Gain %Loading Required Area Reliability Morhpology Class At Mobile Station (TX) Mobile Tx Power Antenna Gain Body Loss At Base Station (RX) Noise Density(KT) Noise Figure(F) Noise Bandwidth Noise(KTBF) Required Eb/Nt Loading Correction (1-x) Sensitivity Receive Antenna Gain Cable & Diplexer Loss SHO Gain At Radio Channel Slow Fading Atten. Factor of Propagation S.F/A.F Fade Margin At Service Condition Required Contour Reliability Penetration Loss (in car) Penetration Loss (in building) Output Max. Allow. PL (on street) Max. Allow. PL (in car) Max. Allow. PL (in building) MS Antenna Height BS Antenna Hegiht Max. Allow. Distance(on street) Max. Allow. Distance(in car) Max. Allow. Distance(in building) Unit MHz MHz bps dB % % Value 877 1.2288 9600 21 50% 95% D.Urban Remark Customer Spec. Customer Calculated Customer Customer Urban S.Urban Rural Open Remark
dBm dBi dB
23.0 0.0 3.0
23.0 0.0 3.0
23.0 0.0 3.0
23.0 0.0 3.0
23.0 0.0 3.0
Spec.(ClassIII) Customer Customer
dBm/Hz dB dB dBm dB dB dBm dBi dB dB
-174.0 5.0 60.9 -108.1 6.0 0.0 -123.2 18.0 3.0 3.0
-174.0 5.0 60.9 -108.1 6.0 0.0 -123.2 18.0 3.0 3.0
-174.0 5.0 60.9 -108.1 6.0 0.0 -123.2 14.1 3.0 3.0
-174.0 5.0 60.9 -108.1 6.0 0.0 -123.2 14.1 3.0 3.0
-174.0 5.0 60.9 -108.1 7.0 0.0 -122.2 14.1 3.0 3.0
Spec. Vendor Spec. Spec. Calculated Vendor Spec. for 1% FER Calculated Customer Customer Customer
dB dB/dec dB
10.0 3.5 2.9 11.0
8.0 3.5 2.3 8.5
8.0 3.5 2.3 8.5
6.0 3.5 1.7 6.0
3.0 3.5 0.9 3.5
Customer Calculated Calculated Calculated
% dB dB
87.0 5.0 18.0
86.0 5.0 15.0
86.0 5.0 10.0
83.0 5.0 10.0
75.0 5.0 10.0
Calculated Customer Customer
dB dB dB
km km km
150.2 145.2 132.2 1.5 21.0 6.2 4.5 1.97
152.7 147.7 137.7 1.5 25.0 8.0 5.8 3.0
148.8 143.8 138.8 1.5 30.0 6.9 4.9 3.6
151.3 146.3 141.3 1.5 45.0 10.2 7.3 5.2
152.8 147.8 142.8 1.5 45.0 11.3 8.1 5.8
Calculated Calculated Calculated
Calculated Calculated Calculated
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Proprietary
Stage 3: Coverage Design Coverage Design Procedure

Site Acquisition
- Candidate site location - Site acquisition report
Designing on the Map

Considering Factors - Maximum cell radius - Traffic distribution - Competitor s coverage
Finding-out Sites Location and Initial Parameter Value

Outputs - Sites location - Antenna type - Antenna tower height - Antenna orientation / tilt - O/H Output power
- Coverage Plot - Recommendation on next candidate sites
Coverage Simulation
72
Proprietary
Stage 3: Coverage Design

Required Data/Tool
MAP DATA - Digital Map for CellPLAN - 1:10,000 Traffic Map CellPLAN Tool - SKTelecom Design Tool - Initial coverage simulation) Map Info S/W - Design on the Map(Note PC based) LBA Result - Maximum cell radius - Minimum antenna height - Minimum cell site no
Main Activity
Design on the Map with MAP INFO Tool - Anchor site selection (In Dense Urban area, high traffic density) - Site positioning through the anchor site CellPLAN Coverage Simulation - Initial Coverage design by using CellPLAN Tool(FWD/REV Coverage) - Initial Capacity analysis based on the traffic prediction Equip. Type Decision(Initial) - BTS, Small BTS, pico BTS - Fiber optic Micro cell - RF Repeater
Accomplishment
Design on the Map result - Anchor site position result - Cell site Position(Morphology) CellPLAN simulation Plot - Initial coverage design map FWD Ec/Io, REV Eb/Nt Plot H/O region analysis plot Mobile ERP Plot Equp. Type Decision(Initial) - Initial Capacity analysis - Traffic estimation per cell site
73
Proprietary
Design on the MAP

? Coverage design consists of designing on the map, site acquisition and coverage simulation. Especially, site acquisition and coverage simulation is verified and modified repeatedly to achieve optimal coverage design(Iterative) ? Cell site location is decided on the map by means of using the maximum cell radius, competitor s site location and the result of the coverage analysis with consideration of estimated traffic in future
Initial Coverage Simulation

? After designing on the map, it must qualify the cell site location through the coverage simulation by using RF planning Tool(In case of SKTelecom, there is a cell planning tool named CellPLAN) - Forward / Reverse Coverage simulation - Soft handoff region, etc
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Proprietary
Traffic Distribution Analysis

? Existing Network Traffic Analysis Procedure
PEG Data Collection and Validity Check PEG count data collection for 2 Weeks Abnormal data deletion (Beyond the limit of Avg Traffic ? 50%) - Too small traffic by an obstacle of BTS - Excessive traffic by PEG counting errors
Site/Sector s Representative Carried Traffic and Blocking Rate Calculation
Representative Carried Traffic = Avg Carried Traffic + 1.28 * Std (Range of 90% reliability) Blocking rate calculating for each sector and site
Site/Sector s Offered Traffic Calculation
Offered Traffic = Carried Traffic * (1+Blocking Rate)
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Proprietary

? Traffic Distribution
Traffic Weighting Map(Mobile Telecom Introduction Stage)
- Traffic Volume - Population Density - Land Usage Shape - Resident Living Standard
1 2 3 i m
1 W11 W12 W13 2 W21 W22 W23 3

W31 W32 W33
Divide total area into unit area(Aij) Decide weighting factor each unit area (Wij) ? Wij = 1
j
Wij
Wnm
76
Proprietary

? Traffic Weighting Map(Competitor In Service)
Additional Factor to be Considered BTS / Sector Traffic
1 2 3 i m
Divide total area into unit area(Aij) Calculate occurred traffic each BTS/Sector Distribute traffic uniformly within BTS/Sector coverage Decide weighting factor each unit area (Wij) ( ? Wij = 1) Distribute the traffic of target year to unit area with weighting factor ? Coverage Design and Dimensioning
1 W11 W12 W13 2 W21 W22 W23 3 j

Site B Wij Site D W31 W32 W33 Site C
n
Wnm
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Proprietary

Required Data/Tool
MAP DATA - Digital Map for CellPLAN - 1:10,000 Traffic Map CellPLAN Tool - SKTelecom Design Tool - Detail coverage simulation (Iterative coverage Simulation) Result of Design on the MAP - Anchor site position result - each site position, etc
Main Activity
Site Acquisition & Simulation(Iterative) - Search area ring setup for each cell site (SAR: one of fourth area per cell radius) - Making the candidate site list survey - Visit the candidate site Site Acquisition & Simulation(Iterative) - Check the cell site qualification (LOS, Building Rent or room, etc) - Antenna azimuth & tilt degree decision CellPLAN Simulation (Iterative & Detail) - Forward Ec/Io plo - Reverse Eb/Nt plot - H/O Region analysis plot - Mobile ERP plot, etc
Accomplishment
Site Acquisition result - Detail Cell site position - No. of Site Acquisition - Cell site type Decision (BTS, FMC, RF Repeater) CellPLAN simulation Result Plot - Forward Coverage Plot - Reverse Coverage Plot (Including FMC & RF Repeater) Antenna azimuth & Tilt Degree Initial Overhead Power setup
78
Proprietary
Site Acquisition
? Site Acquisition Procedure
Pre-visit Analysis and Rank Candidate Sites Visit Search Area Visit Sites Revise Objectives Perform and Evaluate Drive Test Redesign System
All Sites Unacceptable NO Notify Real Estate
YES
Release SAMs for Site Search
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Proprietary
Site Acquisition
? Pre-visit analysis and rank the candidate sites ? The first of the site acquisition is to identify multiple candidates for each site location, evaluate them on various criteria and rank them accordingly. This procedure results in identification of the best suited candidates for all sites. If all the candidates for any site are rejected for any reason(s), alternatives have to be found, or the objectives revised and candidates reevaluated, and,if all else fails, redesign the system/partial system. ? The ranking of the candidate is done in two steps - A preliminary ranking and visit to the top three candidates,followed by the final ranking. Approval is then given to up to three Candidates and the first site that passes the drive test, if required, is accepted.
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Proprietary
Site Acquisition
? Select the Anchor Sites(initial design stage) ? Anchor sites dictates the overall RF network design. They determine the rest of the search rings. Generate an initial cell site layout, starting with anchor cells and using the preferred/desired locations and the pre-qualified site candidates. ? Setup the Search Area Ring ? Search rings define the areas where a need for antenna placement has been determined. Search rings are not precise cell site locations. ? Prepare a list of candidates to visit ? Since it is not possible, nor necessary, to visit all the candidate sites, the top two or three candidates from the first part of the ranking matrix are to be visited. Since a site cannot be acquired unti11 it is visited, it is in the interest of speedy acquisition that the best potential candidates be visited
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Proprietary
Site Acquisition
? Site Visit Activities ? CHECK LOCATION DATA, using the maps or GPS. And record it ? CHECK OBSTRUCTIONS in all directions, e.g. tall building, unobstructed line of sight for microwave propagation, airports, other antennas, AM stations, etc. ? ORIENT THE ANTENNA using a compass. Getting an orientation degree is important to evaluate the coverage effectiveness of this site ? TAKE MEASUREMENT of distance between equipment shelter and antennas (cable run), dimensions of the equipment shelter and compared to the dimensions of the vendor equipment. ? TAKE PICTURES to document intervening structures/unusual topography of the site.
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Site Acquisition
? Redesign of the system ? In the event that all sites initially recommended by Real Estate are unacceptable, reevaluation of rejected sites is not feasible and no alternatives can be identified, the recourse is to revise objectives and redesign the system if needed. This process is initiated by forwarding the Redesign Request to RF Engineering, identifying the reason(s) why this situation arose, and, upfront, making some suggestions or issues to bear in mind while redesigning the system. This facilitates a successful redesign, with less chances of again yielding unacceptable candidates.
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Proprietary
Coverage Simulation
CellPLAN Structure
Propagation Prediction Model Field Measurement Data Cell Site Parameters Traffic Distribution
GIS DB - Terrain - Morphology - Vector - Building
CDMA Cellular Wireless Network Analysis
Personal Computer Window 95 CellPLAN
Measurement Integration Forward Link Analysis - RSSI - Pilot Ec/Io - Soft Handoff Reverse Link Analysis - Mobile ERP - Traffic Eb/Nt
84
Proprietary
Coverage Simulation
? Main Activities
? Forward Coverage Analysis Forward Pilot Ec/Io Plot Forward Pilot Best Server plot Forward Pilot Eb/Nt plot ? Reverse Coverage Analysis Reverse Traffic Eb/Nt plot Reverse Mobile ERP Plot ? Soft Handoff region ratio and Analysis ? CDMA Forward/Reverse Link Coverage Analysis ? 2D/3D profile for LOS check, etc
85
Proprietary
Stage 4: Parameter Design

Required Data/Tool
Design Criteria - PILOT Assignment - Soft Handoff Region ratio - Paging channel capacity - Paging zone Cell Plan Tool - Handoff simulation - coverage simulation, etc
Main Activity
PN Offset Allocation Paging Zone Decision - PILOT_INC Calculation - Paging Channel Capacity Calc. (Lower/Upper Limit) - Paging Zone Decision - PN Offset Reuse Distance Calculation - Base Station PN Offset Allocation Handoff Neighbor List Simulation - Handoff neighbor list BTS Overhead Power Simulation
Accomplishment
PN Offset Allocation Result - PILOT_INC Decision - PN Offset Reuse Distance Calculation - Cell site PN Offset Allocation Paging zone Decision - Paging channel capacity calc. - Paging zone decision H/O Neighbor list s imulation - make the H/O neighbor list BTS O/H Power Simulation
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Parameter Design
Use coverage design result and design criteria Design results are used the initial operation value of system parameters Adjust the system parameters according to optimization after system in-service Designed parameters
- PN offset allocation - Paging zone - Handoff neighbor list - Overhead power
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Proprietary
Pilot Assignment
Each sector of a base station is assigned a specific time (or phase) offset of Pilot PN sequences : this specific time offset distinguishes the trans missions from different sectors. Short PN code is generated using 15-stage shift register. The length of such a PN sequence is about 215 =32,768 bit. If we shift a PN sequence by one chip, then we have effectively generated a different PN sequence. Therefore, we could theoretically generate and use about 32,768 different PN sequences available to assign to different base stations.
PN offset 0
2 chip 488 m A
1 chip 244 m B
PN offset 1 1 chip A B 1 chip
time
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Proprietary
Pilot PN Offset Allocation

Pilot PN offset
64chips
PN Sequence (215 chips)
215 chips / 64 chips = 512
PN offset 0 PN offset 1
PN offset 511
PILOT offset increment (Pilot_INC)

Pilot PN offset 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 50 50 51 51 8 9 0 1 50 8 50 8 51 0 51 0 Total available #of PN offset 25 6 12 8 86
Pilot_INC = 2
10
12
14
16
18
20
Pilot_INC = 4
12
16
20
Pilot_INC = 6
12
18
89
Proprietary
32
Pilot Offset Reuse

Minimum required distance between same PN offset
y > x + W/2 D > 2x + W/2 where W = SRCH_WIN_A size where D = distance between base stations where R = cell radius (m)
Dmin > { 2R+(122 x W) }
SRCH_WIN_A PN offset 0 y chips x chips R PN offset 0
x chip delay y chip delay A B
time
90
Proprietary
Pilot Offset Reuse

Minimum required PN offset between adjacent base station
When PILOT_INC = N, y < ( PILOT_INC x 64 ) + x - W/2 D < ( PILOT_INC x 64 ) + 2x - W/2
SRCH_WIN_A PN offset 0 y chips x chips PN offset N*64 y chip delay N*6 x chip 4 delay chip s B A B time
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Proprietary
Pilot Search Window

Pilot Search Window Parameters SRCH_WIN_A : Search window size for the active and candidate cell for handoff SRCH_WIN_N : Search window size for the neighbor cell SRCH_WIN_R : Search window size for remaining cell SRCH_WIN_A < SRCH_WIN_N < SRCH_WIN_R
4 km (16.4 chips)
SRCH_WIN_A 8.2 chips
2 km (8.2 chips)
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Proprietary
Pilot Search Window (cont )
PN 1
PN 2 4 km 3 km
3 km
A 16.4 chips
B 16.4 chips
93
Proprietary
Parameter Design (Pilot offset allocation)

PILOT Interference between sites
p r1 chips Interference p1 r2 chips p2 PN Offset = 1 chips
No interference Condition between 1 and 2

1. To prevent the presence of a pilot signal with a different PN offset in the active search window due to a large differential delay 2. To prevent the presence of a pilot signal with an undesired PN offset in the neighbor search
PN Offset = 2 chips
window due to a large differential delay
ri : Cell radius i : Pilot PN Phase offset i : Time delay between Cell site and Mobile station SA : active search window size (one sided) SN : neighbor search window size(one sided)
Lower Limit for PILOT_INC
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Proprietary

Condition 1 1 Earliest arriving multipath of a pilot 2 Cell Tx PN timing Active Search Window Mobile Rx PN timing 1+ 1 2 + 2 sA sA
A + r , 2S N} 12 = 2 - 1 > max{S 1 12 = PILOT_INC * 64 PILOT_INC * 64 > 2 SN ( S N > SA ,SN > r ) 1 A ( 2 + 2 ) - ( 1 + 1 ) >S A 12 = 2 - 1 > S + max{ 1 - 2} max{ 1 - 2 } = r1
Condition 2 Earliest arriving multipath of a pilot Neighbor Search Window
Mobile Rx PN timing
0+ 0
2 + 2 1+ 0 2 + 0 1+ 1 sN sN sN sN
N N 2 + 0 - S > 1 + 0 + S N 12 = 2 - 1 > 2S
95
Proprietary

PILOT PN OFFSET REUSE
Phase Offset = 1 chips r1 chips Phase Offset = 1 chips D chips r3 chips Cell 3 r2 chips Cell 2
No interference Condition between 1 and 2

1. To prevent undesired finger output for the pilot signal from distant reuse cell 2. To guarantee the absence of the undesired finger output for the pilot signal from distant reuse cell 3. To prevent indistinguish ability of sectors with the same offset in other s neighbor search window
Cell 1
Phase Offset = 2 chips
Pi : cell site Tx Power di : Distance between Cell site and MS ?i : Pathloss exponent di : Distance between cell sites T : Threshold value
Pilot PN Offset Reuse
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Proprietary

Condition 1
? b (? ? ? ) P1 ? ? d3 ? ? T 1 3 ? e ? ? P3 ? d1 ?
If d1=r1, d3=D-r1 (Worst case)
Equal size sells & Power ? = 3.84, T = 19dB 8dB stdev for the shadow fading D > 6.8r
1 ?
? D ? r1 ?1 ? ? ?
Condition 2
A 3 - 1 >S
P ?T?e P
1 3
b(
?1 ? 3 ? ? ? ?
? )
Reuse Distance
If 1=r1, 3=D-r1 D > 2r + S A D > MAX(condition1, condition2, condition3) > MAX(condition1, condition3)
Condition 3
To distinguish the cell1, cell 3 at the cell 2, must keep the distance above 2r2 + s2N In case of straight line of three cell sites(worst case) D > 2(2r2 + s2N)
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Proprietary
Parameter Design (Paging channel analysis)

Assumption & Paging channel MSG Lengths
General Assumption a. Paging Channel Capacity b. Maximum allowable utilization c. Paging Strategy(No. of users) d. Termination Rate e. Busy Rate f. BHCA per Subscriber g. Number of Sectors per MSC h. General Page i. Overhead Message Numerical Value 9600 bps 0.9(90%) 2 0.35 0.03 2 ----136 bits I=j+k+l+m+n General Assumption j. System Parameter Message k. Access Parameter Message l. Neighbor List Message m. CDMA Channel List Message
n. Extended System Parameter Message
Numerical Value 264 bits 184 bits 216 bits 88 bits 112 bits 144 bits
o. Channel Assignment Message p. Order Message Voice Mail Service q. Voice Mail Notification Short Message Service
r. Data Burst Message(x: No. of character)
720 bits 7x+380 bits 72 bits
s._DONE Message
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Proprietary
Parameter Design (Paging channel analysis)

1 Paging Capacity Analysis Table 2 Size 3 Number Of Users 200000 Subscribers 4 Number of power Up/Down per day 5 5 Timer based Registration period parameter 64 Time Based Registration Period IF(POWER(2,(C5/4))*0.08= 0.08,0,POWER(2,(C5/4))*0.08) : 6 TImer based Registration period value - Second 5242.88 Typical Value of Reg. Period 7 Another Registration 0 Zone-based Reg. Etc 8 9 Number of Zones 11 z 10 Number of BTS per Zone 24.00 11 Number of Sectors per BTS 3 12 Number of BTS in System 24 13 Sectors in System 72 C11*C12 14 Registration C3*(C4*2+3600*24/C6+C7) : Power On/Off, Time Based, Zone 15 Total Registration in the System per Day 5295898 based r 16 Concentration rate of BHCA 0.098
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Proprietary
Parameter Design (H/O neighbor list)

make the H/O neighbor list by using CellPLAN tool.
(Maximum List: 20 EA / Cell Site)
1st, 2nd Cluster analysis(1,2 tier analysis) Search Window Size decision
- Active Search Window Size - Neighbor Search Window Size - Remaining Search Window Size
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Definition & Types of Handoffs

Definition of Handoffs
A process by which the BTS and mobile maintains the communication when the mobile travels from coverage of site A to that of another site. Required handoff time is defined by system processing time.-> 300-400msec MAHO(Mobile Assisted Handoff) : Cell decides the handoff based on the report of the mobile( PSMM : Pilot Strength Measurement Message )
Types of Handoffs
Soft - Cell to cell: between same frequency, mobile assisted, make before break,data received by cells passed on to switch, occupy multiple traffic channel - MSC to MSC: between same frequency, new feature Softer - Sector to sector within the same cell: between same frequency, data from multiples sectors is combined at cell, does not involve switch, occupy single traffic channel Hard - Frequency to frequency
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Proprietary
Soft Handoff
Parameter T_ADD T_COMP T_DROP T_TDROP Range -31.5 ~ 0 dB 0 ~ 7.5 dB -31.5 ~ 0 dB 0 ~ 15 sec Suggested Value -13 dB 2.5 dB -15 dB Cell 2 sec
Cell A Ec/Io
Time Margin(T_TDROP) ADD Threshold(T_ADD) Signal Margin Drop Threshold(T_DROP)
Cell C
Soft Handoff Region
Time
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Proprietary
Soft Handoff Gain (reverse)

Selection Diversity
Switch
Power Control
R0
R1
R0 =range without soft-handoff gain(@75%contour reliability ) R1 =range with soft-handoff gain(@75%contour reliability ) 103
Proprietary
Soft Handoff Gain (forward)
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Handoff channel allocation ratio & Problem

Handoff channel allocation ratio in the field TYPE No H/O Softer Soft Soft-Softer Soft-Soft %Area in Handoff Overhead factor 0 35% (21.98%) 20%(61.54%) 0 25%(5.49%) 0.25 0.1 10%(8.79%) 10%(2.20%) 0.2
Handoff Success rate : more than 98% Pilot Pollution
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Proprietary
Stage 5: Dimensioning
Required Data/Tool
Marketing Demand Analysis - Subscriber forecasting - MOU(Minute of Usage) - Traffic prediction Equipment Type - capacity per equipment - coverage per equipment Cell site traffic Distribution analysis
Main Activity
Engineering sheet Drawing Up - FA growth calculation - Channel Card quantity - Channel element quantity Engineering sheet Drawing Up for yearly based dimensioning - No. of Required FA - No. of Required Channel Element - No. of Required CHC(Channel Card)
Accomplishment
Yearly based Dimensioning result - Required BTS no. - Required FA no. - Required CHC no. - Required channel element no.)
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Stage 5: Dimensioning
Dimensioning rocedure
Cell Site Configuration - Channel Card Type - BTS Type Estimated Traffic - Carried Traffic - Soft Handoff Traffic Design Criteria - MAX. CE per FA - MIN. CC - GOS(Blocking Rate)
Loading Calculation Module Required CE Calculation Module CE per CC
FA Dimension BTS Dimensioning
Required CE Calculate
Required CC Calculate
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Stage 5: Dimensioning ? Predicted Traffic Calculation by Subscriber s MOU Analysis

Total Traffic and Traffic per Sub. Calculation
- Erlang / Sub. = MOU per Sub. / ACDM * BHDR / MH - Total Erlang = Erlang / Sub. * Total Estimated Sub. BHDR : Busy Hour Day Ratio ACDM : Average Calling Days per Month(Use 26 or 27 days) MH : Minutes per Hours(60 Minute)
? Engineering Sheet Drawing up

The Required BTS by the year The Required FA No. The Required CE and CHC calculation
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RF Network Design

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Procedure of CDMA RF Engineering

(RF Network Design)

2002. 4. 5 Jeon Hyun Cheol

About CellPLAN ... 109

GIS - DEM : 1 m or 10m resolution - Vector - Morphology : 14 Layer

- Coverage - Capacity - Quality

1. Network Design Objectives

? Acceptable Coverage ? Forward & Reverse Link Quality ? Capacity

? To Manage ? Pilot Pollution

? Cell Overlap / Handoff Regions

? To Resolve ? Engineering Requirement vs.

1. Network Design Objectives

The Cellular Concept

1. Network Design Objectives

The Cellular Frequency Reuse

N =7 pattern (AMPS,TDMA) Frequency Reuse Factor = 1/N Ctotal = CH# * Cluster# * N

I ic Frequency Reuse Efficiency = I ic ? I oc Ctotal = Cell# * Cper cell

1. Network Design Objectives

Method of locating co-channel cells

1. Network Design Objectives

Co-channel interference and System Capacity

Co-channel Reuse Ratio (Q) 3 4.58 6 6.24

1. Network Design Objectives

Co-channel interference and System Capacity S S R ?D / R ? ? ? 3 N ? ? ? ?

1. Network Design Objectives

Cell Splitting and Sectoring

1. Network Design Objectives

Increase in capacity by cell site reconfiguration

Simulation results shows the capacity can be up to 7% increased.

1. Network Design Objectives

2. Network Design Procedure

Plan Setup Region Clustering Site Survey Plan

Competition Coverage Measurement

Link Budget Analysis Base Station Design On the Map Positioning

Outdoor/Underground Coverage design In-building and underground

Site Acquisition Site Coverage Simulation

Dimension & Report

Stage 1: Preparations Overview

Trunking and Grade of Service

Capacity Increase Ratio

Capacity Increase Ratio

Mean Opinion Score

? PSTN = MOS 4 ? CDMA = 3.6 (FER 1%)

4-6% Contour failure < 3% < 2%

< 10% < 5%

95% Area Reliability

95% Contour Reliability

Setup the Design Criteria

Fraction of Total Area with Signal above Threshold. Fu

1.1 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.50

Setup the Design Criteria

Fade Margin -----> 10 dB

Setup the Design Criteria

Item Slow Fading

2. Reverse Link Capacity

3. Forward Link Capacity

Hard Blocking Model

Hard Blocking Model

Hard Blocking Model

Soft Blocking Model

Variables affect on CDMA Soft Capacity

FER vs. Eb/Nt

CDMA Pole Capacity

W R N max ? 1F ?1 v ( Eb ) min It

For Micro (100m<r<1km note) & Pico (r<100mnote)cell