LECTURE II

ENERGY NEEDS
1. 2.

The world population rose from 2000 million to 4000 million since the turn of the century and will increase to 6000 million by the year 2000. World energy demand is increasing rapidly due to which Gas and Oil deposits will be running low by the next century. This puts extra pressure on coal. Also the unequal distribution of fuel e.g. USA being 1/6 of the world population but it consumes 1/3 of the worlds fuel. The unequal distribution of physical resources. Environmental constraints on the exploration of non-renewable energy resources E.g. green house effects, high temperatures, which melts ice on the poles, Resulting in floods.

RENEWABLE ENERGY
Energy Resource Solar Energy: Wind Energy: Origin Mother of all energy resources Due to Difference in temperature Biomass: Organic substance Geothermal Energy: Heat Energy under earth Wave Energy: Wind Energy Tidal Energy: Gravitational force between earth and moon Fuel Cell: man Made process

RESOURCES

FORM OF DELIVERED ENERGY

CURRENT DISTRIBUTE ON

REMARKS/ COMMENTS

1. SOLAR Total solar radiation absorbed by the earth and its atmosphere is 3.8x 1024 J/Y

Low Temp heat (space heating) Low temp heat (water heating) Electricity

LARGE SMALL NEGLIGIBLE

The Sun maintains ambient temperature of the planet at 200300 Celsius degrees above absolute zero in addition passive solar gains through windows and .walls meet a large fraction of world space heating demand. In UK 15-20 % of domestic heating is obtained from solar energy 10-15 MW of solar cells are installed. 1-2 MW of Power towers are in operation.

2. WIND The kinetic energy available in the atmosphere circulation is 7.5 x1022 j

ELECTRICITY

NEGLIGIBLE

Several Multi MW wind turbines are in operation, e.g. 4 MW machines for wind farm iii Hawaii. There are about one million wind pumps in use. The total capacity is 1 GegaWatt. Sailing ships have traditionally been used for in shore and off shore shipping.

3. BIOMASS The total solar radiation absorbed by the planet is 1.3x lO21J/Yr The worlds standing biomass has an energy constant of about 1.5x lO22J 4. GEOTHERMAL The heat Flux from the earth's interior through the surface is 9.5x1020 j/yr

High Temp Heating Biogas Alcohol

SIGNIFICANT SMALL

Biomass principally wood. It accounts for about 15% of the worlds fuel consumption. It provides 80% of the energy need of many developing countries.

NEGLIGIBLE

Low Temp Heat (Bathing) Low Temp Heating (space & water heating) Electricity

SMALL SMALL Negligible

Geothermal energy supplies 5350 MW of heat for use in bathing, principally in Japan but in 1 Hungary and Iceland about 100000 houses are supplied with heat from geothermal wells. The installed electricity capacity is 2500 MW and is expected to increase more than 7 folds by the year 2000. Large Hydro schemes provide about 1/4 of the worlds total electricity and more than 40% of the electricity used in developing countries. The installed capacity is 363 Gega Watts.

5. HYDRO: Hydro by annual precipitation over Land amounts to 1.1x107 Kg of water. Taking the average elevation of the land area as 840 M the annually accumulated potential energy would be 9x 1020 J.

Electricity

SIGNIFICANT.

6. TIDAL: Energy dissipation in connection with slowing down the earth ns a result of tidal action is around lO20 J/Yr.

Electricity

NEGLIGIBLE

Only one large tidal barrage is in operation in France. There are also small schemes in Russia and China. Total installed capacity is 240 MW.

7. WAVES: The amount Electricity of energy stored as kinetic and potential energy in waves may be of the order of lO9 J.

NEGLIGIBLE

The Japanese wave energy research vessel has an installed capacity of 1 MW. There are in addition several hundred wave powered navigational setups.

SOLAR PROSPECTS

1.The Sun is the potential source of energy that can replace oil, gas and coal. It is basically a fusion reactor. 2.Incoming energy absorbed by earth and its atmosphere in one year is 3.8X10^24 J, which is 15 to 20 times the amount of energy stored in all of the worlds resources of renewable hydrocarbons. 3.Unlike capital energy resources, renewable can not be exhausted only limitation is, the rate at which they are used.

4. Renewable already supply major parts of the worlds energy needs. BIOMASS accounts for l/7th of all the fuel consumed and supplies 90% of energy needs of the third world countries. Hydro generates l/4th of the world electricity and 2/3rd of that is used in 35 Countries.

Sun contributes directly to space heating in virtually all the buildings, through walls and windows. Renewable energy technology is in many ways more attractive than the conventional energy technology. They can be matched in scale to the need and can be built close to the site where it is required thus minimizing the cost. They can be produced in large number and introduced quickly. Rapid planning and construction lowers unit cost. Diversity of systems available also increases flexibility and security of supply. Comparing to other non renewable resources they are less hazardous.

SUN

Solar energy is a source of life. It maintains a temperature of 150C on the earth surface; also Oxygen in the atmosphere (upper) reacts with sun rays to form ozone which protects from ultraviolet radiations. Sun also causes circulation of the air, differential heating of earth's surface which generates high and low pressure regions thus causing movement of air which blows forming waves of the oceans. Sun is also responsible for evaporating surface waters which leads to rain and feed the mountain streams. Plants can not grow without sun light. Plants and other organic matter collectively are known as 'BIOMASS'. Water, Wind and Waves are all form of solar energy. They are by definition renewable because they are continuously being regenerated by the Sun.