DOWNTOWN LINE STAGE 2 CONTRACT C921 CONSTRUCTION OF STATION AND TUNNEL AT ROCHOR AND LITTLE INDIA INSTALLATION OF RECHARGE

E WELLS REPORT

Date 06 Feb 2012

Description Recharge Well Report

Prepared Myo Maw

Checked Ong.G.L

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CONTENT
1. General 2. Introduction 3. Recharge Wells Requirement of LTA 4. QPD, Mott MacDonalds - Recharge Well Design 5. General Ground Condition 6. Recharge Well Objective 7. Recharge Well Installation 1. Location and Quantity of Recharge Well 2. Recharge Well Design 3. Actual Soil Profile at Recharge Well Locations 4. Recharge Well Design Approach 5. Recharge Well Drilling and Installation 6. Recharge Supply 7. Functioning Tests 8. Recharge Well Operation and Monitoring Procedure 9. Frequency of Recharge Well Operation 10. References ---- 3 ---- 3 ---- 4 ---- 4 ---- 4 ---- 5 ---- 6 ---- 6 ---- 6 ---- 9 ----15 ---- 18 ---- 19 ---- 20 ---- 21 ---- 21 ----22

Appendices
1. Recharge Well Layout Plan and Details (LTA Tender Drawing) 2. Recharge Well Layout Plan and Details ( QPD, MottMac Drawing) 3. Recharge Well Location of Water Tank, Piezometer, Water Standpipe and Monitoring Procedure

---- 23 ----24 ----25 ----26

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1. General
The Contract includes the design and construction of two MRT stations, namely Little India Downtown Line Station and the TBM retrieval shaft for next to C920 project, Rochor Station including the TBM launching shaft which will be integrated with the station ab about out 345m long cut and cover tunnel and 55m long mind tunnel which will be undercrossing North North-Eastern Eastern MRT line, connecting two stations, and about 290m long bored tunnel connecting the Rochor Station with Bugis MRT Sta tation. In addition to the main transit stations and tunnels, the work also covers the building of temporary and permanent canal diversions, construction of Future Underground Infrastructure above the structure of Rochor Station as well as providing deep foundation for future development.

2. Introduction
This Recharge Well Report mainly presents the installation of recharge well fulfilling the Tender requirement and needs for the ground water control as preventive measurement for the shophouses build on the shallow foundation during bulk exca excavation of the Rochor Station. Mott MacDonald Singapore Pte Ltd has been engaged as QP QP(D ) for recharge well design based on LTAs requirement by SSY, SsangYong Engineering and Construction Co. Ltd Ltd. . As for site installation of the wells and pipe laying system tem was carried out by sub sub-contractor contractor M/S Soil Investigation Pte Ltd.

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3. Recharge Wells Requirement of LTA

The requirement has been stated in Tender drawing L/921/CWD/SO/0031/- as recharge well design, well spacing, injection flow rate to each well and locations of recharge wells. (See Appendix -1) In brief of main LTAs requirements are as below; A) B) C) D) E) F) 4m3/hr/well Capable Injection Flow Rate 5m Well Spacing center to centre 2 monthly maintenance check for recharge well flow meter and pipe connection Water tank level to be maintained at 2m above the suffix of the water tank Daily monitoring for the rate of recharge Recharge well are to be installed prior to the excavation

4. QPD, Mott MacDonalds - Recharge Well Design

The design consideration of recharge well by proposed QPD was similar to the LTA tender drawing in tender stage and initial stage of the project (Recharge well design which can be refer to the drawing T/921/CWD/SO/1809.)(See Appendix 2). Nonetheless, the proposed design was revised in later stage based on appropriate soil condition and location. (See Appendix-3)

5. General Ground Condition

The general ground condition of Contract C921 is represented by Fill material overlying Kallang Formation, which is underlain by the Old Alluvium over Fort Canning Boulder Bed and Jurong Formation. The Fort Canning Boulder Bed is found to be in direct contact with its underlying Jurong Formation. Noticeably thick Marne Clay layer of Kallang Formation and Old Alluvium is found from some part of Cut & Cover area towards Rochor Station area. Observation on current excavations at Little India Station and first portion of Cut & Cover area noted that one of the Kallang Formation, F1 Sand layer is consistently found from 3 to 6m below ground level. Thus, extension of F1 Sand layer can be expected to Cut & Cover to Rochor Station.

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North bound

Kallang Fromation

FCBB JF OA

LTI

C&C

RCR

Bored Tunnel

Kallang Fromation

FCBB JF OA

South bound

6. Recharge Well Objective

Lowering of ground water in soil particularly high permeable i.e F1 Sand layer due to bulk excavation which certainly behave as the short drainage path for compressible layer such as Clayey soil. As such consolidation of compressible soil may cause the settlement of ground and increase the load on shallow foundation soil below the original ground water table at the adjacent building. As most soil consolidates upon application of additional load, structure located within the radius of influence of recharge well system may implement effectively to inject the water into granular soil during excavation. Hence, the controlling ground water and pizometric level is important during excavation.

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7. Recharge Well Installation

7.1. Location and Quantity of Recharge Well
There is five locations of recharge well are required to install in the LTA drawing as follows; 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Ellison building (7 nos of recharge wells) Shophouses at Hastings Road(16 nos of recharge wells) Shophouses at Dalhousie Lane and Madras Street(24 nos of recharge wells) Shophouses at Perak Road ( 23nos of recharge wells) Shophouses at Mayo Street Back Lane(24 nos of recharge wells)

Total 101 number of recharge wells is required to install based on 5m spacing which is specified in tender drawing and QPD revised drawing.

7.2. Recharge Well Design

Typical recharge well detail provided by LTA (see Fig.1) was redesigned in consideration of actual ground condition of C921, location of recharge well and target permeability of soil to be recharged.

Fig. 1 . Typical Recharge Well Detail (LTA)

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Three options of recharge well designs are proposed based on actual ground condition at recharge wells locations as following;

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7.3. Actual Soil Profile at Recharge Well Locations

Actual soil condition at proposed recharge well locations consists of Fill material underlying F1 sand layer followed by thick Marine Clay layer overlaid by OA. Generally, Fill is found from ground level to 2.5 to 3m ground level which followed by 3 to 6m thickness of high permeable F1 sand is underlying Marine Clay. MC started from 6 or 8m to 28m below ground level consistently. OA is found usually from 28 onwards below ground level. Permeability of OA is normally 10-7 m/s which is can be considered as low coefficient of permeability. (see actual soil profile) Nonetheless, soill condition at Ellison Building, Bukit Timah Road area is different with other location except F1 sand layer. The secession of the soil layer is found to be Fill material covering 2 to 4m thickness of F1 sand layer which is underlying FCBB and Jurong Formation. Although no marine clay layer was significantly found, very soft thin layer of Estuarine Unit existed between Fill material and F1 sand. Permeability of FCBB is also normally 10-7 to 10-8 m/s which is can be considered as low coefficient of permeability. Hence, rechargeable layer, F1 sand layer can be focused to maintain the ground water level and piezometric level of marine clay.

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Fill F1 sand

FCB

Fig. 2. Location and Soil Profile - Ellison building (7 nos of recharge wells)

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Fill F1 sand MC

OA

Fig. 3. Location and Soil Profile - Shophouses at Hastings Road(16 nos of recharge wells)

F1 sand

MC

OA

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Fig. 4. Location and Soil Profile - Shophouses at Dalhousie Lane and Madras Street(24 nos of recharge wells)

Fill F1 sand

MC

OA

Fill F1 sand

MC

OA

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Fig. 5. Location and Soil Profile - Shophouses at Perak Road ( 23nos of recharge wells)

Fill F1 Sand

F1 sand

OA

Fig. 6. Location and Soil Profile - Shophouses at Mayo Street Back Lane(24 nos of recharge wells)

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7.4. Recharge Well Design Approach

Design of recharge well system requires the estimation of water drawdown which is related to maximum recharge capacity, number of wells, suitable size, spacing, penetration (i.e. installation depth) of well and coefficient of the permeability of the soil and rate of the flow. Recharge well requirements provided by LTA specified the rate of flow, spacing and size of the well and installation depth. Specified size of the well 200mm diameter is reasonable but due to area constrain and complex underground utilities, the diameter should be reduced to 150mm. The slight reduction of the well size will not effect to the performance of the flow and water intake. The number of wells can be calculated from specified 5m spacing. In view of specified recharge rate of flow, 4m3/hour/well is practically not realistic. Actual flow rate mainly depends on the amount of water drawdown due to excavation, the actual soil condition and thickness, and coefficient of permeability of high permeable soil at recharge well locations. Less water drawdown can be expected with the facts which considering of distance between excavation and shophouses, the design of the retaining wall, and source of water line. Minimum distance from C921 excavation to recharge well line is generally 20m and maximum is 6o to 100m. Design of C921 retaining wall is diaphragm wall with water stop. Among several formulas of the fundamental relations between discharge and drawdown, considering one observation well would help to arrive the estimated discharge amount using the reasonable equation. Very basic of Darcys equation which is further developed by Whitlow (1995) for dewatering can be applied.

ln (r2/ r1) =

(h2 h1)

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Formula relationship can be expressed with diagram as;

q r1 r2

Shophouses G.L

F1 sand h1
Excavation

h2

Marine Clay
Diaphragm wall Recharge well line

OA

Assumed ground water at ground level and drawdown 2m close to the excavation, a direct calculation can be made using above equation for excavation as below parameter; Q= Rate of discharge D = Thickness of permeable layer h1= Maximum water drawdown (closet to excavation) h2= Ground water level (nearest to recharge well) r1 = Distance from excavation to maximum water drawdown r2= Distance from maximum water drawdown to recharge well line k = Coefficient of permeability

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Table. 1. Summary of Estimated Drawdown Due to Excavation Location of Recharge wells Distance from excavation (m) r1 Ellison Building Hasting Road Dalhousie Lane & Madras Street Perk Road Mayo Street Back lane 10 60 6.5 8.5 1x 10-5 5 1.3 24 29 10 60 6.5 8.5 1x 10-5 5.5 1.4 23 31.9 10 60 6.5 8.5 1x 10-5 6.5 1.6 24 39.4 10 60 6.5 8.5 1x 10-5 5 1.3 16 20.2 10 25 4 6 1x 10-5 3 1.5 7 10.4 r2 Assumed water drawdown (m) h1 h2 Coefficient of Permeability (m/s) Thickness of Permeable Layer (m) Rate of Water Number drawdown of wells (individual) (m3/h/well) Total drawdown (m3/hr)

Consideration on above estimated discharge volume, the recharge volume can be developed which with assumption of parameters using following equation based on the constant head and actual coefficient of permeable of the soil condition at recharge well location.

Q = 2 D k Hc / Ln (
Q = Rate of recharge

D = Thickness of high permeable recharge layer K = Coefficient of permeability Hc = Constant injection head (injection pressure)

Ln (

) = effectiveness of recharge ( R = radial length of influence

r= radious of recharge well)

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Hc

Shophouses G.L

F1 sand

Excavation

Recharge Well Marine Clay

Diaphragm wall Recharge well

R OA

Table . 2. Summary of Recharge Volume Location of Recharge wells Thickness of Coefficient Permeable of Permeability Layer (m) (m/s) Constant Rate of Water Number Injection Recharge Vol. of wells Head (m) (individual) above (m3/h/well) ground Total Recharge Vol. (m3/hr)

Ellison Building Hasting Road Dalhousie Lane & Madras Street Perk Road Mayo Street Back lane 5 6.3x 10-6 5 1.1 24 27.3 5.5 7.9x 10-6 5 1.6 23 37.7 6.5 8.6x 10-6 5 2.1 24 50.6 5 1.4x 10-5 5 2.64 16 42.2 3 3.5x 10-5 5 3.98 7 27.9

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Comparison of the figures from above two tables, rechargeable volume is higher than discharge and the recharge wells can deliver the required discharge amount due to excavation.

7.5. Recharge Well Drilling and Installation

Before Commencement of drilling work, the cable detection, trial pit and hand auger are carried out and followed by the drilling to the required depth in accordance with proposed installations based on the actual ground condition(refer to the options of recharge well). 50mm diameter perforated riser pipe 6% opening area formed by 5mm holes wrapped in two layers of 2mm opening of nylon net is installed after drilling. Recharge layer will be filled with 5 to 8mm granite chip which helps the rate of flow. The interface of recharge layers bottom and top is sealed with 1m thick bentonite pellet; the seal can prevent the infiltration of finer materials to the recharge layer. Upon completion of installation, an individual on/ off valve and flow meter is fixed on top of the riser pipe in order to control the individual flow rate and monitoring purpose.

100mm dia feeder pipe from tank

On/off valve

Flow meter

50mm dia riser pipe

10mm thick protective box and pipe concealed

P.1. Recharge well Riser Pipe Installation

P.2. pipe laying

7.6. Recharge Supply

PUB water will be supplied to the recharge well system with injection pressure 50kPa (5m water head) using 1.5 x 1.5 x 3m with 2m high stands. Flow meter and on/ off valve are installed at PUB water supply chamber for supply control.

PUB water Flow meter and connection P.3. Connection to PUB water main pipe

PUB water main supply pipe

P.4. Water Tank and pipe connection

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7.7. Functioning Tests

Leakage of the recharge well supply pipe from the PUB source to the Tank and the feeder pipe which connects to individual recharge wells from the tank are required to carry out the test prior to the actual recharge well operation. After leakage test, function of the water injection into recharge layer is also required to conduct. This test can demonstrate the ground water and piezometric head responses when the water recharge. The test can be monitored with installed water standpipe and piezometers where in the vicinity of the recharge well system, The procedure can be adopted as follow; 7.6.1. FUNCTION TEST PROCEDURE FOR RECHARGER WELL 1. Initial readings of individual flow meters of recharge wells will be established. 2. Initial piezometeric level and the water level will be established prior to commencement. 3. Water tank will be fully filled and ensure the average head of 5m and supply valve will closed. 4. Initial readings of flow meter at PUB source will be established. 5. The supply from water tank will be activated and the individual recharge well gate valves will be adjusted to provide the optimum recharge volume. 6. The recharge wells will be activated for 3 hours time and piezometric level and water level will be monitored in every one hour intervals. 7. After completion, the supply will be terminated and the final piezometeric level , water level, individual recharge well flow meter readings, PUB water main flow meter readings and remaining water tank volume will be recorded. 8. Total volume of intake (V1) will be calculated from individual recharge well flow meter. This volume will be compared with total value (V2) of changes in PUB source flow meter reading and change in volume of water tank. Total volume of intake V2 =( PUB source initial reading Final Reading) Drop of volume of water in tank Drop of volume of water in water tank is zero, since it is controlled by automatic valve. Difference in volumes V1, V2 will reflect leakages if any. 9. Individual recharge well intake rate will be calculated from flow meter readings.

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7.8. Recharge Well Operation and Monitoring Procedure

1. The baseline readings for water level and piezometeric level shall be established prior to operation of recharge well and bulk excavation. 2. Ground water level and piezometeric levels will be monitored as daily basis during the excavation. 3. If drawdown and piezometeric level are found to be 0.5 m below established baseline, recharge wells will be activated until the level reach the base line level and settlement of the surrounding buildings will be studied. 4. Recharge well consumption will be recorded from the individual recharge well flow meters. 5. If there is no ground water and piezometric drops, recharge well operation is not required. 6. If recharge well is found to be no water intake, it will be investigated and carry out remedial works i.e. flushing and cleaning the well.

7.9. Frequency of Recharge Well Operation

The general frequency of recharge well operation is depends on the construction activities.

Construction Stages Before Excavation Bulk Excavation

Observation of Waster Operation Standpipes/ Piezometers Recharge Well Weekly Daily Standby In Operation

of Remark

If the piezometric and water level are found to be drops 0.5m from base line. Same as above

Back Filling Completion of Work

Weekly Monthly

In Operation End of Operation

The Frequency of recharge well operation can be revised as when necessity.

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7.10. References
Whitlow.H, 1995, BASIC SOIL MECHANICS, 3rd Edition Das.B.M, 1994, Principles of Geotechnical Engineering, Third Edition Pulle.M, 1996, Deep excavations a practical manual, First published UFC (US ARMY CROPS OF ENGINEERS), 16 January 2004, DEWATERING AND GROUND WATER CONTROL

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Appendices

1. Recharge Well Layout Plan and Details (LTA Tender Drawing) 2. Recharge Well Layout Plan and Details ( QPD, MottMac Drawing) 3. Recharge Well Location of Water Tank, Piezometer, Water Standpipeand Monitoring Procedure

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1. Recharge Well Layout Plan and Details (LTA Tender Drawing)

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2. Recharge Well Layout Plan and Details ( QPD, MottMac Drawing)

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3. Recharge Well Location of Water Tank, Piezometer, Water Standpipeand Monitoring Procedure

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