8 Jornada Andina de Ductos

ACIEM, 24 y 25 de 2013. Club el Nogal, Bogot Colombia

Elaborado por: Ing. Carlos Enrique Surez Navas
ASNT NDT Level III
INSPECCIN MEDIANTE PHASED
ARRAY/TOFD SEGN LA ULTIMA
VERSIN DE ASME SEC V (2013)
INTRODUCCIN
Uno de los principales objetivos de los ensayos no
destructivos (NDT) es la deteccin de discontinuidades en
soldaduras. Tradicionalmente se ha empleado la radiografa.
Sin embargo, dadas las bondades del ensayo de Ultrasonido
en cuanto a seguridad, reduccin de contaminacin al medio
ambiente y reduccin de tiempos muertos durante la
realizacin del ensayo, cada vez se utiliza con mayor
frecuencia tcnicas como Phased array, TOFD, AUT, o
combinacin de stas.

El cdigo ASME SEC V incluye diferentes posibilidades de
realizar el ensayo de ultrasonido las cuales trataremos durante
la presentacin.
OBJETIVOS
Concientizar a los usuarios y compaas
que realizan Ensayos No Destructivos
con t ecnol og as avanzadas de
ul t r asoni do, sobr e l as di f er ent es
alternativas que nos brinda el ASME SEC
V, art 4. Versin 2013, que alternativa
utilizar y que requisitos se deben cumplir
cuando se quiere cambiar radiografa por
ultrasonido segn ASME SEC VIII Div. 1
TOFD: ASME SEC V.
Apndice Mandatorio III
TOFD: ASME SEC V. Apndice Mandatorio III
TOFD: ASME SEC V. Apndice Mandatorio III
El ensayo automatizado de TOFD (Time of flight diffraction) es una
poderosa herramienta para la inspeccin de soldaduras, muy utilizada
mundialmente en el sector petroqumico minero y nuclear.

La tcnica permite realizar un control de calidad muy rpido y
eficiente a soldaduras de gran espesor, o con configuraciones de bisel
complejas, donde la tcnica P-E o PAUT puede tener problemas.

La tcnica de TOFD detecta las discontinuidades sin importar su
orientacin, sin embargo posee 2 zonas muertas, por lo que el ensayo
debe combinarse con tcnicas ultrasnicas como UT convencional,
UT PE mecanizado o Phased array.
DESCRIPCIN DE LA TECNICA TOFD
El ensayo de TOFD se basa en
un sistema de adquisicin de
datos a computador, el cual
registra las variaciones en el
tiempo de vuelo de ondas de
difraccin.

Actualmente todos los sistemas
de inspeccin automatizada de
soldaduras incluyen el TOFD,
ya que permiten detectar
d i s c o n t i n u i d a d e s c o n
orientacin vertical, como en el
caso de la IF (falta de fusin)
en juntas de HDPE.
!"#$ &'()*+", "$- .+/(",'$#0 1232(2$02 4"/" 56
Figure 2-40 Principle of TOFD and the phase sign of four major signals. The defect is
assumed to be symmetrically located between the probes. The phase of each RF signal is
marked with + and .
Back-wall reflection
Lateral wave
Tip diffraction
+
+
_
_
Lateral
wave
Upper
tip
Lower
tip
Back wall
DESCRIPCION DE LA TCNICA TOFD
Scanning Iallerns and Vievs 175
Figure 4-14 Example of a color-encoded rectified A-scan signal used to create a color-coded
B-scan.
UIlrasonic dala vilh an RI disIay is usuaIIy encoded as gray-scaIe ixeIs,
vilh bIack and vhile Iimils from 100% lo 100% (see Iigure 4-15) lo reserve
lhe hase informalion. Gray-scaIe amIilude encoding is used in TOID
selus and dala anaIysis, as shovn in Iigure 4-15.
Figure 4-15 Encoding of RF signal amplitude in gray-scale levels.
100
0
100%
0%
Ultrasonic path / TOF
I
n
d
e
x

a
x
i
s
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
A-SCAN
B-SCAN
TOFD
Superficie
externa de
soldadura
Superficie
interna de
soldadura
Defecto
REGISTRO TIPICO DE INSPECCION TOFD
Registro TOFD con
discontinuidades
Registro TOFD sin
discontinuidades
FLUJOGRAMA PARA INSPECCIN POR TOFD

Referencing
Code Section
MANDATORY
APPENDIX III
TIME OF FLIGHT
DIFFRACTION
(TOFD)
TECHNIQUE
NONMANDATORY
APPENDIX N
TIME OF FLIGHT
DIFFRACTION
(TOFD)
INTERPRETATION
Acceptance
Standards
SHALL BE
TECNICA PHASED ARRAY
Phased array manual
Phased array con encoder
Principios Fsicos
PHASED ARRAY: VENTAJAS
! Alta velocidad de barrido electronico sin movimiento del
palpador
! Mejora las posibilidades de inspeccin, controlando las
caractersticas del haz mediante software
! Inspeccin mendiante mltiples angulos con un simple control
electrnico del palpador
! Variedad de configuraciones: P/E, T/R, TOFD, Tandem
! Gran flexibilidad para la inspeccin de geometras coplejas
! Enforque optimizado
! Barrido de ngulos, localizado
PHASED ARRAY: PRINCIPIOS FSICOS
PHASED ARRAY: BARRIDO EN CONFIGURACIN LINEAL (E-SCAN)

HAZ NORMAL
HAZ ANGULAR
PHASED ARRAY: BARRIDO EN CONFIGURACIN SECTORIAL (S-SCAN)

HAZ -30 a 30
HAZ 35 a 70
MANDATORY APPENDIX IV
PHASED ARRAY MANUAL RASTER
EXAMINATION TECHNIQUES
USING LINEAR ARRAYS
2013
ASME Boiler and
Pressure Vessel Code
A N I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O D E
ASME SEC
V
PHASED ARRAY MANUAL
Se realiza la tcnica phased array en configuracin Lineal o
Sectorial, de conformidad con ASTM E2700
PHASED ARRAY MANUAL
MANDATORY APPENDIX IV
PHASED ARRAY MANUAL RASTER EXAMINATION TECHNIQUES
USING LINEAR ARRAYS
IV-410 SCOPE
This Mandatory Appendix describes the requirements
to be used for phased array, manual raster scanning, ultra-
sonic techniques using linear arrays. The techniques cov-
ered by this Appendix are single
12
(fixed angle), E-scan
13
(fixed angle), and S-scan
14
(sweeping multiple angle).
15
In general, this Article is in conformance with SE-2700,
Standard Practice for Contact Ultrasonic Testing of Welds
Using Phased Arrays. SE-2700 provides details to be con-
sidered in the procedures used.
IV-420 GENERAL
The requirements of Article 4 apply except as modified
by this Appendix.
IV-422 WRITTEN PROCEDURE REQUIREMENTS
IV-422.1 Requirements. The requirements of Table
T-421 and Table IV-422 shall apply.
IV-422.2 Procedure Qualification. The requirements
of Table T-421 and Table IV-422 shall apply.
IV-461 INSTRUMENT LINEARITY CHECKS
IV-461.2 Amplitude Control Linearity. The ultrasonic
instruments amplitude control linearity shall be evalu-
ated in accordance with Mandatory Appendix II for each
pulser-receiver circuit.
IV-462 GENERAL CALIBRATION REQUIREMENTS
IV-462.7 Focal Law.
16
The focal lawto be used during
the examination shall be used for calibration.
IV-462.8 Beam Calibration. All individual beams
used in the examination shall be calibrated to provide
measurement of distance and amplitude correction over
the sound path employed in the examination. This shall in-
clude applicable compensation for wedge sound path var-
iations and wedge attenuation effects.
IV-492 EXAMINATION RECORD
For each examination, the required information of
T-492 and the following information shall be recorded:
(a) search unit type, element size and number, and pitch
and gap dimensions
(b) focal law parameters, including, as applicable, angle,
focal depth, element numbers used, range of elements, ele-
ment incremental change, angular range, and angle incre-
mental change
(c) wedge angle
Table IV-422
Requirements of a Phased Manual Raster
Scanning Examination Procedure Using
Linear Arrays
Requirements (As Applicable)
Essential
Variable
Nonessential
Variable
Search unit
(element size and number, and pitch
and gap dimensions)
X ...
Focal range
(identify plane, depth, or sound path)
X ...
Virtual aperture size
(i.e., number of elements, effective
height, and element width)
X ...
Wedge angle X ...
Additional E-scan requirements
Range of element numbers used
(i.e., 1126, 1050, etc.)
X ...
Element incremental change
(i.e., 1,2, etc.)
X ...
Additional S-scan requirements
Angular range used
(i.e., 40 deg 50 deg, 50 deg
70 deg, etc.)
X ...
Angle incremental change
(i.e.,
1
/
2
deg , 1 deg, etc.)
X ...
2013 SECTION V ARTICLE 4
75
Copyright ASME International (BPVC)
Provided by IHS under license with ASME X Licensee=BP International/5928366101
Not for Resale, 08/08/2013 10:32:46 MDT No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
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El ensayo deber cumplir todas las variables esenciales de
ultrasonido convencional (Tabla T-421) y los del apndice IV, Tabla
IV-422
MANDATORY APPENDIX IV
PHASED ARRAY MANUAL RASTER EXAMINATION TECHNIQUES
USING LINEAR ARRAYS
IV-410 SCOPE
This Mandatory Appendix describes the requirements
to be used for phased array, manual raster scanning, ultra-
sonic techniques using linear arrays. The techniques cov-
ered by this Appendix are single
12
(fixed angle), E-scan
13
(fixed angle), and S-scan
14
(sweeping multiple angle).
15
In general, this Article is in conformance with SE-2700,
Standard Practice for Contact Ultrasonic Testing of Welds
Using Phased Arrays. SE-2700 provides details to be con-
sidered in the procedures used.
IV-420 GENERAL
The requirements of Article 4 apply except as modified
by this Appendix.
IV-422 WRITTEN PROCEDURE REQUIREMENTS
IV-422.1 Requirements. The requirements of Table
T-421 and Table IV-422 shall apply.
IV-422.2 Procedure Qualification. The requirements
of Table T-421 and Table IV-422 shall apply.
IV-461 INSTRUMENT LINEARITY CHECKS
IV-461.2 Amplitude Control Linearity. The ultrasonic
instruments amplitude control linearity shall be evalu-
ated in accordance with Mandatory Appendix II for each
pulser-receiver circuit.
IV-462 GENERAL CALIBRATION REQUIREMENTS
IV-462.7 Focal Law.
16
The focal lawto be used during
the examination shall be used for calibration.
IV-462.8 Beam Calibration. All individual beams
used in the examination shall be calibrated to provide
measurement of distance and amplitude correction over
the sound path employed in the examination. This shall in-
clude applicable compensation for wedge sound path var-
iations and wedge attenuation effects.
IV-492 EXAMINATION RECORD
For each examination, the required information of
T-492 and the following information shall be recorded:
(a) search unit type, element size and number, and pitch
and gap dimensions
(b) focal law parameters, including, as applicable, angle,
focal depth, element numbers used, range of elements, ele-
ment incremental change, angular range, and angle incre-
mental change
(c) wedge angle
Table IV-422
Requirements of a Phased Manual Raster
Scanning Examination Procedure Using
Linear Arrays
Requirements (As Applicable)
Essential
Variable
Nonessential
Variable
Search unit
(element size and number, and pitch
and gap dimensions)
X ...
Focal range
(identify plane, depth, or sound path)
X ...
Virtual aperture size
(i.e., number of elements, effective
height, and element width)
X ...
Wedge angle X ...
Additional E-scan requirements
Range of element numbers used
(i.e., 1126, 1050, etc.)
X ...
Element incremental change
(i.e., 1,2, etc.)
X ...
Additional S-scan requirements
Angular range used
(i.e., 40 deg 50 deg, 50 deg
70 deg, etc.)
X ...
Angle incremental change
(i.e.,
1
/
2
deg , 1 deg, etc.)
X ...
2013 SECTION V ARTICLE 4
75
Copyright ASME International (BPVC)
Provided by IHS under license with ASME X Licensee=BP International/5928366101
Not for Resale, 08/08/2013 10:32:46 MDT No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
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TIPS ULTRASONICOS
El phased array manual, no podr ser empleada como nica tcnica
en los siguientes casos:

! Inspeccin de tanques de almacenamiento cuando se requiera
cambiar radiografa por ultrasonido (API 650 o API 620)
Inspeccin de recipientes a presin donde se requiera cambiar
radiografa por ultrasonido (ASME SEC VIII, Div. 1)
Inspeccin de calderas bajo ASME SEC I
Inspeccin de tuberas de proceso bajo el Caso Codigo 181
A menos que se indique explcitamente lo contrario por el cdigo
de referencia, se recomienda utilizar el Apndice Mandatorio VII
cuando el estndar de aceptacin es basado en Workmanship y el
Apndice Mandatorio VIII cuando el estndar de aceptacin es
basado en Mecnica de la Fractura
MANDATORY APPENDIX V
PHASED ARRAY E-SCAN AND S-
SCAN LINEAR SCANNING
EXAMINATION TECHNIQUES
2013
ASME Boiler and
Pressure Vessel Code
A N I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O D E
ASME SEC
V
PHASED ARRAY CON ENCODER: APNDICE MANDATORIO V
Foto de Jireh-Industries
Foto de Jireh-Industries
Se realiza la tcnica phased array en configuracin Lineal o Sectorial
empleando un (1) palpador con encoder. Se requiere realizar un plan
de escaneo apropiado al bisel a inspeccionar.
PHASED ARRAY CON ENCODER: APNDICE MANDATORIO V
El ensayo deber cumplir todas las variables esenciales de ultrasonido
convencional (Tabla T-421) y los del apndice V, Tabla V-421
MANDATORY APPENDIX V
PHASED ARRAY E-SCAN AND S-SCAN LINEAR SCANNING
EXAMINATION TECHNIQUES
V-410 SCOPE
This Mandatory Appendix describes the requirements
to be used for phased array E-scan
13
(fixed angle) and
S-scan
14
encoded linear
17
scanning examinations using
linear array search units.
V-420 GENERAL
The requirements of Article 4 apply except as modified
by this Appendix.
V-421.1 Requirements. The requirements of Table
T-421 and Table V-421 shall apply.
V-421.2 Procedure Qualification. The requirements
of Table T-421 and Table V-421 shall apply.
V-422 SCAN PLAN
A scan plan (documented examination strategy) shall be
provided showing search unit placement and movement
that provides a standardized and repeatable methodology
for the examination. In addition to the information in
Table V-421, the scan plan shall include beam angles
and directions with respect to the weld axis reference
point, weld joint geometry, and number of examination
areas or zones.
V-461.2 Amplitude Control Linearity. The ultrasonic
instruments amplitude control linearity shall be evalu-
ated in accordance with Mandatory Appendix II for each
pulser-receiver circuit.
V-462.7 Focal Law.
16
The focal law to be used during
the examination shall be used for calibration.
V-462.8 BeamCalibration. All individual beams used
in the examination shall be calibrated to provide measure-
ment of distance and amplitude correction over the sound
path employed in the examination.
V-467 ENCODER CALIBRATION
A calibration check shall be performed at intervals not
to exceed one month or prior to first use thereafter, by
moving the encoder a minimum distance of 20 in.
(500 mm). The display distance shall be within 1% of
the actual distance moved.
V-471.1 Examination Coverage. The required volume
of the weld and base material to be examined shall be
scanned using a linear scanning technique with an enco-
der. Each linear scan shall be parallel to the weld axis at
a constant standoff distance with the beam oriented per-
pendicular to the weld axis.
(a) The search unit shall be maintained at a fixed dis-
tance from the weld axis by a fixed guide or mechanical
means.
Table V-421
Requirements of a Phased Array Linear
Scanning Examination Procedure Using
Linear Arrays
Requirements (As Applicable)
Essential
Variable
Nonessential
Variable
Search unit(s)
(element pitch, size, number, and gap
dimensions)
X . . .
Focal range(s)
(identify plane, depth, or sound path
as applicable)
X . . .
Virtual aperture size(s)
(number of elements, element width,
and effective height) [Note (1)]
X . . .
Wedge natural refracted angle X . . .
Scan plan X . . .
Weld axis reference point marking . . . X
Additional E-scan requirements:
Rastering angle(s) X . . .
Aperture start and stop element
numbers
X . . .
Aperture incremental change(s)
(number of elements stepped)
X . . .
Additional S-scan requirements:
Sweep angular range(s) X . . .
Angular sweep increment (incremental
angle change, deg)
X . . .
Aperture element numbers (first and
last)
X . . .
NOTE:
(1) Effective height is the distance measured from the outside edge of
the first to last element used in the focal law.
2013 SECTION V ARTICLE 4
76
Copyright ASME International (BPVC)
Provided by IHS under license with ASME X Licensee=BP International/5928366101
Not for Resale, 08/08/2013 10:32:46 MDT No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
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MANDATORY APPENDIX V
PHASED ARRAY E-SCAN AND S-SCAN LINEAR SCANNING
EXAMINATION TECHNIQUES
V-410 SCOPE
This Mandatory Appendix describes the requirements
to be used for phased array E-scan
13
(fixed angle) and
S-scan
14
encoded linear
17
scanning examinations using
linear array search units.
V-420 GENERAL
The requirements of Article 4 apply except as modified
by this Appendix.
V-421.1 Requirements. The requirements of Table
T-421 and Table V-421 shall apply.
V-421.2 Procedure Qualification. The requirements
of Table T-421 and Table V-421 shall apply.
V-422 SCAN PLAN
A scan plan (documented examination strategy) shall be
provided showing search unit placement and movement
that provides a standardized and repeatable methodology
for the examination. In addition to the information in
Table V-421, the scan plan shall include beam angles
and directions with respect to the weld axis reference
point, weld joint geometry, and number of examination
areas or zones.
V-461.2 Amplitude Control Linearity. The ultrasonic
instruments amplitude control linearity shall be evalu-
ated in accordance with Mandatory Appendix II for each
pulser-receiver circuit.
V-462.7 Focal Law.
16
The focal law to be used during
the examination shall be used for calibration.
V-462.8 BeamCalibration. All individual beams used
in the examination shall be calibrated to provide measure-
ment of distance and amplitude correction over the sound
path employed in the examination.
V-467 ENCODER CALIBRATION
A calibration check shall be performed at intervals not
to exceed one month or prior to first use thereafter, by
moving the encoder a minimum distance of 20 in.
(500 mm). The display distance shall be within 1% of
the actual distance moved.
V-471.1 Examination Coverage. The required volume
of the weld and base material to be examined shall be
scanned using a linear scanning technique with an enco-
der. Each linear scan shall be parallel to the weld axis at
a constant standoff distance with the beam oriented per-
pendicular to the weld axis.
(a) The search unit shall be maintained at a fixed dis-
tance from the weld axis by a fixed guide or mechanical
means.
Table V-421
Requirements of a Phased Array Linear
Scanning Examination Procedure Using
Linear Arrays
Requirements (As Applicable)
Essential
Variable
Nonessential
Variable
Search unit(s)
(element pitch, size, number, and gap
dimensions)
X . . .
Focal range(s)
(identify plane, depth, or sound path
as applicable)
X . . .
Virtual aperture size(s)
(number of elements, element width,
and effective height) [Note (1)]
X . . .
Wedge natural refracted angle X . . .
Scan plan X . . .
Weld axis reference point marking . . . X
Additional E-scan requirements:
Rastering angle(s) X . . .
Aperture start and stop element
numbers
X . . .
Aperture incremental change(s)
(number of elements stepped)
X . . .
Additional S-scan requirements:
Sweep angular range(s) X . . .
Angular sweep increment (incremental
angle change, deg)
X . . .
Aperture element numbers (first and
last)
X . . .
NOTE:
(1) Effective height is the distance measured from the outside edge of
the first to last element used in the focal law.
2013 SECTION V ARTICLE 4
76
Copyright ASME International (BPVC)
Provided by IHS under license with ASME X Licensee=BP International/5928366101
Not for Resale, 08/08/2013 10:32:46 MDT No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
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PHASED ARRAY CON ENCODER: APNDICE MANDATORIO V
" Se debe cumplir con los requisitos de ultrasonido
convencional, adicional a los del apndice
" Se requiere realizar una calificacin del procedimiento
para definir las variables esenciales
" Se debe elaborar un plan de escaneo
" El equipo debe cumplir con los requisitos de Linealidad
en el Control de Amplitud (segn apndice mandatorio
II)
" Todas las leyes focales usadas en la calibracin deben
ser usadas en la inspeccin
" Cada ley focal individual debe ser calibrada en cuanto
a sensibilidad (TCG), empleando el reflector de
referencia
REQUISITOS
PHASED ARRAY CON ENCODER: APNDICE MANDATORIO V
" Se debe verificar la calibracin del encoder en
intervalos menores a 1 mes, empleando una distancia
de 500 mm. Tolerancia 1% de la longitud verificada
" Se requiere realizar una calificacin del procedimiento
para definir las variables esenciales
" Se debe evaluar el volumen de la soldadura y ZAC
" El palpador debe mantenerse a una distancia fija de la
mitad de la soldadura, utilizando una gua o medios
mecnicos
" El ngulo del E-Scan o el rango de ngulos del S-Scan,
debe ser apropiado a la junta a ser examinada.
REQUISITOS, cont.
PHASED ARRAY CON ENCODER: APNDICE MANDATORIO V
" La velocidad de escaneo debe ser tal que no se pierdan
mas de 2 lneas de datos por pulgada (25 mm).
" Para tcnicas basadas en S-Scan, el paso del ngulo no
debe ser mayor a 1
" Para tcnicas basadas en E-Scan, el traslape entre
aperturas adyacentes debe ser mnimo de 50% de la
apertura activa
" Cuando mltiples barridos son empleados, es requerido
un traslape de 10% de la apertura efectiva para los E-
Scan o el ancho del haz para los S-Scan
" Reflectores transversales pueden ser inspeccionados
utilizando UT convencional
REQUISITOS, cont.
TIPS ULTRASONICOS
El plan de escaneo se debe validar empleando un software que
permita verificar el comportamiento del ultrasonido en la lnea de
fusin del bisel. Si el haz no es perpendicular a la lnea de fusin,
este arreglo no detectar la falta de fusin de este bisel
La inspeccin Phased Array segn el apndice V se considera un
sistema de adquisicin de datos a computador; sin embargo, es
muy susceptible de error ya que la distancia del centro de la
soldadura al frente de la zapata (index) es muy difcil de mantener;
por otra parte, siempre se requiere realizar como mnimo un
barrido por cada lado (ver ASME SEC V:2013, par. T-472.1.2) lo
cual duplicara el trabajo comparado con utilizar un escner con 2
palpadores.

ULTRASONIDO MECANIZADO,
EMPLEADO PARA REEMPLAZAR
RADIOGRAFA POR ULTRASONIDO
Apndice VII. Inspeccin Ultrasnica para criterio de
aceptacin basado en Workmanship

Apndice VIII. Inspeccin Ultrasnica para criterio de
aceptacin basado en Mecnica de la Fractura
SAUT o AUT
PAUT, TOFD, PE
MANDATORY APPENDIX VII
ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION
REQUIREMENTS FOR
WORKMANSHIP BASED
ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
2013
ASME Boiler and
Pressure Vessel Code
A N I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O D E
ASME SEC
V
ULTRASONIDO PARA CRITERIO WORKMANSHIP (APNDICE VII)
Este apndice incluye varias tcnicas, la inspeccin se puede realizar
combinando tcnicas como Phased array, TOFD o Pulso-Eco.
Se requiere el empleo de un escner automatizado (AUT) o semi-
automatizado (SAUT)
TOFD+PE
ENDNOTES : ASME SEC V:2013

18 Workmanship based is defined as a standard
for acceptance of a weld based on the
characterization of imperfections by type (i.e.,
crack, incomplete fusion, incomplete penetration,
or inclusion) and their size (i.e., length).
ULTRASONIDO PARA CRITERIO WORKMANSHIP (APNDICE VII)
El ensayo deber cumplir todas las variables esenciales de ultrasonido
convencional (Tabla T-421) y los del apndice VII, Tabla VII-421
MANDATORY APPENDIX VII
ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION REQUIREMENTS FOR
WORKMANSHIP BASED ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
VII-410 SCOPE
This Mandatory Appendix provides requirements when
an automated or semi-automated ultrasonic examination
is performed for workmanship based
18
acceptance
criteria.
VII-420 GENERAL
The requirements of Article 4 apply except as modified
by this Appendix.
VII-421.3 Written Procedure and Procedure Qualifi-
cation. The requirements of Table T-421 and Table
VII-421 shall apply.
VII-423 PERSONNEL QUALIFICATIONS
Only qualified UT personnel trained in the use of the
equipment and who have demonstrated the ability to
properly acquire examination data, shall conduct produc-
tion scans. Personnel who analyze and interpret the
collected data shall be a Level II or III who have documen-
ted training in the use of the equipment and software
used.
The training and demonstration requirements shall be
addressed in the employers written practice.
VII-431 INSTRUMENT REQUIREMENTS
The ultrasonic examination shall be performed using a
systememploying automated or semi-automated scanning
with computer based data acquisition and analysis abil-
ities. The examination for transverse reflectors may be
performed manually per T-472.1.3 unless the referencing
Code Section specifies it also shall be by an automated or
semi-automated scan.
VII-434.2.4 Scanner Block. A block shall be fabri-
cated meeti ng the requi rements of T-434. 1 and
Figure T-434.2.1 except that its thickness, T, shall be with-
in the lesser of
1
/
4
in. (6 mm) or 25% of the material thick-
ness to be examined and the number and position of the
side-drilled holes shall be adequate to confirm the sensi-
tivity setting of each probe, or probe pair in the case of a
TOFD setup, as positioned per the scan plan in the scanner.
The scanner block is in addition to the calibration block re-
quired per Article 4, unless the scanner block also has all
t he speci f i ed ref erence ref l ect ors requi red per
Figure T-434.2.1.
VII-442 SCANNING DATA
The original scanning data, unprocessed, shall be saved
electronically (e.g., magnetic, optical, flash memory, etc.).
VII-466.1 System Confirmation Scan. The scanner
block shall be scanned and the reference reflector indica-
tions recorded to confirm system calibration prior to and
at the completion of each examination or series of similar
examinations, when examination personnel (except for
automated equipment) are changed, and if the scan plan
is required to be modified (i.e., VII-483) to satisfy the re-
quirements of T-466.3.
VII-466.2 Calibration Checks. The requirements of
T-466.2 are not applicable to this Appendix.
VII-466.2.1 Simulator Checks. The requirements
of T-466.2.1 are not applicable to this Appendix.
VII-471.1 Examination Coverage. The volume to be
scanned shall be examined per the scan plan.
Table VII-421
Requirements of an Ultrasonic Examination
Procedure for Workmanship Based
Acceptance Criteria
Requirement (as Applicable)
Essential
Variable
Nonessential
Variable
Scan plan X . . .
Computer software X . . .
Scanning technique (automated vs.
semi-automated)
X . . .
Flaw characterization methodology X . . .
Flaw sizing (length) methodology X . . .
Search unit mechanical fixturing device
(manufacturer and model)
X . . .
Scanner adhering and guiding
mechanism
. . . X
2013 SECTION V ARTICLE 4
78
Copyright ASME International (BPVC)
Provided by IHS under license with ASME X Licensee=BP International/5928366101
Not for Resale, 08/08/2013 10:32:46 MDT No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
--```,`,,``,,`,`````,,,``,`,`,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
MANDATORY APPENDIX VII
ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION REQUIREMENTS FOR
WORKMANSHIP BASED ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
VII-410 SCOPE
This Mandatory Appendix provides requirements when
an automated or semi-automated ultrasonic examination
is performed for workmanship based
18
acceptance
criteria.
VII-420 GENERAL
The requirements of Article 4 apply except as modified
by this Appendix.
VII-421.3 Written Procedure and Procedure Qualifi-
cation. The requirements of Table T-421 and Table
VII-421 shall apply.
VII-423 PERSONNEL QUALIFICATIONS
Only qualified UT personnel trained in the use of the
equipment and who have demonstrated the ability to
properly acquire examination data, shall conduct produc-
tion scans. Personnel who analyze and interpret the
collected data shall be a Level II or III who have documen-
ted training in the use of the equipment and software
used.
The training and demonstration requirements shall be
addressed in the employers written practice.
VII-431 INSTRUMENT REQUIREMENTS
The ultrasonic examination shall be performed using a
systememploying automated or semi-automated scanning
with computer based data acquisition and analysis abil-
ities. The examination for transverse reflectors may be
performed manually per T-472.1.3 unless the referencing
Code Section specifies it also shall be by an automated or
semi-automated scan.
VII-434.2.4 Scanner Block. A block shall be fabri-
cated meeti ng the requi rements of T-434. 1 and
Figure T-434.2.1 except that its thickness, T, shall be with-
in the lesser of
1
/
4
in. (6 mm) or 25% of the material thick-
ness to be examined and the number and position of the
side-drilled holes shall be adequate to confirm the sensi-
tivity setting of each probe, or probe pair in the case of a
TOFD setup, as positioned per the scan plan in the scanner.
The scanner block is in addition to the calibration block re-
quired per Article 4, unless the scanner block also has all
t he speci f i ed ref erence ref l ect ors requi red per
Figure T-434.2.1.
VII-442 SCANNING DATA
The original scanning data, unprocessed, shall be saved
electronically (e.g., magnetic, optical, flash memory, etc.).
VII-466.1 System Confirmation Scan. The scanner
block shall be scanned and the reference reflector indica-
tions recorded to confirm system calibration prior to and
at the completion of each examination or series of similar
examinations, when examination personnel (except for
automated equipment) are changed, and if the scan plan
is required to be modified (i.e., VII-483) to satisfy the re-
quirements of T-466.3.
VII-466.2 Calibration Checks. The requirements of
T-466.2 are not applicable to this Appendix.
VII-466.2.1 Simulator Checks. The requirements
of T-466.2.1 are not applicable to this Appendix.
VII-471.1 Examination Coverage. The volume to be
scanned shall be examined per the scan plan.
Table VII-421
Requirements of an Ultrasonic Examination
Procedure for Workmanship Based
Acceptance Criteria
Requirement (as Applicable)
Essential
Variable
Nonessential
Variable
Scan plan X . . .
Computer software X . . .
Scanning technique (automated vs.
semi-automated)
X . . .
Flaw characterization methodology X . . .
Flaw sizing (length) methodology X . . .
Search unit mechanical fixturing device
(manufacturer and model)
X . . .
Scanner adhering and guiding
mechanism
. . . X
2013 SECTION V ARTICLE 4
78
Copyright ASME International (BPVC)
Provided by IHS under license with ASME X Licensee=BP International/5928366101
Not for Resale, 08/08/2013 10:32:46 MDT No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
--```,`,,``,,`,`````,,,``,`,`,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
" Se debe cumplir con los requisitos de
ultrasonido convencional, adicional a los
del apndice
" Se requiere realizar una calificacin del
procedimiento para definir las variables
esenciales
" Solo personal calificado como Nivel II o III
con entrenamiento documentado en el
uso del equipo y software deber analizar
e interpretar la data.
" Se debe elaborar un plan de escaneo
" El barrido para la deteccin de
discontinuidades transversales puede ser
realizado de forma automatizada con
escaner o manual
" Se requiere contar con un Bloque de
Escaner que permita realizar verificacin
dinmica de la calibracin
REQUISITOS
ULTRASONIDO PARA CRITERIO WORKMANSHIP (APNDICE VII)
" Se almacenar la data sin procesar, en medios
magnticos, pticos, memorias, etc.
" Se debe emplear el bloque de escner para
realizar barridos que confirmen la calibracin,
al inicio y fin de un set de datas.
" Solo personal calificado como Nivel II o III con
entrenamiento documentado en el uso del
equipo y software deber analizar e
interpretar la data.
" Se debe verificar la presencia de reflectores
laminares en el material base y modificar el
plan de escaneo de ser requerido.
" La evaluacin final debe realizarse solo
despus que todos los ajustes han sido
realizados (SAFT, contraste, brillo, remocin
de onda lateral, etc.
REQUISITOS, cont
ULTRASONIDO PARA CRITERIO WORKMANSHIP (APNDICE VII)
" Di s cont i nui dades det ect adas
mediante la tcnica Automatizada
(AUT) o semi-automatizada (SAUT),
pueden s er al t er nat i vament e
evaluadas empleando otras tcnicas
manuales.
" El fabricante ser el responsable por
l a r ev i s i n, i nt er pr et a c i n,
evaluacin y aceptacin del set
completo de datas, asegurando el
cumplimiento con ASME SEC V, art. 4
y apndice mandatorio VII
REQUISITOS, cont
ULTRASONIDO PARA CRITERIO WORKMANSHIP (APNDICE VII)
TIPS ULTRASONICOS
El plan de escaneo se debe validar empleando un software que permita
verificar el comportamiento del ultrasonido en la lnea de fusin del bisel. Si
el haz no es perpendicular a la lnea de fusin, este arreglo no detectar la
falta de fusin de este bisel
El ASME SEC I (calderas), exige que el ensayo de ultrasonido de debe
realizar con base en este apndice (ASME SEC V, Apndice Mandatorio
VII)
Este apndice aplica cuando el cdigo de referencia (diseo), establece los
estndares de aceptacin en funcin del tipo de discontinuidad por ejemplo:
porosidades, grietas, escorias, falta de fusin, falta de penetracin,
concavidades internas, etc.
Bajo este apndice se realizan inspecciones de alta calidad ya que contempla
la combinacin de diferentes tcnicas, con el objetivo de mejorar la
probabilidad de deteccin. Podra ser una buena alternativa para proponer en
Pipeline bajo API 1104, par. 1.4.7.3 Automated Ultrasonic Weld Testing
MANDATORY APPENDIX VIII
ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION
REQUIREMENTS FOR A
FRACTURE MECHANICS BASED
ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
2013
ASME Boiler and
Pressure Vessel Code
A N I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O D E
ASME SEC
V
ULTRASONIDO PARA CRITERIO MECANICA DE LA FRACTURA(APNDICE VIII)
Este apndice al igual que el VII,
incluye varias tcnicas, la
inspeccin se puede realizar
combinando tcnicas como Phased
array, TOFD o Pulso-Eco.
Se requiere el empleo de un escner
automatizado (AUT) o semi-
automatizado (SAUT)
Inspectra, Bolivia
Imagen de Inspectra, Bolivia
ENDNOTES : ASME SEC V:2013

19 Fracture mechanics based is
defined as a standard for
acceptance of a weld based on the
categorization of imperfections by
type (i.e., surface or subsurface) and
their size (i.e., length and through-
wall height).
El ensayo deber cumplir todas las variables esenciales de ultrasonido
convencional (Tabla T-421) y los del apndice VIII, Tabla VIII-421
ULTRASONIDO PARA CRITERIO MECANICA DE LA FRACTURA(APNDICE VIII)
MANDATORY APPENDIX VIII
ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION REQUIREMENTS FOR A FRACTURE
MECHANICS BASED ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
VIII-410 SCOPE
This Mandatory Appendix provides requirements when
an automated or semi-automated ultrasonic examination
is performed for fracture mechanics based
19
acceptance
criteria.
VIII-420 GENERAL
The requirements of Article 4 apply except as modified
by this Appendix.
VIII-421.2 Procedure Qualification. Procedure quali-
fication is required per Mandatory Appendix IX.
VIII-421.3 Written Procedure and Procedure Qualifi-
cation. The requirements of Table T-421 and Table
VIII-421 shall apply.
VIII-423 PERSONNEL QUALIFICATIONS
Only qualified UT personnel trained in the use of the
equipment and who have demonstrated the ability to
properly acquire examination data, shall conduct produc-
tion scans. Personnel who analyze and interpret the col-
l ect ed dat a shal l be a Level I I or I I I who have
documented training in the use of the equipment and soft-
ware used.
The training and demonstration requirements shall be
addressed in the employers written practice.
VIII-431 INSTRUMENT REQUIREMENTS
The ultrasonic examination shall be performed using a
systememploying automated or semi-automated scanning
with computer based data acquisition and analysis abil-
ities. The examination for transverse reflectors may be
performed manually per T-472.1.3 unless the referencing
Code Section specifies it also shall be by an automated or
semi-automated scan.
VIII-432.1 General. The normal frequency shall be the
same as used in the qualification.
VIII-434.2.4 Scanner Block. A block shall be fabri-
cated meeti ng the requi rements of T-434. 1 and
Figure T-434.2.1 except that its thickness, T, shall be with-
in the lesser of
1
/
4
in. (6 mm) or 25% of the material thick-
ness to be examined and the number and position of the
side-drilled holes shall be adequate to confirm the sensi-
tivity setting of each probe, or probe pair in the case of a
TOFD setup, as positioned per the scan plan in the scanner.
The scanner block is in addition to the calibration block re-
quired per Article 4, unless the scanner block also has all
t he speci f i ed ref erence ref l ect ors requi red per
Figure T-434.2.1.
VIII-442 SCANNING DATA
The original scanning data, unprocessed, shall be saved
electronically (e.g., magnetic, optical, flash memory, etc.).
VIII-466.1 System Confirmation Scan. The scanner
block shall be scanned and the reference reflector indica-
tions recorded to confirm that prior to and at the comple-
tion of each examination or series of similar examinations,
when examination personnel (except for automated
equipment) are changed, and if the scan plan is required
to be modified (i.e., VIII-483) to satisfy the requirements
of T-466.3.
VIII-466.2 Calibration Checks. The requirements of
T-466.2 are not applicable to this Appendix.
VIII-466.2.1 Simulator Checks. The requirements
of T-466.2.1 are not applicable to this Appendix.
VIII-471.1 Examination Coverage. The volume to be
scanned shall be examined per the scan plan.
VIII-471.3 Rate of Search Unit Movement. The rate of
search unit movement shall not exceed that qualified.
Table VIII-421
Requirements of an Ultrasonic Examination
Procedure for Fracture Mechanics Based
Acceptance Criteria
Requirement (as Applicable)
Essential
Variable
Nonessential
Variable
Scan plan X . . .
Computer software X . . .
Scanning technique (automated vs.
semi-automated)
X . . .
Flaw sizing (length) methodology X . . .
Search unit mechanical fixturing device
(manufacturer and model)
X . . .
Scanner and adhering and guiding
mechanism
. . . X
2013 SECTION V ARTICLE 4
80
Copyright ASME International (BPVC)
Provided by IHS under license with ASME X Licensee=BP International/5928366101
Not for Resale, 08/08/2013 10:32:46 MDT No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-
`
`
`
,
`
,
,
`
`
,
,
`
,
`
`
`
`
`
,
,
,
`
`
,
`
,
`
,
`
`
-
`
-
`
,
,
`
,
,
`
,
`
,
,
`
-
-
-
MANDATORY APPENDIX VIII
ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION REQUIREMENTS FOR A FRACTURE
MECHANICS BASED ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
VIII-410 SCOPE
This Mandatory Appendix provides requirements when
an automated or semi-automated ultrasonic examination
is performed for fracture mechanics based
19
acceptance
criteria.
VIII-420 GENERAL
The requirements of Article 4 apply except as modified
by this Appendix.
VIII-421.2 Procedure Qualification. Procedure quali-
fication is required per Mandatory Appendix IX.
VIII-421.3 Written Procedure and Procedure Qualifi-
cation. The requirements of Table T-421 and Table
VIII-421 shall apply.
VIII-423 PERSONNEL QUALIFICATIONS
Only qualified UT personnel trained in the use of the
equipment and who have demonstrated the ability to
properly acquire examination data, shall conduct produc-
tion scans. Personnel who analyze and interpret the col-
l ect ed dat a shal l be a Level I I or I I I who have
documented training in the use of the equipment and soft-
ware used.
The training and demonstration requirements shall be
addressed in the employers written practice.
VIII-431 INSTRUMENT REQUIREMENTS
The ultrasonic examination shall be performed using a
systememploying automated or semi-automated scanning
with computer based data acquisition and analysis abil-
ities. The examination for transverse reflectors may be
performed manually per T-472.1.3 unless the referencing
Code Section specifies it also shall be by an automated or
semi-automated scan.
VIII-432.1 General. The normal frequency shall be the
same as used in the qualification.
VIII-434.2.4 Scanner Block. A block shall be fabri-
cated meeti ng the requi rements of T-434. 1 and
Figure T-434.2.1 except that its thickness, T, shall be with-
in the lesser of
1
/
4
in. (6 mm) or 25% of the material thick-
ness to be examined and the number and position of the
side-drilled holes shall be adequate to confirm the sensi-
tivity setting of each probe, or probe pair in the case of a
TOFD setup, as positioned per the scan plan in the scanner.
The scanner block is in addition to the calibration block re-
quired per Article 4, unless the scanner block also has all
t he speci f i ed ref erence ref l ect ors requi red per
Figure T-434.2.1.
VIII-442 SCANNING DATA
The original scanning data, unprocessed, shall be saved
electronically (e.g., magnetic, optical, flash memory, etc.).
VIII-466.1 System Confirmation Scan. The scanner
block shall be scanned and the reference reflector indica-
tions recorded to confirm that prior to and at the comple-
tion of each examination or series of similar examinations,
when examination personnel (except for automated
equipment) are changed, and if the scan plan is required
to be modified (i.e., VIII-483) to satisfy the requirements
of T-466.3.
VIII-466.2 Calibration Checks. The requirements of
T-466.2 are not applicable to this Appendix.
VIII-466.2.1 Simulator Checks. The requirements
of T-466.2.1 are not applicable to this Appendix.
VIII-471.1 Examination Coverage. The volume to be
scanned shall be examined per the scan plan.
VIII-471.3 Rate of Search Unit Movement. The rate of
search unit movement shall not exceed that qualified.
Table VIII-421
Requirements of an Ultrasonic Examination
Procedure for Fracture Mechanics Based
Acceptance Criteria
Requirement (as Applicable)
Essential
Variable
Nonessential
Variable
Scan plan X . . .
Computer software X . . .
Scanning technique (automated vs.
semi-automated)
X . . .
Flaw sizing (length) methodology X . . .
Search unit mechanical fixturing device
(manufacturer and model)
X . . .
Scanner and adhering and guiding
mechanism
. . . X
2013 SECTION V ARTICLE 4
80
Copyright ASME International (BPVC)
Provided by IHS under license with ASME X Licensee=BP International/5928366101
Not for Resale, 08/08/2013 10:32:46 MDT No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-
`
`
`
,
`
,
,
`
`
,
,
`
,
`
`
`
`
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,
,
,
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,
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,
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,
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-
`
-
`
,
,
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,
,
`
,
`
,
,
`
-
-
-
" Se debe cumplir con los requisitos de
ultrasonido convencional, adicional a los
del apndice
" Se requiere realizar una calificacin del
procedimiento para definir las variables
esenciales basado en ASME SEC V,
Apndice Mandatorio IX
" Solo personal calificado como Nivel II o III
con entrenamiento documentado en el
uso del equipo y software deber analizar
e interpretar la data.
" Se debe elaborar un plan de escaneo
" El barrido para la deteccin de
discontinuidades transversales puede ser
realizado de forma automatizada con
escner o manual
" Se requiere contar con un Bloque de
Escner que permita realizar verificacin
dinmica de la calibracin
REQUISITOS
ULTRASONIDO PARA CRITERIO MECANICA DE LA FRACTURA(APNDICE VIII)
" Se almacenar la data sin procesar, en medios
magnticos, pticos, memorias, etc.
" Se debe emplear el bloque de escner para
realizar barridos que confirmen la calibracin,
al inicio y fin de un set de datas.
" Solo personal calificado como Nivel II o III con
entrenamiento documentado en el uso del
equipo y software deber analizar e
interpretar la data.
" Se debe verificar la presencia de reflectores
laminares en el material base y modificar el
plan de escaneo de ser requerido.
" La evaluacin final debe realizarse solo
despus que todos los ajustes han sido
realizados (SAFT, contraste, brillo, remocin
de onda lateral, etc.
REQUISITOS, cont
ULTRASONIDO PARA CRITERIO MECANICA DE LA FRACTURA(APNDICE VIII)
" Las dimensiones de las discontinuidades son determinadas por un rectngulo
que la contiene. La longitud de la discontinuidad para evaluacin ser la longitud
del rectngulo, la altura ser la dimensin del rectngulo que es normal a la
superficie que retiene la presin interna.
" Las discontinuidades sern categorizadas como superficiales y sub-
superficiales, no existirn mas categoras.
" Discontinuidades detectadas durante la inspeccin automatizada (AUT) o semi-
automatizada (SAUT), podrn ser alternativamente evaluadas por tcnicas
complementarias manuales.
" El fabricante ser el responsable por la revisin, interpretacin, evaluacin y
aceptacin del set completo de datas, asegurando el cumplimiento con ASME
SEC V, art. 4 y apndice mandatorio VIII
REQUISITOS, cont
ULTRASONIDO PARA CRITERIO MECANICA DE LA FRACTURA(APNDICE VIII)
13 Figure 7.11
Single Indications
S a
S d
(b) Surface Indication
a
l l
(a) Surface Indication
t
t
2d
2a
l
t
S
S > a
(c) Subsurface Indications
737
2013 SECTION VIII, DIVISION 2
Copyright ASME International (BPVC)
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--`,,`,```,,``,```,,`,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
13 Figure 7.12
Multiple Planar Flaws Oriented in a Plane Normal to the Pressure Retaining Surface
Surface Flaw #1
d
2
a
d
1
Unclad Surface
(whichever
is
greater)
S < 2d
1
or 2d
2
S > 0.4a
2d
1
2a
Surface Flaw #2
(whichever
is
greater)
S < 2d
2
or 2d
3
(whichever is
greater)
S < 2d
1
or 2d
2
2d
2
2d
3
Surface Flaw #3
2d
1
2d
2
S < 2d
1
or 2d
2
(whichever is greater)
S > 0.4d
1
S < 2d
3
or 2d
2
(whichever is greater)
Clad Surface
2d
3
2a
S > 0.4d
3
Pressure Retaining Surface
Of Unclad Component Or
Clad-Base Metal Interface
Of Clad Component
Surface Flaw #5
S < 2d
1
or d
2
(whichever is greater)
2d
1
d
2
a
Surface Flaw #4
d,d
1
,d
2
,d
3
2d
1
,2d
2
,2d
3
= depths of
individual flaws
2d
1
S < 0.4d
1
2d
2
S > 0.4d
2
= 2a
2a
S < 2d
1
or 2d
2
(whichever is
greater)

738
2013 SECTION VIII, DIVISION 2
Copyright ASME International (BPVC)
Provided by IHS under license with ASME Licensee=BP International/5928366101
Not for Resale, 08/09/2013 14:20:43 MDT No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
--`,,`,```,,``,```,,`,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
ULTRASONIDO PARA CRITERIO MECANICA DE LA FRACTURA(APNDICE VIII)
REGLA DE INTERACCIN DE DISCONTINUIDADES
13
13
Table 7.9
Flaw Acceptance Criteria For Welds With A Thickness Between 13 mm (
1
/
2
in.) And Less Than 25 mm
(1 in.)
Flaw Type l
Surface flaw 0.087 6.4 mm (
1
/
4
in.)
Subsurface flaw 0.143 6.4 mm (
1
/
4
in.)
GENERAL NOTES:
(a) The parameter t is the thickness of the weld excluding any allowable reinforcement, and the parameter l is the length of the flaw.
For a butt weld joining two members having different thickness at the weld, t is the thinner of these two thicknesses. If a full pe-
netration weld includes a fillet weld, then the thickness of the throat of the fillet weld shall be included in t .
(b) A subsurface indication shall be considered as a surface flaw if the separation (S in Figure 7.11) of the indication from the nearest
surface of the component is equal to or less than half the through dimension (2d in Figure 7.11, Sketch (b)) of the subsurface
indication.
(c) The acceptance limits specified here are based upon workmanship considerations and are not necessarily intended for use in eval-
uating flaws identified after the vessel has gone into service.
(d) a and l are as defined in paragraph 7.5.5.2.
Table 7.10
FlawAcceptance Criteria For Welds With Thickness Between 25 mm(1 in.) And Less Than or Equal to
300 mm (12 in.)
Flaw
Aspect Ratio
25 mm (1 in.) 64 mm (2 1/2 in.) 100 mm (4 in.) 300 mm (12 in.)
Surface Flaw Subsurface Flaw Surface Flaw Subsurface Flaw
0.00 0.031 0.034 0.019 0.020
0.05 0.033 0.038 0.020 0.022
0.10 0.036 0.043 0.022 0.025
0.15 0.041 0.054 0.025 0.029
0.20 0.047 0.066 0.028 0.034
0.25 0.055 0.078 0.033 0.040
0.30 0.064 0.090 0.038 0.047
0.35 0.074 0.103 0.044 0.054
0.40 0.083 0.116 0.050 0.061
0.45 0.085 0.129 0.051 0.069
0.50 0.087 0.143 0.052 0.076
GENERAL NOTES:
(a) The parameter t is the thickness of the weld excluding any allowable reinforcement, and the parameter l is the length of the flaw.
For a butt weld joining two members having different thickness at the weld, t is the thinner of these two thicknesses. If a full
penetration weld includes a fillet weld, then the thickness of the throat of the fillet weld shall be included in t .
(b) A subsurface indication shall be considered as a surface flaw if the separation (S in Figure 7.11) of the indication from the nearest
surface of the component is equal to or less than half the through dimension (2d in Figure 7.11, Sketch (b)) of the subsurface
indication.
(c) The acceptance limits specified here are based upon workmanship considerations and are not necessarily intended for use in
evaluating flaws identified after the vessel has gone into service.
(d) For intermediate flaw aspect ratio and thickness t (64 mm (2
1
/
2
in.) < t < 100 mm (4 in.)), linear interpolation is permissible.
(e) If the acceptance criteria in this table results in a flaw length, l , less than 6.4 mm (0.25 in.), a value of 6.4 mm (0.25 in.) may be
used.
(f) For materials exceeding 655 MPa (95 ksi) ultimate tensile strength, the use of this table is limited to a thickness of 200 mm(8 in.).
727
2013 SECTION VIII, DIVISION 2
Copyright ASME International (BPVC)
Provided by IHS under license with ASME Licensee=BP International/5928366101
Not for Resale, 08/09/2013 14:20:43 MDT No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
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ULTRASONIDO PARA CRITERIO MECANICA DE LA FRACTURA(APNDICE VIII)
Estndar de aceptacin basado en longitud y altura de discontinuidades
TIPS ULTRASONICOS
El ASME SEC V, Apndice Mandatorio VIII aplica cuando se requiere
cambiar radiografa por ultrasonido en recipientes a presin (ASME
SEC VIII Div.1/Div.2), Tanques de almacenamiento (API 650/API
620), y en piping bajo ASME B31.3 Caso Cdigo 181
Este apndice aplica cuando el cdigo de referencia (diseo), permite
emplear estndares de aceptacin alternativos, basados en mecnica de
la fractura, donde la longitud mxima permisible de una
discontinuidad, depender de su altura y de la ubicacin (superficial o
sub-superficial).
Es importante verificar requisitos adicionales que son establecidos en
el cdigo de referencia, por ejemplo, bajo API 650:2013, toda la
evaluacin de la data debe ser revisada por un Nivel III, etc.
CAMBIO DE RADIOGRAFA POR
ULTRASONIDO SEGN ASME SEC
VIII Div. 1
ASME SEC
VIII Div. 1
2013
ASME Boiler and
Pressure Vessel Code
A N I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O D E
CAMBIO DE RADIOGRAFA POR ULTRSAONIDO SEGN ASME SEC VIII. Div. 1
La realizacin del ensayo de radiografa tiene implicaciones de
diseo ya que influye en la Eficiencia de Junta, por tal motivo,
solo se puede cambiar el ensayo de radiografa por ultrasonido,
siguiendo lo establecido en UW-51 RADIOGRAPHIC
EXAMINATION OF WELDED JOINTS

13
13
requirements for Inspection and Tests in Subsection C that
pertain to the class of material used. [For tests on reinfor-
cing plates, see UG-37(g).]
UW-47 CHECK OF WELDING PROCEDURE
The Inspector shall assure himself that the welding pro-
cedure employed in the construction of a vessel has been
qualified under the provisions of Section IX. The Manufac-
turer shall submit evidence to the Inspector that the re-
quirements have been met.
UW-48 CHECK OF WELDER AND WELDING
OPERATOR QUALIFICATIONS
(a) The Manufacturer shall certify that the welding on a
vessel has been done only by welders and welding opera-
tors who have been qualified under the requirements of
Section IX and the Inspector shall assure himself that only
qualified welders and welding operators have been used.
(b) The Manufacturer shall make available to the In-
spector the record of the qualification tests of each welder
and welding operator. The Inspector shall have the right at
any time to call for and witness tests of the welding proce-
dure or of the ability of any welder and welding operator.
UW-49 CHECK OF POSTWELD HEAT TREATMENT
PRACTICE
The Inspector shall satisfy himself that all postweld heat
treatment has been correctly performed and that the tem-
perature readings conform to the requirements.
UW-50 NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION OF
WELDS ON PNEUMATICALLY TESTED
VESSELS
On welded pressure vessels to be pneumatically tested
in accordance with UG-100, the full length of the following
welds shall be examined
71
before the pneumatic test is
performed, for the purpose of detecting cracks:
(a) all welds around openings;
(b) all attachment welds, including welds attaching non-
pressure parts to pressure parts, having a throat thickness
greater than
1
/
4
in. (6 mm).
UW-51 RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION OF
WELDED JOINTS
(a) All welded joints to be radiographed shall be exam-
ined in accordance with Article 2 of Section V except as
specified below.
(1) A complete set of radiographs and records, as de-
scribed in Article 2 of Section V, for each vessel or vessel
part shall be retained by the Manufacturer, as follows:
(-a) films until the Manufacturers Data Report has
been signed by the Inspector;
(-b) records as required by this Division (10-13).
(2) A written radiographic examination procedure is
not required. Demonstration of density and penetrameter
image requirements on production or technique radio-
graphs shall be considered satisfactory evidence of com-
pliance with Article 2 of Section V.
(3) The requirements of T-274.2 of Article 2 of Sec-
tion V are to be used only as a guide. Final acceptance of
radiographs shall be based on the ability to see the pre-
scribed penetrameter image and the specified hole or
the designated wire of a wire penetrameter.
(4) As an alternative to the radiographic examination
requirements above, all welds in material
1
/
4
in. (6 mm)
and greater in thickness may be examined using the ultra-
sonic (UT) method per the requirements of 7.5.5 of Section
VIII, Division 2.
(b) Indications shown on the radiographs of welds and
characterized as imperfections are unacceptable under
the following conditions and shall be repaired as provided
in UW-38, and the repair radiographed to UW-51 or, at
the option of the Manufacturer, ultrasonically examined
i n ac c or danc e wi t h t he met hod des c r i bed i n
Mandatory Appendix 12 and the standards specified in
this paragraph, provided the defect has been confirmed
by the ultrasonic examination to the satisfaction of the
Authorized Inspector prior to making the repair. For ma-
terial thicknesses in excess of 1 in. (25 mm), the concur-
rence of the user shall be obtained. This ultrasonic
examination shall be noted under remarks on the Manu-
facturers Data Report Form:
(1) any indication characterized as a crack or zone of
incomplete fusion or penetration;
(2) any other elongated indication on the radiograph
which has length greater than:
(-a)
1
/
4
in. (6 mm) for t up to
3
/
4
in. (19 mm)
(-b)
1
/
3
t for t from
3
/
4
in. (19 mm) to 2
1
/
4
in.
(57 mm)
(-c)
3
/
4
in. (19 mm) for t over 2
1
/
4
in. (57 mm)
where
t = the thickness of the weld excluding any allowable re-
inforcement. For a butt weld joining two members
having different thicknesses at the weld, t is the thin-
ner of these two thicknesses. If a full penetration weld
includes a fillet weld, the thickness of the throat of the
fillet shall be included in t.
(3) any group of aligned indications that have an ag-
gregate length greater than t in a length of 12t , except
when the distance between the successive imperfections
exceeds 6L where L is the length of the longest imperfec-
tion in the group;
(4) rounded indications in excess of that specified by
the acceptance standards given in Mandatory Appendix 4.
UW-52 SPOT EXAMINATION OF WELDED JOINTS
NOTE: Spot radiographing of a welded joint is recognized as an effec-
tive inspection tool. The spot radiography rules are also considered to
be an aid to quality control. Spot radiographs made directly after a
2013 SECTION VIII - DIVISION 1 UW-46 UW-52
146
Copyright ASME International (BPVC)
Provided by IHS under license with ASME X Licensee=BP International/5928366101
Not for Resale, 08/09/2013 07:13:08 MDT No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
--`,```,,``````,``,`,``,,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
CAMBIO DE RADIOGRAFA POR ULTRSAONIDO SEGN ASME SEC VIII. Div. 1
Flujograma para el cambio de radiografa por ultrasonido segn ASME SEC VIII Div. 1. (2013)
13
(b) All other linear type imperfections are unacceptable if the amplitude exceeds the reference level and the length of
the imperfection exceeds the following:
(1) 6 mm (
1
/
4
in.) for t less than 19 mm (
3
/
4
in.)
(2) for t greater than or equal to 19 mm (
3
/
4
in.) and less than or equal to 57 mm (2-1/4 in.)
(3) 19 mm (
3
/
4
in.) for t greater than 57 mm (2-
1
/
4
in.)
In the above criteria, t is the thickness of the weld, excluding any allowable reinforcement (see paragraph 6.2.4.1(d)).
For a butt weld joining two members having different thicknesses at the weld, t is the thinner of these two thicknesses. If a
full penetration weld includes a fillet weld, the thickness of the throat of the fillet shall be included in t .
7.5.5 ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION USED IN LIEU OF RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION
7.5.5.1 When used in lieu of the radiographic examination requirements of paragraph 7.5.3, ultrasonic examination
shall be performed in accordance with a written procedure conforming to the requirements of Section V, Article 4, Man-
datory Appendix VIII and the following additional requirements. For SAW welds in 2
1
/
4
Cr1Mo
1
/
4
V vessels, ultrasonic
examination is required [see 7.5.4.1(e)].
(a) The ultrasonic examination area shall include the volume of the weld, plus 50 mm(2 in.) on each side of the weld for
material thickness greater than 200 mm (8 in.). For material thickness 200 mm (8 in.) or less, the ultrasonic examination
area shall include the volume of the weld, plus the lesser of 25 mm (1 in.) or t on each side of the weld. Alternatively,
examination volume may be reduced to include the actual heat affected zone (HAZ) plus 6 mm (
1
/
4
in.) of base material
beyond the heat affected zone on each side of the weld provided the following requirements are met:
(1) The extent of the weld HAZ is measured and documented during the weld qualification process; and
(2) The ultrasonic transducer positioning and scanning device is controlled using a reference mark (paint or low
stress stamp adjacent to the weld) to ensure that the actual HAZ plus an additional 6 mm (0.25 in.) of base metal is
examined.
(b) The initial straight beam material examination (T-472 of Section V, Article 4) for reflectors that could interfere with
the angle beam examination shall be performed:
(1) Manually,
(2) As part of a previous manufacturing process, or
(3) During the automatic UT examination provided detection of these reflectors is demonstrated.
(c) Personnel performing and evaluating UT examinations shall be qualified and certified in accordance with
paragraph 7.3. Only UT Level II or III personnel shall analyze the data or interpret the results.
(d) Contractor qualification records of certified personnel shall be approved by the Certificate Holder and maintained
by their employer.
(e) In addition, personnel who acquire and analyze UT data shall participate in the qualification of the procedure per
Section V, Article 4 Mandatory Appendix IX.
(f) Application of automated ultrasonic examinations shall be noted on the Manufacturer's Data Report, as well as the
extent of its use.
NOTE: Sectional scans (S-scans) with phased arrays may be used for the examination of welds, provided they are qualified satisfactorily in
accordance with paragraph (e). S-scans provide a fan beamfroma single emission point, which covers part or all of the weld, depending on trans-
ducer size, joint geometry, and section thickness. While S-scans can demonstrate good detectability from side drilled holes, because they are
omni-directional reflectors, the beams can be mis-oriented for planar reflectors (e.g., lack of fusion and cracks.) This is particularly true for thick-
er sections, and it is recommended that multiple linear passes with S-scans be utilized for components greater than 25 mm (1 in.) thick. An
adequate number of flaws should be used in the demonstration block to ensure detectability for the entire weld volume.
7.5.5.2 Flaw Sizing. The dimensions of the flaw shall be determined by the rectangle that fully contains the area of
the flaw (see Figures 7.11 through 7.15).
(a) The length (l) of the flaw shall be drawn parallel to the inside pressure-retaining surface of the component.
(b) The depth of the flaw shall be drawn normal to the inside pressure retaining surface and shall be denoted as "a" for
a surface flaw or "2a" for a subsurface flaw.
7.5.5.3 Flaw Evaluation and Acceptance Criteria. Flaws shall be evaluated for acceptance using the applicable
criteria of Tables 7.8, 7.9, 7.10, or 7.11, and with the following additional requirements. Unacceptable flaws shall be
repaired and the repaired welds shall be re-evaluated for acceptance.
(a) Surface Flaws - Flaws identified as surface flaws during the UT examination may or may not be surface connected.
Therefore, unless the UT data analysis confirms that the flaw is not surface connected, it shall be considered surface con-
nected or a flaw open to the surface, and is unacceptable unless surface examination is performed. If the flaw is surface
connected, the requirements above still apply. However, in no case shall the flaw exceed the acceptance criteria in this
Division for the material employed. Acceptance surface examination techniques are as follows:
(1) Magnetic particle examination (MT) in accordance with paragraph 7.5.6,
713
2013 SECTION VIII, DIVISION 2
Copyright ASME International (BPVC)
Provided by IHS under license with ASME Licensee=BP International/5928366101
Not for Resale, 08/09/2013 14:20:43 MDT No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
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2013
ASME Boiler and
Pressure Vessel Code
A N I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O D E
ASME SEC
VIII Div 2
13
(b) All other linear type imperfections are unacceptable if the amplitude exceeds the reference level and the length of
the imperfection exceeds the following:
(1) 6 mm (
1
/
4
in.) for t less than 19 mm (
3
/
4
in.)
(2) for t greater than or equal to 19 mm (
3
/
4
in.) and less than or equal to 57 mm (2-1/4 in.)
(3) 19 mm (
3
/
4
in.) for t greater than 57 mm (2-
1
/
4
in.)
In the above criteria, t is the thickness of the weld, excluding any allowable reinforcement (see paragraph 6.2.4.1(d)).
For a butt weld joining two members having different thicknesses at the weld, t is the thinner of these two thicknesses. If a
full penetration weld includes a fillet weld, the thickness of the throat of the fillet shall be included in t .
7.5.5 ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION USED IN LIEU OF RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION
7.5.5.1 When used in lieu of the radiographic examination requirements of paragraph 7.5.3, ultrasonic examination
shall be performed in accordance with a written procedure conforming to the requirements of Section V, Article 4, Man-
datory Appendix VIII and the following additional requirements. For SAW welds in 2
1
/
4
Cr1Mo
1
/
4
V vessels, ultrasonic
examination is required [see 7.5.4.1(e)].
(a) The ultrasonic examination area shall include the volume of the weld, plus 50 mm(2 in.) on each side of the weld for
material thickness greater than 200 mm (8 in.). For material thickness 200 mm (8 in.) or less, the ultrasonic examination
area shall include the volume of the weld, plus the lesser of 25 mm (1 in.) or t on each side of the weld. Alternatively,
examination volume may be reduced to include the actual heat affected zone (HAZ) plus 6 mm (
1
/
4
in.) of base material
beyond the heat affected zone on each side of the weld provided the following requirements are met:
(1) The extent of the weld HAZ is measured and documented during the weld qualification process; and
(2) The ultrasonic transducer positioning and scanning device is controlled using a reference mark (paint or low
stress stamp adjacent to the weld) to ensure that the actual HAZ plus an additional 6 mm (0.25 in.) of base metal is
examined.
(b) The initial straight beam material examination (T-472 of Section V, Article 4) for reflectors that could interfere with
the angle beam examination shall be performed:
(1) Manually,
(2) As part of a previous manufacturing process, or
(3) During the automatic UT examination provided detection of these reflectors is demonstrated.
(c) Personnel performing and evaluating UT examinations shall be qualified and certified in accordance with
paragraph 7.3. Only UT Level II or III personnel shall analyze the data or interpret the results.
(d) Contractor qualification records of certified personnel shall be approved by the Certificate Holder and maintained
by their employer.
(e) In addition, personnel who acquire and analyze UT data shall participate in the qualification of the procedure per
Section V, Article 4 Mandatory Appendix IX.
(f) Application of automated ultrasonic examinations shall be noted on the Manufacturer's Data Report, as well as the
extent of its use.
NOTE: Sectional scans (S-scans) with phased arrays may be used for the examination of welds, provided they are qualified satisfactorily in
accordance with paragraph (e). S-scans provide a fan beamfroma single emission point, which covers part or all of the weld, depending on trans-
ducer size, joint geometry, and section thickness. While S-scans can demonstrate good detectability from side drilled holes, because they are
omni-directional reflectors, the beams can be mis-oriented for planar reflectors (e.g., lack of fusion and cracks.) This is particularly true for thick-
er sections, and it is recommended that multiple linear passes with S-scans be utilized for components greater than 25 mm (1 in.) thick. An
adequate number of flaws should be used in the demonstration block to ensure detectability for the entire weld volume.
7.5.5.2 Flaw Sizing. The dimensions of the flaw shall be determined by the rectangle that fully contains the area of
the flaw (see Figures 7.11 through 7.15).
(a) The length (l) of the flaw shall be drawn parallel to the inside pressure-retaining surface of the component.
(b) The depth of the flaw shall be drawn normal to the inside pressure retaining surface and shall be denoted as "a" for
a surface flaw or "2a" for a subsurface flaw.
7.5.5.3 Flaw Evaluation and Acceptance Criteria. Flaws shall be evaluated for acceptance using the applicable
criteria of Tables 7.8, 7.9, 7.10, or 7.11, and with the following additional requirements. Unacceptable flaws shall be
repaired and the repaired welds shall be re-evaluated for acceptance.
(a) Surface Flaws - Flaws identified as surface flaws during the UT examination may or may not be surface connected.
Therefore, unless the UT data analysis confirms that the flaw is not surface connected, it shall be considered surface con-
nected or a flaw open to the surface, and is unacceptable unless surface examination is performed. If the flaw is surface
connected, the requirements above still apply. However, in no case shall the flaw exceed the acceptance criteria in this
Division for the material employed. Acceptance surface examination techniques are as follows:
(1) Magnetic particle examination (MT) in accordance with paragraph 7.5.6,
713
2013 SECTION VIII, DIVISION 2
Copyright ASME International (BPVC)
Provided by IHS under license with ASME Licensee=BP International/5928366101
Not for Resale, 08/09/2013 14:20:43 MDT No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
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CAMBIO DE RADIOGRAFA POR ULTRSAONIDO SEGN ASME SEC VIII. Div. 1
CONCLUSIONES
Existen varias alternativas para reemplazar radiografa por ultrasonido,
pero es importante emplear la metodologa apropiada indicada por el
cdigo de referencia
Tal como lo muestra el ASME SEC VIII, Div 2, API 650 apndice U, API
620 apndice U, ASME Caso Cdigo 181, la tendencia de los cdigos es a
emplear estndares de aceptacin alternativos basados en la mecnica de
fractura, donde la longitud mxima permisible de las discontinuidades,
est en funcin de la altura de estas. Para lograr apropiadamente realizar
este tipo de evaluaciones, es requerido emplear tecnologas con alta
probabilidad de deteccin y precisin en el dimensionamiento, inspectores
competentes en las tcnicas y procedimientos calificados empleando
soldaduras con discontinuidades.
Si logramos implementar estas metodologas en nuestros proyectos,
estaremos contribuyendo en el cuidado al medio ambiente y la reduccin
del riesgo.
Datos del Autor
Carlos Enrique Surez Navas
ASNT NDT Level III, AUT DI CSWIP / ISO 9712/EN473

RESUMEN
Ingeniero Mecnico con 15 aos de experiencia en Ensayos No Destructivos.
Certificado como ASNT Nivel III en los ensayos de Ultrasonido (UT), Radiografa (RT), Inspeccin Visual (VT),
Lquidos Penetrantes (PT) y Partculas Magnticas (MT).
Certificado en AUT Phased Array Data Interpreter bajo el esquema CSWIP ISO 9712 y EN473
Entrenamiento y experiencia en las siguientes tecnologas de AUT y SAUT:
o ASME CODE COMPLIANT (Eclipse Scientific)
o AUT Olympus Pipewizard
o Advance Phased Array Inspection and Analysis / TOFD Inspection and Analysis
o AGR TD Focus Scan/Handyscan (Phased array On-line, Off-Line Utilities and Data Analysis)
Ha participado en el desarrollo de trabajos empleando tecnologas limpias como AUT y SAUT en proyectos
realizados en Per, Bolivia y Colombia.
Actualmente Director Tcnico y Gerente en Integrity & NDT Solutions SAS

Carlos Enrique Surez Navas
ASNT NDT Level III
Integrity & NDT Solutions SAS

Colombia. Tel. 1-3814946 ext. 101 Cel: 314-2985211
Mxico: Tel. 5541708349
Peru: Tel. 1-7201685,
Chile: Tel. 229381208
Email: csuarez@integrity-ndt.com

www.integrity-ndt.com
CONTACTOS