MEETING HEAVY WEATHER

Basic terms *heavy weather *strain *stress *weight *buoyancy *pitching *rolling *surging *swaying *heaving *yawing *heaving to *log-book *sea *swell *hogging *sagging *pounding *pooping *heavy weather routine *a storm *heavy/big seas *weather side *leeward side *beam sea *broaching to *squall *gust *cold front *cross sea In heavy weather the ship is subject to heavy strain and stresses. The motions of the ship in heavy seas are: pitching, rolling, surging, heaving, yawing and swaying. The other stresses experienced by the ship are hogging, sagging, pounding and pooping. If it is thought that the ship will meet bad weather, precautionary measures are always to be put into effect. The Boatswain, who usually reports to the Chief fficer on the bridge at eight o!cloc", or four bells, in order to get his instruction for the day!s wor", is given special duties. #e is told: l. to chec" and double, if necessary, all cargo lashings on dec"$ %. to batten down all hatches, manholes etc$ &. to tighten all life'boat gripes$ (. to remove all ventilator heads, plug the entry ports, and fit covers on them$ ). to clear all loose gear from the dec"s$ *. to ma"e +uite sure that all the derric"s are secured. The Chief fficer prepares a heavy weather routine which is designed to protect the crew. nly essential men would be re+uired on dec" during the coming storm$ all others would be given wor" to do below dec"s. The wind is blowing on to the starboard beam. It means that the starboard side is "nown as the weather side, and the port side the leeward side. The "ind of sea that the ship is beginning to experience is called a beam sea. ,eeway is the difference -or distance. between the course steered by a vessel and that actually run when the wind is on any part of her side. /hen the wind and sea are directly astern we say that the ship is running before the sea. It might be dangerous because the ship might be pooped or again she might broach to, or surf and broach to. 0 ship is pooped if a following sea crashes down on to the stern. 0 ship broaches to if she is travelling as fast as the waves. /hen she is on the forward slope of a wave or in a trough, the ship might be violently slewed round broadside to the waves which then brea" aboard her, heel her over and +uite possibly capsi1e her. 2ometimes, the ship surfs, that is, she can be carried on the crest of a wave for some distance with her propeller and rudder out of the water. 3ounding is the violent beating of the waves against the ship. 0ll events when encountering heavy weather must be carefully and duly entered in the ship!s or dec" log boo". #ere is an extract from the dec" log: 4ay 56, 57... 67.66 ' n voyage from 2hanghai to 4anilla with a full cargo of light , machinery in containers. Course 6)% true, speed %6 "nots, wind 8, sea (, bar9 77( h3a, overcast with s+ualls. 0ll lashings on dec" cargo chec"ed and doubled in places. 67.() ' :eceived facsimile weather chart indicating that a depression near the 3hillipines was growing in intensity and moving eastwards, speed (6 "nots.

:echec"ed cargo lashings. 56.&6 ' #ove to in position 6%); <, 5*6;%6! =. 56.() to 55.&6 ' /ind 27, sea ), swell ), bar 776 falling rapidly, s+ualls. >orced to heave to on a southerly course, speed about % "nots. 55.&) ' /ind of hurricane force 2= 56 to 55 gusting to 5%. ?ery heavy sea and fierce s+ualls.The ship riding fairly easily but rolls violently. 3assage of cold front. 4ountainous cross sea, bar rising rapidly. #eavy continuous rain. 2hip buried in foam and spray. Big seas washing over the dec". 5%.56 ' /ind beginning to moderate. /eather conditions improving, clearing s"y. :esume voyage on course. Inspected cargo lashings. >ound that a container in bay <o. ... starboard side had come partly adrift damaging two other containers. 5%.&6 ' Increase to full speed, %5 "nots, course 6** degrees. 9 bar @ atmospheric pressure @ hectopascal Dynamic Forces (Motion of the Ship)

Ship in Motion 6 Degrees Freedom I4 2T0<A0:A 40:I<= C 44B<IC0TI < 3#:02=2 III/3.1.l !inds" storms" tropical storms" state of the sea #atest tropical storm $arning is as follo$s% (Standard tropical storm $arning) &ropical storm $arning at ... '&(. )*rricane ... -name.Ctropical cyclone/tornado/$illy $illy/typhoon... $ith central press*re of ... milli+ars located in position ... . ,resent mo-ement... -compass points. at ... .nots. !inds of ... .nots" $ithin radi*s of ... miles of centre. Seas o-er ... metres. F*rther information on /)F channel ... /fre0*ency ... .

)ogging

Sagging

1 /essel ,opped

A. Comprehension & vocabulary

A. &ic. $hether the follo$ing statements are tr*e or false% l. The static forces acting upon the ship are the buoyancy and pressure. %. In heavy weather the ship experiences heavy stress and strain on the structure. &. 3itching is the motion of the ship around its longitudinal axis. (. :olling is the motion of the ship around its longitudinal axis. ). 2waying is the side motion of the whole ship. *. The vessel experiences a beam sea when she is running before the sea. 8. The leeward side is the windward side of the ship. D. 2well is caused by the wind at a greater distance from the position of the ship. 7. The vessel heaves to in heavy weather when she cannot withstand the storm without ris". 56. #igh wind arising and ceasing suddenly is called a s+uall. 55. Cross sea is the result of two seas running in different directions. 5%. Eusts of wind are short periods of a decrease in the strength of the wind. A.! S*pply the missing $ords% 9rolling 9seawater 9force 9forecast 9shelter 9seas 9bad weather 9heavy weather 9gusts 9stress 9pounding Heavy weather report Auring the voyage the vessel encountered 5.FFFFFFFFFF, heavy pitching and %.' FFFFFFFFFF, big seas &.FFFFFFFFFF heavily on the ship!s bow section. 2he was shipping (.FFFFFFFFFF over the dec" and hatch'covers. 0t noon on ctober l)th the wind rose to ).FFFFFFFFFF D'7 with *.FFFFFFFFFF to 55 and changed from <= to 2=. 0t 5(.66 the Chief =ngineer reported damage to the rudder caused by the ship!s labouring through the 8.FFFFFFFFFF of weather. 0s the D.FFFFFFFFFF indicated further 7.FFFFFFFFFF with

strong easterly winds and very high 56.FFFFFFFFFF , and fearing from shifting of the cargo, I ordered my vessel to enter the roads of 0ntwerp for 55.FFFFFFFFF .

A." !hich dynamic forces acting *pon the ship and ship motions are descri+ed +elo$2 5. /aves coming from ahead or astern cause the bow and stern to lift and fall alternately FFFFFFFFFF. %. /aves coming from abeam cause one side of the ship, then the other, to rise and fall FFFFFFFFFF. &. :olling and pitching cause the ship to head to one side of its course, and then to the other FFFFFFFFFF. (. /ith sufficiently large waves the whole vessel may be moved vertically up and down FFFFFFFFFF. ). ,arge waves passing under the ship from one side impart a side'to'side motion which is "nown as FFFFFFFFFF. *. The movement of the whole ship ahead and astern is called FFFFFFFFFF. 8. #eavy pitching that causes a shoc" through the vessel!s structure -i.e.: violent beating of the waves against the ship. FFFFFFFFFF. D. 0 ship heading up the seas, just turning her engines enough to hold her course and able to steer in heavy weather FFFFFFFFFF. 7. 0 tendency to turn to wind when the ship is running free, because of bad weather or by the force of a heavy sea ' a fre+uent cause of foundering FFFFFFFFFF. 56. /hen the ship is sailing with the wind and sea directly astern, and so causing danger, she is said to FFFFFFFFFF. 55. /hen a sea -wave. falls forward in a mass of bro"en water, it is said to FFFFFFFFFF. 5%. /aves brea"ing over the stern cause FFFFFFFFFF. 5&. 0 vessel!s bow and stern dropped cause FFFFFFFFFF. A.# S*pply the appropriate ad3ecti-es and ad-er+s% 9fully 9properly 9seaworthy 9undersigned 9boisterous 9constantly 9convenient 9high 9heavily 9possible 9fore 9aft 9bad 9e+uipped 9complete 9easterly 9more Sea Protest (Heavy Weather I, the 5.FFFFFFFFFF , 4aster of 42 G=uropaH, of 55,&%& E.T., registered at Trieste, and sailing under the Italian flag, being %.FFFFFFFFFF and &.FFFFFFFFFF manned and (.FFFFFFFFFF, and in all respects ).FFFFFFFFFF , on the l%th 0pril sailed from Aa"ar with a full and *.FFFFFFFFFF cargo of bananas for Trieste, where she arrived at 5%.66 on lDth 0pril, mooring at berth <o. * and receiving free prati+ue. n the 5(th of 0pril we met with 8.FFFFFFFFFF weather with south D.FFFFFFFFFF winds of whole gale force and 7.FFFFFFFFFF seas, the vessel pitching, rolling and labouring 56.FFFFFFFF , shipping water 55.FFFFFFFF and 5%.FFFFFFFF , dec", hatches and vents being 5&.FFFFFFFF awash. ?entilation was closed for 5(.FFFFFFFF than six

hours. >earing is 5).FFFFFFFF damage to the ship and cargo through the stress of the 5*.FFFFFFFF weather during the voyage, I hereby give notice of sea protest against any claim, and reserve for myself and the owners the right to extend this protest at a time and place 58.FFFFFFFF . 4aster of 42

$. %rammar
$. St*dy the a+stract of the log +oo. caref*lly and find o*t $hich $ords (parts of the sentences) ha-e +een omitted% 451M,#4 l. -We are. on a voyage from FFFFFFFFFF. %. -Sea. overcast with s+ualls FFFFFFFFFF. &. 0ll lashings on dec" cargo -have !ee". chec"ed FFFFFFFFFF. $.! 6i-e the irreg*lar form of the Simple ,ast and ,ast ,articiple of the -er+ hea-e% heave heaved heaved heave FFFFFFFFFF FFFFFFFFFF

C. &ranslation
C. &ranslate into 4nglish% #RA 5%.66 5(.66 R#TTA 6%& 6%& N#TE (osserva$io"i ,a nave rolla e beccheggia con vento forte da <<= e mare grosso, imbarca ac+ua sul ponte e sui portelloni dei boccaporti, intensi piovaschi. ,a nave rolla e beccheggia, forti colpi sullo scafo con mare in prua a intervalli, imbarca ac+ua sul ponte e spru11i intensi dappertutto. 3er i forti colpi di mare, ridotti i giri dell!elica e a causa delle alambardate si e passati al governo manuale. <essuna ventila1ione del carico a causa del maltempo. ?ento moderato da <=, mare mosso. :ipresa la rotta originale, passati al pilota automatico. Ispe1ionato il ponte per possibili danni alla nave e al carico. <ave e carico risultano in apparenti buone condi1ioni.

5D.&6