ANTHROPOLOGY

succession);Impactofurbanization,industrializationandfeminist
movementsonfamily.

PAPERI
5.

CHAPTER01IntroductiontoAnthropology
1.

Meaning,scopeanddevelopmentofAnthropology.

2.

Relationships with other disciplines: Social Sciences, Behavioral

Sciences, Life Sciences, Medical Sciences, Earth Sciences and
Humanities.

3.

MainbranchesofAnthropology,theirscopeandrelevance:

Chapter03EconomicAnthropology
1.

Meaning,scopeandrelevanceofeconomicanthropology

(a) SocialculturalAnthropology.

2.

FormalistandSubstantivistdebate

(b) BiologicalAnthropology.

3.

Principles governing production, distribution and exchange

(reciprocity, redistribution and market), in communities,
subsisting on hunting and gathering, fishing, swiddening,
pastoralism,horticulture,andagriculture

4.

Globalizationandindigenouseconomicsystems.

(c) ArchaeologicalAnthropology.
(d) LinguisticAnthropology.
4.

HumanEvolutionandemergenceofMan:
(a) BiologicalandCulturalfactorsinhumanevolution.
(b) Theories of Organic Evolution (Pre Darwinian,
DarwinianandPostDarwinian).

Chapter04PoliticalAnthropology&SocialControl

(c) Synthetic theory of evolution; Brief outline of terms and

conceptsofevolutionarybiology(Doll'srule,Cope'srule,
Gause's rule, parallelism, convergence, adaptive
radiation,andmosaicevolution).
5.

6.

Characteristics of Primates; Evolutionary Trend and Primate

Taxonomy; Primate Adaptations; (Arboreal and Terrestrial)
Primate Taxonomy; Primate Behavior; Tertiary and Quaternary
fossil primates; Living Major Primates; Comparative Anatomy of
Man and Apes; Skeletal changes due to erect posture and its
implications.
Phylogenetic status, characteristics and geographical distribution
ofthefollowing:

(b) Homo erectus: Africa ( Paranthropus ), Europe ( Homo

erectus heidelbergensis ), Asia ( Homo erectus javanicus ,
Homoerectuspekinensis).
(c) Neanderthal Man LaChapelleauxsaints (Classical
type),Mt.Carmel(Progressivetype).
(d) Rhodesianman.

Thebiologicalbasisoflife:TheCell,DNAstructureandreplication,
ProteinSynthesis,Gene,Mutation,Chromosomes,andCellDivision.

8.

PrehistoricArcheology
(a) Principles of Prehistoric Archaeology. Chronology:
RelativeandAbsoluteDatingmethods.
(b) Cultural Evolution Broad Outlines of Prehistoric
cultures:
i.

Paleolithic

ii.

Mesolithic

iii.

Neolithic

iv.

Chalcolithic

v.

CopperBronzeAge

vi.

IronAge

The Nature of Culture: The concept and characteristics of culture

andcivilization;EthnocentrismvisvisculturalRelativism.

2.

The Nature of Society: Concept of Society; Society and Culture;

SocialInstitutions;Socialgroups;andSocialstratification.

3.

Marriage: Definition and universality; Laws of marriage

(endogamy, exogamy, hypergamy, hypogamy, incest taboo); Types
of marriage (monogamy, polygamy, polyandry, group marriage).
Functions of marriage; Marriage regulations (preferential,
prescriptive and proscriptive); Marriage payments (bride wealth
anddowry).
Family: Definition and universality; Family, household and
domestic groups; functions of family; Types of family (from the
perspectives of structure, blood relation, marriage, residence and

2.

Conceptsofpower,authorityandlegitimacy;

3.

Socialcontrol,

4.

Lawandjusticeinsimplesocieties.

1.

Anthropologicalapproachestothestudyofreligion(evolutionary,
psychologicalandfunctional)

2.

Monotheismandpolytheism

3.

Sacredandprofane

4.

Mythsandrituals

5.

Forms of religion in tribal and peasant societies (animism,

animatism,fetishism,naturismandtotemism)

6.

Religion,magicandsciencedistinguished

7.

Magico religious functionaries (priest, shaman, medicine man,

sorcererandwitch).

1.

Classicalevolutionism(Tylor,MorganandFrazer)

2.

Historicalparticularism(Boas);Diffusionism(British,Germanand
American)

3.

Functionalism (Malinowski); Structural functionalism (Radcliffe

Brown)

4.

Structuralism(L'eviStraussandE.Leach)

5.

Culture and personality (Benedict, Mead, Linton, Kardiner and

CoraduBois).

6.

Neoevolutionism(Childe,White,Steward,SahlinsandService)

7.

Culturalmaterialism(Harris)

8.

Symbolicandinterpretivetheories(Turner,SchneiderandGeertz)

9.

Cognitivetheories(Tyler,Conklin)

10. Postmodernisminanthropology
Chapter07Culture,LanguageandCommunication

Chapter02CultureandSociety
1.

Band,tribe,chiefdom,kingdomandstate

Chapter06Anthropologicaltheories

(e) HomosapiensCromagnon,GrimaldiandChancelede.
7.

1.

Chapter05Religion

(a) Pliopleistocene hominids in South and East Africa

Australopithecines.

4.

Kinship: Consanguinity and Affinity; Principles and types of

descent(Unilineal,Double,Bilateral,Ambilineal);Formsofdescent
groups (lineage, clan, phratry, moiety and kindred); Kinship
terminology(descriptiveandclassificatory);Descent,Filiationand
ComplimentaryFiliation;DescentandAlliance.

1.

Nature,originandcharacteristicsoflanguage

2.

Verbalandnonverbalcommunication

3.

Socialcontextoflanguageuse.

Chapter08Researchmethodsinanthropology

1.

Fieldworktraditioninanthropology

2.

Distinctionbetweentechnique,methodandmethodology

3.

Tools of data collection: observation, interview, schedules,

questionnaire, Case study, genealogy, lifehistory, oral history,
secondarysourcesofinformation,participatorymethods.

4.

Analysis,interpretationandpresentationofdata.

Chapter09HumanGenetics
1.

Methods and Application: Methods for study of genetic principles

inmanfamilystudy(pedigreeanalysis,twinstudy,fosterchild,co
twin method, cytogenetic method, chromosomal and karyotype
analysis), biochemical methods, immunological methods, D.N.A.
technologyandrecombinanttechnologies.

2.

Mendeliangeneticsinmanfamilystudy,singlefactor,multifactor,
lethal,sublethalandpolygenicinheritanceinman.

3.

Concept of genetic polymorphism and selection, Mendelian

population, HardyWeinberg law; causes and changes which bring
down frequency mutation, isolation, migration, selection,
inbreeding and genetic drift. Consanguineous and non
consanguineous mating, genetic load, genetic effect of
consanguineousandcousinmarriages.

4.

Chromosomesandchromosomalaberrationsinman,methodology.
(a) Numericalandstructuralaberrations(disorders).
(b) SexchromosomalaberrationsKlinefelter(XXY),Turner
(XO), Super female (XXX), intersex and other syndromic
disorders.
(c) AutosomalaberrationsDownsyndrome,Patau,Edward
andCriduchatsyndromes.
(d) Genetic imprints in human disease, genetic screening,
genetic counseling, human DNA profiling, gene mapping
andgenomestudy.

5.

Race and racism, biological basis of morphological variation of

nonmetric and metric characters. Racial criteria, racial traits in
relation to heredity and environment; biological basis of racial
classification,racialdifferentiationandracecrossinginman.

6.

Age,sexandpopulationvariationasgeneticmarkerABO,Rhblood
groups, HLA Hp, transferring, Gm, blood enzymes. Physiological
characteristicsHblevel,bodyfat,pulserate,respiratoryfunctions
and sensory perceptions in different cultural and socioeconomic
groups.

7.

Concepts and methods of Ecological Anthropology. Biocultural

AdaptationsGeneticandNongeneticfactors.Man'sphysiological
responsestoenvironmentalstresses:hotdesert,cold,highaltitude
climate.

8.

Epidemiological Anthropology: Health and disease. Infectious and

noninfectiousdiseases.Nutritionaldeficiencyrelateddiseases.

Chapter10Growth&Development
1.

Conceptofhumangrowthanddevelopment:stagesofgrowthpre
natal,natal,infant,childhood,adolescence,maturity,senescence.

2.

Factorsaffectinggrowthanddevelopmentgenetic,environmental,
biochemical,nutritional,culturalandsocioeconomic.

3.

Ageingandsenescence.Theoriesandobservationsbiologicaland
chronological longevity. Human physique and somatotypes.
Methodologiesforgrowthstudies.

Chapter11SocialDemography
1.

Relevance of menarche, menopause and other bioevents to

fertility.Fertilitypatternsanddifferentials.

2.

Demographictheoriesbiological,socialandcultural.

3.

Biological and socioecological factors influencing fecundity,

fertility,natalityandmortality.

Chapter12AppliedPhysicalAnthropology
1.

Anthropologyofsports

2.

Nutritionalanthropology

3.

Anthropologyindesigningofdefenceandotherequipments

4.

Forensic Anthropology, Methods and principles of personal

identificationandreconstruction,

5.

Appliedhumangenetics
a.

Paternitydiagnosis

b.

Geneticcounseling

c.

Eugenics,

d.

DNAtechnologyindiseasesandmedicine

e.

SerogeneticsandCytogeneticsinreproductivebiology.

ANTHROPOLOGY

2.

Constitutional safeguards for Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled

Castes.

3.

Social change and contemporary tribal societies Impact of

modern democratic institutions, development programs and
welfaremeasuresontribalsandweakersections.

4.

The concept of ethnicity; Ethnic conflicts and political

developments;Unrestamongtribalcommunities;Regionalismand
demandforautonomy;Pseudotribalism;Socialchangeamongthe
tribesduringcolonialandpostIndependentIndia.

PAPERII
Chapter01EvolutionofIndianCultureandCivilization
1.

Evolution of the Indian Culture and Civilization Prehistoric

(Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic and Neolithic Chalcolithic).
Protohistoric (Indus Civilization): Pre Harappan, Harappan and
postHarappancultures.ContributionsoftribalculturestoIndian
civilization.

2.

Palaeo anthropological evidences from India with special

reference to Siwaliks and Narmada basin ( Ramapithecus ,
SivapithecusandNarmadaMan).

3.

Ethnoarchaeology in India: The concept of ethnoarchaeology;

Survivals and Parallels among the hunting, foraging, fishing,
pastoral and peasant communities including arts and crafts
producingcommunities.

Chapter08
1.

Impact of Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, Islam and other

religionsontribalsocieties.

2.

Tribeandnationstateacomparativestudyoftribalcommunities
inIndiaandothercountries.

Chapter09AppliedAnthropologyinIndia
Chapter02DemographicProfileofIndia
1.

Ethnic and linguistic elements in the Indian population and their

distribution. Indian population factors influencing its structure
andgrowth.

1.

Historyofadministrationoftribalareas

2.

Tribal policies, plans, programs of tribal development and their

implementation

3.

The concept of PTGs (Primitive Tribal Groups), their distribution,

specialprogramsfortheirdevelopment.

4.

RoleofN.G.O.sintribaldevelopment.

5.

Roleofanthropologyintribalandruraldevelopment.

6.

Contributionsofanthropologytotheunderstandingofregionalism,
communalism,andethnicandpoliticalmovements.

Chapter03TraditionalIndianSociety
2.
3.

The structure and nature of traditional Indian social system

Varnashram,Purushartha,Karma,RinaandRebirth.
Caste system in India structure and characteristics, Varna and
caste, Theories of origin of caste system, Dominant caste, Caste
mobility, Future of caste system, Jajmani system, Tribe caste
continuum.

4.

SacredComplexandNatureManSpiritComplex.

5.

Impact of Buddhism, Jainism, Islam and Christianity on Indian

society.

Chapter04EmergenceandgrowthofanthropologyinIndia
1.

Contributions of the 18th, 19th and early 20th century scholar

administrators.

2.

ContributionsofIndiananthropologiststotribalandcastestudies.

Chapter05SocialandCulturalChangeinIndia
1.

Indian Village: Significance ofvillage study in India;Indian village

asasocialsystem;Traditionalandchangingpatternsofsettlement
and intercaste relations; Agrarian relations in Indian villages;
ImpactofglobalizationonIndianvillages.

2.

Linguistic and religious minorities and their social, political and

economicstatus.

3.

Indigenous and exogenous processes of sociocultural change in

Indian society: Sanskritization, Westernization, Modernization;
Interplay of little and great traditions; Panchayati raj and social
change;Mediaandsocialchange.

Chapter06TribalSituationinIndia
1.

Biogenetic
variability,
linguistic
and
socioeconomic
characteristicsoftribalpopulationsandtheirdistribution.

2.

ProblemsofthetribalCommunities
a.

LandAlienation

b.

PovertyandIndebtedness

c.

LowLiteracyandPoorEducationalFacilities

d.

UnemploymentandUnderemployment

e.

HealthandNutrition.

3.

Developmental projects and their impact on tribal displacement

andproblemsofrehabilitation.

4.

Developmentofforestpolicyandtribals.

5.

Impactofurbanizationandindustrializationontribalpopulations.

Chapter07BackwardClasses
1.

Problems of exploitation and deprivation of Scheduled Castes,

ScheduledTribesandOtherBackwardClasses.