SPE 56670 Application of Intelligent Completion Technology to Optimize the Reservoir Management of a Deepwater Gulf of Mexico Field A Reservoir

r Simulation Case Study

Stephen Rester, SPE, Jacob Thomas, SPE, Madeleine Peijs-van Hilten, SPE, and William L. Vidrine, SPE, Halliburton Energy Services, Inc.

Copyright 1999, Society of Petroleum Engineers Inc. This paper was prepared for presentation at the 1999 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition held in Houston, Texas, 36 October 1999. This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE Program Committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper, as presented, have not been reviewed by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to correction by the author(s). The material, as presented, does not necessarily reflect any position of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, its officers, or members. Papers presented at SPE meetings are subject to publication review by Editorial Committees of the Society of Petroleum Engineers. Electronic reproduction, distribution, or storage of any part of this paper for commercial purposes without the written consent of the Society of Petroleum Engineers is prohibited. Permission to reproduce in print is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words; illustrations may not be copied. The abstract must contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper was presented. Write Librarian, SPE, P.O. Box 833836, Richardson, TX 75083-3836, U.S.A., fax 01-972-952-9435.

Abstract The objective of the intelligent completion concept is to provide the operator with a completion method that will allow reconfiguring of well architecture as well as acquisition of real-time data whenever needed without rig intervention! As with all unique operational strategies that significantly differ from traditional concepts, there are always questions as to whether the new techniques can really achieve the soughtafter economic and operational benefits as well as how candidate wells can be chosen. This paper will discuss a study that was performed to demonstrate 1) that intelligent completion technology could be successful in optimizing the management of a field through controlled commingling of production and 2) that it could increase flexibility of making operational changes. The project considered a deepwater Gulf-of-Mexico field that consists of several stacked sandstone reservoirs that are separated by shales. A multi-well development plan using dual completions and rig recompletions had been established for this field prior to the commencement of this study. A review was made of the wells in the development plan and the geology of the field to select appropriate candidates for possible replacement of the traditional completions with intelligent completions. Two wells were chosen for the study. Reservoir simulation was used to estimate the production profiles for several cases with conventional completions and for two cases with intelligent completions. In the existing development plan, both of the wells were to be completed in

one reservoir initially and recompleted in a different reservoir later. For each well, the application of intelligent completion technology accelerated production and eliminated the need for a rig recompletion. The simulation results showed that the single well economics would be improved for both wells being studied. Although some of this improvement was offset by well interference effects, overall, the field economics were enhanced. The data obtained from the study will illustrate that there are economic advantages to applying intelligent completion technology in the appropriate well scenarios. Also, methods for estimating the performance of intelligent completions will be evaluated. Introduction Intelligent completion technology offers an alternative to current completion techniques.1,2,3 Whereas intelligent completion technology can assume several configurations, this study considered only the downhole control valves and power/communication umbilicals needed to monitor and control multiple completions in a single wellbore. The objectives were to determine if the concept of intelligent completion technology could be used to improve the economic performance of a field in the Gulf of Mexico and to investigate the methods for predicting this performance. Several completion practices are used in the Gulf of Mexico. The simplest case consists of completing a well with a single tubing string to drain one reservoir for the life of the field. When a single reservoir will not support a well for the life of the field, an option is to produce multiple reservoirs sequentially through a single tubing string by recompleting the well as each reservoir is depleted. For two reservoirs, this could be accomplished with a single selective completion (sliding sleeve circulating-type device). A dual completion (two tubing strings) offers an alternative completion scheme that allows two reservoirs to be produced simultaneously. Alternative completion methods were available for this field. However, this may not be the case for all fields. Since the development plan in this field used dry trees and targeted a maximum of only two reservoirs per wellbore, either a single

STEPHEN RESTER, JACOB THOMAS, MADELEINE PEIJS-VAN HILTEN, AND WILLIAM L. VIDRINE

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selective completion could be used for recompletion or a dual completion could be used to produce both reservoirs simultaneously. The economics of using these alternative completion methods were also evaluated. Candidates for intelligent completion are those wells that would be drilled through multiple productive reservoirs. This is due to the fact that all of the captured reserves can then be exploited through simultaneous or selective production by the application of intelligent completions. The intelligent completion would allow each reservoir to be continuously monitored and controlled so that the performance of a well and field can be continually optimized. The capability to control the intelligent completion from the surface eliminates the need to bring in a workover rig to change the downhole configuration of a well in order to provide continued production optimization.4 Thus, other completion types such as multiple tubing completions (which can limit production due to using smaller tubing) are not needed for simultaneous production from several productive reservoirs. The potential benefits of this type of a completion, therefore, would be generated from 1) the ability to monitor the pressure of and flow from each reservoir to develop a strategy to optimize recovery; 2) cost savings from the elimination of rig intervention both for recompleting or the drilling of subsequent wellbore laterals later in the life of the well; and 3) improved project economics resulting from rate acceleration and added reserves. Reservoir Description of Project Field The field chosen for the study is a deep-water Gulf of Mexico field that produces oil from seven late Pliocene to early Pleistocene reservoirs, named Z1 through Z7 from top to bottom. The reservoir sediments are sandstones and shales deposited by a turbidite fan complex. Facies range from massive clean turbidite channel sands and amalgamated channel complexes to combinations of interbedded sands, shales and thin-bedded turbidites. The overall well log character fines upward with a sharp base, and multiple blocky sand facies separated vertically by shales can be recognized. Individual sand units are subarkosic, moderately to well sorted, and very fine to fine grained. The sands feature ripple, cross-laminae, and planar laminae, while the shale units show a substantial amount of bioturbation. Core porosities of the sand units range from 15 to 35% and permeabilities from 10 to 2400 md, while the net-to-gross ratio ranges from 0.4 to 0.95. The structural trapping element is a normal fault system, and hydrocarbon trapping also occurs because of stratigraphic onlap. The dominant process that affects reservoir architecture involves successive deposition of active younger turbidite fan units on the flanks of previously active units. Aquifer support and continuity for this reservoir morphology depend upon the amount of juxtaposition of progressively younger depositional units against the preceding units and the degree of amalgamation of individual sand beds between those units.

By integrating 3D seismic data with log, core, and welltest data, the operator of this field was able to identify five different seismic facies corresponding to certain lithofacies. Each of these facies was assigned a range of reservoir property values in a probabilistic geologic modeling effort (see Table 1). The data integration exercise also identified transmissibility restrictions corresponding to areas of lower seismic amplitude. These linear features can be related to faulting or stratigraphic sandbody discontinuities and can cause compartmentalization in some of the reservoirs. Reservoir simulation was applied to create depletion schedules for a wide variety of geologic conditions to yield cumulative probability curves from which the expected value reserves could be derived. The operator provided the study team with a reservoir simulation model that was most realistic at the time. The aim was to extract part of this model and use the smaller simulation model to quantify the benefits of applying intelligent completions over conventional completions. At the same time, the study was to serve as a pilot for modeling intelligent completions using a commercial reservoirsimulation software package. At a later stage, modeling of intelligent completions would be incorporated into the fullfield simulation model of this field. The original development plan entailed drilling of multiple highly deviated wells from a single structure. Most wells in this field targeted multiple reservoirs, some with single completions that would require plug-back and re-completion in higher reservoirs as time progressed. Some wells had been completed with dual tubing strings to permit commingled production. One well had been planned to have two sidetracks drilled to drain separate fault compartments in the same reservoir. Thus, all wells would require a workover at some point in their production life. The two major reservoir units in terms of volume and reserves would receive pressure support by water injection, while the other reservoir units would have to rely on the energy available in the reservoir. The operators reservoir simulation model had been run with this development plan, and the reservoir performance analyzed. The results were then used to identify poorly drained areas such as isolated fault compartments that were not produced by any well, attic oil remaining in partially drained compartments, or areas where the waterflood was not very effective. An intelligent completion would be applicable here to simultaneously drain multiple reservoirs in a controlled environment even if these reservoirs were in different fault blocks in the same reservoir or in different reservoirs separated vertically by shales. Several wells were identified as likely candidates for application of intelligent completion based on the simulation results. The list of candidates was culled using several criteria: 1. Well Purpose it was decided that intelligent completions would not be installed in water injection wells. 2. Position In The Current Drilling Schedule it was decided that the drilling schedule would be honored, and wells were not considered if intelligent completion

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APPLICATION OF INTELLIGENT COMPLETION TECHNOLOGY TO OPTIMIZE THE RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT OF A DEEPWATER GULF OF MEXICO FIELD A RESERVOIR SIMULATION CASE STUDY

hardware could not be obtained for the wells in time to meet planned drilling schedules. 3. Geologic Risk it was decided to not use intelligent completions in areas of high geologic risk. Two wells were finally chosen for use of intelligent completion technology in this study. Development of Simulation Model The full-field simulation model provided by the operator used over 60,000 active grid blocks to describe the field and the aquifer. Since it was felt that this model was too big for the purposes of this study, the first step was to reduce the size of the simulation model. The simulation model provided by the operator included all of the reservoirs. However, the only interaction between the upper reservoirs and the lower reservoirs was through the surface gathering system. No wells drilled to deplete the lower reservoirs were ever completed in the upper reservoirs and vice versa. Since both of the wells selected for possible intelligent completion well candidates had not been completed in the lower reservoirs, these layers were eliminated from the simulation model for this study. In addition, the east and west ends of the original model were removed since the two wells selected for investigation in this study were shielded from the new east and west boundaries of the model by faults. Assuming those faults are sealing, the wells would not be in direct pressure contact with the new east and west boundaries, much less the original east and west boundaries. The resulting simulation model used just over 30,000 grid blocks, which was roughly half of the number of grid blocks that had been used in the original model. The performance of the new model was compared to the performance of the original model. This comparison was based on the performance of the wells and not on the saturation or pressure distributions. The performances of the wells in the two simulation models were very similar, but they were not exactly the same. It appeared that the fault blocks were in limited pressure communication through the aquifer. For the purposes of this study, however, the performances of the wells in the two simulation models did not have to be identical. However, if there were to be an exact match, it would be expected that the same conclusions drawn from running simulations with the small simulation model would be obtained by running simulations with the big simulation model. Simulation of Intelligent Completions A simplified definition of an intelligent completion is that it is a configuration in which a valve has the capability to separate the completion from the tubing. The valve can then be used to change the relationship between the flow rate and pressure drop from the reservoir to the tubing. Opening the valve reduces the pressure drop from the reservoir to the tubing to that which would be required to obtain a given rate. Closing

the valve reverses the effect by increasing the pressure drop from the reservoir to the tubing to that which would be required to obtain the given rate. This is essentially the same effect that adjusting the skin of the completion would have. The difference is in the location of the pressure drop. With the intelligent completion, the pressure drop occurs after the fluid has entered the wellbore. With the skin adjustment, the pressure drop occurs as the fluid enters the wellbore. It was felt that this small difference could be ignored and that changing the skin factor would simulate the workings of an intelligent completion. The procedure then was to develop a base-case response, and then, an alternative response. The base-case response was obtained by simulating the performance of the field with the candidate well that was originally opened in one reservoir, and later, in a second reservoir. The completion was moved from the first reservoir to the second when the oil rate from the first reservoir had fallen to below the economic limit that was feasible for continuing production either because reservoir pressure had fallen or because the water cut had increased. The alternative response was obtained by simulating the performance of the field with both reservoirs open with the pressure drop from the reservoir to the wellbore controlled by the skins of the two completions. The values of the skins were obtained by trial and error. First, a simulation was run with given values of the skins. The rates from the two reservoirs were studied to determine when intervention would be needed. Then, the skin for the offending reservoir was adjusted. This procedure was repeated until the optimum production performance was obtained. Simulation Results Changes were made separately to the two candidate wells. That is, the operation of the first candidate well was changed without making any changes to the operation of the second candidate well. Then, the operation of the first candidate was held fixed at its optimum while the operation of the second candidate well was changed. The intent for the first intelligent completion candidate, C1, was to drain the Z2 and Z4 reservoirs (Fig. 1). In the original operation, C1 was initially completed in the Z4. Then, the completion was moved to the Z2 when the well rate from the Z4 fell below the economic limit. The operation of the intelligent completion case began with C1 completed in the Z2 and Z4 with skins of zero for both completions. After a period of commingled flow, the water cut from the completion in the Z2 began to rise. The simulation was redone with the skin of the Z2 completion equal to zero initially. Then, the skin was raised when the water cut began to increase. This corresponded to starting with the intelligent completion fully open at the beginning and partially closing the completion when the water cut began to rise. This changed the rate but not the water cut. After repeating this procedure several times, it was determined that

STEPHEN RESTER, JACOB THOMAS, MADELEINE PEIJS-VAN HILTEN, AND WILLIAM L. VIDRINE

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the optimum operation was to simply shut in the completion in the Z2 reservoir when it begins to water out. The operation with the intelligent completion accelerated the production in C1 by shifting the production from the second completion to the beginning of production. In addition, the changed performance of C1 affected the performance of some of the other wells in the two reservoirs being targeted. Because of this changed production, additional reserves were recovered. This phenomenon is described more fully in the Economics section. The intent for the second intelligent completion candidate, C2, was to drain the Z1, the Z3, and the Z4. (In this well, the Z3 and Z4 were considered to be a single reservoir.) In the original operation, C2 was completed initially in the Z3 / Z4 reservoirs with the intention to recomplete to the Z1 when the rate fell to the economic limit. In the ten years represented by the simulated production, C2 did not reach the economic limit, and therefore, was not recompleted. The operation of the intelligent completion case began with C2 completed in all of the Z1, and the Z3 / Z4 reservoir. After a period of commingled flow, the water cut from the completion in the Z1 began to rise. Following the procedure used for the C1 well, the simulation was redone with the skin of the Z1 completion equal to zero initially and raised when the water cut began to increase. This corresponded to starting with the intelligent completion being fully open at the beginning, and then, partially closing the completion at the onset of water cut increase. As was observed in the first intelligent well, the rate could be changed, but not the water cut. Thus, shutting off water production again was determined to be optimal. The operation with the intelligent completion accelerated the production in C2 by shifting the production from the second completion to the beginning of production. Changing the performance of C2 had little influence on the performance of the remaining wells. Thus, the additional reserves obtained by converting C1 to an intelligent completion were not lost when C2 was converted to an intelligent completion. Alternative Completion Options Because the two candidate wells target only two reservoirs (Z3 and Z4 are considered to be one reservoir in C2), and the well heads are on a platform, other completion options are available. First, a single selective completion can be used to open one reservoir while closing a second reservoir. This is directly analogous to a recompletion option. Second, two reservoirs can be produced through separate tubing strings. This dual completion is directly analogous to the intelligent completion. The differences occur only in the capital investment required and the risks associated with completion installation and operation. For this field, it was found that the smaller diameter tubing did not limit the production rate from the dual completion. A comparison of the economics of the four completion practices was made for the first candidate only. It was

assumed that the completion practices would be the same for the second candidate. Economics Since only a portion of the original model received from the operator was extracted for use in this study, some of the wells in the original model could not be simulated. The production profiles for these wells were combined with those from the simulations run in this study to construct the full field performance. This allows the results of the original model to be compared with the results of this study. The simulations were run for a period of ten years, at which time the economics were evaluated. The revenue was calculated from the oil production rate versus time and the price of oil. For each economic analysis, the price of oil was held fixed (it was not adjusted for future inflation). Several values of the oil price were used to determine the sensitivity of the net present value (NPV) to the price of oil. The costs considered in the economic evaluation were divided into two groups known and unknown. The royalty, the drill, and complete capital expense of a conventional single completion along with the operating expense were considered known and were held fixed for the economic analysis of all of the cases. The incremental capital cost of a single selective completion and a dual tubing string relative to that of a conventional single completion were also considered to be known, and thus, were held fixed from case to case. The intelligent completion capital expense, the discount rate, and the recompletion capital expense were considered as unknowns and were varied to determine their effect on the NPV of the project. The capital expenses and the NPV are reported relative to the cost to drill and complete the base-case well. Reasonable assumptions were used in the economics for parameters such as capital costs for intelligent well completions. The discount rate used in the economic analysis, for example, was between 12 and 18%. Many of the parameters were well documented, and a list of those are summarized in Table 2 Values are selected from this table to evaluate any given case. The cumulative oil produced in ten years will be compared relative to the total oil produced from the field in ten years in the base case. In the base case, C1 produces 4.87% of the fields total production, and C2 produces 5.03% of the fields total production. Installing an intelligent completion in C1 results in a production of 5.60% from that well, but a production of 103.54% from the field. That is, the production from C1 increases by 0.73%, but the production from the field increases by 3.54%. This indicates that the performances of the individual wells in the field are sensitive to the performances of other wells in the field. In the base case, C1 is initially completed in the Z4 reservoir and is recompleted in the Z2 reservoir. When C1 is completed with an intelligent completion, it does not produce as much fluid from the Z4 reservoir. The production from the two reservoirs in the intelligent completion case is the same as the production from

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APPLICATION OF INTELLIGENT COMPLETION TECHNOLOGY TO OPTIMIZE THE RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT OF A DEEPWATER GULF OF MEXICO FIELD A RESERVOIR SIMULATION CASE STUDY

just the Z4 reservoir in the base case. Thus, the Z4 reservoir is not depleted as fast as in the base case, and another well initially completed in the Z4 reservoir does not invoke the automatic recompletion option as soon as it does in the base case. Therefore, it is still completed in the Z4 reservoir when water injection is initiated in that reservoir. The impact of water injection on that other well causes a large increase in total production. The economic analysis of converting C1 to intelligent completion is summarized in Figs. 2 and 3. Fig. 2 graphically illustrates the economics of C1 by itself, and Fig. 3 illustrates the economics of the field. Fig. 2 shows two sets of three curves. Each set of three curves is for a given oil price. The three curves in each set correspond to the high, medium, and low cost of recompleting the well in the base case. This figure shows that accelerating the production through commingling production from both reservoirs targeted by C1 would be worth between 34.55% and 119.74% of the base drill-and- complete cost of the well, depending upon the discount rate and the cost of recompleting the well. Fig. 3 also depicts two sets of three curves. This figure shows that the effect of converting C1 to an intelligent completion would raise the NPV of the field by 99.22% and 259.06% of the base drill-and-complete cost of well C1, depending upon the discount rate and the cost of recompleting the well. The economic analysis of converting C1 to a single selective completion is summarized in Fig. 4. This figure shows the economics of C1 by itself. The three curves correspond to the high, medium, and low cost of recompleting the well in the base case. This case is not sensitive to the price of oil because the base case and the single selective completion case have the same production profile. Thus, the incremental economic value comes from replacing the high cost of recompletion with a lower cost of a single selective completion. Thus, the effect on the field economic value is between 3.24% and 32.48% of the base drill-and-complete cost of well C1, depending upon the discount rate and the cost of recompleting the well. The economic analysis of converting C1 to a dual completion is summarized in Fig. 5. This figure shows the economics of C1 by itself. This figure also shows two sets of three curves. Each set of three curves is for a given oil price. The three curves in each set correspond to the high, medium, and low cost of recompleting the well in the base case. This figure shows that completing C1 with a dual completion would be worth between 56.10% and 142.46% of the base drill-and-complete cost of the well, depending upon the discount rate and the cost of recompleting the well. These improved economics reflect the lower cost of the dual completion compared to the intelligent completion. However, a dual completion could only consider two reservoirs. The economic analysis of converting C1 and C2 to intelligent completions is summarized in Fig. 6. This figure

shows that the effect of converting C1 and C2 to intelligent completions would raise the NPV of the field by 98.39% to 342.28% of the base drill-and-complete cost of well C1, depending upon the discount rate and the cost of recompleting the well Conclusions This study has shown that intelligent completion technology has the potential to improve the project economics in the Gulf of Mexico. The simulations showed that the benefits from using an intelligent well completion not only increased the ultimate recovery from a single well but increased the total recovery of the reservoir as a whole. This was accomplished through better reservoir management practices, which included the following: 1. By reducing well intervention and completion complexity, intelligent completion technology offers a reduced economic risk over a single completion with recompletion or a single selective completion. 2. The dual completion option offers a reduced economic risk over an intelligent completion in this case. However, a dual completion is an option in this field only because the wells have dry trees and only target two sands. Also, the production from each reservoir is not rate-constrained by the small tubing required by the dual completion. The intelligent completion option will allow for more than two reservoirs to be produced simultaneously from dry or wet trees. 3. In the case studied, the application of intelligent completion technology resulted in the original estimates of production potentials to be surpassed. 4. The evaluation of intelligent completion technology needs to be done early in the creation of the field development plan. 5. While these conclusions were drawn from a simulated model, the capability to simulate intelligent completions is still in a rudimentary stage of development. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Halliburton Energy Services for their help and support in developing the technology and the model used as well as for giving permission to publish this paper.

Nomenclature
C1, C2 = candidate wells for intelligent completion NPV = net present value of cash flow stream Z1 Z7= geologic zones or reservoirs in field References
1. Robison, Clark E.: Overcoming the Challenges Associated with the Life Cycle Management of Multilateral Wells: Assessing Moves Towards the Intelligent Well, Paper SPE No. 38497, presented at the SPE Offshore Europe 97, 9-12 September 1997, Aberdeen. 2. Robison, Clark E., Moving Toward The Intelligent Well SPE JPT, July, 1997, pp. 703-704

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3. Phillips, Ian C.: Reservoir Management of the Future, Paper presented at the Institute of Marine Engineers Innovative Technology for Challenging Environments Conference, 8-9 April 1997, London.

4.Thomas, Jacob: Smart Wells and Reservoir Management Past, Present, and Future, paper presented at the 1997 Aberdeen Section SPE Smart Reservoirs A Commercial Reality Conference, 9 December 1997, Aberdeen.

Table 1: Seismic Facies Reservoir Properties

Seismic Facies A B C D E N/G Ratio 0.9 1.0 0.8 - 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.4 0.6 Porosity Range (fraction) 0.28 0.35 0.28 0.35 0.28 0.32 0.25 0.32 0.15 0.25 Horizontal Perm. (md) 500 2400 300 1100 175 750 100 350 0 150 Vertical Perm. (md) 100 150 30 100 15 85 10 50 0 20

Table 2: Economic Parameters

Oil Price Royalty Drill and Complete Capex Recompletion Capex Intelligent Completion Single selective completion Dual Completion Variable Opex Discount Rate $12 - $18 12% 1 - - 1/16 1/8 $5 / STB 12% - 18%

Z1 Reservoir

Z2 Reservoir

Z3 Reservoir

Z4 Reservoir

Fig. 1 Schematic of reservoirs intersected by Well C1

SPE 56670

APPLICATION OF INTELLIGENT COMPLETION TECHNOLOGY TO OPTIMIZE THE RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT OF A DEEPWATER GULF OF MEXICO FIELD A RESERVOIR SIMULATION CASE STUDY

140

120

Delta NPV (% of base case well)

100

80

60

$12, low $18, low $12, med $18, med $12, high $18, high

40

20

0 9 10 11 12 13 Discount Rate (%) 14 15 16 17

Fig. 2 Analysis of Well C1 economics for converting C1 to intelligent completion

300

250

Delta NPV (% of base case well)

200 $12, low $18, low $12, med $18, med $12, high $18, high

150

100

50

0 9 10 11 12 13 Discount Rate (%) 14 15 16 17

Fig. 3 Analysis of field economics for converting C1 to intelligent completion

STEPHEN RESTER, JACOB THOMAS, MADELEINE PEIJS-VAN HILTEN, AND WILLIAM L. VIDRINE

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35

30

Delta NPV (% of base case well)

25

20 low med high 15

10

0 9 10 11 12 13 Discount Rate (%) 14 15 16 17

Fig. 4 Analysis of well C1 economics for converting C1 to a single selective completion

160

140

120
Delta NPV (% of base case well)

100 $12, low $18, low $12, med $18, med $12, high $18, high

80

60

40

20

0 9 10 11 12 13 Discount Rate (%) 14 15 16 17

Fig. 5Analysis of well C1 economics for converting C1 to a dual completion.

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APPLICATION OF INTELLIGENT COMPLETION TECHNOLOGY TO OPTIMIZE THE RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT OF A DEEPWATER GULF OF MEXICO FIELD A RESERVOIR SIMULATION CASE STUDY

400

350

300
Delta NPV (% of base case well)

250 $12, low $18, high low $12, med $18, med $12, high $18, high

200

150

100

50

0 9 10 11 12 13 Discount Rate (%) 14 15 16 17

Fig. 6 Analysis of field economics for converting C1 and C2 to intelligent completion.