Permutation and Combination Fundamental Principle of Counting

If an event can occur in m different ways, following which another event can occur in n different ways, then the total number of occurrence of the events in the given order is mn. Q1. Ten horses are running in a race. In how many ways can these horses come in the first, second, third place, assuming no ties? Q2. There are five bus services running between Delhi and umbai. In how many ways can a man go from Delhi to umbai and return by a different service? Q!. "ohn wants to go abroad by ship and return by air. #e has a choice of si$ different ships to go and four airlines to return. In how many ways can he perform his %ourney? Q&. There are ' multiple choice (uestions on an e$amination. #ow many se(uences of answers are possible, if the first three (uestions have & choices each and the ne$t three have ) each? Q) a* There are ) true + false (uestions on an e$amination. #ow many se(uences of answers are possible? b* If no student has written all correct answers and no two students have given the same se(uence of answers. ,hat is the ma$imum number of students in the class, for this to be possible? Q' a* #ow many numbers are there between 1-- . 1--- such that / is in the unit0s place? b* #ow many numbers are there between 1-- . 1--- such that at least one of their digits is /?

Q/ 1 mint prepares metallic calendars specifying months, dates and days in the form of monthly sheets 2one plate for each month*. #ow many types of 3ebruary calendars should it prepare to serve for all the possibilities in the future years? Q4. 1 coin is tossed three times and the outcomes are recorded. #ow many possible outcomes are there? #ow many possible outcomes are there if the coin is tossed four times? Q5. 3our tourists have a choice of ) hotels in a city. 6ach wants to stay in a different hotel. 3ind the number of ways in which they can ma7e the choice. Q1-. 3ive persons entered the lift cabin on the ground of an 48floor house. 9uppose each of them can leave the cabin independently at any floor beginning with the first. 3ind the total number of ways in which each of the five persons can leave the cabin 2i* at any one of the / floors 2ii* at different floors. Q11. #ow many words with or without meaning of three distinct letters of the 6nglish alphabets are there ? Q12. 3ind the total number of ways answering ) ob%ective type (uestions, each (uestion having & choices.

Factorial Notation:
The notation n; represents the product of first n natural numbers

Q1. 6valuate: Q2. 3ind the <.=.

2-; 14;( 2- 14 ) ;

of the number &;, ); . ';

Q!. If 2n > 2 *; ?'- @2n81*;A, find n. Q&. If

n; 2;( n 2 ) ;

and

n; &;( n & ) ; are

in the ratio 2:1, find the value of n.

Q). Brove that 22n*; n ; ? 1.!.)CC 22n81* 2

Permutation
Definition 1 1 permutation is an arrangement in a definite order of a number of ob%ects ta7en some or all at a time.

Theorem 1 The number of permutations of n different ob%ects ta7en r at a time, where - D r E n and the ob%ects do not repeat is n 2 n + 1* 2 n + 2*. . .2 n + r > 1*, which is denoted by nBr. Theorem 2 The number of permutations of n different ob%ects ta7en r at a time, where repetition is allowed, is nr. Theorem 3 The number of permutations of n ob%ects, where p ob%ects are of the same 7ind and rest are all different is

Theorem 4 The number of permutations of n ob%ects, where p1 ob%ects are of one 7ind, p2 are of second 7ind, ..., pk are of kth 7ind and the rest, if any, are of different 7ind is

Permutation Q1. There are ! different rings to be worn in four fingers with at most one in each finger. In how many ways can this be done? Q2. There are ' items in columns 1 and ' items in column F. 1 student is as7ed to match each item in column 1 with an item in column F. #ow many possible answers 2correct or incorrect* are there to the (uestion? Q!. #ow many !8letter words can be made using the letters of the word GHI6IT1<? Q&. The letters of the word ,6DI69D1J are arranged in a line, each arrangement ending with letter 9. #ow many different arrangements are possible? #ow many of them start with letter D? Q). In how many ways can ' boys and ) girls be arranged for a group photograph if the girls are to sit on chairs in a row and the boys are to stand in a row behind them? Q'. The letters of the word BHG I96 are arranged so that no two of the vowels should come together. 3ind the total number of arrangements. Q/. 1 family of & brothers and ! sisters is to be arranged for a photograph in one row. In how many ways can they be seated if 2i* all the sisters sit together

2ii* Io 2 sisters sit together Q4. In how many ways can the letter of the word D6<#I be arranged so that the letters 6 and I occupy only even places? Q5. In how many ways can the letters of the word K3H1=TIGI0 be arranged so that no two vowels are together? Q1-. In how many ways can ' plastic beads of different colours be arranged so that the blue and green beads are never placed together? Q11./ candidates are to ta7e e$amination, 2 in mathematics and remaining in different sub%ects. In how many ways can they be seated in a row so that the two e$aminees in athematics may not sit together? Q12. In how many ways can the letters of the word K9TH1IL60 be arranged so that the vowels may appear in the odd places? Q1!. In how many ways can the letters of the word K GD69TJ0 be arranged so that 2i* D and 6 are always together 2ii* D and 6 are never together. Q1&. #ow many numbers greater than &--- can be formed using the digits 2, !, &, ), ' when no digit is repeated? Q1). #ow many numbers of si$ digits can be formed from the digits 1, 2, !, &, ), ' 2no digit being repeated*? #ow many of these are not divisible by )? Q1'. #ow many of the natural numbers from 1 to 1--- have none as their digits repeated?

Q1/. #ow many numbers lying between 1-- . 1--- can be formed using the digits 2, !, -, 4, 5 2no digit being repeated*. Q14. #ow many different &8digit numbers can be formed from the digits 2, !,&and ' if each digit is used only once in a number? 3urther, how many of these numbers 2i* end in a &? 2ii* end in a !? 2iii* end in a ! or '? Q15. #ow many arrangements are possible for the 5 boo7s to be arranged on a shelf so that 2i* ! of the boo7s are always together. 2ii* ! of the boo7s are never together. Q2-. #ow many ! digit odd numbers are possible by using 1,2,!,&,),' when repetition of digits is allowed. Q21. In an e$amination hall there are four rows of chairs. 6ach row has 4 chairs one behind the other. There are two classes sitting for the e$amination with 1' students in each class. It is desired that in each row, all students belong to same class and that no two ad%acent rows are allotted to the same class . In how many ways can these !2 students be seated? Q22. 3ind the sum of all the numbers that can be formed with the digits 2,!,&,) ta7en all at a time. Q2!. ,hen a group photograph is ta7en, all the seven teachers should be in the first row and all the twenty students should be in the second row. If the two corners are reserved for two tallest students,interchangeable only between them and, if the middle seat of the front row is reseved for the Brincipal. #ow many arrangements are possible? Q2&. #ow many even numbers are there with three digits such that if ) is one of one of the digits , then / is the ne$t digit?

Q2). The Brincipal wants to arrange ) students on the platform such that the boy K91<I 0 accepts the second position and such that the girl, K9IT10 is always ad%acent to the girl KHIT10 . #ow many such arrangements are possible? Q2'. 1 tea party is arranged for 1' persons along two sides of a table with 4 chairs on each side.3our persons wish to sit on one paticular and two on the other side . In how many ways can they be seated? Q2/. The letters of the word KH1IDG 0 are written in all possible orders and these words are written out as in a dictionary. 3ind the ran7 of the word KH1IDG 0. Q24. There are si$ periods in each wor7ing day of a school, in how many ways can one arrange ) sub%ects such that each sub%ectis allowed at least one period? Permutations with repetitions Q1.There are & candidates for the post of a lecturer in athematics and one is to be selected by votes of ) men. In how many ways can the votes be given? Q2. In how many ways can ' rings be worn on the four fingers of one hand? Q!. There are ! priMes to be distributed among ) students. In how many ways can it be done when 2i* Io student gets more than one priMe 2ii* There is no restrictions to the number of priMes any student gets 2iii* Io student gets all the priMes.

Permutations when all the objects are not distinct Q1. In how many different ways can the letters of the word NOPHPO9#6TH1Q be arranged? Q2. There are ! blue balls, & red balls and ) green balls. In how many ways can they be arranged in a row? Q!. In how many arrangements of the letters of the word K 1T#6 1TI=9 K the vowels occur together? Q&. #ow many words can be formed using the letter 1 thrice, the letter F twice and the letter = once? Q). In how many ways can 1-8 paise coin, two 2- paise, three 2) paise and one )- paise coins be distributed among 4 children so that each child gets only one coin? Q/. In how many ways distinct ways can the product $y2M2 be written without using e$ponents? Q4. #ow many different permutations from the letters of the word K1<1F1 10 contain the word <1 F? Q 5. In how many ways can the letters of the word F1<<GGI be arranged so that two <0s do not come together? Q1-. #ow many numbers can be formed with the digits 1,2,!,&,!,2,1 so that the odd digits always the odd places?

Combination
The number of combinations of n different things ta7en r at a time, denoted by n=r , is given by

Theorem

Q1 .6valuate: = 21!,' * > =21!,)* Q2. Rerify the e(uality 2 = 2/,& * ? = 24,&*

Q!. 3ind the value of r if =2n, r81* ? !', =2n, r* ? 4& . =2n, r>1* ? 12',then find =2r,2* Q&. 3ind the value of n if nBr ? 4&-,
n

=r ?!),

Q). 3ind the value of n and r if n =r ?)' and n Br ? !!' Q'. 3ind the values of n and r if nBr ? n B r>1 and n= r ? n= r81. Q/. Brove that
2n

= n ?2 n. n; @ 1 .! .)CC.22n81* A n;

Q4. Brove that n=r S r=s ? n=s S n8s=r8s Q5. Brove that n=r>2. n=r81 > n=r82 ? n>2=r !ord Problems Q1. In how many ways can a cric7et eleven has to be chosen out of a batch of 1) players if i* There is no restriction on the selectionT ii* 1 particular player is always chosenT iii* 1 particular player is never chosen ? Q2. 6very body in a room sha7es hands with everybody else. If the total number of handsha7es is '', then find the total number of persons in the room? Q!.3ind the total number of ways in which ) red and & white balls can be drawn out of 1- red and 5 white balls? Q&.In how many ways a committee of ) members can be selected from ' men and ) ladies consisting of ! men and 2 ladies? Q).Determine the number of ) cards combinations out of a dec7 of )2 cards if there is atleast one ace in each combination. Q'. 1n e$amination paper consists of 12 (uestions divided in to parts 1 and F .Bart 1 contains / (uestions and part F contains ) (uestions. 1 candidate is re(uired to attempt 4 (uestions selecting at least ! from each part. In how many ways can the candidate select the (uestions? Q/. 3rom a class of 12 boys and 1- girls, 1- students are to be chosen for a competition, at least including & boys and & girls. The 2 girls who won the priMes last year should be included. In how many ways can the selection be made?

Q4. Determine the number of ! cards combinations out of a dec7 of )2 cards if at least one of ! cards is to be spade? Q5. 1 boy has ! library tic7ets and 4 boo7s of its interest in the library. Gf these 4, he does not want to borrow chem. Bart II unless chem. Bart I is also borrowed. In how many ways can he choose the three boo7s to be borrowed? Q1-. 1 polygon has && diagonals. 3ind the number of its sides? Q11. #ow many diagonals can be drawn by %oining the vertices of an octagon? Q12. There are 1- points in a plane, no three of which are in the same straight line e$cepting &, which are collinear. 3ind the number of 2i* straight lines 2ii* triangle formed by %oining them. Q1!. 3ind the total number of ways of selecting five letters of the word IID6B6ID6IT. Q1&. 1 man has / relatives , & of them are ladies and ! gentlemen , his wife has / relatives and ! of them are ladies and & gentlemen . In how many ways can they invite a dinner party of ! ladies . ! gentlemen so that there are ! of man0s relatives and ! of wife0s relatives? Q1). 3ind the total number of ways if si$ U>U and four U8 U are to be placed in a straight line so that no two U8 Usigns come together?