Global challenges we face: Global warming Fuel prices rising oil running out Food prices rising Preventing

g damage of natural hazards War + poverty Diseases Energy conserving fossil fuels resources alternative energy !redit crunch Population increase decrease

Natural Hazard:
" naturally occurring process or event that has the potential to cause loss of life or property Without people # natural event $nteraction of people # hazard

Disaster:
%he realisation of a hazard& although there is not universally agreed definition of the scale on which loss has to occur in order to 'ualify as a disaster ()mith *++,-

Risk:
%he e.posure of people to a hazardous event that may present a potential threat to people or their possessions& including buildings and structures

Vulnerability:
$s to be susceptible to physical or emotional in/ury or attac0

Hydro-meteorological Hazard:
1atural processes of atmospheric& hydrological or oceanographic nature 2ay cause loss of life or in/ury& property damage& social and economic disruption or environmental degradation !yclones& droughts& floods& thunderstorms

Geophysical Hazards:
1atural hazards where the main causal agent is climatic and meteorological Floods& hurricanes& drought 1atural hazards where the main causal agent is geological or geomorphological 3andslides& tsunamis& volcanoes& earth'ua0es D4 14% include biological hazards e5g5 fungal diseases& poisonous plants& viral diseases& infestations& locusts

hronic Hazard:
3ong6term& persistent hazard

 El 1i7o& global warming 8azard # potential to cause harm 9is0 # li0elihood to cause harm

Risk ! Hazard " Vulnerability apacity

For e.ample: 8urricane ;atrina in 1ew 4rleans 8azard # hurricane and storm surges <ulnerability # high # live in flood plain& below sea level !apacity # low # unprepared 8urricane storm surges . high # high ris0 3ow %his shows that they were unprepared and in future they are preparing so their ris0 will decrease !yclone in =urma !yclone . high # high ris0 3ow !apacity # low # refused people in& no one to help %hey were unprepared> they did not have the management to protect them (not enough money to do this8aiti <ulnerability # Physical )ocial Economic Political Environmental Earth'ua0e zone5 %ectonically young and unstable ?oung population5 3ac0 of e.perience 3ow income5 3ac0 of insurance and social security safety net5 $mpoverished government (@*5A billion debt?ears of corruption and mismanagement under the Duvalier regimes Deforestation destabilising soils5 $ncreasing landslide ris0

8azard . high # high ris0

3ow

#re$uency:
8ow often an event of a certain size (magnitude- occurs

%agnitude:
%he size of an event e5g5 size of an earth'ua0e on the 9ichter scale or the force of a gale on the =eaufort scale

1atural causes of climate change: )unspots "rrangements of continents 1atural catastrophes meteorites and volcanoes EarthBs orbit (2ilan0ovitch !ycle Eccentricity %ilt Wobble !hanges in ocean currents

&l Ni'o During El 1i7o winds across the Pacific change direction and blow from west to east 4ccurs every A6C years Pacific ocean between "ustralia (west- and )outh "merica (east-

onditions of a Normal (ear: %rade winds move warm water to the western Pacific !old water wells up along the west coast of )outh "merica (near PeruDpwelling important for fish stoc0s in Peru

onditions of an &l Ni'o (ear: "ir pressure over the west coast of )outh "merica becomes low "ir pressure over the east coast of "ustralia becomes high %he normal east to west trade winds over Pacific are disrupted and warm water EsloshesB eastwards 1o Dpwelling on )outh "merican coast

onditions of a )a Ni'a (ear: 6 e.treme cold conditions Warm water goes to the west 8igh pressure over west coast of )outh "merica 3ow pressure over east coast of "ustralia "s warm water is pushed westwards sea levels rise by up to *m around $ndonesia and Philippines )trong uplift of air leads to heavy rain

&l Ni'o causes: 9educed hurricane activity in "tlantic Drought in =razil 8otter summers in Europe Floods in ;enya and =angladesh Fires in $ndonesia Drought fires in "ustralia

&N*+ , &l Ni'o *outhern +scillation:

%erm used to describe the full range of events triggered by the seesaw motion of atmospheric pressure over the Pacific

-ele-connections:
;noc0 n effects of El 1i7o worldwide

-hermo cline:
"rea where cold water meets warm water

.sian -sunami /001 When: F,th December FGGH (=o.ing DayWhere: 2ainly $ndonesia "sia !auses: Earth'ua0e that was +5G6+5A on 9ichter scale5 *GG. stronger than one in ;obe in *++I %hrust heaved $ndian 4cean floor towards $ndonesia by about *Im sent out shoc0waves $mpacts: AGG&GGG people dead and missing Waves were nearly *Cm high =anda "ceh and )ri 3an0a 8omes& crops& fishing boats destroyed )ri 3an0a HGG&GGG people lost their /obs )ri 3an0a FG *++ inhabited islands destroyed 6 2aldives Flooding was e.tensive 2aldives %ourist resorts damaged bad for economy 2aldives 8omes and boats destroyed )omalia ("frica Freshwater wells contaminated )omalia ("frica Jetties destroyed $ndia *CGG foreigners 0illed form A, countries %hailand 9esponse: 8ad warnings therefore evacuated ;enya )ea wall protected K of 2ale (capital city- 2aldives

2ushfires 2ost fre'uent causes are: !arelessness outdoor ==Ls 6 cigarette end 3ightning stri0es 8ow fires spread: *5 !rown fire where wind spreads fire through the tops of the trees F5 Ground fire where dead leaves& twigs and small shrubs catch fire A5 )pot fires where embers of fire fall to the ground 8ow have bushfire deaths been reducedM !ontrolled burning local councils regularly burn leaf litter to reduce the fuel for bushfires - done every year - Fire officers inspect properties in bush land areas to assess the ris0 and advise residents about burning Education programmes educated about what to do in a bushfire - $nstall protective measures for themselves - e5g5 sprin0ler system

.sthenosphere:
" semi6molten zone of roc0 underlying the earthBs crust

)ithosphere:
%he crust of the earth& around NG6+G0m thic0

Hotspot:
" localised area of the earthBs crust with an unusually high temperature

.lbedo &ffect:
White surfaces concrete that reflects the sun

-ipping 3oint:
9efers to a point beyond which the Earth cannot recover from the effects of carbon emission& even with drastic action Point of no return& irreversible

%itigation:
%rying to manage something $n relation to GW means reducing the output of G8G and increasing the size of G8G sin0s (afforestation-

.daptation:
!hanging our lifestyle to cope with a new environment rather than trying to stop climate change

arbon +ffsetting
?ou produce lots of emissions but give bac0 to the environment& e5g5 planting trees etc5

*hell Pumps waste !4F from their oil refinery (in =otle0& the 1etherlands- into IGG greenhouses which grow fruit and veg 2itigation managing !4F emissions $t has wor0ed because it avoids annual emissions of *CGGGG tonnes of !4F

oldplay 2itigation managing their !4F emissions by carbon offsetting %hey planted *G&GGG mango trees in ;arnataha& $ndia offsetting carbon emissions from the production of their album E" 9ush of =lood to the 8eadB Providing fruit for trade %hey will soa0 up !4F %hey supported a forest in !hiapas& 2e.ico offsetting carbon emissions from the production of their album EO P ?B Joined up with Future Forests to ma0e these albums carbon neutral

.lternati4e &nergy 5n 2razil =unge& a D) company in =razil& builds lined& enclosed pools to collect the waster and capture the methane (from the waste of the pigs-5 %he farmers use this to generate electricity 2itigation managing methane emissions %he company gets a carbon credit to sell on the carbon mar0et Farmer gets FIQ of earnings Problems could be e.pensive to fit the pools& need the space

)ondon6s

ongestion

harge

Drivers charged RN a day to drive in the !entral 3ondon !ongestion Sone " new proposal is to charge RFI for larger vehicles& including four wheel drives (H.Hs and 3and 9overs2itigation managing carbon emissions 2ore people are using public transport& traffic levels down by *IQ and congestion by AGQ 6 reduction in nitrous o.ide and carbon dio.ide emissions in the zone

Problems overcrowding on buses and trains ombined Heat and 3ower in openhagen

)upplies +CQ of the city with clean& reliable and affordable heating& and *IQ of Denmar0Bs heating needs Partnership between local councils and energy companies $t uses a combination of: o Waste heat from electricity production o )urplus heat from waste incineration o Geothermal energy o =io6fuels (wood pellets and strawo )mall amounts of coal& oil and natural gas "daptation changing their source of heat their lives From *+NH6FGGI annual heating bills were *HGG euros less than if oil had been used From *++I6FGGG annual !4F emissions were cut by * million tonnes companies pay less ta. if they use !8P (ta. incentives- clean& cheap& efficient Problems it still uses non6renewable resources (coal& oil& natural gas-he &uropean &missions -rading *cheme 7&-*8

$n FGGC the ED set targets for FGFG to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by FGQ of the levels they were in *+GG )et up carbon offsetting )et targets for every country Gave *HGGG factories power plants in EuropeBs EdirtiestB industries permits (electricity& oil& metals& building materials and paper- credits to emit certain amount of carbon %he E%) aims to: !ut emissions by placing a limit on the total amount emitted Get polluters to pay for damage they cause by introducing carbon credits for the G8G they emit !reate incentives for companies to invest in cleaner technology

8ow effective is the E%)M )o far failed in its aims: 2anufacturing companies have been moving out of Europe cheaper for them Polluters pass the cost of the carbon credits onto their customers 2itigation a management scheme to reduce companies emissions

E.changing !arbon !redits: 6 $f countries have more credit than they need& they can sell it to other countries companies 6 $f it is less they can buy credits from others to allow them to pollute above their limit

2ed9&D , an energy conser4ation pro:ect 1ew housing development in )utton& )outh 3ondon built in FGGH "ttempts to be carbon neutral %he homes use heat6efficient natural& recycled or reclaimed materials& which absorb heat during warm spells and release it when cooler $t has its own !8P plant& run on waste wood from tree surgery that would normally become landfill !8P systems provide hot water& distributed via insulated plants Problems: %he =edSED !8P system failed in FGGI after months of unreliability %he reed beds filtering waste water for use in toilets and gardens were out of operation for C months 8ouses are not cheap and new technology is e.pensive !arbon neutrality is difficult to achieve 2itigation a management scheme to try and reduce emissions 8ouses in demand valued at *IQ above local house prices 9esidents emit HGQ less carbon than average D; households

Ways of conserving energy: Photovoltaic cells cut electricity bills )olar panels Wind turbines 3oft and wall insulation cut heat loss by AAQ Double glazing cut heat loss by IGQ Ground heat pump using geothermal energy to warm incoming water air before it enters the house heating system

3ow energy lighting and energy efficient appliances also cuts bac0 on household carbon emissions

;yoto 3rotocol 1egotiated by many countries in December *++C& came into force with 9ussiaBs ratification in February FGGI needed II countries to ratify and the total of the parties emissions had to be IIQ of global production "greement signed by *CG countries F countries did not ratify (confirm- the agreement until December FGGC "ustralia and the D)" "ustralia # highest amount of !4F emissions per person D)" # larger emitter of !4F in total of any country !ommitted to cut all greenhouse gas emissions "ll countries assigned different targets $celand permitted an increase uses 8EP hardly produces any emissions $ndia and !hina do not have to reduce emissions at the moment they are seen as developing countries

)igning symbolic& a to0en gesture of support 9atification carries legal obligations& becomes a contractual arrangement