WASTES INCINERATION PLANTS

CRITERIA OF WASTE CLASSIFICATION FROM ENERGY UTILISATION STANDPOINT

MAJOR TYPES OF WASTES

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Municipal Medical Industrial Sewage sladge Agriculture wastes Building wastes Opakowania Ashes Fuels from wastes

EUs WASTE CLASSIFICATION

In EU (and in Poland) waste ore divided into 20 groups (which are followed by subgroups and sorts).

SAFETY CRITERION

In every group and in every subgroup there are dangerous wastes, which were specified.

COMBUSTIBLE AND NONCOMBUSTIBLE WASTES

Wastes could be divided from the standpoint of possibility of utilization of their heat of combustion: combustible, like: paper, plastic, wood, leather, gum, food, garden residues, fabrics and others, noncombustible, like: glass, ceramic, stones, metals and others.

CRITERION OF COMBUSTIBILITY OF WASTES

Notion of combustibility: notion of combustibility is not obvious, it requires criteria of combustibility

There are three major factors deciding on combustibility of wastes: o o o moisture content (< 50 %), burning matter content (min. 25 %), ash content (< 60 %).

TANNERS CRITERION OF COMBUSTIBILITY OF WASTES

Tanners diagram shows the area of combustibility of wastes.

WASTE INCINERATION PLANTS (WIP)

DEVELOPMENT OF WIP
I st generation (1950-1965) major objectives: reduction of volume of waste and maximum burning, development of furnaces waste burning (mainly grates), usually lack of heat utilization, lack of flue gas cleaning. II-nd generation (1960-1975) dedusting of flue gas, utilization of waste heat (heat utilization boilers). III-rd generation (1975-1990) reduction of gaseous pollutant emissions (mainly sulfur, chlorine and fluor compounds, reduction of heavy metals reduction, problems with safety of storage of solid residues, improvement of waste heat utilization. IV-th generation (1990-) improvement of effectiveness of flue gas cleaning, mainly from NOx, dioxins and furans, improvement of parameters of solid aside products of waste utilization (ash) to safety storage: cement blocks, vitrification.

CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF WIP

1. Reduction of wastes volume (up to 90%) and weight (up to 65%). 2. Wastes organic matter incineration. 3. Utilization of combustion heat of waste. 4. Meeting of gaseous pollutant emissions limits. 5. Safety of landfill of solid residue of waste incineration.

MAJOR COMPONENTS OF WIP

a) b) c) d) e)

Waste receipt and handling installation A combustion system Heat recovery system (boiler) Air pollution control system Combustion solid residue handling system

CONFIGURATION OF WIP

Przetwarzanie wsadu Odpady

Obrbka termiczna (spalanie)

Odzysk ciepa

Oczyszczanie spalin

Skadowisko

Gorca woda Para wodna Energia elektryczna

Surowce wtrne

WASTES CINCINERATION SYSTEMS

I. Incineration management waste burning, waste co-firing in: heating plants, power plants and cement plants II. Incineration technology waste combustion, waste pyrolysis, waste gasification. III. Waste type municipal solid waste incineration plants (MSWIP), sewage sludge incineration plants, hazardous waste incineration plants.

SOLID WASTES BURNING SYSTEMS

SOLID WASTES BURNING FURNACES

1. Pusher furnaces 2. Suspension burning systems 3. Grates 4. Fluidised bed systems 5. Rotary kilns 6. Multiple hearth furnaces

APPLICATIONS OF WASTE BURNING SYSTEMS

Furnace Type of waste
Jet furnaces

Pusher furnaces

Rotary kilns

Fluidized beds

Solid: grains, uniform, non-uniform, thick, organic compounds - with easy melting ash. Gaseous: heavy organic vapours. Liquid: organic liquids, water wastes with high content of organic compounds. Solids/sludge: sludge.

PUSHER FURNACES
ADVANTAGES -simple design -low cost -easy maintenance -combustion control
DISADVANTAGES

-manual service -low capacity

Pusher

ADVANTAGES -reliability -wide range thermal load variation -ability to burn different types of waste -low requirement of waste dispersion
DISADVANTAGES

GRATES

-complicated drive -careful conservation required -expensive

MECHANISM OF WASTE BURNING ON GRATE

FLUIDIZED BED FURNACES

ADVANTAGES: -long residence time -good burntout -ability to burn wastes with 60% of water -lack of mooving parts DISADVANTAGES -exploitation problems -complicated system of supply -large emissions of dust -require automatic control

Circulating fuidized bed boiler

91.2 MWth, 31.8 kg/s, 59 bar, 480C FUEL: Industrial waste, Demolition wood
PENDENT SUPERHEATER IDLE PASS

CONVENTIONAL FURNACE AND SEPARATOR

INTREX SH

STOCKHOLM ENERGI AB HGDALEN, SWEDEN

STEP GRID
PIIRTEK OY

Example of a waste sample

ROTARY KILNS

ROTARY KILNS
ADVANTAGES: -good burntout -universal -wide range of the temperature -long residence time (0.5-1.5 h) -ability to burn wastes of 60% of water -ability to burn waster of different shapes and sizes DISADVANTAGES -complicated design -limited capacity (< 8 t/h) -expensive

MULTIPLE HEARTH FURNACES

ADVANTAGES: -ability to burn sludge -long residence time -good burntout DISADAVANTAGES -complicated design -require drive -limited capacity -expensive

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR APPLICATION OF SELECTED FURNACES

Type of furnace
municipal

Type of waste
hospital/ medical dangerous sewage sludge

Grates Rotary kilns Fluidized

Pyrolitic pushers

** - basic *- applied n not recommended

PROBLEMS OF BURNING OF SOLID WASTES

SELECTED PROBLEMS OF SOLID WASTES BURNING

Dust emission Gaseous pollutant emissions Emission of dioxins and furans Landfill of waste ashes Exploitation of waste incinerators

PROBLEMS OF EXPLOITATION OF SOLID WASTE INCINERATORS

Localization of waste incinerator Transport of wastes Odours from incinerators Landfill of waste ashes Safety of incineration staff Technical problems

SOME TECHNICAL PROBLEMS OF SOLID WASTED INCINERATORS

Corrosion of heat-exchanging surfaces Burn throughout of grates Deposits at the hest exchanging surfaces Ash sintering and defluidization

ASH SINTERING

Ash sintering in fluidized bed during sewage sludge burning

Mineur M., The behaviour of a stationary fluidised bed upon the combustion of sewage sludge, VGB PowerTech, 12, 2002, pp. 84-87

ASH DEPOSITION ON HEAT EXCHANGING SURFACES

CORROSION OF HEAT EXCHANGING SURFACES